HCI JC2 Preliminary Examination 2011

Paper 2 Answer Scheme

QUESTIONS ON PASSAGE 1

1. According to the writer, why did Reagans admirers perceive him as heroic? Use
your own words as far as possible. [2]
Lift Paraphrase
Regan was perceived by his admirers as heroic
because
Having the backbone to stand up he had the courage/strength/will to express
and say the Soviets were wrong his convictions/challenge formidable
opponents in a forthright manner,
Eschewing bureaucratic-speak for he chose to express himself in a frank/
straight talk direct manner/refused to hide behind
vague words/phrases favoured by
government officials,
Being steadfastly unapologetic he was unwavering and unabashed in
about the old-fashioned values promoting/advocating the principles he
he ceaselessly championed. believed in.
3 points = 2 marks, 2 points = 1 mark, 0 -1 point = no mark

2. Why does the writer place the word inevitable in inverted commas in line 8? [1]
Lift
The heroic are exceptional because they
inspire others to see possibilities beyond
the usual, refusing to bow to the
inevitable.
Inference
The writer uses the inverted commas to
indicate that whilst such a word is often
used by an ordinary person who adopts a
defeatist/passive attitude and perceives
something as beyond his control/bound to
happen no matter what he does, this is
often not actually the case a hero would
not accept defeat/acquiesce (the word is
not in a heros vocabulary).

3. Why does the writer believe watching someone doing something courageous
with the utmost conviction would be catalytic (line 12-13)? Use your own words
as far as possible. [1]
Inference
Just as a catalyst precipitates/facilitates/stimulates a chemical reaction, the experience
of seeing someone perform an act of unabashed bravery would
spur/prompt/motivate/lead one to act in a similar way when the circumstances present
themselves.

4. Why is the absence of war often used to explain the absence of greatness and
heroism (line 31)? Use your own words as far as possible. [1]
Lift Paraphrase
Coming face to face with the Grim The extreme circumstance of having to
Reaper compels heroes to exercise the confront ones mortality/imminent death
supreme virtue of courage impels heroes to demonstrate their
OR bravery.
a necessary adjunct to glory and OR
honour has been the proximity of The knowledge that someone is destined to
death, and in The Iliad the heroes that die despite his/her valiant efforts
enthral us are the ones who are necessarily confers the mantle of
doomed. greatness/heroism.
mark per point

1
5. Identify three differences between A.N. Wilsons description of Victorian society
and the writers portrayal of the way we live today. Use your own words as far as
possible. [2]
Lift Paraphrase
While Victorian society was supposedly...,
todays society is...
ruthless VS compassionate unscrupulous, cutthroat/ humane,
sensitive, caring
grabbing VS altruistic greedy, rapacious, self-serving, selfish/self-
less, humanitarian, charitable
elitist VS non-judgemental, We are favouring a privileged, exclusive few,
taught in school that anyone is just looking down on the majority as
as special as everyone else. inferior/egalitarian, tolerant, inclusive,
accommodating
3 pairs = 2 marks, 2 pairs = 1 mark, 0 -1 pair = no mark

QUESTIONS ON PASSAGE 2

6. How are heroes like chinning bars? Use your own words as far as possible. [2]
Lift Paraphrase
people can strengthen their spirit, Just as chinning bars are instruments that
we use to tone our muscles, heroes are
people we use to boost our morale.
raising themselves above their Just as we use chinning bars to raise
mundane lives to see farther and ourselves, we use heroes to elevate us
from the dull reality of everyday life so that
we can envisage new possibilities.
endowing them with the mental Just as chinning bars can train us to
muscle to break the fetters that overcome our physical limitations, heroes
hold them down. fortify our minds so that we can overcome
the obstacles facing us/ restrictions
hindering us.
Any 2 pairs for the full mark
Just as chinning bars are instruments that we use to tone our muscles by physically raising
ourselves off the ground, heroes are people we use to boost our morale, elevate us from the
dull reality of everyday life to broaden our horizons, see other possibilities and fortify our minds
so that we can overcome the obstacles facing us.

7. How does the example of John F. Kennedy illustrate the writers point that heroes
are not irreproachable (line 8)? Use your own words as far as possible. [2]
Lift Paraphrase/ Inference
But was Kennedy worthy of such John F. Kennedy was
adulation? History reveals an an inexperienced/green and
unseasoned and ineffectual leader inefficient/ineffective head of state
who got little done in his fleeting who accomplished close to nothing/ whose
thousand-day presidency. His legacy contributions were insignificant.
includes embroiling America in the He made poor/questionable political
Bay of Pigs fiasco and the Vietnam decisions that resulted in dire
War. He was also a notorious playboy consequences and
who indulged in multiple liaisons with was a womaniser/ had affairs/ questionable
starlets and White House staffers. morals.
mark per point for a maximum of 2 marks

2
Summary
8. Using material from paragraphs 3-5 only, explain why the writer believes that
having heroes is not advisable.
Write your summary in no more than 120 words, not including the opening words
which are printed below. Use your own words as far as possible. [8]
The author believes that having heroes is not advisable because...
No. Lift Paraphrase
1 the inevitable disillusionment of the unavoidable
disappointment/disenchantment
2 that results from revering fallible people that stems from idolising flawed/imperfect
individuals
3 who invariably let us down who always fall short of our expectations/
disappoint us
4 our attachment to heroes becomes self- Our devotion stunts our development/ is
limiting restricting
5 when we live vicariously through their we live second-hand lives
achievements
6 life revolves around the sports season we plan our lives/schedules around them/
become obsessed with them
7 whose emotional well-being fluctuates Their success/defeat dictates how we feel/
with the performance of his favourite player or our moods
team
8 hero worship encourages resignation and Admiring idols promotes a defeatist and
apathy indifferent attitude
9 hero worshippers wait to be rescued We expect others to save us/solve problems
10 absolving themselves of responsibility for We do not take ownership of our lives/ do not
their meaningless existence blame ourselves for our lack of purpose
11 Unsurprisingly, myriad problems continue It perpetuates global troubles/crises
to plague the world /to liberate the
oppressed, defeat terrorism, save the
environment and rid the world of nuclear
weapons
12 people, instead of rolling up their Instead of doing something, we agonise/
sleeves to help themselves, wring their bemoan our plight
hands
13 and yearn for Superman longing for/ hoping for a saviour/ that a
hero will save us.
14 Far from being inspirational and Rather than motivating and enabling us,
empowering
15 our adulation of and reliance on heroes our excessive admiration and dependence on
cripples us. idols incapacitates us/ renders us impotent
16 our fascination with larger-than-life The obsession/captivation we have with
figures enables governments and the celebrities allows politicians and the press to
media to promulgate questionable ideals promote dubious
principles/beliefs/standards/ values
17 and camouflage fatal missteps and cover up/mask calamitous
mistakes/errors.
18 the heroes celebrated by governments Those who are exalted as role models are
and the media are merely manufactured simply the fabrication of/made up by those in
power,
19 furthering the interest of those who wish to deliberately misleading us to serve their
hoodwink us agenda/ulterior motives.
20 Subscribing to the hero myth also allows us Believing fully in the delusion that idols exist
to be exploited in other ways (overlaps with makes us easy to manipulate.
pt 19)
21 Our blind worship of celebrity has made us Our unthinking/mindless idolisation of the
easy pickings for advertisers seeking to sell famous make it childs play for corporations to
us anything and everything. palm off their products to us/ we are easily
duped as consumers.
22 society ardently emulates the rich, We fervently/avidly copy/imitate celebrities
beautiful and famous
23 whose greatness lies in their ability to who are all style and no substance (who do
prove that who they are and what they and believe in nothing worthwhile)

