Factors affecting acceptance of mobile library application: Structural equation model.

Hamaad Rafique, Fozia Anwer, Azra Shamim

a Department of Computer Science, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Islamabad, Pakistan,
b Department of Health Informatics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Islamabad, Pakistan

Abstract
Acceptance and intention to use mobile application in library context is getting a great deal of interest in education field. Sparse
research was conducted in mobile library application (MLA), investigating the influential factors on intention to use MLA. Research
aims to provide empirical support on acceptance of MLA, library accessed through mobile application. Model was developed by
extending technology acceptance model(TAM) in MLA context, by adding perceived mobility value, system accessibility and
satisfaction for investigating the influence on behavioural intention to use MLA. Self-administrated cross-sectional survey was
conducted to collect data from 321 users of MLA in COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT) Islamabad. Structural
equation model (SEM) using analysis of moment structure (AMOS) software was used for examining quantitative data. Results
revealed that satisfaction and perceived ease of use are direct significant predictor with intention to use MLA, whereas system
accessibility influence through perceived ease of use. However, perceived mobility value shows weak effect on intention to use
MLA through perceived usefulness. Results serve as a guide for effective decision in developing and resource allocation for
ensuring success of librarys vision and mission.
Keywords: Mobile library application (MLA), Library services, Smart phone applications, Technology acceptance model (TAM),
Library application

1. Introduction
Increasing trend of wireless technologies and smart phones
are making the users alter their attention toward them. Mobile
applications are now considered as an important tool for acquir-
ing different services (i.e. m-learning, m-paying, m-banking
etc.). People are now using mobile applications for variety
of different purposes like entertainment, playing game, inter-
net surfing, reading newspaper and for social media sites etc.
[1][2]. Therefore, with the paradigm shift of technology, it is
being adopted by many different organizations including bank-
ing sectors, private organizations, educational institutes and li-
braries.
Libraries are an important information source for research
and learning. In traditional library setup, users need to be phys-
ically present in library for accessing the essential services such
as referencing, searching research articles, accessing databases
and for reading books etc. With the development of computer
technology, libraries were then shifted from traditional to dig-
ital and online. Term digital library in this study is defined as
library accessed by users through the use of computer and web
broadband at defined place [3], whereas online library is de-
fined as library resources accessed through simple search en-
gines instead of library sources [4]. Upgradation of libraries
still has an issue of temporal and spatial constraints, such as
user needs to have some sort of system at defined place where
internet is accessible to utilize library services. Therefore, to
overcome temporal and spatial constraints, mobile library ap-
plications (MLA) were adopted by libraries. MLA is defined as
Preprint submitted to Journal Name
accessing digital library through the use of mobile phone and
wireless network without any temporal and spatial constraints
[5]. Compared with traditional libraries, mobile library services
are more intelligent as they help with quick access to sources
from anywhere and any time. Despite the resource investment
on developing these digital and mobile library, it is observed
that, they are being ignored and overlooked by students [6][7].
Therefore, it is necessary to identify critical factors resisting
intentions of users to use MLA.
Sparse research was conducted which explores the influence
of numerous factors on the acceptance of MLA by using tech-
nology acceptance model (TAM). TAM was applied in different
domains (i.e. e-learning, online banking, e-shopping, digital li-
braries, online libraries and mobile library application etc.) to
investigate the adoption behaviour of different information sys-
tems.
There are three reasons on the basis of which TAM was se-
lected. First, for successful adoption of MLA, users perspective
is taken into account for developing and building an application
[8][9]. Second, it helps to investigate the effect of external fac-
tors for study such as perceived mobility value (PMV), system
accessibility (SA) and satisfaction (S) on usage of MLA. Third,
TAM was used in variety of domain including library setting
[7][10][4][11][12]. A lot of research was conducted using TAM
in this setting, therefore, TAM was extended by adding external
factors (i.e. PMV, SA, S) for current study.
COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT) Is-
lamabad is a Pakistani higher education institute founded in
1998. In short period of time it has grown to seven campuses
May 1, 2017
across the country. Higher education commission (HEC) of
Pakistan ranked CIIT in top ten higher educational institutes
[13] of Pakistan. CIIT build library in 2009 to fulfil the thirst
of knowledge and in spring 2014 it was transformed from dig-
ital library to mobile library by launching mobile application
with the name INSIGNIA ILS. It helps in accessing print and
electronic resources like thesis repository, OPAC, HEC digital
library etc. This study was administered in CIITs main cam-
pus.
