Anubis

For other uses, see Anubis (disambiguation).

Anubis (/nubs/ or /njubs/;[2] Ancient Greek:

) is the Greek name of a jackal-headed god as-
sociated with mummication and the afterlife in ancient
Egyptian religion.
Like many ancient Egyptian deities, Anubis assumed dif-
ferent roles in various contexts. Depicted as a protec-
tor of graves as early as the First Dynasty (c. 3100 c.
2890 BC), Anubis was also an embalmer. By the Middle
Kingdom (c. 2055 1650 BC), Anubis was replaced
by Osiris in his role as Lord of the underworld. One
of his prominent roles was as a god who ushered souls
into the afterlife. He attended the weighing scale during Anubis attending the mummy of the deceased.
the Weighing of the Heart, in which it was determined
whether a soul would be allowed to enter the realm of the
dead.[3] Despite being one of the most ancient and one 2 History
of the most frequently depicted and mentioned gods in
the Egyptian pantheon, however, Anubis played almost
In Egypts Early Dynastic period (c. 3100 c. 2686 BC),
no role in Egyptian myths.[4]
Anubis was portrayed in full animal form, with a jackal
Anubis was depicted in black, a color that symbolized head and body.[10] A jackal god, probably Anubis, is de-
both rebirth and the discoloration of the corpse after picted in stone inscriptions from the reigns of Hor-Aha,
embalming. Anubis is associated with Wepwawet (also Djer, and other pharaohs of the First Dynasty.[11] Since
called Upuaut), another Egyptian god portrayed with a Predynastic Egypt, when the dead were buried in shallow
dogs head or in canine form, but with grey or white fur. graves, jackals had been strongly associated with ceme-
Historians assume that the two gures were eventually teries because they were scavengers which uncovered hu-
combined.[5] Anubis female counterpart is Anput. His man bodies and ate their esh.[12] In the spirit of ghting
daughter is the serpent goddess Kebechet. like with like, a jackal was chosen to protect the dead.[13]
The oldest known textual mention of Anubis is in the
Pyramid Texts of the Old Kingdom (c. 2686 c.
2181 BC), where he is associated with the burial of the
pharaoh.[14]
In the Old Kingdom, Anubis was the most important god
of the dead. He was replaced in that role by Osiris during
1 Name the Middle Kingdom (20001700 BC).[15] In the Roman
era, which started in 30 BC, tomb paintings depict him
holding the hand of deceased persons to guide them to
Osiris.[16]
Anubis is a Greek rendering of this gods Egyptian
name.[6][7] In the Old Kingdom (c. 2686 BC c. 2181 The parentage of Anubis varied between myths, times
BC), the standard way of writing his name in hieroglyphs and sources. In early mythology, he was portrayed as a
was composed of the sound inpw followed by a jackal son of Ra.[17] In the Con Texts, which were written in
over a tp sign:[8] the First Intermediate Period (c. 21812055 BC), Anu-
bis is the son of either the cow goddess Hesat or the cat-
A new form with the jackal on a tall stand appeared in the headed Bastet.[18] Another tradition depicted him as the
late Old Kingdom and became common thereafter:[8] son of his father Ra and mother Nephthys.[17] The Greek
According to the Akkadian transcription in the Amarna Plutarch (c. 40120 AD) stated that Anubis was the il-
letters, Anubis name (inpw) was vocalized in Egyptian as legitimate son of Nephthys and Osiris, but that he was
Anapa.[9] adopted by Osiriss wife Isis:[19]

1
2 3 ROLES

Ages and the Renaissance.

Although the Greeks and Romans typically scorned
Egypts animal-headed gods as bizarre and primitive
(Anubis was mockingly called Barker by the Greeks),
Anubis was sometimes associated with Sirius in the heav-
ens and Cerberus and Hades in the underworld. [23] In
his dialogues, Plato often has Socrates utter oaths by
the dog (kai me ton kuna), by the dog of Egypt, and
by the dog, the god of the Egyptians, both for empha-
sis and to appeal to Anubis as an arbiter of truth in the
underworld.[24]