3
 have is much more important than what
they do or stand for.
mark per point for a maximum of 8 marks
Allow heroes as an acceptable lift.
The author believes that having heroes is not advisable because they are flawed and
always disappoint. Our development is stunted as we lead second-hand lives, planning our
lives around them and letting their success or defeat dictate our moods. It also promotes a
defeatist and indifferent attitude: we expect others to save us, not taking ownership of our lives
and blaming our lack of purpose on others. Global problems perpetuate due to our passive
attitude. We merely bemoan our plight, hoping for a saviour. Idols incapacitate, rather than
motivate and enable us. Our obsession with them allows those in power to promote dubious
principles and cover up calamitous mistakes. They fabricate heroes to serve their agenda. Such
idolisation makes us easily duped as consumers. We fervently copy celebrities who are all style
and no substance.
(125 words for 23 points)

9. Explain the writers use of the word insidiously in the first sentence of
paragraph 4. Use your own words as far as possible. [1]
Inference
He uses the word to describe the seductive/subtle/imperceptible/manipulative way
governments and the media exploit our hero-worship for their own gains (this aspect is
equally if not more harmful but less obvious/discernible and operates more
stealthily/furtively).

10. Explain what the writer means when he says Such media melodrama shored
up a crumbling enterprise. (line 34) Use your own words as far as possible. [2]
Lift Paraphrase
Such media melodrama shored up The writer means that the exaggerated/
a crumbling enterprise. sensationalistic version of Lynchs rescue
in the news
propped up/bolstered
waning public endorsement
for US military efforts/the war in Iraq.
mark per point

Vocabulary
11. Give the meaning of the following words as they are used in Passages 1 and 2.
Write your answer in one word or a short phrase. [5]
Word Meaning
(a) paucity (passage 1, para 4, line 29) scarcity, dearth, lack

(b) enthral (passage 1, para 5, line 34) enchant, captivate, enrapture

(c) charismatic (passage 2, para 2, line
10)
(d) exhortation (passage 2, para 2, line
10)
(e) venerate (passage 2, para 6, line 51)
compellingly alluring, charming, appealing
(additional detail: inspiring devotion/
allegiance)
appeal, plea, entreaty, clarion call,
enjoinder
to treat with great respect, reverence (allow
worship/adore)

4
Application Question
12. The writers of the two passages hold very different opinions on the desirability of having heroes. Which writers views do you
find more persuasive? Discuss the relevance of the arguments presented in both passages to you and your own society.
Refer to specific material from both passages as well as your own knowledge and opinions in your answer. [8]

Requirements
Which writers views do you find more persuasive?
While candidates are free to decide whether there is a need for people to look up to heroes, they must evaluate the persuasiveness of both passages by considering the credibility of the
claims and arguments for or against heroes made by the two writers. They are expected to substantiate their evaluations. While it may be possible for candidates to be influenced by their
own definitions of heroism, courage and greatness, they should ensure that their yardsticks are fair measures.
Discuss the relevance of the arguments presented in both passages to you and your own society.
If candidates are of the opinion that heroes are desirable or even a necessity, they must explain why. They could argue that this viewpoint applies to their society as a whole, and/or is
particularly relevant to particular segments of their society. They could also explain why or how the need is being met. To create balance, they could consider why or how the pitfalls of blind
hero worship are not so evident in their society or could be avoided. To boost their credibility of their arguments, they should offer relevant examples.
If candidates are of the opinion that heroes are not necessary and that such admiration is detrimental, they must explain why. They could argue that this viewpoint applies to their society as a
whole, and/or is particularly relevant to particular segments of their society. To create balance, they could explain why or how not having heroes will deprive people of potential benefits. They
should present relevant examples to substantiate their arguments.
If candidates are of the opinion heroes are necessary but people tend to choose the wrong candidates and hence fail to benefit or even open themselves to manipulation and exploitation, or
that there is a lack of good candidates, they must provide reasons to back up these evaluations. They could point out the repercussions of not having heroes and the implications of making
poor choices, and even argue that the impact is greater for particular segments of their society. Relevant examples will help to boost the credibility of their assessments.