This study will address the research gap and identify the
influential factors for improving the acceptance of MLA by ad-
dressing two questions. First, what kind of factors affect the
user intention to use MLA? Second, is the TAM suitable for
investigating the acceptance of MLA in academic libraries of
Pakistan?
This research study comprises of following sections, section
1 gives introduction followed by section 2 of literature review.
Proposed model and hypothesis are presented in section 3. Re-
search methodology and analysis techniques are presented in
section 4 and 5 followed by discussion along with conclusion
and future work in section 6 and 7 respectively.
2. Literature review
Different models were employed to explain intentions of
people for the adoption of new technologies. TAM has been
widely used for identifying the factors affecting the acceptance
of technology in variety of different contexts (USA, KSA, Ko-
rea, China etc.) and to predict peoples behaviour regarding ac-
ceptance of technology [9]. TAM was extended from theory of
reasoned action (TRA), which says, behaviour of an individual
is determined by his/her behavioural intention (BI) whereas BI
is determined by the attitude and subjective norms [14]. TAM
was proposed by [9] having two core beliefs perceived ease of
use (PEOU) and perceived usefulness (PU).
Prior research had widely used TAM in order to investigate
the behaviour toward using new information systems and tech-
nology in library setting. TAM has been used in digital library,
online library resource and few studies on MLA acceptance.
[7][10][3][11][15][12]. This study [12] identifies factors influ-
encing the users adoption and intentions in using digital library
system in the developing countrys context. PEOU of library
system had significant influence on PU which resulted in BI to
use system. Study also identifies the differences and similar-
ity in important predicting factors of digital library acceptance
across countries and continents. [15] conducted study in agri-
cultural university of developing country i.e. Kenya and Peru
for identification of influential factors on digital library. They
identified the factors influencing the usage of digital libraries
by applying TAM and discovered PU as the key predictor in
intention of use system.
Results presented in the study of Joo and Choi [4] iden-
tify the influencing factors on the acceptance of online library
resources. They found that PU and PEOU influenced under-
graduates intention to use online library resources. Their study
revealed that SA is the strongest predictor in intention to use
online library resources. [7] identified the factors affecting the
2
acceptance of MLA. Study found that PEOU had significant
influence on PU which lead to the intention to use MLA. Simi-
larly, study showed that satisfaction had positive effect on usage
intention of MLA.
Study in Israel [11] examined the factors that were influenc-
ing librarians and students in the acceptance of new technology.
Research revealed that PEOU and PU had significant influence
on intention to use mobile library site. [16] inspected the infor-
mation professional and librarians viewpoint toward detection
tools and approved that TAM openness to experience and im-
portance of discovery tool structure affected respondents satis-
faction with detection tool.
Influencing factors in library setting were also identified by
using TAM extension i.e. UTAUT. It was projected by [17] with
factors effort expectancy (EE), performance expectancy (PE),
social influence (SI) and facilitating conditions (FC) which are
impacting behavioural intention and intention to use. [18] mea-
sured the acceptance of electronic library service in public Jor-
danian university by implementing UTAUT model. They found
that students intention for using library information services
was dependent on three constructs named PE, EE and SE, whereas
students use behaviour was dependent on FC and Intention to
use. [19] integrated UTAUT model with task technology fit
(TTF). In order to investigate the users BI regarding the usage
of MLA in university library, he found that PE, EE, SI and FC
determined users BI regarding the MLA use. It also defined that
moderating effect of TTF was also significant in the proposed
research model as determinant of UTAUT model.
As discussed in literature review, researcher applied TAM
and extended it to identify the multiple influencing factors which
are affecting users behaviour in library setting. Research shows
that PEOU, PU, S, and SA are important determinant of user
acceptance of online and digital libraries. Despite these facts
there is spars research which is focussing MLA acceptance by
undergraduate and graduate students based on TAM. Therefore,
this research focused on identifying factors affecting MLA in
developing countrys context.
3. Proposed model and hypothesis
On the basis of previous research and theoretical concept of
TAM, this study proposed the research model and hypothesis in
context of mobile library application. Graphical representation
of proposed hypothesis is presented in figure 1.
