Philippines: A Past Revisited

Chapter 13: Collaboration and Resistance (Part 1)

*everything in bold are the sub-chapters in every chapter

Introduction
Andres Bonifacio loses at Tejeros and sets a chain motion of events
Compromise at Biak-na-Bato
Accommodation of ilustrado (Filipino educated class during Spanish period)
leadership
under American colonialism
Used to prove claim that Filipinos accepted Americans
Link between Americans and the Filipino people

Negotiating for the Future

Aguinaldo and the Cavite group
Represents a temporized (avoiding making a decision in order to make time) and
moderating force that took over the Revolution from Bonifacio
Ilustrados
Actively encouraged a peaceful attitude to Americans
Collaborationists
Congress of Malolos
Other ilustrados that were hesitant to join the revolution headed to Malolos
Due to victories over the Spanish
Made independence under American protection possible
Ilustrados joined the Congress of Malolos
Many appointed by Aguinaldo
Aguinaldo was the front of this Congress
His cabinet basically
However, most members of this Congress were willing to collaborate with the
Americans
Some had pro-American stances even as they accepted posts in the
Malolos Congress
Happened as soon as Americans had made their true intentions clear
Colonise the PH
Aguinaldos appointment of these people in the cabinet showed his initial
willingness to negotiate with the Americans
This was despite the Americans opportunist attitudes
 Ex. Arellano was highly regarded by Aguinaldo despite his pro-Spanish
and later pro-American stances

Leading Collaborators
Most of the leading collaborators were prominent in the Aguinaldo government and in
the Consultative Assembly
Consultative Assembly: made by Governor Augustin during the
Spanish-American war as a way of keeping Filipino ilustrados that were loyal to
the Spaniards
List of leading American Collaborators:
T.H. Parde de Tavera
Of Spanish descent
Part of the Consultative Assembly
Presented his services to President Mckinley in 1898
Appointed on Board of Health
became Director of Diplomacy through Aguinaldo and relinquished it to
side with the Americans
Cayetano Arellano
Of Spanish descent
Held a position in the Manila Council and Consultative Assembly
Took a Foreign Affairs position after numerous attempts by Aguinaldo to
get him to accept
Pretended to be ill to not attend Council of Government meetings
Severed his connections with the Congress of Malolos to side with the
Americans
Caused him to become Chief Justice of the Supreme Court during
American time
Gregorio Araneta
One of the commissioners to Gen Merritt about exclusion of Filipinos in
surrender of Manila
Member of the Spanish Consultative Council
First secretary of the Malolos Congress
Later became Secretary of Justice
Later became a justice of the Supreme Court under American rule
Prosecuting attorney of Manila (1901)
Later became Attorney General
Member of the PH Commission
Secretary of Justice and Finance
Benito Legarda
Of Spanish descent
Member of the Municipal Council of Manila
Tentient-mayor of Quiapo in 1891
 One of the commissioners to Gen Merritt about exclusion of Filipinos in
surrender of Manila
Vice-President of the Malolos Congress
Was not arrested due to Aguinaldo
Aguinaldos family lived in his house
Their actions led to more Malolos government officials following their example
Gen. Jose Alejandrino
Commented on the cowardness of the leading collaborators
Flew away like birds with great fright upon hearing the first gun report
Both Tavera and Legarda became part of the PH Commission

More Collaborators
Jose Luzuriaga
Third member of the PH Commission
Was a Judge of the Court of First Instance during the Spanish era
Formed the provisional government in Negros
Auditor of the American military govt in Negros
Rejected Malolos Congress position for it
Then became the governor of Negros
Florentino Torres
Part of the Supreme Court
sent to persuade Aguinaldo to enter negotiations with the Americans
headed Philippine panel in meeting with Americans
Watered down the position of the Malolos Govt during negotiations
Americans were favored more after this point in negotiations
Pedro Paterno
president of Spanish Consultative Assembly
President of Malolos Congress (1898)
advocated annexation by the US soon after his appointment
Felipe Buencamino
Secretary of Foreign Affairs in Paterno cabinet
Declared himself American and all PH properties American property