3 Roles

3.1 Protector of tombs

Statue of Hermanubis, a hybrid of Anubis and the Greek god
Hermes (Vatican Museums)
In contrast to real jackals, Anubis was a protector of
graves and cemeteries. Several epithets attached to his
name in Egyptian texts and inscriptions referred to that
role. Khenty-imentiu, which means foremost of the west-
erners and later became the name of a dierent jackal
god, alluded to his protecting function because the dead
were usually buried on the west bank of the Nile.[25] He
took other names in connection with his funerary role,
such as He who is upon his mountain (tepy-dju-ef)
keeping guard over tombs from above and Lord of the
sacred land (neb-ta-djeser), which designates him as a
god of the desert necropolis.[26]

For when Isis found out that Osiris loved her Most ancient tombs had prayers to Anubis carved on
sister and had sexual relations with her in mis- them.[27]
taking her sister for herself, and when she saw
a proof of it in the form of a garland of clover
3.2 Embalmer
that he had left to Nephthys - she was looking
for a baby, because Nephthys abandoned it at
As He who is in the place of embalming" (imy-ut), Anu-
once after it had been born for fear of Seth;
bis was associated with mummication. He was also
and when Isis found the baby helped by the dogs
called He who presides over the gods pavilion (khanty-
which with great diculties lead her there, she
she-netjer), in which pavilion could be refer either to the
raised him and he became her guard and ally
place where embalming was carried out, or the pharaohs
by the name of Anubis.
burial chamber.[26]

George Hart sees this story as an attempt to incorpo- In the Osiris myth, Anubis helped Isis to embalm
rate the independent deity Anubis into the Osirian pan- Osiris.[15] Indeed, when the Osiris myth emerged, it was
theon.[18] An Egyptian papyrus from the Roman period said that after Osiris had been killed by Set, Osiriss or-
(30380 AD) simply called Anubis the son of Isis.[18] gans were given to Anubis as a gift. With this connection,
Anubis became the patron god of embalmers; during the
In the Ptolemaic period (35030 BC), when Egypt be- rites of mummication, illustrations from the Book of the
came a Hellenistic kingdom ruled by Greek pharaohs, Dead often show a jackal-mask-wearing priest supporting
Anubis was merged with the Greek god Hermes, becom- the upright mummy.
ing Hermanubis.[20][21] The two gods were considered
similar because they both guided souls to the afterlife.[22]
The center of this cult was in uten-ha/Sa-ka/ Cynopolis, 3.3 Weighing of the heart
a place whose Greek name means city of dogs. In Book
XI of The Golden Ass by Apuleius, there is evidence that One of the roles of Anubis was as the Guardian of the
the worship of this god was continued in Rome through at Scales.[28] The critical scene depicting the weighing of
least the 2nd century. Indeed, Hermanubis also appears the heart, in the Book of the Dead, shows Anubis per-
in the alchemical and hermetical literature of the Middle forming a measurement that determined whether the per-
 3

The weighing of the heart, from the book of the dead of A crouching or recumbent statue of Anubis as a black-coated
Hunefer. Anubis is portrayed as both guiding the deceased for- jackal (from the Tomb of Tutankhamun)
ward and manipulating the scales, under the scrutiny of the ibis-
headed Thoth.
the River Nile, to Egyptians black also symbolized fertil-
ity and the possibility of rebirth in the afterlife.[36]
son was worthy of entering the realm of the dead (the Later Anubis was often portrayed as a jackal-headed
underworld, known as Duat). By weighing the heart of a human.[37] An extremely rare depiction of him in fully
deceased person against Ma'at (or truth), who was of- human form was found in the tomb of Ramesses II in
ten represented as an ostrich feather, Anubis dictated the Abydos.[35][7]
fate of souls. Souls heavier than a feather would be de-
voured by Ammit, and souls lighter than a feather would Anubis is often depicted wearing a ribbon and holding a
ascend to a heavenly existence.[29][30] nekhakha "ail" in the crook of his arm.[37] Another of
Anubiss attributes was the Imiut fetish.[38]
In funerary contexts, Anubis is shown either attending to
3.4 Guide of souls a deceased persons mummy or sitting atop a tomb pro-
tecting it. New Kingdom tomb-seals also depict Anubis
By the late pharaonic era (664332 BC), Anubis was of- sitting atop the nine bows that symbolize his domination
ten depicted as guiding individuals across the threshold over the enemies of Egypt.[14]
from the world of the living to the afterlife.[31] Though
a similar role was sometimes performed by the cow-
headed Hathor, Anubis was more commonly chosen to
fulll that function.[32] Greek writers from the Roman pe-
5 Gallery
riod of Egyptian history designated that role as that of
"psychopomp", a Greek term meaning guide of souls Anubis mask
that they used to refer to their own god Hermes, who (Roemer- und Pelizaeus-Museum Hildesheim)
[22]
also played that role in Greek religion. Funerary art
Cartonnage Anubis mask
from that period represents Anubis guiding either men
(Royal Pump Room, Harrogate)
or women dressed in Greek clothes into the presence of
Osiris, who by then had long replaced Anubis as ruler of A worshipper kneeling before Anubis
the underworld.[33] (Walters Art Museum)

4 Portrayal in art 6 See also

Anubis was one of the most frequently represented gods Anubias
in ancient Egyptian art.[4] In the early dynastic period,
he was depicted in animal form, as a black jackal.[34] Anubis Shrine
Anubiss distinctive black color did not represent the coat
Egyptian jackal
of real jackals or wolves, but it had several symbolic
meanings.[35] First it represented the discolouration of Egyptian mythology in popular culture
the corpse after its treatment with natron and the smear-
ing of the wrappings with a resinous substance during Other Egyptian deities with canine features:
mummication.[35] Being the color of the fertile silt of Khentyimentiu, Sed, Wepwawet
4 8 BIBLIOGRAPHY
7 References
[1] Hart 1986, p. 21.
[2] Merriam-Websters Collegiate Dictionary, Eleventh Edi-
tion. Merriam-Webster, 2007. p. 56
[3] Papyrus from the Book of the Dead of Ani. Britishmu-
seum.org. Retrieved 15 June 2012.
[4] Johnston 2004, p. 579.
[5] Gryglewski 2002, p. 145.
[6] Coulter & Turner 2000, p. 58.
[7] Gods and Religion in Ancient Egypt Anubis. Re-
trieved 23 June 2012.
[8] Leprohon 1990, p. 164, citing Fischer 1968, p. 84 and
Lapp 1986, pp. 89.
[9] Conder 1894, p. 85.
[10] Wilkinson 1999, p. 262.
[11] Wilkinson 1999, pp. 28081.
[12] Wilkinson 1999, p. 262 (burials in shallow graves in Pre-
dynastic Egypt); Freeman 1997, p. 91 (rest of the infor-
mation).
[13] Wilkinson 1999, p. 262 (ghting like with like).
[14] Wilkinson 2003, pp. 18890.
[15] Freeman 1997, p. 91.
[16] Riggs 2005, pp. 16667.
[17] Hart 1986, p. 25.
[18] Hart 1986, p. 26.
[19] Gryglewski 2002, p. 146.
[20] Peacock 2000, pp. 43738 (Hellenistic kingdom).
[21] Hermanubis | English | Dictionary & Translation by
Babylon. Babylon.com. Retrieved 15 June 2012.
[22] Riggs 2005, p. 166.
[23] Hoerber 1963, p. 269 (for Cerberus and Hades).
[24] E.g., Gorgias, 482b (Blackwood, Crossett & Long 1962,
p. 318), or The Republic, 399e, 567e, 592a (Hoerber
1963, p. 268).
[25] Hart 1986, p. 23.
[26] Hart 1986, pp. 2324; Wilkinson 2003, pp. 18890.
[27] The Gods of Ancient Egypt Anubis. touregypt.net.
Retrieved 29 June 2014.
[28] Faulkner, Andrews & Wasserman 2008, p. 155.
[29] Museum Explorer / Death in Ancient Egypt Weighing
the heart. British Museum. Retrieved 23 June 2014.
[30] Gods of Ancient Egypt: Anubis. Britishmuseum.org.
Retrieved 15 June 2012.
[31] Kinsley 1989, p. 178; Riggs 2005, p. 166 (The motif
of Anubis, or less frequently Hathor, leading the deceased
to the afterlife was well-established in Egyptian art and
thought by the end of the pharaonic era.).
[32] Riggs 2005, pp. 127 and 166.
[33] Riggs 2005, pp. 12728 and 16667.
[34] Wilkinson 1999, p. 263.
[35] Hart 1986, p. 22.
[36] Hart 1986, p. 22; Freeman 1997, p. 91.
[37] Ancient Egypt: the Mythology Anubis. Egyptian-
myths.net. Retrieved 15 June 2012.
[38] Wilkinson 1999, p. 281.
8 Bibliography
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bert (1962), via JSTOR (subscription required) ,
Gorgias 482b, The Classical Journal 57 (7): 318
19.
Conder, Claude Reignier (trans.) (1894) [1893],
The Tell Amarna Tablets (Second ed.), London:
Published for the Committee of the Palestine Ex-
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Coulter, Charles Russell; Turner, Patricia (2000),
Encyclopedia of Ancient Deities, Jeerson (NC) and
London: McFarland, ISBN 0-7864-0317-9.
Faulkner, Raymond O.; Andrews, Carol; Wasser-
man, James (2008), The Egyptian Book of the Dead:
The Book of Going Forth by Day, Chronicle Books,
ISBN 978-0-8118-6489-3.
Fischer, Henry George (1968), Dendera in the Third
Millennium B. C., Down to the Theban Domination
of Upper Egypt, London: J.J. Augustin.
Freeman, Charles (1997), The Legacy of Ancient
Egypt, New York: Facts on File, ISBN 0-816-
03656-X.
Gryglewski, Ryszard W. (2002), Medical and Reli-
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(PDF), Organon 31: 12848.
Hart, George (1986), A Dictionary of Egyptian Gods
and Goddesses, via Questia (subscription required)
, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, ISBN 0-415-
34495-6.
Hoerber, Robert G. (1963), via JSTOR (subscrip-
tion required) , The Socratic Oath 'By the Dog'",
The Classical Journal 58 (6): 26869.
 5

Johnston, Sarah Iles (general ed.) (2004), Religions The dictionary denition of Anubis at Wiktionary
of the Ancient World: A Guide, via Questia
(subscription required) , Cambridge, MA: Belknap
Press, ISBN 0-674-01517-7.
Kinsley, David (1989), The Goddesses Mirror: Vi-
sions of the Divine from East and West, via Questia
(subscription required) , Albany (NY): State Uni-
versity of New York Press, ISBN 0-88706-835-9.
ISBN 0-88706-836-7 (paperback).
Lapp, Gnther (1986), Die Opferformel des Alten
Reiches: unter Bercksichtigung einiger spterer For-
men [The oering formula of the Old Kingdom:
considering a few later forms], Mainz am Rhein:
Zabern, ISBN 3805308728.
Leprohon, Ronald J. (1990), via JSTOR (subscrip-
tion required) , The Oering Formula in the First
Intermediate Period, The Journal of Egyptian Ar-
chaeology 76: 16364.
Peacock, David (2000), The Roman Period,
in Shaw, Ian (ed.), The Oxford History of An-
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Riggs, Christina (2005), The Beautiful Burial in Ro-
man Egypt: Art, Identity, and Funerary Religion,
via Questia (subscription required) , Oxford and
New York: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-
19-927665-3.
Wilkinson, Richard H. (2003), The Complete Gods
and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt, London: Thames
& Hudson, ISBN 0-500-05120-8.
Wilkinson, Toby A. H. (1999), Early Dynastic
Egypt, via Questia (subscription required) , Lon-
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9 Further reading
Duquesne, Terence (2005). The Jackal Divinities of
Egypt I. Darengo Publications. ISBN 1-871266-24-
6.
El-Sadeek, Wafaa; Abdel Razek, Sabah (2007).
Anubis, Upwawet, and Other Deities: Personal
Worship and Ocial Religion in Ancient Egypt.
American University in Cairo Press. ISBN
9789774372315.
Grenier, J.-C. (1977). Anubis alexandrin et romain
(in French). E. J. Brill. ISBN 9789004049178.

10 External links
Media related to Anubis at Wikimedia Commons
6 11 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

