COMBUSTION POWER CYCLES

Otto Cycle ( Basis of Comparison for Spark-Ignition Engines )

QR (V=C)
QA (V=C)

A. T
D

S=C S=C

B. B
D

A. PV and TS Diagram

3
P 3
T S=C
S=C V=C
V=C
4 2
Wnet 4
2 QT
V=C
S=C
S=C
1 V=C
1

V S

V2=V3 V1=V4 S1=S2 S3=S4

INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

ANALYSIS OF EACH STATE:

P1 < P2 < P3 > P4 > P1

V1 > V2 = V3 < V4 = V1
T1 < T2 < T3 > T4 > T1
S1 = S2 < S3 = S4 > S1

B. PVT Relationship

Process 1-2 : ( S=C )

1
k 1
k 1 K 1
T2

P2 K

V1



T1 P V
1 2

V1 V2 VD cVD VD C 1
Isentropic Compression Ratio : rks
V2 V2 cV D C
Where : c = percent clearance
Process 2-3 : ( V= C )

P3 T P
3; 3 Presssure Ratio , rpv=c = ( Addition of heat)
P2 T2 P2 Compression

Process 3 4 ( S = C )

1
k 1
k 1 K 1 V4
T4

P4 K

V3
= Isentropic expansion Ratio,
T3 P V V3
3 4

res=c

Process 4 1 ( V = C )

P4 T P Pressure Ratio , rpv=c ( Rejection of Heat )

4; 4
P1 T1 P1

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C. Heat Added , QA = + A

Process 2 3 ( V = C )
QA = Q2-3 = mcvT
= mcv(T3-T2)

D. Heat Rejected, QR = A

Process 4 1 : ( V = C )

QR = Q4-1 = - mcvT
= - mcv(T4-T1)

E. Net Work, WNET

WNET = / QA / - / QR /
P2V2 P1V1 P4V4 P3V3
=
1 K 1 K

F. Thermal Efficiency, e

W NET T T1
e= x100% = 1 4 x100%
QA T3 T2
1
= x100%
(rK ) K 1

G. Mean Effective Pressure, Pm

W NET W NET
PM= =
V1 V2 VD

INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

 Diesel Cycle Basis of Comparison for Compression-Ignition Engines
QA (P=C)
QR (V=C)

TDC

S=C S=C

BDCC

PV & TS Diagram
3

P P=C
2 3 T S=C
S=C
P=C
4 2 4
Wnet
QT
V=C
S=C
S=C
1
V=C
1

1
V S

ANALYSIS OF EACH STATE:

INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

 P1 < P2 = P3 > P4 > P1
V1 > V2 < V3 < V4 = V1
T1 < T2 < T3 > T4 > T1
S1 = S2 < S3 = S4 > S1

A. PVT Relationship

Process 1-2 : ( S=C )

1
k 1
k 1 K 1
T2

P2

K V1



T1 P V
1 2

V1 V2 VD cVD VD C 1
Isentropic Compression Ratio : rks
V2 V2 cV D C
Where : c = percent clearance
Process 2-3 : ( P= C )

V3 T
3
V2 T2
Cut-off Ratio , rCP=C

Process 3 4 ( S = C )

1
k 1
k 1 K 1 V4
T4

P4 K V3 = Isentropic Expansion Ratio,
T3 P
V
V3
3 4

res=c

Process 4 1 ( V = C )

P4 T P
4; 4
P1 T1 P1 Pressure Ratio , rpv=c

B. Heat Added , QA = + A

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 Process 2 3 ( P = C )
QA = Q2-3 = mcpT
= mcp(T3-T2)

C. Heat Rejected, QR = A

Process 4 1 : ( V = C )

QR = Q4-1 = - mcvT
= - mcv(T4-T1)

D. Net Work, WNET

WNET = / QA / - / QR /
= / mcp(T3-T2) / - / - mcv(T4-T1)/

E. Thermal Efficiency, e

W NET C (T T1 )
e= x100% = 1 V 4 x100%
QA Cp (T3 T2 )
1 (rC ) K 1
=1- x100%
( rK ) K 1 K ( rC 1)

G. Mean Effective Pressure, Pm

W NET W NET
PM= =
V1 V2 VD

INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

 Dual Combustion Cycle (Sabathe Cycle) basis of comparison spark
and compression ignition engines.