Sample Answer
Passage 1 (Gloria Eastwick)
Eastwick believes that people need heroes and should seek greatness. She laments the dearth of individuals in her society who are, in her opinion, outstanding enough to deserve the
accolade. She offers reasons to explain the dearth of greatness and heroism, and is clearly of the opinion that such a state of affairs is objectionable. This p assage could appear more
persuasive because it focuses on common gripes, but a close reading would reveal that some of the views presented by the writer would require careful consideration.
From the passage Evaluation of persuasiveness Relevance to Singapore
peoples need for the truly It is true that witnessing heroism in action can astound people and make The contributions made by the first generation of leaders of government
heroic [para 1] them realise that they have become complacent or afraid of moving out of and captains of industries who backed Singapores decision to be
their comfort zones. It can also remind them that they have perhaps independent were critical, especially given the fledging nations lack of
inspire others to see
allowed their obligations or social perceptions to make them forsake their natural resources. Without their willingness to stay on, as well as their
possibilities beyond the usual,
ideals or bury their talents. A bold move, especially by someone they foresight and conviction, people and investors would have fled and the
refusing to bow to the inevitable
admire, could inspire them to re-evaluate their lives and explore new nation will not have been able to achieve its spectacular economic
destroy seemingly
possibilities that have emerged as a result of the heroes groundbreaking success. In subsequent years, there were also those who laid the
impenetrable barriers and open
work. groundwork in medicine, business, culture and the arts and enabled
up a new course takes a
subsequent reinventions.
certain type of person to convince However, it is possible that not everyone would need to inspire by heroes
us that it is feasible and to inspire before they would seek to accomplish something meaningful or Examples: statesman Lee Kuan Yew; Hyflux CEO Olivia Lum; theatre
us to follow in his wake. [para 2] impressive. This is particularly so if they are effective self-starters. practitioners Ong Keng Sen and Kuo Pao Kun.
If people are not impressed, Many first- and second-generation Singaporeans who had experienced
people cannot be impressive. the trials and tribulations of nation building look up to these leaders as
[para 7] heroes. However, Generation Y in particular is more likely to be reserved
in its admiration, given how it did not experience those ice-breaking ships
in action but is instead told not to rock the boat. Consequently, many are
5
From the passage
destroy seemingly
impenetrable barriers ... [para 2]
moving in a different direction
has always been possible, but it
takes a certain type of person to
convince us that it is feasible and
to inspire us to follow in his wake. In addition, it might not be just conviction and inspiration that needs to be
[para 2]
We are starved of the catalytic
exhilaration of watching someone
doing something courageous with
utmost conviction and without the
apologetic or self-deprecating
sugarcoating that bold moves
seem to require today ... [to]
condemn travesties in our daily
lives. [para 3]
Evaluation of persuasiveness
While many people have the autonomy to choose what they wish to do
with their lives, some amongst them need the assurance of ice-breaking
ships to show that they are not on a fools errand when they venture into
unchartered waters. This is particularly so in todays world, where a
misstep can be costly or when an individuals decision affects his family
as well.
generated by a certain type of person. Opening up a new course could
require unique talents and resources because even seemingly
impenetrable barriers can be difficult to breach. Thus a select group have
to be the vanguard.
Moreover, it might not be possible for those living in less developed
countries and conservative or repressive societies to easily break new
ground or to know that they can or should do so. They need visionaries
who can open their eyes, enable a paradigm shift and pave the way for
them.
It is true that bold moves do capture public attention, and can galvanise
people to question the status quo or even to take action. Consider 74-
year-old Anna Hazare and his populist anti-corruption campaign. Despite
disputable motives and tactics, he garnered widespread support and
successfully forced the Indian parliament into agreeing to consider his
version of anti-graft legislation.
However, if people are no longer exercising their courage to make bold
moves, it might not necessarily be due to a dearth of heroism in the world
today. In fact, the media actively seek human-interest stories, and those
seeking to publicise good values and outstanding acts do make use of
both traditional and new media to showcase exemplary models. Perhaps
we are the ones starving ourselves because of our ignorance (we do not
bother to find out), apathy (we cannot be moved to seek greatness) or
other priorities (we desire the guaranteed outcomes safe options offer).
It is debatable whether people will condemn travesties because they
have witnessed catalytic displays of courage. Other than some of the
reasons explained in paragraph 6, inaction can be due to people growing
too self-centred to care or becoming accustomed to the authorities taking
care of both progress and problems. For such people, even if they are the
ones lamenting the sad state of affairs in todays world, displays of
6
Relevance to Singapore
drawn to politicians and personalities who champion change.
Examples: SPP, WP and NSP candidates in General Elections 2006 and
2011 who challenged the status quo.
Singaporean society remains in need of people who prove that deviating
from conventional choices in life can have happy endings. Despite their
prosperity, the pragmatic mentality that no one owes us a living is so
strongly ingrained in Singaporeans that many feel guilty forsaking
conventional education and career choices even though they clearly
possess the talent and aspiration for other pursuits. While prospects have
been improved due to the governments vested interest in developing new
engines of growth and greater parental support (possibly because many
do not depend on their children for financial support), many who might
have shone in the arts or sports would not consider careers in these
arenas because of the immense sacrifices and uncertainty involved.
However, those who ventured forth have helped to create new
possibilities and are admired for their daring and accomplishments.
Examples: filmmakers Eric Khoo and Royston Tan who make both art
house and commercial releases; former swimmer Jocelyn Yeo in her glory
days; lawyer-turned-chef-and-restaurateur Willin Low; how four of the five
SOTA students offered places at the Rambert School of Ballet and
Contemporary Dance will leave for London without first finishing their IB
programme; how swimmer Quah Ting Wen intends to skip SEA Games
2011 to focus on her studies at UCLA.
Singapore needs people with the capability and conviction to challenge
the status quo in the political arena too. While the PAP government is
certainly capable of engineering more peaks of economic excellence,
many Singaporeans chafe at how its pro-growth policies trigger
unwelcomed social and cultural shifts. It has also become abundantly
clear that they want a more consultative style of governance and a review
of policies. Unsurprisingly, the last two elections saw increasing support
for opposition candidates who made a strong stand for change despite the
ruling partys seasoned politicians using their experience and resources to
argue in favour of the status quo.
Examples: Judging by the turnouts at opposition rallies during the General
Elections 2011, Singaporeans do crave the exhilaration of watching
someone doing something courageous with utmost conviction. Other than
opposition stalwarts such as Low Thai Kiang and Sylvia Lim from the
Workers Party who enjoyed growing support, Nicole Seah from the
National Solidarity Party stood out with a presence that belied her youth
and was perceived very positively. However, it remains to be seen
whether she possess the intellect and mettle for a successful political
career.
From the passage
This dearth of inspiration is
destroying our code of honour
and our resolve to condemn
travesties in our daily lives. [para
3]
If people are not impressed,
people cannot be impressive.
[para 7]
The Central Line example [para 3]
The Central Line example versus
the Flight 93 example [para 3]