11 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

11.1 Text
Anubis Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anubis?oldid=662149791 Contributors: 0, Magnus Manske, Bryan Derksen, Andre Engels,
Youssefsan, Toby~enwiki, Lloy0076, Imran, Olivier, Kchishol1970, Michael Hardy, Pit~enwiki, Llywrch, Axeloide, Looxix~enwiki, El-
lywa, Ronz, Theresa knott, TUF-KAT, Ijon, Glenn, Andres, Conti, Ed Cormany, Northgrove, Chuunen Baka, Robbot, Chris 73, Jmabel,
Seglea, Calmypal, Kneiphof, Ojigiri~enwiki, Caknuck, Belladonna, Rebrane, Wikibot, Cordell, VanishedUser kjdfjsg33k, Matt Gies,
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spear, Lst27, Dvavasour, Andux, Vina, MacGyverMagic, DragonySixtyseven, Monk Bretton, Urhixidur, Joyous!, Andy Christ, Mike
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ScottSteiner, Marechal Ney, Widr, AnubisXElisis, WikiPuppies, PatHadley, SentientSystem, Alexbrown69, Crazymonkey1123, Azer-
meno, Jorgenev, Darthjabir21, Oddbodz, Keana756, Helpful Pixie Bot, Michael350z, Calabe1992, Kinaro, Niisapu, BG19bot, Lilange,
Northamerica1000, Cyberpower678, Wiki13, MusikAnimal, Geraldo Perez, J991, The little green pig, Dan653, Mark Arsten, Citation-
CleanerBot, Aedyn104, YoterMimeni, Justinswikiaccount, Glacialfox, 12qwaszx34erdfcv, Klilidiplomus, BattyBot, Thejude888, Gaming-
WithStatoke, Lukeisawsome, Header999, Mrt3366, Rhysie boy1, EuroCarGT, Iry-Hor, Ekren, Copiousuk, Giuseppepiogrieco20, JYBot,
Dexbot, Ayush Garg HBK, FoCuSandLeArN, Spirit of Eagle, Dozer111, Webclient101, HelpingHandHandyDandyMan1, Morgan Katarn,
Evad37, Lugia2453, Frank the Skunk, Jthorowgood, Shotheasian, Randykitty, Epicgenius, Theos Little Bot, Bobbyjxt12, Moosch11, Bob-
bobbob123456789, Tomska62, Steveve293, Asdfmovie293, Aloha 23, LamirDaChain, Kogmaw, Ethansaidyolo, EvergreenFir, Antho-
nyJ Lock, Chris troutman, DavidLeighEllis, BigCat82, Melody Lavender, Finnusertop, Pleaseworkswtf, GreenGoldsh17, Energyesq.,
Anubisfan101, JasonTazzmania, JaconaFrere, Aw3somegabe, St170e, Monkbot, I3R0K3N7FEET, Noviak, A.Minkowiski, Atvwhistler,
11.2 Images 7

Amortias, Toaster37, Asdklf;, ThoAthena, Thought Police Ocer, EMachine03, KH-1, Matiia, Leslie2418, DoritosMan122, Katherinev
WAM, Kd4321, Esquivalience, Xand2, Thegreatkinglinden, NateyRocks, Daniyal Junaid, Maddy pie, TheEgyptologist, Jakobe1234 and
Anonymous: 1224

11.2 Images
File:Aker.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Aker.svg License: GFDL Contributors: Own work Original
artist: Je Dahl
File:All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg License: CC
BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: All Gizah Pyramids Original artist: Ricardo Liberato
File:Ancient_Egypt_Wings.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Ancient_Egypt_Wings.svg License:
GFDL Contributors: This vector image was created with Inkscape by Je Dahl. Original artist: Je Dahl
File:Anubis_attending_the_mummy_of_Sennedjem.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Anubis_
attending_the_mummy_of_Sennedjem.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: website Original artist: self
File:BD_Hunefer_cropped_1.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/BD_Hunefer_cropped_1.jpg License:
Copyrighted free use Contributors:
BD_Hunefer.jpg Original artist: unknown Egyptian artisan (Jon Bodsworth: photographer)
File:Ddraig.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Draig.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Based on
Image:Flag of Wales 2.svg Original artist: Liftarn
File:Djed.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Djed.svg License: GFDL Contributors: Own work Original
artist: Je Dahl
File:Kheper.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Kheper.svg License: GFDL Contributors: Own work
Original artist: Je Dahl
File:P_religion_world.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/P_religion_world.svg License: CC-BY-SA-
3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Pyramide_Kheops.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Pyramide_Kheops.JPG License: CC-BY-
SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Alex lbh
File:Skull_2.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Skull_2.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Based
on Image:BloodSkull.svg Original artist: Qubodup
File:Statue_of_the_god_Anubis.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Statue_of_the_god_Anubis.jpg Li-
cense: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Colin
File:Tutanhkamun_jackal.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Tutanhkamun_jackal.jpg License: Copy-
righted free use Contributors: http://www.egyptarchive.co.uk/html/cairo_museum_50.html Original artist: Jon Bodsworth

11.3 Content license

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0