3.1. Perceived mobility value
Perceived mobility value (PMV) says the degree to which
a person trusts about using mobile apps would improve their
capability to cope with tasks and activities while on the move
[20]. Preceding studies have confirmed that users always ap-
preciated effectiveness and convenience as the principal bene-
fits of mobile services are the result of mobility of movable
devices [21][22]. Studies showed that mobility had significant
influence on mobile adoption intentions [20]. Increased mobil-
ity, more the time users will spend with the mobile services and
system [23]. The mobility makes users free from temporal and

Figure 1: Proposed model
spatial constraints by accessing resources any time and at any
place [24].
Empirical research has strongly supported the influence of
mobility on PEOU and PU [22][24][25]. Researchers claimed
that PMV had significantly strong influence on PU [21] as well
as on PEOU [22]. Article [26] measured PMV as an enabler
and critical factor that can encourage users adoption of new
technology. So in prospective of TAM, the hypothesis can be
developed as
H1: Perceived mobility value will have positive significant
influence on perceived usefulness in INSIGNIA ILS.
H1a: Perceived mobility value will have positive significant
influence on perceived ease of use in INSIGNIA ILS.
3.2. System Accessibility
SA is defined as the degree to which a system and the in-
formation it contains can be accessed with relatively low effort
[27]. Accessibility has different dimensions i.e. accessing inter-
face, physical accessing of information and free physical access
to information. However, only physical access to information
doesnt guarantee the use of IS [28]. Prior research empiri-
cally supports a relationship between SA and PEOU. Empirical
studies [29][30][31] examines the influence of SA on PEOU.
Finding of these studies showed that SA has significant positive
influence on PEOU. Therefore, it can be assumed that more ac-
cessible library catalogue through INSIGNIA ILS, less effort
required to use it. Thus, it is hypothesized as
H2: System accessibility will have positive significant in-
fluence on perceived ease of use of INSIGNIA ILS.
3.3. Perceived ease of use
TAM [9] introduces the construct PEOU, defined as the
degree to which a person thinks that using a specific system
would be effort free [9]. Considering definition in this research
context, it is defined as the users feel themselves free from effort
i.e. both mentally and physically in using MLA. Prior studies
explained the positive relationship among PU and intention to
use it. [7] explains the significant effect of perceived ease of
use on perceived usefulness in MLA. Furthermore, [7] explored
the positive effect of PEOU on intention to use mobile library
services. Research results of [32] proved in the librarians IT
acceptance that perceived ease of use has positive effect on PU.
On the basis of these prior research, this study proposed the
following hypothesis
3
H3: Perceived ease of use will have positive significant ef-
fect on perceived usefulness of INSIGNIA ILS.
H3a: Perceived ease of use will have positive significant effect
on the behavioural intention to use INSIGNIA ILS.
3.4. Perceived usefulness
PU was introduced as a construct in TAM, which states the
degree to which a person trusts that using a specific system
would improve their job performance [9]. Prior research proved
the significant effect of perceived usefulness on intention to use
particular system. [7] identifies the positive relationship among
PU and intention to use mobile library service. Similarly, [33]
define PU has positive effect on intention of using digital li-
brary services. Therefore, On the basis of these prior research,
this study proposed the following hypothesis
H4: Perceived usefulness will have positive significant ef-
fect on behavioural intention to use INSIGNIA ILS.
3.5. Satisfaction
Previous research studies identify the positive relationship
of satisfaction and intention to use particular system. Research
conducted by [33] states that user satisfaction influences posi-
tively on intention to use digital library services. Similarly, re-
search of [34] explained the relationship of system satisfaction
and service that, it had a significant effect on BI to use mobile
communication. Results of [7] states the significant effect of
satisfaction on intention to use MLA. Results of [25] also states
the same relationship. Therefore, this research hypothesised the
following relationship
H5: Satisfaction will have positive significant influence on
behavioural intention.
4. Research Method
4.1. Items development
To ensure validity and reliability of proposed model, mea-
surement items under each constructs are selected from rele-
vant literature. Instrument consists of two parts i.e. demo-
graphic information and questions related to constructs. De-
mographic information asked about gender, age and qualifica-
tion. Six observed variables for both perceived ease of use and
perceived usefulness were adopted from [9], five observed vari-
ables of system accessibility were adopted from [12][27], four
observed variables for both satisfaction and perceived mobil-
ity were adopted from [7] [21] respectively, and three observed
variables for behavioural intention was adopted from [9].