P
P=C TY
S=C P=C

IP V=C V=C S=C

IP
WNET
V=C QA
S=C
S=C
V=C

V SP
Thermal Efficiency, e

e =1-
1 K
(rC rP ) 1
x100%
(rP ) K 1 ( rP 1) KrP (rC 1)

V1
Where : Compression Rato ( rK) =
V2
V4
Cut-off Ratio ( rC ) =
V3
P3
Pressure Ratio ( rP) =
P2

INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

Problems & Solutions :

1. An ideal diesel engine operates on 0.5 kg/s of air with a suction state of 100 Kpa and
45C. The pressure at the end of compression is 3.25 Mpa and the cut-off is at 6% of the
stroke from head-end dead center position.
a) Compression Ratio
b) Percent Clearance
c) Network
d) Thermal Efficiency
e) Mean Effective Pressure

Solution :

A Solving for Compression Ratio

1
k 1
k 1 K 1
T2

P2

K V1



T1 P V
1 2

V1 V2 VD cVD VD C 1
rks
V2 V2 cV D C
1 1

= V1 P2 3250 12.02
K 1.4
rKS=C
V2 P1 100

B) Solving for Percent Clearance

V1 V2 VD cVD VD C 1
rks
V2 V2 cV D C
c 1
12.02 =
c
12.02 C = C + 1
12.02 C - C = 1

C = 0.0907 or 9.07 %

C) Solving for NetWork

WNET = / QA / - / QR /
= / mcp(T3-T2) / - / - mcv(T4-T1)/
where :
T4 = T1(rC)K
c.o. c 0.06 0.0907
rC = = 1.66
c 0.0907
so; T4 = 318(1.66)1.4 = 646.51 K
and , T3 = T1(rkk-1)(rc) = 318 [ ( 12.02)1.4-1(1.66)]
T3 = 1427.24 K

Also, T2 = T1(rk)k-1 = 318(12.02)1.4-1

INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

 T2 = 859.78 K

Therefore;
WNET = / (0.5)(1.0062)(1427.24-859.78)/-/(0.5)(0.7186)(318-646.51)/

WNET = 167.455 KW

d) Solving for the thermal efficiency

e=
W NET W NET 167.455 KW
x100
QA mair Cp air (T3 T2 ) (0.5)(1.0062)(1427.24 859.78)
e = 58.655 %

e) Solving for the Mean Effective Pressure

W NET W NET
PM= =
V1 V2 VD
V V1
rks 1 ; V2
V2 rKS C

but; P1V1 = maRaT1

maRaT1 (0.5)(0.787)(318) m3
V1 = 0 .456
P1 (100) s
So,
m3
0.456 3
V2 = s 0.037 m
12.02 s
Therefore;

167.455
PM= 400 KPa
(0.456 0.037)

INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

2. A heat exchanger was install purposely to cool 0.50 kg of gas per second. Molecular
weight is 28 and k=1.32. The gas is cooled from 150C to 80. Water is available at the
rate of 0.30 kg/s and at a temperature of 12C. Calculate the exit temperature of the
water in C. Ans. 46

Solution:

8.3143 kJ
Gas constant, R 0.297
28 kg K
C k 1.32
P

C V

C 1.32 C
P V

C C R
P V

1.32 C C 0.297
V V

C 0.928
V

kJ
C P
1.32(0.928) 1.225
kg K
HeatBalance :
Heat gain by water Heat loss by gas
mC w PW
T W mg C P T g
g

