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Aqueous Reactions
and Solution
Stoichiometry
Aqueous
Reactions
Solutions:
Homogeneous
mixtures of two
or more pure
substances.
The solvent is
present in
greatest
abundance.
All other
substances are Aqueous
called solutes. Reactions
Examples
Dissolution of NaCl in water
NaCl (s)+ H2O (l) Na+(aq) + Cl- (aq)
Aqueous
Reactions
Types of Solutions
Gases
SOLUTION Liquids
Solids
Aqueous
Reactions
Gas Solution
Aqueous
Reactions
Liquid Solution
Aqueous
Reactions
Solid Solution
Aqueous
Reactions
Dissociation
When an ionic
substance
dissolves in
water, the solvent
pulls the
individual ions
from the crystal
and solvates
them.
This process is
called Aqueous
Reactions
dissociation.
Electrolytes
Electrolytes are
Substances that
dissociate into ions
when dissolved in
water.
A nonelectrolyte
may dissolve in
water, but it does
not dissociate into
ions when it does Reactions
Aqueous
so.
Electrolytes and
Nonelectrolytes
Soluble ionic
compounds
tend to be
electrolytes.
Aqueous
Reactions
Electrolytes and
Nonelectrolytes
Aqueous
Reactions
Electrolytes
A strong electrolyte dissociates
completely when dissolved in water.
A weak electrolyte only dissociates
partially when dissolved in water.
Aqueous
Reactions
Strong Electrolytes
Are
Strong acids
Aqueous
Reactions
Strong Electrolytes
Are
Strong acids
Strong bases
Aqueous
Reactions
Strong Electrolytes
Are
Strong acids
Strong bases
Soluble ionic salts
Aqueous
Reactions
Precipitation Reactions
Aqueous
Reactions
Metathesis (Exchange)
Reactions
Metathesis are exchage reactions
Aqueous
Reactions
Molecular Equation
Aqueous
Reactions
Ionic Equation
In the ionic equation all strong
electrolytes are dissociated into their
ions.
This more accurately reflects the species
that are found in the reaction mixture.
Aqueous
Reactions
Net Ionic Equation
To form the net ionic equation, cross out
anything that does not change from the
left side of the equation to the right.
Aqueous
Reactions
Net Ionic Equation
To form the net ionic equation, cross out
anything that does not change from the
left side of the equation to the right.
The only things left in the equation are
those things that change (i.e., react)
during the course of the reaction.
Aqueous
Reactions
Aqueous
Reactions
Acids
Aqueous
Reactions
Acids:
Substances that
increase the
concentration of
H+ when dissolved
in water
(Arrhenius).
Proton donors
(BrnstedLowry).
Aqueous
Reactions
Acids
Aqueous
Reactions
Bases:
Aqueous
Reactions
Bases
The strong
bases are the
soluble salts of
hydroxide ion:
Alkali metals
Calcium
Strontium
Barium
Aqueous
Reactions
Acid-Base Reactions
In an acid-base
reaction, the
acid donates a
proton (H+) to
the base.
Aqueous
Reactions
Neutralization Reactions
Generally, when solutions of an acid and a
base are combined, the products are a salt
and water.
HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) NaCl (aq) + H2O (l)
Aqueous
Reactions
Neutralization Reactions
When a strong acid reacts with a strong
base, the net ionic equation is
Aqueous
Reactions
Neutralization Reactions
When a strong acid reacts with a strong
base, the net ionic equation is
Observe the
reaction
between Milk of
Magnesia,
Mg(OH)2, and
HCl.
Aqueous
Reactions
Gas-Forming Reactions
Aqueous
Reactions
Gas-Forming Reactions
Aqueous
Reactions
Oxidation-Reduction
Reactions
An oxidation
occurs when an
atom or ion
loses electrons.
A reduction
occurs when an
atom or ion
gains electrons.
Aqueous
Reactions
Oxidation-Reduction
Reactions
One cannot
occur without
the other.
Aqueous
Reactions
Oxidation Numbers
To determine if an oxidation-
reduction reaction has
occurred, we assign an
oxidation number to each
element in a neutral compound
or charged entity.
Aqueous
Reactions
Oxidation Numbers
Aqueous
Reactions
Oxidation Numbers
Nonmetals tend to have
negative oxidation numbers,
Oxygen has an oxidation number
of 2, except in the peroxide ion in
which it has an oxidation number
of 1.