Coming face to face with the
Grim Reaper compels heroes to
exercise the supreme virtue of
courage the heroes that enthral
us are the ones who are doomed
performing acts of heroism in
times of peace can be difficult
[para 5]
the heroic will make his
unequivocal choice and chart his
Evaluation of persuasiveness Relevance to Singapore
courage become nothing more than another media offering to be
marvelled at, momentarily inspired and then forgotten.
A common lament is that community spirit or a sense of social and civic
It has been observed that Singaporeans have lost much of their
responsibility has weakened in richer, urbanised societies. As their community spirit, absorbed as the majority are in their pursuit of more
inhabitants are affluent enough to not have to rely on the goodwill of their
degrees, better careers and greater affluence. Cocooned in their
communities, they do not feel obliged to serve communal interests, affluence, many might not notice the social problems (such as the poor,
especially if doing so hurts their personal wellbeing. Since heroism the disabled, the cases of neglect, abuse and delinquency, or the plight of
suggests risk-taking and exposure to danger, they are unlikely to attempt
foreign workers short-changed or abused by employers) that exist in
it even if they have been impressed by real life examples. society today. Some believe that it is the governments responsibility to
solve these issues once they have done their part by paying taxes and
This self-serving attitude and its consequences have been widely
being law-abiding citizens. If we were to analyse the causes of such
reported or discussed. Crimes, quarrels and fights can erupt with impunity
apathy, we could argue that it stems from a dearth of inspiration to
in crowded public spaces and people would look the other way. However,
counter such mentalities and agree that there are not enough
it might not caused by a dearth of inspiration, but the culmination of
Singaporeans who are taking a stand against social injustices.
many forces shaping our cultures and societies.
Alternatively, it could be pointed out that there are people volunteering on
It is also possible that people fear exposing themselves to unnecessary a regular basis but they are unsung heroes who go about their
danger out of a pragmatic weighing of the undesirable repercussions that contributions without fanfare and whose values are not shared by their
could be inflicted on their dependents should they do so. Duties and compatriots. Whichever the reason, considering how apathy and self-
obligations can outweigh inspiration. preservation can be observed in other ways and could have sunk roots
into our national culture, it would probably take more than witnessing
heroes in action to inspire people to make a difference.
It does not seem fair of Eastwick to juxtapose these two examples Example: In 2009, The Straits Times re-enacted a scene described in a
because the stakes are different. In the Flight 93 example, retaliation can letter written by Australian Ivan Batterham and published in its Forum
determine life and death and hence the passengers will definitely make a page. According to Batterham, he had intervened in an altercation one
last ditch attempt to save themselves. Indeed, it would be odd if they evening in Ang Mo Kio when no one else tried to stop a man from abusing
placidly allow the terrorists to have their way. In addition, they can be a woman. In addition to recounting the incident, he shared that two locals
assured that fellow passengers will help them since they too are not ready told him that he should mind his own business and that it was wrong to
to meet the Grim Reaper, and this would boost their courage. In contrast, intervene. Batterhams letter led to mixed reactions, with some supporting
the passengers on the Central Line do not face intense danger and are his actions while others scoffed at them. An online reader wrote: Id rather
not guaranteed such assurance. Their instincts of self-preservation would be a live coward than a dead hero.
kick in differently when the odds are stacked against them and when is
During the re-enactments by The Straits Times in three locations, six
only money and belongings that they are going to lose. Consequently, it
people intervened to stop the quarrel, and all but one were foreigners.
might not be fair to expect them to expose themselves to danger. After all,
When interviewed, all the foreigners said that anyone would have done so
a few juveniles who carry out robberies in full view of the public will not
if a similar episode happened in their home country.
hesitate to hurt someone who stands up to them.
Experts accounted for the lack of response from locals by observing that
However, the above does not absolve people of the need to make a
Singaporean or Asian society tends to be more conservative and
difference or stand up against wrongdoings. It merely explains why some
reserved. Psychologist Daniel Koh points out that an urbanised society
people choose not to do so.
may contribute to more individualistic behaviour as opposed to the
community spirit in kampungs of old. Sociologist Pauline Straughan says:
I think we mind our own business not because we dont care about
others, but more because we are mindful that we dont intrude into others
private affairs.
While it can be believed that people need to be inspired, Eastwick might Singaporeans tend to look abroad for inspiration when they need to be
not be right to assume that everyone needs to be moved by the sort of inspired by greatness. This could be indeed caused by a lack of home-
7
From the passage
course in search of greatness
the hesitant who lack such innate
resolve [need to be inspired by
greatness] Where are the great
men and women who could have
inspired them? [para 4]
absence of greatness and
heroism the nagging feeling
that greatness is all but dead, that
many of the current contenders
for that accolade are pygmies
tottering on the shoulders of
giants. [para 5]
The Order of Merit example and
how recent nominations show a
paucity of equally illustrious
candidates. [para 4]
It is traditional to attribute the
absence of greatness and
heroism to the lack of cataclysmic
wars. Coming face to face with
the Grim Reaper compels heroes
to exercise the supreme virtue of
courage a necessary adjunct to
glory and honour has been the
proximity of death the heroes
that enthral us are the ones who
are doomed performing acts of
Evaluation of persuasiveness
extremely exceptional individuals and definitive achievements that she
has in mind. While such examples could spur the exceptionally talented
and ambitious on to scale their own heights of glory, it could be argued
that they might not resonate as readily with the common man; while he
might admire them, it does not mean that he would believe that he too
can match up to their greatness. In fact, everyday heroes whose scaled-
down achievements he can imagine himself replicating might make more
effective role models.
While it is acceptable to maintain high standards so that the Hero
accolade is not cheapened, Eastwick might have set her standards too
high for her dearth of inspiration and greatness is all but dead claims to
be fair. In the case of the Order of Merit, even if recent nominees cannot
compare to past recipients, it does not mean that there is an absence of
heroism and greatness today. To disparage who have successfully
undertaken remarkable feats as pygmies tottering on the shoulders of
giants further undermines her credibility.
Order of Merit - examples of current members: Andrew Fielding Huxley,
physiologist and Nobel Laureate; Frederick Sanger, biochemist and
double Nobel Laureate; Michael Francis Atiyah, mathematician, Fields
medallist and Abel Laureate; Timothy Berners-Lee, inventor of the World
Wide Web and Director of the World Wide Web Consortium; Tom
Stoppard, playwright; and Margaret Thatcher, former prime minister.
The writer admires valiant warriors who overcome physical dangers and
enemies to save their countries and fellowmen because that is what their
code of honour and glory demands of them, and because the alternative
death is abhorrent to them. While the military conflicts that had erupted
in recent years might not be cataclysmic compared to historic
bloodbaths, the media had fielded reports of individuals who displayed
immense courage and went beyond the call of duty. Instances of
greatness and heroism are not all but dead. (However, some of these
reports could be propagandistic machinations by the governments as
opined by Courtney in Passage 2.) Even if they are not thriving, we
certainly have no need of more cataclysmic wars or the vicious society
8
Relevance to Singapore