0.3( 4.187)(t 12) 0.5(1.225)(150 80)

t 46.1C

3. Determine the average Cp value in kJ/kg-K of a gas if 522 kJ of heat is necessary to

raise the temperature from 300K to 800 K making the pressure constant.

a. 1.044 c. 2.044
b. 3.044 d. 4.044

Solution:

Q = mCpT

522 = 1 Cp (800-300)

Cp = 1.044 kJ/kg-K

INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

4. What is the efficiency of an Otto cycle with compression ratio of 6:1. The gas used is
air.
a. 51.2 % c. 61.2 %
b. 71.2 % d. 52 %

Solution:

1 1
Eff 1 k 1
1 1.4 1
r k
6
Eff 0.512 51.2%

5. A diesel generating set consumes 235 liters of fuel during 1 hour operation and
produces 900 kw power. The density of fuel used is 0.8955 kg/l. Determine the specific
fuel consumption of the diesel generating set in kg per kw-hr. Ans. 0.234

a. 0.234 c. 0.24
b. 0.25 d. 0.26
Solution:

Over-all spec. consumption = (235 li/900 kw-hr)(0.8955 kg/li)

= 0.234 kg/kw-hr

6. The entropy of pure substance at a temperature of absolute zero is:

a. One c. Zero
b. Infinity d. Always Positive

7. A power plant operates on an ideal Brayton Cycle. The gas temperature at the turbine
inlet is 1400K (1515.2 kJ/kg) and the gas temperature at the turbine exit is 800K (821.95
kJ/kg). Assume a turbine efficiency of 80%, what is the actual turbine work in kJ/kg?

a. 554.6 c. 555
b. 500 d. 545

Solution:

Turbine Work = 1515.2-821.95 = 693.25 kJ/kg

Actual Turbine work = 693.25 x 0.80 = 554.6 kJ/kg

8. The ratio of the input work necessary to bring the pressure of a gas to a speed value
in an isentropic process to the actual work input is known as:
a. adiabatic efficiency of the compressor c. Q=+
b. Q=- d. Isentropic

Solution:

INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

 Adiabatic efficiency of the compressor = (isentropic work/actual fluid work)

9. What is the area of the diagram from the relation of temperature and entropy plane?

a. Work c. Heat
b. PM d. Energy

10. The first law of thermodynamics states about:

a. Conservation of energy c. Zeroth Law

b. Conservation of Mass d. Entropy

11. An engine operates on the air-standard OTTO cycle. The cycle work is 1000 KJ/kg .
What is the compression ratio of the engine if the maximum cycle temperature is
3173 K and the temperature at the end of isentropic compression is 773 K.
a. 6.85 c. 7.85
b. 8.85 d. 9.85
Solution:
From:
1
e=1- x100%
(rK ) K 1
where :

W NET 1000
e=
QA QA
Solving for QA :

QA = mcv( T3 T2 )
QA = (1) (0.716)(3173 773 )
KJ
QA = 1718.4
Kg
Then ;
1000
e= 0.5819 58.19%
1718.4
thus;

1
0.5819 = 1 - 1.4 1 ; rk 8.85
rk
12. The compression ratio of an OTTO cycle is 9. If the initial pressure is 150 Kpa,
determinine the final pressure.

a. 1 251.10 KPa c. 2 251.10 KPa

b. 4 251.10 KPa d. 3 251.10 KPa

Solution :

k
P2 V1
rk
k

P1 V2

INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

 P2 P1 ( rk ) k
P2 150(9)1.4
thus;
P2 3251.10 KPa

13. What is the final temperature after compression of a Diesel Cycle if the initial
temperature is 32C and the clearance is 8%.
a. 863.84 K c. 963.84 K
b. 763.84 K d. 663.84 K

Solution :
k 1
T2 V1
(rk ) k 1
T1 V2
T2 T1 ( rk ) k 1
where :

