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4G Mobile
OPERATIONAL EXCELLENCE
4G MOBILE
4G will deliver low cost multi-megabit/s sessions
any time, any place, using any terminal.
V
oice was the driver for second-gen- ing applications. Figure 1: Service evolution vision
eration mobile and has been a con- Mobile terminal
siderable success. Today, video usage (laptops,
and TV services are driving forward third Personal digital Sender
generation (3G) deployment. And in the assistants, hand- Human Machine
Real
future, low cost, high speed data will drive helds) is expected VoIP Video relay broadcasting time
forward the fourth generation (4G) as to grow rapidly as Videophone/conference Video supervision
Human
short-range communication emerges. they become more Interactive games Human navigation
Internet browsing
Service and application ubiquity, with a user friendly. Fluid Chat Information service
high degree of personalization and syn- high quality video Visual mail/audio mail Music download
Receiver
Text mail
chronization between various user appli- and network reac- Permit
ances, will be another driver. At the tivity are important delay
Remote control Location information
Machine
same time, it is probable that the radio user requirements. services, distribution
access network will evolve from a central- Key infrastructure Recording to storage devices: systems, etc.
voice, video, etc. Data transfer
ized architecture to a distributed one. design require- Consumer electronic
ments include: fast device maintenance
Service Evolution response, high ses-
Support for real-time and non-real-time services
The evolution from 3G to 4G will be sion rate, high
Source NTTDoCoMo
driven by services that offer better qual- capacity, low user
ity (e.g. video and sound) thanks to charges, rapid
greater bandwidth, more sophistication return on invest-
in the association of a large quantity of ment for operators, investment that is in As a comparison, the expected best per-
information, and improved personaliza- line with the growth in demand, and sim- formance of 3G is around 10 bit/s/Hz/km2
tion. Convergence with other network ple autonomous terminals. using High Speed Downlink Packet Access
(enterprise, fixed) services will come The infrastructure will be much more (HSDPA), Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
about through the high session data distributed than in current deployments, (MIMO), etc. No current technology is
rate. It will require an always-on connec- facilitating the introduction of a new capable of such performance.
tion and a revenue model based on a source of local traffic: machine-to-
fixed monthly fee. The impact on net- machine. Figure 1 shows one vision of Dimensioning objectives
work capacity is expected to be signifi- how services are likely to evolve; most Based on various traffic analyses, the
cant. Machine-to-machine transmission such visions are similar. Wireless World Initiative (WWI) has
will involve two basic equipment types: issued target air interface performance
sensors (which Dimensioning targets figures. A consensus has been reached
measure param- A simple calcu-
eters) and tags lation illustrates the Figure 2: Dimensioning examples
(which are gen- order of magnitude.
erally read/write The design target Number of subscribers/km2 10000 10000
equipment). in terms of radio Peak usage 20 % 20 %
It is expected performance is to Spacial efficiency 30 % 20 %
Various efficiencies (e.g. MAC) 40 % 30 %
that users will achieve a scalable Average service rate (kbit/s) 128 1000
require high data capacity from 50 to
rates, similar to 500 bit/s/Hz/km2 Required capacity (Gbit/s/km2) 2.13 33.33
those on fixed (including capacity Available bandwidth (MHz) 50 100
networks, for for indoor use), as
Required radio performances bit/s/Hz/km 2 42.7 333.3
data and stream- shown in Figure 2.
Multiple-input multiple-output
FFT: Fast Fourier transform MIMO uses signal multiplexing between
Time
multiple transmitting antennas (space
multiplex) and time or frequency. It is well
suited to OFDM, as it is possible to process
Figure 6: Alcatel test-bed performance roadmap independent time symbols as soon as the
OFDM waveform is correctly designed for
Mbps the channel. This aspect of OFDM greatly
simplifies processing. The signal transmit-
20 MHz Air interface design
8 bit/s/Hz
ted by m antennas is received by n anten-
and verification
• Larger bandwidth by simulation nas. Processing of the received signals
200 • MAC & MIMO joint optimization 160 Mbit/s may deliver several performance improve-
• Robust MIMO to correlation ments: range, quality of received signal and
10 MHz and Doppler • MIMO-OFDM
optimization: higher spectrum efficiency. In principle, MIMO is
5 bit/s/Hz order modulation, more efficient when many multiple path sig-
• MIMO-OF DM improved channel
100 100 Mbit/s 100 Mbit/s coding nals are received. The performance in cel-
• MAC layer
• Advanced MIMO lular deployments is still subject to research
detector and simulations (see Figure 6). However,
4 bit/s/Hz
• OFDM
it is generally admitted that the gain in spec-
50 40 Mbit/s 40 Mbit/s
2 bit/s/Hz
trum efficiency is directly related to the
minimum number of antennas in the link.
