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PART-A
UNIT I - HIGH SPEED NETWORKS
1.Define ISDN?
The integrated services digital network is to provide a unique user network interface(UNI) for the
support of the basic set of narrow band(NB) services that is voice and low speed data thus providing
a narrowband integrated access.
20.What is SS7?
SS7 defines the signaling network features and the protocol architecture of the common channel
signaling used in ISDN.
26.What are the two types of sublayer used in ATM adaptation layer?
Convergence sub layer.
Segmentation and Reassembly sub layer.
31.Define DTE?
DTEs generally are considered to be terminating equipment for a specific network and typically are
located on the premises of a customer. In fact, they may be owned by the customer.
Examples: terminals, personal computers, routers, and bridges.
32.Define DCE?
DCEs are carrier-owned internetworking devices. The purpose of DCE equipment is to provide
clocking and switching services in a network, which are the devices that actually transmit data
through the WAN.
39.What is PCF?
Point Co-ordinate Function is a centralized MAC algorithm used to provide contention free service.
This is done by polling stations in turn. Higher priority traffic makes use of PCF.
PART - B
1. Explains the Frame relay architecture & compare it with x.25. (16)
2. a. Explain the ATM cell with a suitable diagram and explain Generic Flow
Control and Header error control. (8)
b. Explain varies ATM services. (8)
3. a. Discuss and compare the CPCS-PDU & SAR-PDU of AAL & AAL 5 (8)
b. Explain the architecture of AAL 1 (8)
4. Explain the architecture of 802.11 (16)
5. Explain the following:
a. Classical Ethernet (8)
b.IEEE 802.3 medium options at 10 Mbps (8)
6 a. Fast Ethernet (8)
b. gigabit Ethernet (8)
C.Explain Fiber channel Protocol architecture. (8)
1.Define switch?
A switch is simply a box with some number of ports that different devices such as workstations,
routers and other switches attach to.
5.What are the two internal forwarding techniques used in LAN switch?
Cut through
Store and forward
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8.What are the properties of VC connections?
Each VC is identified by a VC identifier. Cells belonging to the single message follow the same VC.
Cells remain in the original order till they reach the destination.
39.Define BECN?
Backward explicit congestion notification (BECN) notifies the user that congestion avoidance
procedures should be initiated where applicable for traffic in the opposite direction of the received
frame. It indicates that frames user transmits on this logical connection may encounter congested
resources.
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40.Define FECN?
Forward explicit congestion notification (FECN) notifies the user that congestion avoidance
procedures should be initiated where applicable for traffic in the same direction of the received
frame. It indicates that frames user transmits on this logical connection, has encountered congested
resources.
2.Policing
Measuring and restricting packets as they enter the network.
3.Choke packet
Specific message back to source.
Example: ICMP Source Quench.
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48.What is the use of Discard Eligibility (DE) bit?
The Discard Eligibility (DE) bit is used to indicate that a frame has lower importance than other
frames. The DE bit is part of the Address field in the Frame Relay frame header.
55.What are the steady state performance measures to be determined in Queueing models?
Queueing models allow a number of useful steady state performance measures to be determined,
including:
the average number in the queue, or the system,
the average time spent in the queue, or the system,
the statistical distribution of those numbers or times,
the probability the queue is full, or empty, and
the probability of finding the system in a particular state.
2.Define blocking?
If atleast one I/O connection between an arbitrary idle inlet and outlet cannot be established by the
network owing to internal congestion due to the already established I/O connections is called as
blocking.
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10.What are the four types of network permutations in banyan network?
h-shuffle.
h-unshuffle.
Butterfly permutation.
Identity Permutation.
18.What are the four basic technique available for a partial connection multistage network?
Vertical replication (VR).
Vertical replication coupled with horizontal replication.
Link dilation.
EGS network.
23.What are the mechanisms used in ATM traffic control to avoid congestion condition?
Resource management.
Connection admission control.
Usage parameter control.
Traffic shaping.
27.What are the requirements for ATM Traffic and Congestion Control?
1.Most packet switched and frame relay networks carry non-real-time bursty data,
No need to replicate timing at exit node.
Simple statistical multiplexing.
User Network Interface capacity slightly greater than average of channels.
32.What are the Objectives of ATM layer traffic and congestion control
Support QoS for all foreseeable services.
Not rely on network specific AAL protocols nor higher layer application specific protocols.
Minimize network and end system complexity.
Maximize network utilization.
PART - B
1 a. Explain TCP flow & congestion control. (10)
b.Explain the Retransmissions Timer management techniques. (6)
2. Explain the five important window management techniques. (16)
3. a Explain the congestion control mechanism in ATM networks carrying TCP traffic.(10)
b.Explain the ATM traffic control (6)
4. a. What are the requirements for ATM traffic and congestion control? (10)
b. Explain the ATM traffic related attributes. (6)
5 a.. Explain in detail ABR traffic management. (8)
b. Explain in detail GFR traffic management. (8)
2.What are the three parameters used to describe the switching fabric performance?
Switch throughput.
Average packet delay.
Packet loss probability.
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4.What is maximum throughput?
The maximum throughput also referred as the switch capacity indicates the load carried by the switch
for an offered load =1. 7.
6.What are the internal protocols available to enable the downstream transmission of packets?
Backpressure.
Queue loss.
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18.What is signal latency in a network?
The number of bit times it takes for a signal to cross the network is called signal latency.
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4.Define ATMARP?
ATMARP is a protocol and message formats that enable a client to request and receive resolution of
a destinations IP address with an ATM address from an ATMARP server so that the client may
establish an SVC to the destination.
7.Define IP?
A networking protocol for providing a connectionless service to the higher transport protocol.
8.Define IP switch
A device or system that can forward IP packets at layer three and possesses a switching component
that enables packets to be switched at layer two as well.
11.Define LIS?
An IP subnet consisting of ATM attached devices that share a common address prefix and can
communicate with each using ATM PVCs or SVCs.
15.Define IP multicast?
IP network provides a service in which packets addressed to a group address are delivered by routers
to those networks with group members. A group membership protocol (IGMP) is used by hosts to tell
routers which multicast group they wish to join/leave and the routers run a multicast routing protocol
to build a delivery tree from sources network out to all networks that have group members.
17.What is payload?
IT is a part of ATM cell. It contains the actual information carried and occupies 48 bytes.
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18.What is mean by peer model?
This model occurs when the network forwarding nodes operate on a single topology. This model
supports a single IP topology and a single IP topology and a single IP address space.
A cluster is a group
register their group membership information with and to receive group membership updates from.
23.Define cluster control VC?
MCS serves
responsible for registering its ATM address along with the IP multicast group address. 25.Define
Holding time in NHRP?
Once a reservation is this as a session and allocates resources for the life of that session. Session
is defined by Destination IP address, IP protocol identifier, Destination port.
Filter spec in RSVP defines the set of packets or flow, for which a reservation is requested. Filter
spec is defined by Source address, UDP
Egress Edge LSR: LSR through which packets leaves the MPLS edge.
36.Define Label switched router in MLPS
An MPLS network consists of a set of nodes called label switched router (LSR) capable of switch
packets.
37.What is purpose of time to live field in label format?
The value of this field is decremented at each router and the packet is dropped if the count falls