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PRESSURE PULSATION DAMPENING METHODS FOR RECIPROCATING PUMPS by Gerhard Vetter Professor and Bernd Seidl Research Engineer University of Erlangen: nberg Department of Chemical Engineering Brlangen, Germany Gerhard Vewer obvained his Dipl. ng. degree in Mechanical Engineering at Teck nische Universitat, Karlsrute, Germany. Af ter some years as a Research Engineer in turbomachinery and thermal power engi heering at the same university, he joined Lewa Herbert Ott GmbH and Company, as head ofthe Research and Development De- pparinent. He became ChiefEngineerand, in 1970, Technical Managing Director. In 1981, he accepred a chair (professorship) for Ap paratus and Chemical Machinery at Universitit Erlangen Niirnberg, Germany, still remaining Lewa's Research and Development Consultant Dr. Vetter has dedicated more than 25 years to research, develo ‘ment and design ofpunpsand metering equipment He has been one (of the pioneers in diaphragm pumps development, especially their ‘application for dangerous and abrasive liguids, high pressures, large power, safety systems, metering accuracy and reliability Many papers patents and contributions to textbooks, some dealing with asics like cavitation, fatigue, pulsation, vibrations, an meter {Ing accuracy, have established is reputation asa pump specialist. The vell equipped laboratory at Universitat Erlangen performs research work on pump and metering subjects such a tribological problems with pumps, kinematics of valve motion at oscillating ‘displacement pumps, numerical computation of pressure vibration, stress and fatigue of high presture components and diaphragm, and ‘metering of buk solids. Bernd Seidl obtained hs Dipl. ng. degree in Chemical Engineering at Universitit Erlangen-Nitnberg, German. In 1988, Dr. Seidl joined the Institute of Apparatus and Chemical Machinery at the same university, As a Research Engineer he performed thesis about methods of damping for pres- ‘sure pulsations in piping sytems of recipro «ating pumps ABSTRACT The safe design of piping installations for reefprocating pumps requires proper knowledge about the pump installation interac: tion, A compact review shows pump vibration spectra excited by ‘the pumps and methods of numerical computation taking the Muid friction into account, 2 Critical operation occurs in resonance situations where excite: :meat by the pump and the natural frequencies ofthe compressible continuum in the piping system coincide, Im many cases, resonance effects can be avoided by proper piping geometry, improved pump performance with respect to the volumetric efficiency or higher fluid friction. Fall primary measures have been exhausted, the application of various secondary dampening methods is necessary ecause the acoustics the piping system canbe influenced. Inthe range ofthe {excitement frequencies of reciprocating pumps, most ofthe damp- ersystems are ating as elastic elements (exhibiting pring ation) that shift the natural frequency ofthe hydraulie system avsay ftom Initally existing resonances, ‘Several examples for experimental computer simulations of damper action (upstream and downstream) are presented for uid and gas filled damper versions. The influence ofthe entry geom ety ofthe dampers is explained, hints on the proper geometry of ° given and the effects of various dampers and their made othe eect of orifices as dissipative and acoustic elements in piping systems, especially where and how to apply orifices to reduce resonance pulsations, change natural frequenei ve helpful filtering effects. The eport is supplen ‘ease history. The investigation shows the importance of analyzing fof the total system of pump piping installation and vessels oF feactors and the application of computer simulation for piping design, INTRODUCTION Reciprocating plunger, and diaphragm type pumps within their typical application range represent very important components in process technology [1, 2, 3]. The hydraulic power involved ex tends arossa very large range, from small units to ratings of more than 1.0 MW. As reciprocating