Test bed development
20 20 Mbit/s 20 Mbit/s
Interlayer optimization
2004 2005 2006 2007 The most obvious interaction is the one
between MIMO and the MAC layer. Other
MAC: Media Access Control
interactions have been identified (see
Figure 7).
dom. Using ODFM, it is possible to exploit resource allocation (increasing the capac- Handover and mobility
the time domain, the space domain, the fre- ity), but also enables cross-layer optimiza- Handover technologies based on mobile
quency domain and even the code domain tion of radio link usage. IP technology have been considered for
to optimize radio channel usage. It ensures data and voice. Mobile IP techniques are
very robust transmission in multi-path Software defined radio slow but can be accelerated with classical
environments with reduced receiver com- Software Defined Radio (SDR) bene- methods (hierarchical, fast mobile IP).
plexity. fits from today’s high processing power These methods are applicable to data
As shown in Figure 5, the signal is split to develop multi-band, multi-standard and probably also voice. In single-fre-
into orthogonal subcarriers, on each of base stations and terminals. Although quency networks, it is necessary to recon-
which the signal is “narrowband” (a few in future the terminals will adapt the sider the handover methods. Several tech-
kHz) and therefore immune to multi-path air interface to the
effects, provided a guard interval is inserted available radio Figure 7: Layer interaction and associated optimization
between each OFDM symbol. OFDM also access technology,
provides a frequency diversity gain, at present this is • OFDMA
improving the physical layer performance. done by the infra- • Smart antennas
It is also compatible with other enhance- structure. Several • MIMO
ment technologies, such as smart antennas infrastructure gains
• Optimized MAC scheduling algorithms (e.g. MUD)
and MIMO. are expected from
• Robust and scalable transmissions
OFDM modulation can also be SDR. For example,
employed as a multiple access technology to increase network • Network selection (e.g. ABC)
(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple capacity at a spe- • Usage of cache
Access; OFDMA). In this case, each cific time (e.g. dur- • Pico station and associated deployment
OFDM symbol can transmit information ing a sports event), • IP mobility
to/from several users using a different set an operator will • Meshed networks and ad hoc routing
of subcarriers (subchannels). This not reconfigure its net-
only provides additional flexibility for work adding sev- ABC: Always Best Connected MUD: Multi User Detection
niques can be used when the carrier to is shown in Figure 8. At the entrance of the ently: one base layer (30 kbit/s), which is
interference ratio is negative (e.g. VSF- access network, lines of cache at the a robust flow but of limited quality (e.g.
OFDM, bit repetition), but the drawback destination of a terminal are built and 5 images/s), and two enhancement flows
of these techniques is capacity. In OFDM, stored. When a terminal enters an area in (50 kbit/s and 200 kbit/s). The first flow
the same alternative exists as in CDMA, which a transfer is possible, it simply asks provides availability, the other two quality
which is to use macro-diversity. In the case for the line of cache following the last and definition. In a streaming situation, the
of OFDM, MIMO allows macro-diversity received. Between the terminal and the terminal will have three caches. In pico cel-
processing with performance lular coverage, the parent cov-
gains. However, the imple- erage establishes the service
mentation of macro-diversity dialog and service start-up
Figure 8: Pico cell network design
implies that MIMO processing (with the base layer). As soon
is centralized and transmis- as the terminal enters pico
sions are synchronous. This is cell coverage, the terminal
not as complex as in CDMA, caches are filled, starting with
IP Backbone
but such a technique should the base cache. Video (and
only be used in situations Cache audio) transmissions are cur-
making IP
where spectrum is very rently transmitted without
G/W
scarce. Cache error and without packet loss.