grown role models given our relatively young history, a lack of publicity on
our local heroes, a scepticism that local high achievers are less
accomplished, or a receptivity to external influences given our globalised
openness and media savvy ways.
Examples: A*Star having to rely on imported talents (whales) to kickstart
the research industry and enthuse budding scientists until its hothousing
pays off and it can rely on its own pool of star researchers; how soccer-
mad Singaporeans prefer English Premier League stars to our troubled
national soccer team (or how its ill-disciplined players are poor role
models for younger aspirants).
Singaporeans could be likewise afflicted by a jaundiced perception that
outstanding Singaporeans mere pygmies. Indeed it has been observed
that Singaporean talents find greater receptivity at home after they have
proven themselves overseas and preferably won an award or two.
Examples: singers Tanya Chua, Stephanie Sun and JJ Lin.
However, when national pride is at stake, it is not enough for candidates
to be illustrious; they must also be born in and nurtured by Singapore.
This can be seen in how the governments attempts to fast-track sports
achievements by importing ready-made heroes do not sit well with
Singaporeans.
Examples: the cool response to the silver medal won by the womens
table tennis team in the Beijing Olympics; mixed reactions to Shi Jiayi, a
China-born midfielder, scoring the equalising goal in the Asian World Cup
qualifying match between Singapore and Malaysia in July. As an Asiaone
report puts it, Singapore drew 1-1 with Malaysia This ensured the city-
state's progression after a 5-3 win in the first leg But the euphoria was
tempered by criticism from many Singaporeans that all six goals scored
over the two legs came from naturalised players Aleksandar Duric and
Fahrudin Mustafic who were born in Yugoslavia, as well as China-born Shi
Jiayi and Qiu Li. Singapore's coach, Raddy Avramovich is Serbian. The
criticism reflects a general sentiment against the influx of foreign workers
into the wealthy island-state ....
If there is an absence of greatness and heroism amongst Singaporeans,
it is hard to determine whether it is indeed due to a lack of cataclysmic
wars since Singapore has been assiduous in ensuring that it does not
become embroiled in any military conflict. Historical experiences of World
War II might not be good proxy measures given how values and priorities
have shifted since then. While we could observe that Singaporeans have
been generous with their donations and assistance whenever other
countries are devastated by disasters, it remains to be seen how they will
react if they were to experience truly cataclysmic events firsthand.
Examples: Medical staff during the SARS and H1N1 crises in 2003 and
2009 respectively in A Defining Moment: how Singapore beat SARS, a
From the passage
heroism in times of peace can be
difficult [para 5]
The absence of war does not
explain the intellectualism and
discoveries of the Victorian age, a
long era of peace that had
nurtured a legion of greats.
Victorian society as a 'ruthless,
grabbing, elitist society, stamping
on its victims and discarding its
weaker members with all the
devastating relentlessness of
Darwin's vision of Nature itself'.
[para 6]
We now live in an age when we
are supposed to be
compassionate, altruistic and non-
judgmental. We are taught in
school that anyone is just as
special as everyone else. We are
constantly reminded of the price
of unconventionality. [para 6]
Greatness demands an
independence of mind and a risk-
taking spirit but we are
conditioned to not jeopardise our
well-being or be offensive to
others. [para 6]
Evaluation of persuasiveness Relevance to Singapore
described in paragraph 6 just to inspire courage or greatness. doctor who treated patients in the SARS ICU Unit was quoted as saying,
We went in there 90 per cent expecting to die. (courage personified or
Moreover, other cataclysmic events, such as natural disasters and the
were there other reasons and pressures?)
situation in impoverished countries, have galvanised philanthropists,
rescuers, researchers and ordinary men and women into helping the
victims even though it would cost them financially or in terms of their
career opportunities and even safety. Cases of courage and greatness
and have been widely reported in the media and by those seeking to
encourage such altruistic endeavours. (Of course, some publicity-savvy
celebrity campaigners are out to manufacture greatness.)
Eastwick seems to approve of achievements that stem from talented Singapore is already a highly competitive and even elitist society and it
individuals need to survive in a ruthless, grabbing, elitist society that would be unwise to encourage it to become even more so. This is
thinks nothing of stamping on its victims and discarding its weaker particularly so when the greatness it truly needs is the altruism and
members with devastating relentlessness. While we certainly desire generosity to help the less well off. In fact, a 'ruthless, grabbing, elitist
more intellectualism and discoveries, it would be regression to re-create society could be a push factor that compels people to leave.
the conditions of the Victorian age just to have more of these. The
denizens of each era learn from the experiences of their predecessors
and re-define what progress and greatness means to them. They would
also seek to right injustices and avoid follies that marred the preceding
age. Given how troubled and competitive the twenty-first century is, we
should not encourage our societies to be even more selfishly motivated.
The writer has taken desirable attributes and given them a negative slant While Singaporeans are constantly reminded to live harmoniously with
by implying that we are all being socialised (in schools and by our one another, it does not preclude us from condemning wrongdoing,
families?) into applying them indiscriminately. It is true that some (or although it is debatable whether we would risk life and limb to do so (refer
many?) people who fear paying the price of unconventionality use to the re-enactment by The Straits Times).
lessons learnt in school and life as justifications to place self-preservation
However, where being entrepreneurial is concerned, we can observe
above all else even when it can benefit others. However, it would not be
growing independence of mind and a risk-taking spirit amongst the
fair to imply that such selfishness and reluctance applies to entire
young. While the older generations may have been largely content to
societies.
follow the directions set by the government and steadily plod down well-
Even if we had been inadvertently taught to avoid trouble and trodden paths, there are signs that the younger generations (and some
confrontation at all costs, to keep blaming our upbringing and education is not-so-young entrepreneurs too) are forging ahead with their ambitions
to absolve ourselves of our responsibility for not acting, especially when (possibly because unlike the older generation, they might not need to
we have the autonomy to determine how we are to lead our lives. There shoulder heavy familial obligations?).
are people who have been through the same conditioning and are not
Examples: instances of youth taking up postings overseas or setting up
disabled by it.
their own businesses, including Entrepreneur of the Year Eldwin Chua
There could be other reasons stopping people from displays of courage who set up the Paradise group of restaurants, teacher-turned-
and greatness, such as their obligations to family, a lack of confidence in entrepreneur David Yim who opened Udders, Carol Kie and Lena Ong
their ability to make a difference, the fear that they might be reading the who founded Citrusox, and youths who use online sites such as
situation wrongly, or an appalling ignorance of problems at home and Livejournal to run blogshops.
abroad.
According to a report in Today, SPRING Singapore received 90
applications for its Young Entrepreneurs Scheme for Start-ups (YES!
Start-ups) programme the first half of 2011. The programme grants up to
$50,000 per start-up with SPRING providing a $4 grant to match every $1
9
 From the passage
Not only are we now bereft of
real-world role models, our young
are fulfilling their need for heroes
by revering manufactured
celebrities-of-the-moment with
their calculated smiles, air-headed
conceit and substance-addled
indiscretions. [para 6]
Passage 2 (William Courtney)
Courtney points out that mankind relies on heroes to spur themselves towards greater achievements, but opines that hero worship can lead to harmful outcomes. He uses examples from
