Artifact #2:

Exploration of Philosophical and Historical

Foundations of Special Education

Michelle Sanchez
Edu 203-3001
Fall 2016
Pioneers
 Jacob Rodrigues Pereire (1715-1780)
Introduced the idea that persons who were deaf
could be taught to communicate. Developed an early
form of sign language: formulated signs for numbers
and punctuation and adaptedJuan Pablo
Bonet'smanual alphabetby adding 30 handshapes
each corresponding to a sound instead of to a letter.
Provided inspiration and encouragement for the
work of Itard and Seguin.
 Philippe Pinel(1745-1826)
A reform-minded French physician who was
concerned with the humanitarian treatment of
individuals with mental illness. Advocated releasing
institutionalized patients from their chains.
Pioneered the field of occupational therapy. Served
as Itard's mentor. "Freed the mad from their chains"
and founded "moral treatment."
 Jean-Marc Gaspard Itard (1774-1838)
A French doctor who secured lasting fame
because of his systematic efforts to educate
an adolescent, the "wild boy," thought to
have a severe intellectual disability.
Recognized the importance of sensory
stimulation.
ThomasHopkins Gallaudet (1787-1851)
Taught children with hearing impairments to communicate through a system of
manual signs and symbols. The legend goes like this: In 1814, Thomas visited his
family in Hartford, Connecticut. Looking out the window, he noticed that his
younger brothers and sisters were not playing with another child. When he went
out to investigate, he learned that this young woman, Alice Cogswell, was
deaf.Not knowing sign language, Thomas attempted to communicate with Alice
by pointing to his hat and writing H-A-T in the dirt. She understood him and he
was inspired to teach her more. Established the first institution for individuals
with hearing impairments in the United States.
 Samuel Gridley Howe(1801-1876)
An American physician and educator accorded international fame
because of his success in teaching individuals with visual and
hearing impairments. Founded the first residential facility for
individuals who are blind and was instrumental in inaugurating
institutional care for children with intellectual disability.His
interest in promoting the education of children with disabilities
went beyond the blind and deaf-blind. He also helped to initiate
schools for mentally retarded children (1848) and deaf children
(1867).
 Dorothy Lynde Dix (1802-1887)
She began teaching school at age 14. In 1819, she returned to
Boston and founded the Dix Mansion, a school for girls, along
with a charity school that poor girls could attend for free. She
began writing textbooks, with her most famous,Conversations on
Common Things, published in 1824. A contemporary of S. G.
Howe, Dix was one of the first Americans to champion better
and more humane treatment of individuals who are mentally ill.
Instigated the establishment of several institutions for individuals
with mental disorders.
 Louis Braille(1809-1852)
A French educator, himself blind, who
developed a tactile system of reading and
writing for people who were blind. His
systems, based on a cell of six embossed
dots, is still used today. This standardized
code is known as Standard English Braille.
 douard Sguin(1812-1880)
A pupil of Itard, Seguin was a French physician
responsible for developing teaching methods for
children with intellectual disability. His training
emphasized sensorimotor activities. After
immigrating to the United States, he helped to found
an organization that was the forerunner of the
American Association on Intellectual and
Developmental Disabilities.
 Francis Galton(1822-1911)
A scientist concerned with individual
differences. As a result of studying eminent
persons, he believed that genius is solely the
result of heredity. Those with superior
abilities are born, not made. Charles
Darwin's cousin.
 Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922)
Endowed with a commanding speaking voice and
considerable physical bearing, Alexander Bell sought to
unleash in others the full potential of the spoken word.
His attention was especially drawn to those for whom the
act of speaking presented daunting challenges. A
pioneering advocate of educating children with disabilities
in public schools. As a teacher of students with hearing
impairments, Bell promoted the use of residual hearing
and developing the speaking skills of students who are
deaf.
 Alfred Binet(1857-1911)
A French psychologist who constructed the first standardized
developmental assessment scale capable of quantifying intelligence. The
original purpose of this test was to identify students who might profit
from a special education and not classify individuals on the basis of ability.
Binet also originated the concept of mental age with his student, Theodore
Simon.They developed their first Binet-Simonintelligencescale in 1905,
completing two revisions before Binet's death. Their tests measured
performance on a variety of mental tasks, from simpler perceptual-motor
skills to more complex tasks requiring memory and reasoning, comparing
scores of children to the scores of others of similar age.
 Maria Montessori (1870-1952)
Achieved worldwide recognition for her pioneering work with
young children and youngsters with intellectual disability. First
female to earn a medical degree in Italy. Expert in early childhood
education. Demonstrated that children are capable of learning at
a very early age when surrounded with manipulative materials in a
rich and stimulating environment. Believed that children learn
best by direct sensory experience.
"Children teach themselves"
 Lewis Terman (1877-1956)
An American educator and psychologist who revised
Binet's original assessment instrument. The result
was the publication of the Stanford-Binet Scale of
Intelligence in 1916. Terman developed the notion
of intelligence quotient "IQ". Also famous for
lifelong study of gifted individuals. Considered the
grandfather of gifted education.
1800s
1900s
2000s
 Bibliography
By 1908, Binet and Simon revised their intelligence scale because they believed intelligence increased with age. The new test included a mental age compared to chronological age. (2016, March 4). Alfred Binet.
Retrieved September 20, 2016, from http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Alfred_Binet

By developing the muscles and senses, Seguin believed his pupils - regardless of their level of mental retardation - would obtain more control over their central nervous systems, thus allowing them to have more control
over their wills. (n.d.). Edward Seguin - Disability History. Retrieved September 20, 2016, from http://www.disabilityhistorywiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Edward_Seguin

B. (2014, July 24). Dorothea Dix Biography. Retrieved September 20, 2016, from http://www.biography.com/people/dorothea-dix-9275710#early-life

Gargiulo, R. M. (2015).Special Education in Contemporary Society: An Introduction to Exceptionality(5th ed.). LA, London, New Delhi, Singapore, Washington DC: Sage.

Gega, S. (2000, May). Sir Francis Galton. Retrieved September 20, 2016, from http://muskingum.edu/~psych/psycweb/history/galton.htm

Jacob Rodrigues Pereira. (2016, March 7). Retrieved September 20, 2016, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Rodrigues_Pereira

Jean-Marc-Gaspard Itard Museum of disABILITY History. (2014). Retrieved September 20, 2016, from http://museumofdisability.org/exhibits/past/pantheon-of-disability-history/jean-marc-gaspard-itard/

E. (n.d.). Lewis Terman (18771956). Retrieved September 20, 2016, from http://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/2499/Terman-Lewis-1877-1956.html

Louis Braille. (n.d.). Retrieved September 20, 2016, from http://www.braillerman.com/louis.htm

Maria Montessori. (n.d.). Retrieved September 20, 2016, from http://www.montessori-namta.org/Maria-Montessori

Maria Montessori. (n.d.). Retrieved September 20, 2016, from http://www.montessori-namta.org/Maria-Montessori

Samuel Gridley Howe Inducted 2002. (2002). Retrieved September 20, 2016, from https://www.aph.org/hall/inductees/howe/

Science Museum. Brought to Life: Exploring the History of Medicine. (n.d.). Retrieved September 20, 2016, from http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/people/philippepinel

University, G. (2016). Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet. Retrieved September 20, 2016, from http://www.gallaudet.edu/dpn-home/thomas-hopkins-gallaudet.html