4.2. Pilot Study
Survey instrument was selected from previous literature. It
is then evaluated by expert faculty members. Pilot study was
conducted to sense weakness of questionnaire and to assess the
psychometric properties. Study was conducted by distributing
questionnaire to twenty graduate students of CIIT, with experi-
ence in using MLA. All the participants respond because it was
conducted in library environment. Suggested changes were im-
plemented before the final survey.
4.3. Data Collection 5. Data analysis
Survey was conducted in top ranked university of Pakistan
Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted to purify
[13] in CIIT. Data were collected from 1st to 30th November
the observed items. Kaiser-Mayer-Olkin (KMO) and Bartletts
2016 and respondents were requested to respond according to
test of sphericity show that KMO=0.918 and Bartletts was P
their degree of agreement on 7 point Likert scale ranging from
<0.001. It proved the sample adequacy of the data for struc-
(1) strongly disagree to (7) strongly agree. Respondents were
ture detection [39]. Principal component analysis (PCA) with
inquired about the usage of MLA, if their answer was in affir-
varimax rotation was used for factor construction. Results of
mation then they were requested to fill questionnaire. Finally,
factor rotation indicate that all measurement items have factor
321 valid responses were used for data analysis by dropping
loading higher than 0.7 and were retained [35]. Eigen values
those responses with high percentage of missing values and
greater than 1 is used for factor extraction which results in ex-
with same answers against all Likert scale. Rationale for huge
traction of six factors explaining 72.08% of total variance.
response rate is that, data were collected from the students by
visiting classrooms, library and hostels. Therefore, 91.7% re-
5.1. Structural Equation Model
sponse rate was used in the final study. Total sample size is
much higher than the recommended sample of 100 150 in or- SEM helps to measure the interrelationship among indepen-
der to get reliable result in structural equation modelling [35]. dent and dependant variable at the same time instead of test-
ing individually [35]. So Recommended two step approach
[40] was used to conduct SEM analysis on data. In first step,
Table 1: Demographic data measurement model (MM) was estimated to determine interre-
Demographics Category Frequency Percentage(%) lationship among observed and unobserved variables. It was
Gender Male 187 58.3 done using CFA in SEM software AMOS and in second stage
Female 134 41.7 hypothesis were tested in structural model (SM) regarding de-
Age 20 25 years 177 55.1 pendent and independent variables. SEM fit was determined
26 30 years 99 30.8 using goodness-of-fit indices and with coefficient parameters
31 35 years 33 10.3 [37][35].
36 40 years 8 2.5
Above 41 4 1.2 5.1.1. Analysis of MM
Qualification BS 112 34.9 MM was applied to check the loading of observed variables
enrolled MS 189 58.9 (i.e. items) on latent variables (constructs)[41][42]. Evalua-
Phd 20 6.3 tion of MM was done using CFA. Reliability, convergent and
discriminant validity were used for MM validation [35]. Table
Representation of demographic information was shown in 2 shows that, value of composite reliability of each construct
Table 1. Showing that total of 187 (58.3%) were male and is above 0.7, that is higher than cut-off value 0.7 [43] explain-
134(41.7%) were female. Maximum responses rate was gath- ing the strong reliability, Average variance extracted (AVE) and
ered from the student of age ranges from 20 25 years and factor loading values are higher than cut-off values i.e. 0.5 and
qualification ranges from BS to PHD. Data were analysed us- 0.7 respectively [35] proving the significance of convergent va-
ing SPSS v20 for descriptive analysis and for exploratory factor lidity and discriminant validity as per items which differentiate
analysis (EFA) and AMOS was used for reliability, and valid- between constructs [44] was assessed on difference of vari-
ity of construct, Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and also ance / covariance between latent variables and on correlations
used for testing proposed hypothesis with structure equation within measurement items [45] [35]. Results in Table 3 repre-
model (SEM). SEM was used because it has a capability for sents acceptable discriminant validity [43]. Overall fit of MM
estimating relationships between constructs with multiple mea- was measured with three type of indices in SEM (i.e. absolute
surement items in multivariate environment [36]. fit indices, incremental fit indices and parsimonious fit indices).
Results of fit indices of this study and recommended cut-of val-
4.4. Data Screening ues [35] are presented in Table 4. Statistical results show that
Collected data were coded in SPSS. Data screening was MM satisfactorily fitted the data. Reliability of instrument was
performed for testing the accurate coding of data. Littles Chi measures with Cronbachs Alpha. Its value is also higher than
square test was applied for missing values in data screening and recommendation value i.e. 0.7 [46].
replaced by the applying regression imputation technique be-
cause of the nature of data [37]. Than outliers were checked 5.1.2. Analysis of SM
at both univariate and multivariate level using Z-score and Ma- Causal relationships were explained in SM. AMOS was used
halanobis distance D2 test [38][37][35]. Normality of data was for accessing SM. It helps in explaining path coefficient and co-
checked at univariate and multivariate level through skewness efficient of determination R2 value. Path coefficient explains the
and kurtosis which was in recommended range of 1 and 3 strength of proposed hypothesised relationship, whereas R2 ex-
respectively and at multivariate level it was checked by Kol- plains the prediction power of constructs. Both path coefficient
mogorov - Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk test. and R2 value explain the data support in the favour of hypoth-
esized model [47]. Overall fit of SM was measured with three
4
 by PU.
Table 2: Construct reliability and Convergent validity
Constructs Items Factor CR AVE Cronbachs
Three main types of indices were calculated for both MM
loading Alpha and SM, so that we can represent that the model represents
Perceived PU1 0.79 0.74 0.66 0.917 data perfectly. Absolute fit measure (2 , goodness-of-fit-index
Usefulness (PU) PU2 0.80 (GFI), root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA), ad-
PU3 0.84 justed goodness of fit (AGFI)), Parsimonious fit measure (com-
PU4 0.84 parative fit index (CFI)) and Incremental fit measure (normed
PU5 0.79 fit index (NFI)).
Perceived Ease of PEOU1 0.79 0.95 0.76 0.951
Use (PEOU) PEOU2 0.84 Table 4: Summary of fit indices
PEOU3 0.90 Fit indices 2 /Df GFI RMSEA AGFI CFI NFI
PEOU4 0.89 Threshold value <3 0.90 <0.05 0.90 0.90 0.90
PEOU5 0.91 Obtained fit MM 1.388 0.922 0.035 0.901 0.982 0.938
PEOU6 0.91 Obtained fit SM 1.387 0.922 0.035 0.901 0.982 0.937
System SA3 0.78 0.83 0.63 0.853
Accessibility (SA) SA5 0.79
As shown in Table 4 all obtained fit indices are meeting the
SA4 0.79
recommended range CMIN/df = 1.387, GFI = 0.922, RMSEA
Satisfaction S1 0.74 0.87 0.62 0.858
= 0.035, AGFI = 0.901, CFI = 0.982, NFI = 0.937 suggested
(S) S2 0.82
by [48]. Which shows that proposed research model had very
S3 0.75
good fit to data.
S4 0.85
Perceived Mobility PMV1 0.74 0.85 0.59 0.853
Value (PMV) PMV2 0.82 6. Discussion
PMV3 0.78
PMV4 0.76
Results of this study support the extended model based on
Behaviour Intention BI1 0.79 0.86 0.67 0.861
TAM. According to TAM two core motivational factors of TAM
(BI) BI2 0.87
(i.e. PEOU, PU) are significant predictor of intended behaviour
BI3 0.80
[9]. Finding of this study also support these postulates and sug-
CR: composite reliability; AVE: average variance extracted. gest that impact of PEOU was more significant than PU on in-
tended behaviour. It shows that PEOU is stronger predictor than
PU on intention to usage behaviour. This finding of the study
Table 3: Discriminant Validity is similar to existing study [4][42]. Results revealed that ease
Constructs PU PEOU S SA PMV BI
of use of MLA contributes more than usefulness in acceptance
Perceived usefulness 0.65 and system usage. However, individuals behaviour for using a
Perceived ease of use 0.29 0.75 system depends on both PEOU and PU.
Satisfaction 0.05 0.16 0.61 Extended model finding depicts positive influence (i.e. PMV
System accessibility 0.22 0.36 0.26 0.62 on PU, SA on PEOU and Satisfaction on BI). Finding show that
Perceived mobility value 0.07 0.10 0.09 0.17 0.58 PMV has significant effect on PU of MLA. Also finding shows
Behaviour intention 0.21 0.36 0.13 0.43 0.084 0.62 that effect of SA on PEOU of MLA is much stronger and signif-
Diagonal values are AVE and off diagonals are inter-construct squared icant. Satisfaction was also measured in this extended model.
correlations. It has direct impact on behavioural intention (BI) to use MLA.
Finding explains that impact of S on BI has strong positive in-
type of indices in SEM (i.e. absolute fit indices, incremental fit fluence on intention to usage MLA. According to the research
indices and parsimonious fit indices). Results of fit indices of output, it is recommended that, SA is the stronger predictor of
SM and recommended cut-of values [35] are presented in Table PEOU, PEOU is stronger determinant to PU and S is stronger
4. Statistical results show that SM satisfactorily fitted the data. predictor to BI in this context. However, PMV also has sig-
Output of SM explained in Table 5 and Fig 2. Results in- nificant effect on PU of this research. This results support the
dicate that all the paths were significant at 0.001 or 0.05 and existing finding of TAM and also provide external validity for
which is rejected. The highly positive significant hypothesis new technological contextual environment (i.e. MLA).
relationship (estimate = 0.584) between SA and PEOU, fol- Finding of this study show the non-significant effect of PMV
lowed by PEOU and PU (estimates =0.506), while lowest was on PEOU. It shows that users do not consider that PMV pre-
between PMV and PU (estimates = 0.121). All the hypothesis dict PEOU of MLA. Although this result is significant in prior
was supported except H1a (estimates = 0.072) between PMV research [25][22]. But this non-significant result might be be-
and PEOU. It is assessed from squared multiple correlation that cause of low internet penetration rate in Pakistan as compared
37.2% variance is explained by behavioural intention, 37.8% to bordered counter [28] so result of this study consistent with
variance explained by PEOU and 30.7% variance is explained [49].

5
 8. References
Table 5: Hypothesis Testing
Hypothesis Value t-value Status [1] Y. E. Huh and S.-H. Kim, Do early adopters upgrade early? role of post-
adoption behavior in the purchase of next-generation products, Journal
H1: PMV PU 0.121 2.064 Accepted
of Business Research, vol. 61, no. 1, pp. 4046, 2008.
H1a: PMV PEOU 0.072 1.226 Rejected [2] M. Kleijnen, K. De Ruyter, and M. Wetzels, An assessment of value
H2: SA PEOU 0.584 8.703 Accepted creation in mobile service delivery and the moderating role of time con-
H3: PEOU PU 0.506 8.360 Accepted sciousness, Journal of retailing, vol. 83, no. 1, pp. 3346, 2007.
[3] X. Zha, J. Zhang, and Y. Yan, Comparing digital libraries in the web
H3a: PEOU BI 0.288 3.916 Accepted and mobile contexts from the perspective of the digital divide, Journal
H4: PU BI 0.144 2.349 Accepted of Librarianship and Information Science, vol. 47, no. 4, pp. 330340,
H5: S BI 0.221 3.767 Accepted 2015.
Note:***: p<0.001, *: p<0.05 [4] S. Joo and N. Choi, Factors affecting undergraduates selection of online
library resources in academic tasks: Usefulness, ease-of-use, resource
quality, and individual differences, Library Hi Tech, vol. 33, no. 2, pp.
272291, 2015.
Finding of this study supports the implementation of TAM [5] X. Zha, J. Zhang, L. Li, and H. Yang, Exploring the adoption of dig-
in developing country i.e. Pakistan. Study offers theoretical ital libraries in the mobile context: The effect of psychological factors
and practical implications in order to help library researchers and mobile context factors, Information Development, vol. 32, no. 4, pp.
of mobile library apps. Finding can be applied for establish- 11551167, 2016.
[6] J. Y. Thong, W. Hong, and K.-Y. Tam, Understanding user acceptance
ing perception for acceptance of MLA. These finding helps in of digital libraries: what are the roles of interface characteristics, orga-
providing guidelines for MLA services on smart phones. It con- nizational context, and individual differences? International journal of
tributes in methodology development of mobile library services human-computer studies, vol. 57, no. 3, pp. 215242, 2002.
in research field and provided suggestions concerning mobile [7] H.-Y. Yoon, User acceptance of mobile library applications in academic
libraries: an application of the technology acceptance model, The Jour-
digital library. Results show that system accessibility and per- nal of Academic Librarianship, vol. 42, no. 6, pp. 687693, 2016.
ceived ease of use must be considered in promoting MLA us- [8] D. A. Adams, R. R. Nelson, and P. A. Todd, Perceived usefulness, ease of
age. use, and usage of information technology: a replication, MIS quarterly,
pp. 227247, 1992.
[9] F. D. Davis, Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user accep-
tance of information technology, MIS quarterly, pp. 319340, 1989.
[10] Y. Zhao, S. Deng, and R. Zhou, Understanding mobile library apps con-
tinuance usage in china: a theoretical framework and empirical study,
Libri, vol. 65, no. 3, pp. 161173, 2015.
[11] N. Aharony, Mobile libraries: librarians and students perspectives,
College & Research Libraries, vol. 75, no. 2, pp. 202217, 2014.
[12] N. Park, R. Roman, S. Lee, and J. E. Chung, User acceptance of a dig-
ital library system in developing countries: An application of the tech-
nology acceptance model, International journal of information manage-
ment, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 196209, 2009.
[13] Universities Ranking. [Online]. Available:
http://www.hec.gov.pk/english/universities/pages/rank.aspx
[14] I. Ajzen and M. Fishbein, Attitude-behavior relations: A theoretical anal-
Figure 2: Path Diagram ysis and review of empirical research. Psychological bulletin, vol. 84,
no. 5, p. 888, 1977.
[15] J. Miller and O. Khera, Digital library adoption and the technology ac-
ceptance model: A cross-country analysis, The Electronic Journal of
7. Conclusion Information Systems in Developing Countries, vol. 40, 2010.
[16] N. Aharony and G. Prebor, Librarians and information professionals
With the rapid change of environment in educational insti- perspectives towards discovery toolsan exploratory study, The Journal
of Academic Librarianship, vol. 41, no. 4, pp. 429440, 2015.
tute and in library services, this study helps in understanding the [17] V. Venkatesh, M. G. Morris, G. B. Davis, and F. D. Davis, User accep-
behaviour of MLA. Behaviour of users is changing because of tance of information technology: Toward a unified view, MIS quarterly,
many factors, so this proposed model provides basic informa- pp. 425478, 2003.
tion to improve and understand MLA usage intentions. Finding [18] M. S. Awwad and S. M. Al-Majali, Electronic library services accep-
tance and use: an empirical validation of unified theory of acceptance and
of this study is useful as it provides information and in depth use of technology, The Electronic Library, vol. 33, no. 6, pp. 11001120,
understanding. On the basis of these findings, as study pro- 2015.
vides useful guidelines, designers and developers will improve [19] C.-C. Chang, Library mobile applications in university libraries, Li-
the usage experience of MLA. Results show that SA, S, PMV, brary Hi Tech, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 478492, 2013.
[20] J. Lu, C. Liu, and J. Wei, How important are enjoyment and mobility for
PU and PEOU are significantly important in using this applica- mobile applications? Journal of Computer Information Systems, vol. 57,
tion. Therefore, developers must consider that users must feel no. 1, pp. 112, 2017.
satisfaction and will access system without any temporal and [21] J.-H. Huang, Y.-R. Lin, and S.-T. Chuang, Elucidating user behavior of
mobile learning: A perspective of the extended technology acceptance
spatial constraint. Ease of use and usefulness must be consider-
model, The Electronic Library, vol. 25, no. 5, pp. 585598, 2007.
ing in developing the application for increasing the capability of [22] Y.-S. Yen and F.-S. Wu, Predicting the adoption of mobile financial ser-
MLA with users requirements with ultimate results in adoption vices: The impacts of perceived mobility and personal habit, Computers
of MLA. in Human Behavior, vol. 65, pp. 3142, 2016.
[23] E. Park, S. Baek, J. Ohm, and H. J. Chang, Determinants of player ac-
ceptance of mobile social network games: An application of extended

6
 technology acceptance model, Telematics and Informatics, vol. 31, no. 1, partial least squares approach, Transforming Government: People, Pro-
pp. 315, 2014. cess and Policy, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 138157, 2010.
[24] S. A. Nikou and A. A. Economides, The effects of perceived mobility [48] J. F. Hair, W. C. Black, B. J. Babin, R. E. Anderson, and R. L. Tatham,
and satisfaction on the adoption of mobile-based assessment, in Inter- Multivariate data analysis . uppersaddle river, Multivariate Data Anal-
active Mobile Communication Technologies and Learning (IMCL), 2015 ysis (5th ed) Upper Saddle River, 1998.