T1 32 273 305 K
1 C 1 0.08
rk
C 0.08
rk 13.5
thus;
T2 305(13.5)1.4 1
T2 863.84 K

14. An Ideal Dual Combustion Cylce operates on 500 gram of air. At the beginning of the
compression, the air is at 100 KPa, 45C. If rp 1.5, rc 1.65, and rk 10,
determine the cycle efficiency.
a. 53.88% c. 55.88%
b. 54.88 % d. 56.88 %
Solution :
W
e NET
QA

P
P=C TY
S=C P=C

IP V=C V=C S=C

IP
WNET
QA
V=C
S=C

S=C

V=C
where :
W NET Q A Q R
V SP

INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

 Q A Q AX Q AY

Solving for Q AX and Q AY

Q AX mCV (T3 T2 )
Q AY mC P (T4 T3 )
At point 1.
mRT1 0.5 0.287 45 273
V1 0.456m 3
P1 100
At point 2.
V 0.456
V2 1 0.0456m 3
rk 10
k 1
T2 V1
rk
k 1

T1 V2
T2 45 27310
1.4 1
798.78K

K
V
P2 P1 1 P1 rk 10010
k 1.4
2511.89 KPa
V2
At point 3.
2511 .891.5 3767.84KPa
P3 P2 rp
P 3767.84
T3 T2 3 798.78 1193 .17 K
P2 2511 .89
At point 4.
V4 V3 rc 0.04561.65 0.075m 3
V
T4 T3 4 T3 rc 1198.171.65 1976.98K
V3
At point 5.
k 1
V
T5 T4 4
V5
1.4 1
0.075
T5 1976.98 960.375K
0.456
Then;
Q AX mc v T3 T2 0.5 0.7186 1198 .17 798.78 143.50 KJ
Q AY mc p T4 T3 0.51.0062 1976.98 1198 .17 391.82KJ
Q A 143.50 391.82 535.32
QR mcv T3 T1 0.50 0.7186 960.375 318 230.81KJ
W NET Q A QR 535.32 230.81 304.51KJ
thus;
304.51
e 56.88%
535.32

INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

15. The stoke of a petrol engine is 87.5 mm and the clearance is equal to 12.5 mm.A
compression plate is now fitted which has the effect of reducing the clearance to 10
mm. Assuming the compression period to be the whole stroke, the pressure at the
beginning of compression as 98.29 KPa and the law of compression PV 1.35 C ,
and the law of compression PV1.35=C, Calculate the pressure at the end of
compression before and after the compression plate is fitted.
a. 1628.10 KPa c. 1728.10 Kpa
b. 1528.10 KPa d. 1828.10 KPa

Solution :
1.35 1.35 1
P1V1 P2V2
98.29 87.5 12.5 P2 12.5
1.35 1.35

thus;
P2 1628.10 KPa

16. The compression ratio of a petrol engine working on the constant volume cycle is
8.5. The pressure and temperature at the beginning of compression are 101.325
KPa and 40 C and the maximum pressure of the cycle is 3,141.08 KPa. Taking
compression to follow the law PV1.35=C, Calculate the temperature at the end of
compression.
a. 388.97C c.355.65 C
b. 288.97C d. 255.65 C
Solution :
k 1
T2 V1 T2
8.5
1.351

T1 V2 40 273
T2 661.97 K
thus;
T2 388.97C

INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

17. When the piston is moving up in a two-stroke diesel engine, the scavenge ports are
closed when the piston is 675 mm from the top of its stroke, the pressure and
temperature of the air in the cylinder when being 13.80 KPag and 43C. The
clearance is equal to 65 mm and the diameter of the cylinder is 650 mm. Calculate
the mass of air compressed in the cylinder taking the atmospheric pressure as
101.325 KPa and R for air as 0.287 KJ/kg-K

a. 0.21 kg c. 0.41 kg
b. 0.31 kg d. 0.51 kg
Solution :