pumps delivera pulsating flow, for safe and reliable operation itis very essential to keep the ampli tudes and frequencies of pressure pulsations within cose limit. In forder to ensure smooth operating conditions and to avoid at secondary vibration effects, the design of damping devices re ‘uires taking the whole installation ofthe system into account Such an investigation contributes towards understanding how damping systems behave, what interactions between pump and. installation system have to be considered, and which design ‘methods have to be preferred. VIBRATION EXCITATION BY THE PUMP Reciprocating process pumps are typically characterized by plunger (piston) or diaphragm liquid ends, and speed controlled tcceniric erank, or cam and spring return type simplex, or mult- plex (mainly triplex) drive units Figures 1 and 2). For dosing 26 PROCEEDINGS OF THE TENTH INTERNATIONAL PUMP USERS SYMPOSIUM applications, the stroke of the drive units may be continuously Adjustable of via Tost rotion techniques [4, 5,6] ‘Characteristieally, the real fluid displacement does not follow exactly the geometrical and kinematic plunger displacement, as there are elasticity and slip (leakage) effects which generate a phase cut and, thus,a step v inthe displacement velocity ‘The cortelations be:ween the working chamber pressute py (indicator diaphragm), plunger stroke by, and of the plunger (¥,), and fluid (v) velocity with respect to the crank angle (discharge stroke), are shown in Figure 3. The phase cu reduces the effective displacement and atthe same time exhibits shock excitation, zie ra Figure I Process Diaphragm Pumps for High Pressureand Toxic Liquids Figure 3, Real Fluid Displacement Characteristic ‘The volumetric efficiency 1, reflects the eduction incapacity, neluding elasticity effets the fluid and ofthe working charnber o 1" @ ‘As the slip factor with well designed valves [7] and plunger seals is normally n, = 1, the volumetric efficiency is mainly influenced by the elasticity Factor,n,, which ean be cafeulated from Table 1 (Equations (3) through (10) for various geometrical parameters (relative dead space ¢,), elasticity coefficient of the working chamber, i, fluid data (compressibility x), and pressure differen- tial Ap. Table 1, Equations forthe Elasticity Factor ng my Depending on Pump Features. Figure 2. Triplex Plunger Pump. ee pana bony pe ora antec peeve orate Sl neon [orienta aia ae esse 3 7a drt a geeg eam le PRESSURE PULSATION DAMPENING METHODS FOR RECIPROCATING PUMPS. a 25 The elasticity factor n, is varying with plunger or hydraulic sphragm liquid end and with the dead center conditions of stroke ‘adjusted drive units [8, 9. ay or * (tn 8) +A Bae rc) = 0-8) Ky a3) rato hs mportant for steoke adjusted = maxim’ ake, fre indices s.nomencla- le, canbe calculated from and the unger stroke kinematics, which are harmonie only for ceentric am drives and not Toe crank type systems “The momentary volume flow is influenced by the volumewie eftiency ad the numberof superimposed eylinders. Based onthe well known erank tod ratio), the pulsations i case with lower volumetric effceney and decrease with for higher numbers of eyliners. IW hecomes evident that for volumentic efficiencies ny <0.810 (09, which are characterise for compressible Muids and high, pressires, the amplitude of the pulsations, simultaneously con taining trong stock ype episodes, inereass dramatially Figure 4). The plex pump (=), farexampleyexhibitsatn, 08 otlly “gapping” characterises. n this conection, the advantage of qintupex pumps as compared to wplex arrangement becomes evident. Fourier analysis of excitation eased by the pump farishes the anplitdyfrequeney spectra Figure foradistine configration) and demonstrates the strongeect of volumetric effcieney. Asthe ood Ny. 08s NAAR n= 070 ANAT y AS kane @ —= Figure 4. Flow Patterns of Multiplex Pumps (Crank Drive 2, = 0,2) Depending on the Volumetric Efficiency n, and Number of Cylinders i Superimposed [10]. a Law /s) amplitude k=o/q [+] Figure 5. Harmonic anatysis ofthe periodic pump displacement velocity asa function ofthe volumerric efficiencies (I, = 0,2: d, = 20mm: fi,» 30:mm; 2 = 200 min’) [10]; a) Simplex Pump; dnd ') Triplex Pump. behavior explained is common for all configurations, improved volumetric elficieney by reducing dead spaces should be Important design aspect. ‘THE RESPONSE OF THE PIPING SYSTEM ON. PRESSURE PULSATIONS ‘The a ing design are 0 avoid: + Cavitation inthe pump or system. + Superflow atthe pump. + Superload inthe punp or system. for sate + Non admissible pressure pulsations or shaking forces. + Frequencies whieh may initiate hydraulic oF mechanical ‘The erteria consequestly to be applied to safeguard the pump and the entire instllatior are: + Cavitation is avoided if the minimum local pressure (eg. in the working chamber) always exceeds the vapor pressure of the liquid Par ® Pe as) + Supesflow is avoided if the momentary suetion pressure is always kept below the discharge pressure: 28 PROCEEDINGS OF THE TENTH INTERNATIONAL PUMP USERS SYMPOSIUM Par < Pow «sy + Superload is avoided ifthe discharge pressute is kept below the maximum permissible value: Prone < Pa 16) + Reduction of the shaking forces to a safe level is generally achieved by limiting the relative pressure amplitude in the pipe system to the admissible value (x = 2+ 10 percent) which is determined from field experience: ai eas an 2p, ‘With respect othe pumpyinstllation interaction, the Muid filled system is responding on the operation ofthe pump with pressure pulsations. Within this contex, critical resonance conditions can be observed if any natural frequencies ofthe fluid ied compress- ‘ble continuum coincide with distinct and strong excitation fre ‘quencies, Since the figuid column may exhibit an almost infinite ‘number of natural frequencies, depending on the pipe length and the velocity of sound, there is good chance for resonances oceur- Sng inthe sytem eprcating pimps capable to cause exci "The response of the piping system, therefore, consists of either Forced and/or resonating pressure pulsations, 'A typical pump instalation with short suction and long dis charge piping is shown in Figure 6, Since both scetions are only Slightly imterferringandare behaving very similarly, itissufficient for the researchers to concentrate on the generally much more severe vibration problems on the discharge sie. fk ade sm tr aN a An elem Figure 7. Vibrating System 12,13}. a) installation; 6) model ‘The pulsation analysis has to cover the whole system at any location. The necessary data are evident from Figure 6 or the NOMENCLATURE. In daily practice, data are sometimes hard 10 ‘obtain on the velocity of sound in the uid along the system, the volumetric efficiency ofthe pump , the elasticity constant of the damper, the pressure losses, the fluid compressibility, and the fiction oceuting ‘Maltiple pumps ina singlesystem can havea dramatic effect on the system response and must be evaluated in all running modes, Table 2. Different Models for the Calculation of the Pressure Pulsations Ao Vsa.taite tof —<——=1_] Lad2Az pur, eats ee 1 hecpny Priveo | a — [find 0:85, normally 2-5 bar ‘would he sufficient) and need numerical computation methods for design. PRESSURE PULSATION DAMPENING METHODS FOR RECIPROCATING PUMPS 33 Figure 16. Pressure Pulsations Vs Pump Speed [17]. a) instlla- tom without damper: b)eslindrical liquid filled damper: c) spher- ica fiquid filled damper: d)eylindricl liquid flled damper with throttling device: ) spherical iquid filled damper with hrotding device Fora the configurations explained in Figures 14, 15, and 16, ‘computer simulation and modelling (Mode! III, Table 1} worked ‘well, compared to experimental verification (Figure 17). PRESSURE PULSATIONS UPSTREAM OF THE DAMPER ‘The connecting piping between pump and damper is excited especially by the shock contents usually in the suberitial mode. ‘The maximum pressure amplitude can reach the Foukowsky shock (Equations (28) and (29) if the time interval for the velocity step is shorter than the time required forthe pressure wave to proceed 10 the reflecting location and back. Characteristic conditions for simplex pumps with n, ~ 0.6 are explained