International Conference on. IEEE, 2015, pp. 167171. [49] C. Kim, M. Mirusmonov, and I. Lee, An empirical examination of factors
[25] E. Park and A. P. del Pobil, Extending the technology acceptance model influencing the intention to use mobile payment, Computers in Human
in remote pointing technology: identifying the role of perceived mobility Behavior, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 310322, 2010.
and control, Sensor Review, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 4047, 2013.
[26] J. H. Al-Ammary, A. K. Al-Sherooqi, and H. K. Al-Sherooqi, The ac-
ceptance of social networking as a learning tools at university of bahrain,
International Journal of Information and Education Technology, vol. 4,
no. 2, p. 208, 2014.
[27] Y. Sun and S. Mouakket, Assessing the impact of enterprise systems
technological characteristics on user continuance behavior: An empirical
study in china, Computers in Industry, vol. 70, pp. 153167, 2015.
[28] F. H. Chandio, Studying acceptance of online banking information sys-
tem: A structural equation model, Ph.D. dissertation, Brunel University
Brunel Business School PhD Theses, 2011.
[29] B. Wu and C. Zhang, Empirical study on continuance intentions towards
e-learning 2.0 systems, Behaviour & Information Technology, vol. 33,
no. 10, pp. 10271038, 2014.
[30] I. Han and W. S. Shin, The use of a mobile learning management system
and academic achievement of online students, Computers & Education,
vol. 102, pp. 7989, 2016.
[31] W. S. Shin and M. Kang, The use of a mobile learning management
system at an online university and its effect on learning satisfaction and
achievement, The International Review of Research in Open and Dis-
tributed Learning, vol. 16, no. 3, 2015.
[32] F. Sheikhshoaei and T. Oloumi, Applying the technology acceptance
model to iranian engineering faculty libraries, The Electronic Library,
vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 367378, 2011.
[33] Y. Xu, L. Gan, and D. Yan, Study on influence factors model of tech-
nology acceptance in digital library based on user cognition and tam,
in Management and Service Science (MASS), 2010 International Confer-
ence on. IEEE, 2010, pp. 13.
[34] E. Park and A. P. Del Pobil, Modeling the user acceptance of long-
term evolution (lte) services, annals of telecommunications-annales des
telecommunications, vol. 68, no. 5-6, pp. 307315, 2013.
[35] J. Hair, W. Black, B. Babin, and R. Anderson, Advanced diagnostics for
multiple regression: A supplement to multivariate data analysis, 2010.
[36] R. Li, T.-L. D. Chung, and A. M. Fiore, Factors affecting current users
attitude towards e-auctions in china: An extended tam study, Journal of
Retailing and Consumer Services, vol. 34, pp. 1929, 2017.
[37] B. M. Byrne, Structural equation modeling with amos: Basic concepts,
applications, and programming. 2001.
[38] R. Kline, Principles and practice of structural equation modeling,
Methodology, 2005.
[39] G. D. Hutcheson and N. Sofroniou, The multivariate social scientist: In-
troductory statistics using generalized linear models. Sage, 1999.
[40] J. C. Anderson and D. W. Gerbing, Structural equation modeling in prac-
tice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological bul-
letin, vol. 103, no. 3, p. 411, 1988.
[41] W. W. Chin, The partial least squares approach to structural equation
modeling, Modern methods for business research, vol. 295, no. 2, pp.
295336, 1998.
[42] F. H. Chandio, Z. Irani, A. M. Zeki, A. Shah, and S. C. Shah, Online
banking information systems acceptance: An empirical examination of
system characteristics and web security, Information Systems Manage-
ment, no. just-accepted, 2017.
[43] D. Straub, M.-C. Boudreau, and D. Gefen, Validation guidelines for is
positivist research, The Communications of the Association for Informa-
tion Systems, vol. 13, no. 1, p. 63, 2004.
[44] C. M. Cheung and M. K. Lee, A theoretical model of intentional social
action in online social networks, Decision support systems, vol. 49, no. 1,
pp. 2430, 2010.
[45] C. Fornell and D. F. Larcker, Evaluating structural equation models with
unobservable variables and measurement error, Journal of marketing re-
search, pp. 3950, 1981.
[46] J. C. Nunnally, Psychometric theory. 1967.
[47] S. Sang, J.-D. Lee, and J. Lee, E-government adoption in cambodia: a