PASCALS TRIANGLE AND BINOMIAL THEOREM Example 3.

Find the eleventh term in the expansion of

(2 )17 .
Pascals Triangle
Example 4. Find the coefficient of 3 in the expansion
Properties of Pascals Triangle
of (1 2)6 .
1) Each row begins and ends with 1.
Example 5. Use the Binomial Theorem to prove that,
2) Each row has n+1 numbers.
for any positive integer n,
3) The second and second to the last number of

each row correspond to the row number.
4) There is symmetry of the numbers in each row. ( ) = 2

5) The number of entries in a row is one more =0

than the row number (or one more than the

number of entries in the preceding row).
6) Every middle number after the first row is the ANGLES IN A UNIT CIRCLE
sum of the two numbers above it.
Angle Measure
Pascals Identity
If n and k are positive integers with k n, then

+1
( )=( )+( )
1
Binomial Theorem
positive angle = counterclockwise direction
For every positive integer n,
negative angle = clockwise direction


( + ) = ( )

=0

!
( + ) =
( )! !
=0

In order to find the rth term,

An angle is in standard position if it is drawn in the xy-
= ( ) +1 1
1 plane with is vertex at origin and its initial side on the
! positive x-axis.
= +1 1
( + 1)! ( 1)!
To measure angles, we use degrees, minutes, seconds,
and radians
1
Example 1. Use Pascals Triangle to expand (2 3)5 . 1 degree = 1 = (2)
360

Example 2. Use the Binomial Theorem to expand 1

1 minute = 1 = 60 (1)
( + )4 .
1
1 second = 1 = 60 (1)

~17131
 A central angle of the
unit circle that
intercepts an arc of the
circle with length 1 unit
is said to have a
measure of one radian,
written 1 rad.
degree to radian:
(180)
Example 1. Convert 101816" into its equivalent
degree measure.
Example 2. Find the equivalent angle measure in
11
degrees and in radians of an angle tracing 5
of a
complete revolution.
Example 3. What is the smallest positive angle
coterminal with 5770?

180
radians to degree: ( )
1 revolution = 360 = 2 radians
Coterminal Angles
Two angles are coterminal if and only if their degree
measures differ by 360, where k is an integer.
Similarly, two angles are coterminal if and only if their
radian measures differ by 2, where k is an integer.
Arc Length and Area of a Sector
Example 4. What is the length of an arc of a circle with
6
radius cm that subtends a central angle of 150?
Example 5. Two overlapping circles of radii 1 cm are
drawn such that each circle passes through the center
of the other. What is the perimeter of the entire
region?
CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS
Let be an angle in standard position, (, ) any
point on the terminal side of , and = 2 + 2 >
0. Then
sin = csc = , 0

cos = sec = , 0

tan = , 0 csc = , 0

The signs of the coordinates of P() depends on the

quadrant or axis where it terminates.
In a circle of radius r, the arc length s that is subtended Quadrant II (QII): Quadrant I (QI):
by a central angle measuring radians is x negative, y positive x and y positive

= = (2) Only sine and cosecant All circular functions
2 2
are positive. are positive.
=
Quadrant III (QIII): Quadrant IV (QIV):
The area A of a sector is x negative, y negative x positive, y negative

Only tangent and Only cosine and secant

= = ( 2 )
2 2 cotangent are positive. are positive.
1
= 2
2

~17131
 7
Example 1. Find if = and > 0.
11

Example 2. Find the six trigonometric functions of the

angle if the terminal side of in standard position
passes through the point (-17,144).

Example 3. Find the value of each expression:

11
(a) sin 6
(b) sec if csc = 2 and cos < 0
sec +tan 2
(c) sec tan
if tan = 3 and cos > 0

~17131