in Figures 18 and 19, ‘The maximum pressure amplitude directly behind the pump reach- cs the Joukowsky conditions (Figure 18 (a) and (b), if the mani fold piping is long enough. It becomes evident that larger pipe diameters Figure 18 (b) reduce the pulsation amplitudes there, the frequencies during discharge and suction stroke appearing different due to different elastic volumes (including working chamber) involved (see: discharge stroke 90 Hz, suction stroke 130 Ha). The reduetion of connecting piping (Figure 19) length shouldbe realized as much as possible, because this decreases the pressure pulsations. ‘The consequences for the design are to select short and thick ‘connecting pipings. The pressure pulsation can be approximately a TLL iT RAY : REO ESmna| . os Figure 17. Pressure Time Plos: Comparison Computation Experiment [17] estimated on the safe side on the base of the Joukowsky forn From there the important parameters involved are evident, INFLUENCE OF THE DAMPER CONNECTION Especially forthe higher pulsation frequencies, the influen the connecting geometry is becoming more and more impor ‘Thehydromechanical equivalent schemati diagram (Figure 20) is used to explain the impertance of resistive and dissipative effects, ®e a Es S x Lt 2s00___* 95400 ae EO a Eee « Te | = o2e ~ @ =a Ish Nea eT oH Te 0| BOOT 02 O38 04 Figure 18. Upstream Pulsations. a) Maximum pressure shock; b) Reduced pressure shock due o increased upstream pipe diameter 4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE TENTH INTERNATIONAL PUMP USERS SYMPOSIUM. To reduce 2, the friction 2, and the participating masses (fluid, bladder if appropriate) must be minimized. The complex resis tance z, is composed of nass acceleration and fluid fiction, which canbe influenced by pipe length, Reynolds number and local flow resistances (i.e. orifies elbows, throttling valves), characterized by resistance factors, ‘Some experimentsand computer simulations proved the general EDEN parameter influence, well supported by experience and shown in Eanes Figure 21 for various systematically choosen connecting geome- tries (pipe length L,, pipe diameter d.). For small resistance 2, (Figure 21 (a)) the damping effect is relatively perfect, compared ET iG to configurations with larger z,. The fluid mass involved being the 100] ~ same, the difference between Figure 21 (a) and (c)can be attributed a ® 40} 70 b) O01 0203 204 a——— Figure 19. Pressure Pulsations; Simplex Pump: Gas-Filled Damp: r+.) upstream: b) downstream Te Lane) ‘onthe efficient temporary elasticity involved in the system [24], ‘yielding that for good action the ratio of eomplex resistances 27, (Equati.n (33), Figure 20) should be large. =a Figure 21. Downstream Pressure Pulsationsat Different Connect: ing Geometry of the Gas Filled Damper. a) d, = 16mm, L, = 100 ‘mm d= 16mm: b) d= 16mm, L, = 320mm, d,= 16 mm: ¢) d, ‘mm, L, = 800mm, d= 16mm! d)d,~ 16mm, L, ~ 320mm, > 6mm, ‘The implementation of additional fluid friction (causing a pres. sure drop of several bars), use of narrower pipe (Figure 21 (d) or installation of a throtting orifice downstream behind damper, improves the damping effect. The optimum is acheved by avoiding connection resistance altogether by flowthrough design (Figure 22). For the “appendage ae design” (Figure 22 (A), the damper is still bypassed by high frequent pulsations which totally disappear forthe flow through Figure 20. Model of Gas-Filled Damper [23). design (Figure 22 (F). PRESSURE PULSATION DAMPENING METHODS FOR RECIPROCATING PUMPS. 35 ©. =o __® Ca@ « fa Cer ve ~ BOG so Ghia! Hebe | ete ® a —— Figure 22, Up- and Downstream Pressure Pulsations. A: gas {filled appendage damper: F: flow through damper. Asa consequence, manufacturers should characterize and opti- mize damper configurations with respect to the connection resis. tance. Resistance is wll reduced witha shor‘ and thick connecting pipe or with inline o lowthrough dampers, which are available as {filled volumes with bladders, diaphragms or direct gas/liquid ‘contac. ATTENTION TO DISTINCT RESONANCES Gas filled dampers develop the normally low frequent singular resonance condition of the spring-mass-system, which can be calculated analytically 22] or by numerical computation together with the piping system. In addition to tha, the system develops ny other resonances ofthe continuum, Further, asalready indicated in Figure 7, there isa possibility of| resonances in the downstream piping behind the damper. The “optimal” configuration of Figure 22 (flowthrough damper) with respect to pressure P, behind the damper reveals (Figure 23) within the speed range the typical resonance of a both side open ended pipe with much larger amplitudes than those atthe normal check \S a consequence, the pulsation analysis should regard the ‘entire system and measures have tobe taken to reduee secondary resonances, too (e.g, by orifices ar other dissipative devices). ORIFICE PLATES Orifices in piping systems are representing reflection locations, ‘where pressure waves are partially rejected negative inphase if the ‘mode of orifice aetion is “acoustically open,” depending on ratio ==] Figure 23, Downstream Pressure Pulsations; Resonance of the Continuum Behind the Demper. of orifice ameter to pipe diameter, flow, and sound velocity [23, 24] ‘Acoustcally closed acting orifices are not realistic damping vices, heeause they develop too large pressure drops and are, therefore, not subjects herein. (Orifice action is based on dissipative and interference effects. Experiments show that otfice damping is characterized by their position (Figure 24), whichis due to interference effects, as pipe/ “orifice systems represent eylinderie resonators oracouste filters. PUREE 2 yj fi | Figure 24. Pressure Pulsations V8 Pump Speed. a) installation without damping device: b orifice placed atone third ofthe pipe length; ¢) orifice placed a wo thirds ofthe pipe length d) orifice placed atthe end ofthe pipe. 36 PROCEEDINGS OF THE TENTH INTERNATIONAL PUMP USERS SYMPOSIUM The distance between pumps exitaion emitter) and the reflec- tion (orifice) postion to create opximum damping by interference of reflected (wave, inphase antiwave) waves yields theoretically (F = frequency, 2, = wave length) a aL L-@nt DF -ane ya oy If reflected waves superimpose positive inphase waves, no in terference responsive damping oceurs 4, L, 69) den ‘When tabulating (Table 5) the pipe sections between pump and orifice of minimum and maximum damping for the installation conditions of Figure 24, it can be well understood that the orifice positions atthe piping end and at around 30 mare damping well by Interference, wheras the 60 m position turns out to be rather inactive, except for dissipative action. Table 3 Orifice Positions and their Imerference Damping Effects. natural pipe/oriice pipe/onfice frequency (H2) |_ min. damping (m)_| max. damping () 37 EF) ° 978 (pipe end) nen ° 323 6s 78 18GER ° 197 34 2 789. srs ‘Those vibration modes and partially very impressive damping effects, especially at selected resonance conditions are demon- strated in Figure 24. The damping ation ofall configurations can mulation 1 pressure pulsations along the piping ay vary substantially wit the postion along the length of the pipe and disappear completely at vibration nodes (Figure 25) ‘This is important when evaluating shaking forces and structure vibe “The dissipative effect of orifices that require pressure losses (higher energy costs) can be sensitively controlled Figure 26) by the orifice dimensions, respectively, the resistance facto, without any influence on the piping system accoustic, as long as the reflection mode is not changing, ‘The application of orifices is very limited, because due to lacking accumulative and frequency shifting action, the damping results are not always meeting the requirements and poor evonomy ‘may result from rising energy costs. On the other hand, orifices may be inserted on the spot to improve a system immediately without difficult changes. Combinations of dampers and orifices at the piping system end turn out to be very efficient for certain configurations, Damper manufactures claim their dampers to act a resonators, acoustic filters or reflection systems and offer various shapes of pressure vessels, From Equation 20), it becomes evident that the sizeof acylindricaly shaped resonator would haveto be very large forthe usually ow frequencies (10 Hz =35 m, 40 Hz=9m,a= 1400 rns) that reciprocating pumps are exciting. This strengthens the argument thatalltypes of damper volumes re primarily acting due to their elasticity. For the higher frequencies, however, that are excited by the larger harmonies, valve houncing and compression Co 7A 29 Sa oma or 60 Figure 25, Pressure Amplitudes Along the Pipe at Certain Reso- rnance Conditions. a) installation without damping device: b) orifice placed at different locations along the pipe. britice {T T Pax- Phin 8 : g 50 100 150 200 250 mint —_— Figure 26. Pressure Palsations Vs Pump Speed: Different Orfices Placed at the End of te pipe. PRESSURE PULSATION DAMPENING METHODS FOR RECIPROCATING PUMPS 37 shocks inthe manifold piping, the interference may contribute to the damping efficiency. tly substantial damping aetion of high frequencies of the liquid filled damperin Figure 27 (also Figure 1 (c) should not bbe traced buck to any interference effect, which would, for the existing frequencies (= 130 Hz), require a resonator of several (reflection atthe damper entry) and due tothe individual damper pressure losses, These effects may turnout tobe relatively impor- tant, apart from severe resonances. Whereas for the resonances (Figure 27 a), (6), and (c) the superimposed pulsations of high frequency show secondary influence, there is a major damping effect for pulsations apart from resonances (Figure 27 (f)) - All those installation configurations may be modelled and the results predicted by computer simulation. pet bladder) was notacceptable for operational and reliability reasons. The resonance amplitudes could, however, be successfully mini tized by a dissipative throttling device direetly downstream (or inside) of the damper (accompanied by a pressure drop of 2.0 bar) "The shott description of the ease history is only one out of @ number of successful gulsation studies which have been per formed in practical plats during the stage of planning and for lure analysis improvement, respectively eo =a 08860 Figure 27. Pressure-Time Plots at Various Pump Speeds Up- and Downstream of the Resonator. a) n= 64 min ; b) n= 162 min'se) = 189 min’; d) n= 250 min. CASE HISTORY ‘A typical installation (Figure 28) fora urea plant operates with ‘a speed controlled quintuplex plunger pump. The piping consists ‘of two sections with a heat exchanger in between. Together with the projected liquid filled bal shaped damper (volume 115 1, the system showed during computer simulation resonances, the most serious one at SS rpm, which exceeded the pulsation limit 2p, 2 percent by far. Duc to an expected excessively large dampe? volume and corresponding high cost, there was litle chance to increase the size ofthe damper in order to avoid the resonances excited by the pump. Use ofa gas filled damper (with elastomere 50 70 min? 90 — Figure 28 Case Histo: Caluated Pressure Pusaion in the Piping System Vs Pump Speed. () wih installed lgud filled ‘damper: (0) wth an adational rong device DISCUSSION ‘The basic strategy 10 reduce pressure pulsations isto avoid of ‘suppress resonance consitions and reduce excitation energy by primary damping methods atthe pump or by secondary damping methods behind the accemulative damper. Tnany case, a good understanding ofthe parameters involved is| ‘required to achieve improvements. Asa matter of fact, itis difficult to obtain a clear view overall the influences without numerical computation. Obviously, the numerical program used herein isa very good tool and there are other, still more developed ones, available. Itseemsthat modelling of the various pulsation dampers according to their connection resistance data should be improved. Itshould become tandan practice toanalyse the entiesystem and not just an individual damping device CONCLUSION For designing damping methods, itis essential to understand the excitation of pulsation bythe pump and the response of the