P1V1 = mRT1
Where :
P1 13.8 101.325 115 .125 KPa
T1 43 273 316 K

V1 0.65 0.675 0.065 0.2456m 2
2

4
KJ
R 0.287
kg K
Substitute
115.125 0.2456 m 0.287 316
thus;
m= 0.31 kg

18. If the compression ratio and the cut-off ratio of a Diesel Engine are 15 and 3
respectively, what is the expansion ratio?
a. 4 c. 6
b. 5 d. 7
Solution :
V
rk 1 15
V2
V3
rc 3
V2
V4 rk 15
re
V3 rc 3
re 5

INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

19. The air is compressed to 1/5 of its original volume in an Otto cycle . What is the final
temperature of the air if the initial temperature is 25C
a. 288.58C c. 255.66 C
b. 388.58C d. 355.66 C

Solution:
k 1
T2 V1

T1 V2
where:
T1 25 273 298K
1
V2 V1
5
1.4 1

T2 V
1
298 1
V1
5
T2 561.58K
T2 288.58C
20. At the beginning of compression in an ideal dual combustion cycle, the working fluid
is at 90F. If the pressure ration and compression ratio are 1.6 and 13 respectively,
what is the temperature at the beginning of the constant pressure portion of
combustion.
a. 1886.64 F c. 1995.05 F
b. 1495.05 F d. 1586.64 F
Solution :
T3 T1 rk rp 90 46013 1.6 2455.05 R
k 1 1.4 1

T3 1995.05 F

INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

21. An ideal dual combustion cycle operates on ).60 kg of air. Find the cycle efficiency if
the compression ratio is 12, pressure ratio is 1.6, cut-off ratio 1.5 and k = 1.3.
a. 40.71 % c. 60.71 %
b. 50.71 % d. 45.71 %

Solution :

c
e 1
a
where:

12
k 1 1.31
A rk 2.11
1.61.5 1.3 1
k
rp rc 1
C 1.04
rp 1 rp k (rc 1) 1.6 1 1.61.5 1
1.04
e 1 50.71%
2.11

or
1 K
(rC rP ) 1
e =1- x100% 50.71%
(rP ) K 1 (rP 1) KrP (rC 1)

22. What is the pressure ratio in an ideal dual combustion cycle if the pressure at the
beginning and end of the constant volume portion of combustion are 2500 KPa and
4000 KPa respectively.
a. 1.4 c. 1.6
b. 1.5 d. 1.7
Solution :
P 4000
rp 3 1.6
P2 2500

23. In an ideal combustion cycle if the cut-off ratio is 1.5 and the volume at the beginning
of the constant portion of combustion is 0.055 m3, what is the volume at the end of
ombustion.
a. 0.0625 m3 c. 0.0825 m3
3
b. 0.0725 m d. 0.0550 m3
Solution :
V V4
rc 4 1.5; thus;V4 0.0825m 3
V3 0.055

INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

24. In an air standard OTTO cycle, the clearance volume is 18% of the displacement
volume. Find the thermal efficiency.
a. 0.52 c. 0.53
b. 0.55 d. 0.60
Solution :
1
e 1
A
k 1
where : A rk
solving for rk :
1 c 1 0.18
rk 6.556
c 0.18
then;
A 6.556
1.4 1
2.12
thus;
1
e 1 0.53
2.12

25. The compression ratio of an ideal OTTO cycle is 6:1. Initial conditions are 101.3 KPa
and 20C. Find the pressure and temperature at the end of adiabatic compression.

a. 1244.5 KPa,599.96C c. 1244.5 KPag, 60C

b. 1244.5 KPa,60 C d. 1244.5 KPa, 599.96 C

Solution :

k
P2 V1
rk
k

P1 V2
P2 P1 rk
k

P2 101.3 6
1.4

P2 1244.5 KPa

k 1
T2 V1
rk
k 1

T1 V2
T2 T1 rk
k 1

T2 20 273 6
1.4 1

T2 599.96 K

INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE