1

Steps in Quantitative Data Analysis b.2.Median the score in the middle of the set of items
that cuts or divides the set into two groups.
1. Preparing the data before a researcher can Example: 22, 19, 18, 23, 20, 25, 22, 20, 18, 18
analyze his data through quantitative data 18, 18, 18, 19, 20, 20, 22, 22, 23, 25
analysis, he/she must first change every data in Median = 20
numerical information or to quantify the data.
b.3. Mode refers to the item or score in the data set that
2. Data tabulation the next thing you have to do has the most repeated appearance in the set.
is to put all your data after setting numerical Mode = 18
values for them in a table. Putting your data in a
table is called Data Tabulation. By using c. Standard Deviation it tells how spread numbers
frequencies and percentage distribution table is are. Shows the extent of the difference of the data
an organized tabulation of the number. from the mean.
Formula for Standard Deviation:
3. Analyzing the data before analyzing the data x x
that you have, you must decide first what kind of x x
quantitative analysis you should use. The two
methods that you can use are Descriptive 2 2
or

Statistical Techniques or Advance Analytical
Methods.

3.1 Descriptive Statistical Techniques s= s=
It is used to describe basic features of the data in
the study. It provides a summary of the orderly or Steps in getting the Standard Deviation:
sequential data obtained from the sample. It provides 1. Get the Mean
simple summaries about the sample and measures. 2. For each numerical data, subtract the mean, and
square the difference.
a. Frequency Distribution it is a table that contains 3. Then get the mean of those squared differences.
the data and their frequency or how often they occur 4. Take the square root of the mean.
in a study. Example:
Example: 22, 19, 18, 23, 20, 25, 22, 20, 18, 18
Newspapers 1. 22+19+18+23+20+25+22+20+18+18=205
These are the numbers of newspapers sold at a 2. 205 10 = 20.5 (MEAN)
local shop over the last 10 days: 1.5
22, 19, 18, 23, 20, 25, 22, 20, 18, 18 22 20.5 = ( = 2.25
2
Let us count how many of each number there is: 1.5
Papers sold Frequency 19 20.5 = ( = 2.25
2
18 3 2.5
19 1 18 20.5 = ( = 6.25
20 2 2
21 0
2.5
23 20.5 = ( = 6.25
22 2 2
23 1 20 20.5 = (0.5)2 = 0.25
24 0 25 20.5 = (4.5)2 = 20.25
25 1
22 20.5 = (1.5)2 = 2.25
b. Mesaure of Central Frequency indicates the 20 20.5 = (0.5)2 = 0.25
different positions or values of the items. It attempts 18 20.5 = (2.5)2 = 6.25
to describe a set of data by identifying the central 18 20.5 = (2.5)2 = 6.25
position within that set of data.
3. 2.25 + 2.25 + 6.25 + 6.25 + 0.25 + 20.25 + 2.25 +
b.1. Mean average of all the items or scores. It 0.25 + 6.25 + 6.25= 52.5
can be denoted by a variable with a line on top (e.g. MEAN = 5.83
X , Y ).
Example: 22, 19, 18, 23, 20, 25, 22, 20, 18, 18 4. 5.83 = 2.41, Standard Deviation = 2.41
22+19+18+23+20+25+22+20+18+18=205
205 10= 20.5 (MEAN)
 2

x Is an analysis of quantitative data that involves

x the use of a more complex statistical method.
a. Correlation uses statistical analysis to gain
2 results that that can describe the relationship
*NOTE: we use if the mean is given,

between two variables. It cannot, however,
establich causal relationship. We need to use

s= Variance and Covariance to solve the
Correlation.
x
x Example:
We will try to determine the correlation between
2 study hours and exam scores.
while we use if we calculate the mean
Student Scores Study Hours
1 30 4
2 25 3
s= 3 15 1
ourselves. 4 26 4
5 18 2
d. Variance It is the square of the Standard
Deviation. First thing to do is to find the variance of the scores:
Example: Let X be the Scores
22, 19, 18, 23, 20, 25, 22, 20, 18, 18 (
Standard Deviation = 2.41 (
Student X X
Variance = 5.81 X X
X 2
1 30 7.2 51.84
2 25 2.5 6.25
e. Covariance 3 15 -7.5 51.84
Formula:
( X X ) (Y Y ) or
4 26 3.5 12.25
n 5 18 -4.5 20.25
MEAN = 22.8

( X X ) (Y Y ) , we let sample = n STANDARD DEVIATION = 5.34
n1 VARIANCE = 28.49
Example: Then get the VARIANCE of the study hours:
Student Scores (X) Study Hours (Y) Let Y be Study Hours
1 30 4 (
2 25 3
3 15 1 Studnet Y ( Y Y Y
4 26 4 Y 2
5 18 2 1 4 1.2 1.44
2 3 0.2 0.04
To compute the covariance: 3 1 -1.8 3.24
- First we have to get the summation of ( X X )( 4 4 1.2 1.44
5 2 -0.8 0.64
Y Y
MEAN = 2.8
( X X )(Y Y ) = 30.44 STANDARD DEVIATION = 1.17
- Then we must divide it to the number of sample - 1 VARIANCE = 1.36
- So 30.44/5 = 6.09 Now let us compute for the covariance
- So the COVARIANCE = 6.09 Let x = (Socres Mean)
- So our formula for the COVARIANCE is Y = (Study hours Mean)

( X X ) (Y Y ) , we let sample = n
n ( )(
( Y Y ( X X
Finally to get the correlation (r), Students X X
Let r be the correlation )
) Y Y )
covariance 6.09 1 7.2 1.2 8.64
r= =
variance 1 x variance 2 28.49 x 1.36 2 2.5 0.2 0.5
= 0.98 3 -7.5 -1.8 13.5
4 3.5 1.2 4.2
5 -4.5 -0.8 3.6
3.2 Advance Quantitative Analytical Methods.
 3

( X X )(Y Y )

=30.44

To compute the covariance:

- First we have to get the summation of ( X X )(
Y Y
( X X )(Y Y ) = 30.44
- Then we must divide it to the number of sample - 1
- So 30.44/5 = 6.09
- So the COVARIANCE = 6.09
- So our formula for the COVARIANCE is

( X X ) (Y Y ) , we let sample = n
n

Finally to get the correlation (r),

Let r be the correlation
covariance 6.09
r= =
variance 1 x variance 2 28.49 x 1.36
= 0.98

As we noted, sample correlation coefficients

may range from -1 to +1. In practice, meaningful
correlations can be as small as 0.4 to -0.4 for positive or
negative associations.