American society to argue his case against people looking up to heroes. While he is against heroes manufactured by governments and the media, he does make a concession for ordinary
men and women whose contributions make them worthy role models. The rejection of heroes presented by the writer and his claim that hero worship will cause harm could appear
persuasive to some and unpersuasive to others. A careful reading would reveal grains of truth that needs to be separated from questionable assertions.
From the passage
It is argued that heroes
encourage mankinds
development, serving as chinning
bars on which people can
strengthen their spirit, raising
themselves above their mundane
lives to see farther and endowing
them with the mental muscle to
break the fetters that hold them
down. [para 1]
But while it is understandable for
people to be impressed by the
extraordinary, conferring the
Evaluation of persuasiveness
This is an observation that has been made of many societies and
confirmed by the hoards of young and not-so-young fans who go all out to
support their idols. However, the popularity of celebrity worship stems not
from a lack of worthier heroes, but is indicative of how cultural
globalisation and media influences are phenomenal forces insidiously
shaping values, behaviour and preferences today. It is also reflective of
our age-old propensity to be drawn to charismatic individuals, especially if
they also possess the beauty, wealth and success that we hanker after.
Sadly, even those seeking to raise the profile of worthy role models would
probably need to package them and promote them via the media in order
to capture public attention and ensure staying power.
Evaluation of persuasiveness
Courtney likewise makes the observation that heroes are used as a
source of motivation and inspiration. However, his intention is to argue
against the worth of such a practice on the basis that we will be sorely
devastated should our chosen heroes fail us or are revealed to be flawed.
While many people are susceptible to being easily impressed by
seemingly extraordinary heroes who accomplish ostensibly great feats
but are really more flash than substance, it is inadvisable to use the
misjudgement of some as a basis to argue that everyone should not look
up to heroes. It is clear that the outcomes of hero worship depend on the
persons the fans choose to admire and what they choose to emulate. It is
also not true that peoples heroes will all ultimately fail them.
Moreover, while it is true that some might remain cynical from watching
10
Relevance to Singapore
raised by young entrepreneurs under 26-years-old with innovative
business ideas.
Singapore is certainly not spared this phenomenon, going by the fans out
in force at showcases by Asian and international acts such as Justin
Bieber, Lady Gaga, Super Junior, Jay Chou and Jolin Tsai. While it might
be debatable whether the fans perceive their idols as heroes, celebrity
power cannot be denied and products endorsed by popular stars do
garner greater consumer favour.
Examples of celebrity-endorsed advertising campaigns that can be seen
in Singapore: Justin Bieber for OPI; Madonna, Angelina Jolie, Bono,
Francis Ford and Sofia Coppola, and Sean Connery for Louis Vuitton;
Emma Watson for Burberry; David Beckham for Armani; Zoe Tay for SK II.
We could also look at how organisations hoping to attract youthful
audiences have to use tactics borrowed from the world of entertainment to
ensure that their messages leave a lasting impression. While they might
not be guilty of the superficiality described in paragraph 6, the impact of
the media and celebrities on the expectations and preferences of young
people today is undeniable.
Examples: how National Day Parades have become less parade and
more showcase, and celebrity appearances are a highlight; how some
hugely popular evangelistic churches are known for their charismatic
leaders and services incorporate media-enriched elements to wow their
congregations (one reason why they appeal to Gen Y?).
Relevance to Singapore
Refer to the evaluation on the need for heroes and the contributions made
by groundbreakers in the section on Passage 1.
There are individuals worthy of our admiration and even if they are flawed
in some way, they are unlikely to cause us the sort of crushing
disappointment Courtney has in mind. However, they might not appeal so
readily to people today. Instead, the latters imaginations are more likely to
be fired by the false heroes disparaged by both Eastwick and Courtney.
Examples: Lim Bo Seng, Elisabeth Choy, Lieutenant Adnan, David
Marshall, E W Barker, Lim Boon Keng, S Rajaratnam, Goh Keng Swee.
(The Samsui women too?)
There had been instances of local politicians offending segments of
society with overly pragmatic or ivory tower perspectives (for example,
From the passage
accolade of heroes on those who
accomplish ostensibly great feats
ultimately results in
disenchantment and
discontentment. If I could offer
one piece of advice, it would be
for everyone not to have heroes.
[para 1]
Humankind is capable of
phenomenal acts, including
profound self-sacrifice. But no one inadequacies and failings and not always motivated by the best intentions
is irreproachable and to laud
people as heroes is to court
crushing disappointment when
they fall short. [para 2]
But no one is irreproachable and
to laud people as heroes is to
court crushing disappointment
when they fall short. [para 2]
The John F Kennedy example:
frequently voted by Americans as
one of their greatest leaders
young and charismatic inspired
his countrymen His
assassination devastated the
nation and cemented his image
as a hero cut down in his prime
[not] worthy of such adulation
unseasoned and ineffectual
Evaluation of persuasiveness
their heroes fall off their pedestals, the sweeping rejection and cynicism
being advocated by the writer is even more damaging. Not only will all of
us end up losing the opportunities to admire and emulate those who are
truly extraordinary, we will also deprive ourselves of the sobering
experience of learning to be more discerning judges of character and
value.
It would have been more reasonable for Courtney to suggest that we
need to be selective about what we admire about our heroes or role
models as it would not be sensible to imagine them as perfect beings. No
matter how outstanding they might be, they could be capable of
or judgements.
American society does exhibit a soft spot for charismatic, talented and
media-savvy individuals despite their foibles, so much so that it is not
unthinkable for public figures to reinvent themselves and regain some
measure of approval despite well-publicised scandals. Consider Bill
Clinton, who has forged a new career post-Lewinsky and post-White
House as an international speaker, campaigner and negotiator.
Those who meet an untimely demise while living the American Dream are
indeed, as the writer observes, cemented as a hero cut down in his
prime. While it is poor judgement to call Kennedy a great leader or
admire other fallible individuals, it must be pointed out that the media and
those with a vested interest in exalting them (such as the powerful
Kennedy clan) do an excellent job of shaping public opinion.
It is doubtful whether people would really suffer crushing disappointment
when their heroes fall short when they already tolerate imperfection. It
11
Relevance to Singapore
Lee Kuan Yews recently published comments on local Muslims and
Singaporeans who vote for the opposition), but arguably not to the point of
causing crushing disappointment.
Example: The Straits Times reported: The Association of Muslim
Professionals (AMP) called on the Government to clarify whether it
shared the thinking behind Minister Mentor Lee Kuan Yew's recently
published comments on the Muslim community. In a strongly worded
statement, the independent self-help group said: 'Otherwise, the
perception will be that the comments expressed by MM Lee, as a core
member of the Cabinet, reflect the official position of the Government.' Mr
Lee's remarks are from the book Lee Kuan Yew: Hard Truths To Keep
Singapore Going 'Muslims socially do not cause any trouble, but they
are distinct and separate.' Asked what Muslims could do to integrate, he
said: 'Be less strict on Islamic observances and say, 'Okay, I'll eat with
you.'' He also said Malays would never close the gap in educational
attainments with the Indians and Chinese, 'because as they improve, the
others also improve'. 'That's a fact of life,' he added.
Example: The Straits Times reported: Minister Mentor Lee Kuan Yew
does not consider it a major setback if the People's Action Party (PAP)
loses the Aljunied GRC in the election. He said it would not be 'the end of
the world' and the PAP would fight to get it back. He repeated that Aljunied