Hydrogen is 1 when bonded to a
metal, +1 when bonded to a
nonmetal.
Aqueous
Reactions
Oxidation Numbers
Nonmetals tend to have
negative oxidation numbers.
Halogens have in general an
oxidation number of 1
Aqueous
Reactions
Oxidation Numbers
Aqueous
Reactions
Examples
Aqueous
Reactions
Examples
Aqueous
Reactions
MnO4- + H+ -> Mn2+ + H2O
the oxidation of Mn goes from +7 to +2. Thus, Mn
is reduced. In the following reaction
(unbalanced)
H2C2O4 + O2 -> CO2 + H2O
the element C is oxidized, because its oxidation
state changes from +3 to +4 in the
Aqueous
Reactions
Displacement Reactions
In displacement
reactions, ions
oxidize an
element.
The ions, then,
are reduced.
Aqueous
Reactions
Displacement Reactions
In this reaction,
silver ions oxidize
copper metal.
Aqueous
Reactions
Molarity
Molarity is one way to measure the
concentration of a solution.
moles of solute
Molarity (M) =
volume of solution in liters
Aqueous
Reactions
Ways of Expressing
Concentration in solution
We can express the concentration of a solute
in solution by
Mass percentage:
Mass % of solute =
mass of the solute in solution x 100
total mass of solution
Aqueous
Reactions
Dilute Solution
In a dilute solution, we express the concentration of a
solute in the solution in part per million (ppm)
ppm of a solute =
mass of the solute in the solution x 106
total mass of solution
Aqueous
Reactions
Example
A solution whose solute concentration is
1 ppm contains 1 g of solute in each million
(106) grams of solution or 1 mg of solute per 1
kg of solution.
If the density of the solution is 1g/ml, then 1
ppm = 1mg solute per liter of solution.
Aqueous
Reactions
Very dilute solution
In a very dilute solution, we express the
concentration of a solute in the solution in
part per million (ppb)
ppb of component =
mass of component in solution x 109
total mass of solution
A concentration of 1ppb represents 1 g of
solute per billion (109) gram of solution, or
1 g of solute per kilogram of solution
Aqueous
Reactions
Mole Fraction, Molarity, and
Molality
Mole fraction of a component in the solution:
X = moles of the solute
total moles of all components
Aqueous
Reactions
Example
Aqueous
Reactions
Mixing a Solution
Aqueous
Reactions
Dilution
Aqueous
Reactions
Example
Aqueous
Reactions
Example 2
Aqueous
Reactions
Solution
(Ccon) (Vcon) = (Cdil) (Vdil)
(0.40 M) (50.0 mL) = (Cdil) (1000. mL)
Cdil = 0.020 M
Aqueous
Reactions
Titration
The analytical
technique in
which one can
calculate the
concentration
of a solute in
a solution.
Aqueous
Reactions
Titration
Aqueous
Reactions
Example
100.00 mL of a wastewater is
titrated with 0.1106 M NaOH.
Equivalence is reached after
addition of 9.62 mL of the
sodium hydroxide solution.
What is the pH of the original
wastewater sample?
Aqueous
Reactions
H+ + OH- H2O
C1V1 = C 2V2
Aqueous
Reactions
EXAMPLE of Titration of
Diprotic Acid:
Titration reveals that 11.6 mL of
3.0 M sulfuric acid are required
to neutralize 25.00 mL of NaOH
solution. What is the molarity of
the NaOH solution?
Aqueous
Reactions
Solution:
= 2.8 M NaOH
Aqueous
Reactions
Example of Titration of
Polyprotic Acid
A 20.00 mL sample of an
unknown H3PO4 solution is
titrated with a 0.100 M NaOH
solution. The equivalence point
is reached when 18.45 mL of
NaOH solution is added. What
is the concentration of the
original H3PO4 solution?
Aqueous
Reactions
Solution
H3PO4 (aq) + 3 NaOH (aq) 3 H2O (l) + Na3PO4 (aq)
n(H+)=n(OH-)
3M1V1 = M2V2
3* MH3PO4 *20 mL = 1*0.100 M*18.45 mL)
Aqueous
Reactions