piping system. When performing pulsation analysis the aims and criteria should be clea, especially at what location which pulsations are admissible. In the course of such investigations, the use of numerical ‘computer simulation ass tool capable of taking care of compress: ible fluids and fluid friction, and to be able to model the entre systemactualy is nowadays mandatory Primary damping measures include the piping geometry andthe reduction of excitation of pulsations by the pump. There is enough 38 PROCEEDINGS OF THE TENTH INTERNATIONAL PUMP USERS SYMPOSIUM ‘opportunity for preliminary optimization, if done in time, at an carly stage of the project. Secondary damping measures employ damper vessels andjor orifices. ‘Shifting ofthe natural frequencies of system is often a very efficient step, which can be implemented by gas or liquid filled ‘dampers, the latter often becoming rather large and expensive ‘The elastic and accumulative action of dampers may be im proved by introduction of anecessary minimum of fluid friction by Uhrotling devices (e.., orifices) Practical experience reveals that if damper vessels are inserted, itis necessary to take care of pressure pulsations upstream due 10 reflections. The manifolds should be designed in order to reduce shock excitation, “The damper connection geometry is influencing the damping efficiency, wih a flowthrough design, sometimes combined with certain throtling provisions, frequently representing the optimal solution. ‘Modern computer simulation is able to predict the pulsations of nearly all practical instalation configurations very well ‘When using dampers, itis necessary to analyse the downstream piping with respect ro secondary resonances. (Orifice plates may be an easy too! to improve systems without ‘major changes and investment, ifthe associated pressure losses and higher energy costs are acceptable. Orifices ae effective via dissipative and interference effects but require careful design predominantly by means of computers ‘While usual dampers are sometimes called resonators, acoustic filters or reflection dampers, they develop their main effects duet elasticity but not due to interference. For the low excitation frequencies of reciprocating pumps, dampers with large dimen: sions would be required. The very high frequencies ofthe pulsa tions only may be dampened by interTerence effets for common damper configurations. The design methods and computer tools explained have been successfully employedin numerous practical pulsation studies and, contributed substantially tothe design and construction of reliable installations NOMENCLATURE Am eross sectional area a mis speed of sound b ms acceleration of fluid © Nim elasticity constant cy Nim elasticity constant of the bladder c, Nim elasticity constant of the continuum 6mm inside diameter ofthe pipe 4, mm inside diameter ofthe orifice plate 4, mm diameter ofthe plunger Hz frequeney f, Hz asic frequency of the pump excitation h, mm Aength ofthe stroke relative stroke setting SF oo numberof cylinders K Nim? bulk modulus ofthe fluid K, Nim? bulk modulus ofthe damper 1” m length ofthe pipe L, m___istanee between the pump andthe location of reflection L, mm __stance between the location of refletion and te pipe end L, mm distance between the pipe and the liquid gas face of the appendage damper + ecce ee ota ig Pa Pa, bar Pa, bar Pa, bar Pa, bar Pa, bar Pa, bar Pa, bar Pa, bar Nike. ms ms ms ms mis ms imps ms Nofm' rad Pas, IN mN kuin? rad pump speed pressure permissible pressure medium pressure ‘maximum pressure minimum pressure vapor pressure pressure amplitude due tothe Joukowsky shock pressure atthe suction / discharge flange of ‘the pump \worbing chamber pressu pressure pulsation Iriction foree entropic displacement thickness ofthe pipe wall time volume Volume of the damper (general) volume of the resonator volume of the gas filled damper volume of the pump displacement per volumetric flow rate amplitude of the volumetric Flow rate effective volumetric flow rate theoretical volumetre Flow rate velevity of the fluid velocity of the plunger n velocity ofthe