voters will have to live with the decision for the next five years and 'repent'
if they voted in the Workers' Party (WP) team led by Low Thia Khiang,
who left his Hougang stronghold to make a push to capture a Group
Representation Constituency.
* Beware arguments that rely on cases of people in important positions
who ran foul of the law but were never heroes revered by many. An
example would be T T Durai in the NKF scandal. But what about cases
such as Dr William Tan and how his court case caused some to wonder
about his character?
Given Singapores short history and the stringent succession process
implemented by the ruling party, there has yet to be a politician who had
fallen so short as to cause widespread crushing disappointment (Or had
failures and indiscretions been covered up?). Neither is there someone
charismatic and flawed enough to be compared to Kennedy.
It could be argued that such a scenario has yet to be observed because
until recently, Singaporeans have been largely politically apathetic.
Whether it could happen in the future remains to be seen.
* Opposition candidates have garnered much attention and support lately
but are not good examples to support or refute Courtney s viewpoint
because they have not failed spectacularly nor proven themselves to be
capable statesmen.
From the passage
leader who got little done
embroiling America in the Bay of
Pigs fiasco and the Vietnam War
notorious playboy who
indulged in multiple liaisons
[para 2]
our attachment to heroes
becomes self-limiting when we
live vicariously through their
achievements. [para 3]
The sports fanatic example: life
revolves around the sports
season emotional well-being
fluctuates with the performance of
his favourite player or team. [para
3]
such hero worship encourages
resignation and apathy Far
from being inspirational and
empowering, our adulation of and
reliance on heroes cripples us.
[para 3]
The Rapunzel comparison: hero
worshippers wait to be rescued,
absolving themselves of
responsibility for their
meaningless existence. [para 3]
Unsurprisingly, myriad problems
continue to plague the world when
people, instead of rolling up their
sleeves, wring their hands and
yearn for Superman [to resolve
them]. [para 3]
Evaluation of persuasiveness
could also be argued that many amongst those who admire flawed heroes
are well aware of the latters failings. They selectively admire these
individuals talents or personality and would not court crushing
disappointment. This would explain the global expressions of regret at the
deaths of Princess Diana, Michael Jackson and Amy Winehouse even
though many do not approve of their behaviour.
There are indeed many sports fanatics who live vicariously as described
in paragraph 3. While it can be argued that the time they spend as
watching sports can be put to better use and hence they are engaging in
a self-limiting pursuit, there is no guarantee that they will use their time
productively if they were to give up their obsession. It could also be
argued that some do derive lessons while watching how a favourite player
or team strategizes and wins, and the emotional upheavals actually helps
to them to internalise these moments. In short, when we are the ones who
limit the positive impact of our hero worship, we cannot conclude that it is
undesirable for everyone else not to have heroes.
Courtney argues that our adulation of and reliance on heroes cripples us
because we would wait to be rescued, absolving [ourselves] of
responsibility for [our] meaningless existence. While there are indeed
many in trouble-prone countries who are resigned or apathetic, it could be
due to a real sense of helplessness that stems from being too
impoverished and uneducated to tackle the challenges in an impactful
way. As for those who could have made a difference but wait for change
to happen, their inaction can be attributed to fear of failure or persecution
and not necessarily an unreasonable belief that Superman the
government or the international community will save the day.
Instead of blaming hero worship as a debilitating force, we could
speculate that if they have the right heroes to inspire them, they might
have made some contribution, just like how Rapunzel let down her hair to
help her rescuer climb up the tower to rescue her.
12
Relevance to Singapore
Many Singaporeans do love sports, particularly soccer, and will pay high
subscription fees to watch matches in the wee hours of the morning,
especially during the EPL and World Cup seasons. They might not play
sports themselves and so live vicariously through [their sports heroes]
achievements. Being fervent supporters, it is understandable that their
emotions fluctuate with the performance of their favourite team. It is also
possible that their allegiance is strong enough for them to overlook the
scandals and indiscipline that had tarnished the images of many
sportsmen and top teams of late.
Singaporeans are not in danger of developing into the sports fanatics that
Courtney has in mind. Firstly, a love of sports is not as deeply ingrained in
the Singaporean psyche, nor are there enough sports events to feed an
obsession (unlike Americas football, baseball, basketball, golf and tennis
seasons and tournaments). Secondly, local players are not charismatic,
intriguing or outstanding enough to mesmerise the public. Moreover, there
are other pursuits vying for the attention of couch potatoes (for example
MMORPG such as World of Warcraft where players can pretend to be
heroes going on raids). It is hard for sports to become an all-consuming
passion.
While older Singaporeans might indeed see the PAP government as
heroes who had and will continue to save the day, the same cannot be
said of the younger generations whose political consciousness appears to
have been awakened during the 2006 and 2011 General Elections.
However, it remains to be seen whether their active political participation
can be sustained, or if their complacency and sense of entitlement will re-
surface.
That said, there are those who have [rolled] up their sleeves to make a
difference.
Examples: candidates nominated for and serving as Nominated Members
of Parliament; volunteers working with various voluntary welfare and not-
for-profit organisations; foster parents working with MCYS; online political
commentators who wish to offer another platform for Singaporeans to
discuss local politics, etc.
Example: The Straits Times reported: The giving of donations and new
Hari Raya clothes to orphans and the needy has always been a popular
Ramadan practice. But organisations such as Sehelaibaju.com are now
harnessing the power of social networking sites such as Facebook and
From the passage
More insidiously, our fascination
with larger-than-life figures
enables governments and the
media to promulgate questionable
ideals and camouflage fatal
missteps the heroes
celebrated by All too often, the
heroes celebrated by
governments and the media are
merely manufactured, furthering
the interests of those who wish to
hoodwink us. [para 4]
The Private First Class Jessica
Lynch example [para 4]
allows us to be exploited in other
ways. Our blind worship of
celebrity has made us easy
Evaluation of persuasiveness
There are countless examples of governments attempting to shape the
beliefs and behaviour of their citizens through spokespersons who the
former admires and might emulate. While it is difficult to distinguish
manufactured from real heroes, especially during wartime and disasters
when information cannot be so readily verified, given the medias interest
in ferreting out the truth for profit as well as the proliferation of citizen
journalists, it has become much harder for governments to lie and get
away with it. Nonetheless, some healthy scepticism towards what we read
in the news is justifiable, although we will live miserably if we see
conspiracy theories everywhere. We will also sully the contributions made
by real heroes.
The power of celebrity endorsement and product placement cannot be
denied and is evidenced by how companies pay exorbitant sums for stars
to extol the virtues of their products or be seen using them. Findings
13
Relevance to Singapore
Twitter to mobilise the practice in a bigger and more high-tech manner
Its founder, Mr Ahmad Saabun who works as a senior general manager
of a private company by day 'I went with a friend to visit [someone who
had never celebrated Hari Raya or bought new clothes for it because of
his extreme poverty] and we helped to buy new Raya clothes for him,'
'After that, we thought this was a good idea and so I posted about it on
Facebook and got a lot of positive reactions. That is how it all started.'
It began last year with about 3,000 orphans from 30 orphanages this