Proxy
L1/L2 However, it is possible to allow
Caching and error rates of about 10-5 /10-6
Uni or
Pico Cells N-Casting and a packet loss around 10-2
Memory in the network /10-3. Coded images still con-
and terminals facilitates serv- tain enough redundancy for
4G d-cov AN
ice delivery. In cellular sys- error correction. It is possible
Cache
tems, this extends the capa- to gain about 10 dB in trans-
L1/L2 Cache
bilities of the MAC sched- storage mission with a reasonable
uler, as it facilitates the deliv- increase in complexity. Using
ery of real-time services. the described technologies,
Resources can be assigned multimedia transmission can
to data only when the radio provide a good quality user
conditions are favorable. This experience.
method can double the RAP
capacity of a classical cellular Coverage
L1
system. Coverage is achieved by
In pico cellular coverage, MAC adding new technologies
high data rate (non-real-time) Cache (possibly in overlay mode)
services can be delivered even IP and progressively enhancing
MT
when reception/transmission is density. Take a WiMAX
interrupted for a few seconds. deployment, for example:
Consequently, the coverage Pico cell network design first the parent coverage is
zone within which data can be MT: Mobile Terminal
deployed; it is then made
received/transmitted can be denser by adding discontinu-
designed with no constraints ous pico cells, after which
other than limiting interference. Data cache. A simple, robust and reliable pro- the pico cell is made denser but still dis-
delivery is preferred in places where the tocol is used between the terminal and the continuously. Finally the pico cell cover-
bitrate is a maximum. Between these cache for every service delivered in this age is made continuous either by using
areas, the coverage is not used most of the type of coverage. MIMO or by deploying another pico cell
time, creating an apparent discontinuity. coverage in a different frequency band
In these areas, content is sent to the ter- Multimedia service delivery, (see Figure 9).
minal cache at the high data rate and read service adaptation and robust The ultimate performances of the var-
at the service rate. Coverages are “discon- transmission ious technologies are shown in Figure 10.
tinuous”. The advantage of coverage, espe- Audio and video coding are scalable. For Parent coverage performance may vary
cially when designed with caching technol- instance, a video flow can be split into three from 1 to 20 bit/s/Hz/km?, while pico cell
ogy, is high spec- flows which can be transported independ- technology can achieve from 100 to 500
trum efficiency,
high scalability
Figure 9: Example of deployment in dense traffic areas
(from 50 to
500 bit/s/Hz), high
capacity and
lower cost.
A specific
architecture is
needed to intro-
duce cache mem-
ory in the net- Parent coverage Parent coverage with discontinuous pico cells Continuous pico cells coverage
work. An example with MIMO
Abbreviations
3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership
Project
4G resp 3G 4th (resp. 3rd) Generation
BAN Body Area Network
BBNGN Broadband Next Generation
Network
BTS Base Transmission Station
CCSA China Communications Standard
Association
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
DFS Direct Frequency Selection
ETSI-TISPAN European Telecommunication
Standard Institute –
Telecommunications and Internet
Converged Services and
Protocols for Advanced
Networking
GGSN GPRS Gateway Support Node
GPRS General Packet Radio Service
GSM Global System for Mobile
Communication
HSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet
Access
IEEE Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers
IETF Internet Engineering task force
ITU-T International Telecommunication
Union – Telecommunications
LAN Local Area Network
MAC Media Access Control
MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output
NTT Nippon Telegraph and
Telephone Corporation
OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing
PAN Personal Area Network
P-CSCF Proxy Call Session Control
Function
QoS Quality of Service
RAN Radio Access Network
SDR Software Defined Radio
SFN Single Frequency Network
SNR Signal-to-Noise Ratio
VoWLAN Voice over Wireless LAN
WIBRO Wireless Broadband
WiFi Wireless Fidelity
WiMAX Interoperability standard of IEEE
802.16 (e)
WRC World Radio Conference
WWI Wireless World Initiative
WWRF Wireless World Research Forum