Fluid velacity step coordinate in axial direction Impedance (regarded to Av) parameter of int inclination angle of the pipe parameter forthe characterization ofthe crank system coefficient of trotting relative dead space fiction coefficient, visessity volumetic efficiency elasitcity factor slip factor compressibility polstropic exponent elasticity coefficient ofthe working chamber wave length rod ratio density plant coefficient crank angle cigewalue hase cut angle PRESSURE PULSATION DAMPENING METHODS FOR RECIPROCATING PUMPS 39 1 elasticity coefficient (fey) © —S! angular frequency —F natural frequency EH pump with eccentric erank drive FR pump with eam and spring return drive unit REFERENCES 1. Vetter, G., “Leckfreie Kreisel und Verdringerpumpen im Uberbiick,” in Leckfreie Pumpen (Editor G. Vetter) Vulkan Verlag, Essen (FRG), pp. 2-21 (1990) 2. Vetter, G., “Reliability and Future Development of High Pressure Diaphragm Pumps for Process Service.” Proceed: ings ofthe Fifth International Pump Users Symposium, Tutbo- ‘machinery Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, ‘Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, pp. 49-63, (1988) 3. Fritsch, H., “Prozelimembranpumpen” in Leckfreie Pumpen (Editor G. Vetter) Vulkan Verlag, Essen (FRG) pp. 98-117 (1990). 4, Poynton, LP, Metering Pumps, Marcel Dekker (1983), 5, McCabe, RE. etal, Metering Pump Handbook, New York, [New York: Industrial Press (1084), 6, Frisch, H., Metering Pump, LEWA/Verlag Modeme Indust, Landsberg (1989), 7. Vetter, G., Thiel, E., and Stark, U., “Reciprocating Pump Valve Design,” Proceedings ofthe Sixth International Pump Users Symposium, Turbomachinery Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Enginoering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Tenas, pp. 39-52 (1989). 8, Vetter, G., Fritsch, H., and Miller, A. “Einflasse auf die Gonawigkeit oszillierender Verdringerpumpen", Aut- bereitungstechnik 1, pp. 1-12 (1974). New York, New York 9, Fritsch, H. and Jarosch, J., EinfluBparameter auf die Genauigkeit von Dosierpumpen. Chem. Ing. Tech. 58 (3), pp. 7242-243 (1986), 10, Seidl, B, “Zur Reduzierung von Druckschwingungen in Rohrleitungssystemen oszillierender Verdringerpumpen,” Dissertation, Universitit Erlangen (1992), 11, Vetter, G. and Fritsch, HL, Auslegung der Rohrleitungen fir coszillirende Verdringerpumpen. Rohre Rohrleitungsbau Rohrleitungstransport 11 (5), pp. 300-313. 12 Fritsch, H., Hydrautische Schwingungen und ihre Dampfung in Rohtleitungen oszllicrender Verdeingerpumpen. 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Pumpentagung, Karlsruhe (1988) Singh, PJ. and Macavan, NK., “Complete Analysis and Simulation of Reciprocating Pumps Including System Pip: ing,” Proceedings oj the Sixth International Pump Users Symposium, Turbotrachinery Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, pp. 55-73 (1987) Vetter, G. and Schwsinfurter, P., “Computation of Pressure Pulsation in Piping Systems with Reciprocating Positive Dis placement Pumps," 3d Joint ASCEJASME Conference, San Diego, California, pp. 21-31 (1988). ‘Vetter, G, and Schweinfurter, F., “Elimination of Disturbing and Dangerous Presstte Oszillaions caused by High Pressure Positive Displacement Pumps,” Pressure Surges, Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference, Cambridge, England, ‘pp. 309-324 (1989), Schweinfurter, F., “Beitrag zur rechnerischen Bestimmun von Druckschwingungen in Rohrleitungssystemen bei Errogung durch ein-und mehraylindrige oszillierende Verdringerpumpen.” Dissertation, Universitat Erlangen (1988), Ax, Druckschwingungen in Rohrleitungen durch oszillierende Verdringerpumpen, 38 inernational 23 (12), pp. 572-589 (1984). 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Hoffimann, D., Die Dimpfung von Flissigkeitsschwingungen in Othydraulikleitungen, VDI Forschungshent, 575 (1976) Haarhaus, M., Mirderung der Druckschwingungen in Flissigkeiisletungen von Hydrauliksystemen, Olhydraulik lund Peumatik, 25 (10) pp. 802-806 (1981), 40 PROCEEDINGS OF THE TENTH INTERNATIONAL PUMP USERS SYMPOSIUM,

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