year it hopes to clothe some 5,000 children from 57 homes nationwide
Mr Ahmad and a group of 30 regular volunteers whom he met on
Facebook
The Singapore government certainly pays tribute to its armed forces,
highlighting them during National Day Parades and ensuring that
personnel involved in overseas missions are honoured. However, it would
be hard to prove that it engages in the sort of fabrication described by
Courtney.
Example: In an Asiaone report, DMP and Minister for Defence Teo Chee
Hean said, In the last decade, the SAF has deployed over 2,300
servicemen overseas in support of multinational peace and security
operations. Our contributions are not large, but they are in niche areas
where we have the expertise and which our international partners find
operationally useful. Recipients of Overseas Service Medals this year
include personnel dispatched to missions in Afghanistan, Pakistan and
Bahrain.
While hoodwink might be too critical an assessment, it can be observed
that the PAP has been trying to create heroes out of its political
candidates in a bid to engage Generations X and Y. However, their efforts
have not been very successful.
Example: To ensure leadership renewal, the PAP recruited and fielded
younger candidates in General Elections 2006. A P65 team, made up of
12 MPs from the post-65 generation, was formed to connect with young
Singaporeans who will form a larger segment of the electorate in the next
elections. Efforts included a hip hop item during Chingay 2006 and a blog
(now staffed by young editors and writers). However, it is questionable
whether such contrived hipness can be effective when the political motive
behind it is so apparent. In General Elections 2011, the youthfulness and
credibility of PAP candidate Tin Pei Lin caused her to be constantly
challenged. In contrast, George Yeo (despite his affiliation with PAP) and
Nicole Seah (despite her youth) were able to garner massive support via
Facebook, because their engagement with the public was sustained and
perceived as genuine and candid.
Refer to the evaluation of celebrity-led advertising campaigns and
examples of endorsements in the section on Passage 1.
From the passage
pickings for advertisers seeking to based on a survey conducted by MEC in America in 2009 show that:
sell us anything and everything
[para 5]
Bedazzled by a false halo of
Evaluation of persuasiveness Relevance to Singapore
As befitting our image as a cosmopolitan city and melting pot of the East
Young adults are more likely to purchase a product or service based and West, advertising campaigns feature local, Western and Asian
on the recommendation of a celebrity endorser than older shoppers, celebrities.
according to a new study by leading media agency Mediaedge:cia
Examples: In recent years, Korean skincare and makeup brands have
(MEC). The report revealed that 30 percent of respondents aged 18-
made inroads into the Singaporean consumer market by riding on the
34 said they would try a product promoted by an admired celebrity
popularity of Hallyu stars. Examples of brand ambassadors include Bae
compared to 14 percent of consumers in the 35-54 age group and 11
Yong Jung and Kim Hyun Joong for Faceshop, Song Hye Kyo for Etude
percent of respondents aged 55-plus. Additionally, the survey showed
House, T-ara and Song Joong Ki for Tony Moly, Hyun Bin and Koo Hye
that the younger group was also almost 50 percent more likely than
Sun for Somang/Beauty Credit and DBSK for Missha.
their older counterparts to recommend a celebrity-endorsed product to
others.
Unsurprisingly, the stars benefit immensely. It was reported that:
Angelina Jolie was paid as much as $10 million as the new face of
Louis Vuitton, above. LeBron James signed a $90 million deal with
Nike when he was still in high school. Rapper 50 Cent negotiated an
executive office with Vitamin Water and raked in tens of millions of
dollars upon endorsing it. Catherine Zeta-Jones was paid $20 million
to endorse T-Mobile (before her contract extension and raise).
The trend was discussed in a New York Times report in 2008:
over the last decade, corporate brands have increasingly turned to
Hollywood celebrities and musicians to sell their products. Stars
showed up in nearly 14 percent of ads last year, according to Millward
Brown, a marketing research agency. While that number has more
than doubled in the past decade, it is off from a peak of 19 percent in
2004 Celebrities appear in 24 percent of the ads in India and 45
percent in Taiwan The reality is people want a piece of something
they cant be, says Eli Portnoy, a branding strategist. They live
vicariously through the products and services that those celebrities are
tied to
While there are definitely fans who unthinkingly assume that a product
must be good because their idol is endorsing it, other fans are clear that
they are making those purchases to boost the marketability of their idols.
They are still easy pickings but not blind. In both cases, fans pay more
for products they might not need. Hence, the writer is right to criticise
celebrity worship and to point out the pervasiveness of fans wasting their
time, effort and money.
However, celebrity power can be harnessed for positive purposes. For
example, Michelle Obama recruited Major League baseball players for a
campaign against childhood obesity. George Clooney and Bono use their
networks and resources to draw attention to Sudan and global poverty
respectively. U2 is providing five million Euros to fund music education in
Ireland after the government cut expenditure on education by about 3
percent between 2008 and 2011.
The writer describes society as being bedazzled by the false heroes it While idol worship has certainly caused fans to waste much time, energy
14
From the passage
heroism, society ardently
emulates the rich, beautiful and
famous whose only claim to
greatness lies in their ability to
prove that who they are and what
they have is much more important
than what they do or stand for.
[para 5]
Intoxicated by our admiration of
false idols, we diminish ourselves
and demean our nation. [para 6]
If role models are needed, we
need only look to the common
people who enabled great
achievements, not venerate
bogus heroes who unfairly take
credit for them. [para 6]
Evaluation of persuasiveness
ardently emulates, criticising one and all as superficial and mindless. Not
only are there (some? many?) clear-minded individuals, it can be argued
that some of the worshippers are not so unthinking. They do understand
that their idols claims to greatness are engineered but choose to be
entertained and fascinated. Understanding that an alluring image can
camouflage limited talent, they pick up the tricks of the trade by imitating
their idols so that they too can have a shot at the media limelight, fame
and fortune. Regardless of whether we agree with their approach or
choice of careers, there is an endless procession of models, stars and
Internet celebrities who succeed.
It is surprising that Courtney would make this concession. It is indeed true
that there are many people around us who are worthy of our admiration
and emulation, but unless we are discerning and reflective individuals
who actively seek such inspiration, they would remain unknown to us.
15
Relevance to Singapore
and money on bogus idols, the latters sensational successes have
inspired some Singaporeans to hope that they too can be similarly
groomed and made to shine. A few have cleared auditions, although it
remains to be seen whether they can enjoy wildly successful careers as
idols.
Example: According to an Asiaone report, two Singaporean girls (Natasha
Low and Elaine Yuki Wong) were amongst 3000 hopefuls who
participated in the JYP & Alpha Asean Region Audition 2010. They were
offered full contracts with Alpha Entertainment to be part of a five-member
Kpop girl group. A third Singaporean (Junie Tan) rejected the offer
because she was concerned about how female artistes in Korea allegedly
had to trade sexual favours for opportunities. Tan was first discovered
when she came in second in The New Paper New Face 2009. She landed
roles in Channel U, Channel 8 and xinmsn's productions.
Example: SeaA, a group comprising four Singaporean girls will be making
their singing debut in Japan this year.
Refer to the explanation on the difficulty of real-world heroes/role-models
being noticed without media publicity.
Examples of everyday heroes: The Straits Times reported that the
Singapore Prison Service recruited 296 new volunteers last year. It was
also reported that there are currently 197 foster parents caring for 324
children under a Ministry of Community Development, Youth and Sports
volunteer scheme.
For more information on volunteerism and philanthropy in Singapore, refer
to www.salt.org.sg