Bonifacio Detractors
Mariano Trias
Aguinaldos Vice-President in Tejeros and Biak-na-Bato
Secretary of Finance in Mabini cabinet
first Civil Governor of Cavite by Americans
Daniel Tirona
questioned Bonifacios competence as he did not have a lawyers diploma
 surrendered to Americans which in turn questioned his own competence
Was a slave of the American captain that he surrendered to

From Deception to Myth, The Americanistas and the Resistance Belittled

Collaboration of ilustrados provided Americans with justification of colonization of
Philippines:
allowed the myth that Filipinos welcomed Americans with open arms
Another myth was the spirit of altruism was the reason why America kept the PH
Filipinos incapable of independent self-government and welcomed
American influence
Supported by Arellano, Tavera and Legarda
Independence was not in Filipinos mind even in Spanish
revolution - Legarda
Collaborators:
allowed Americans to belittle resistance and call for legitimate leaders (a.k.a
the Americans)
foreign power that chose the Filipinos
grave disservice to people who were still trying to drive away invader
switching sides for the dictates of convenience
Mabini
Believed Inherent rights of individuals and races to shape their own destiny
However believe that an independent Fil govt would not help the country at all

Statehood, USA 19002

Committee of Ilustrados
Created by Arellano
reduced mass support for guerillas
Asociacion de Paz
organized by Pedro Paterno and Felipe Buencamino
Committee composed of the following created pacification work for the
Americans:
Leon Ma. Guerrero
Pedro Paterno
Joaquin Lara
Aguedo Velardo
Pascual Poblete
Rafael Palma
Justo Lukban
Nazario Constantino
Partido Federal
Originally Asociacion de Paz
 Created for annexation of Philippines as one of the federated states of United
States
Consisted of prominent wealthy elite: Paterno, Buencamino, Felipe Calderon,
Ignacio Villamor, Teodoro Yangko, Legarda, Baldomero Roxas
Tavera as President
Often referred by nationalists as the Americanistas
Tried to convince Filipinos that Americans defend [Filipino] liberty, and make
proper use of democracy

Licensed Political Parties and Illegitimacy of Leadership

Partido Conservador
for peace and acknowledgement of American sovereignty under the Treaty of
Paris
Organized by Spanish mestizos
Enrique Barrera, Macario Adriatico, Eusebio Orense, Gregorio Singian, etc.
Gave rise to the impression that Fil-Am hostilities have ended
Actually just signalled the end of the Revolution for the ilustrados

Official History and the Truth of American Rule in the PH

Numerous towns and villages in constant state of uprising
impossible without support of population
Led to continuation of suppression campaigns

The Original Vietnamization

Philippine Constabulary
principal instrument of civil authorities for maintenance of law and order
appease anti-imperialist elements in the US
Consisted of 6000 men
mixture of American officers and former Guardia Civil
foreshadowed Vietnamization
native force vs native resistance tactic
Transferring all war responsibility to local forces

Suppression and Atrocities

Insurrectos
Rebels during the American period in the PH
Captured insurrectos were tortured in many ways
water cure
Being tied up by their thumbs and pulled up to limbs of trees
Common method of obtaining confessions and information
 A white man seems to forget that he is human and the more you kill and burn the
better you will please me
show inhuman tactics of Americans
Gen. Smith and Gen. Bell were proof of hostility involving entire Fil populations
Campaigns directed at whole communities
show extent of resistance support
make state of war intolerable

Reconcentration and its Casualties and Losses

Reconcentration
Tactic employed by Gen. Franklin Bell to make war intolerable to Fil population
give anxiety and apprehension
prevent people from aiding guerrillas
caused great destruction and economic dislocation
1/6 of Luzon population dead, 90% of carabaos dead, rice harvest down to 1/4 of
original level

Anti-Nationalist Laws
Sedition Law
death penalty or a long prison term to anyone who advocated independence or
separation from United States
prevented political parties calling for independence, journalists, playwrights and
other writers
Examples of those who suffered under Sedition Law:
Aurelio Tolentinos Kahapon, Ngayon at Bukas
Brigandage Act or Ley de Bandolerismo
Any guerrilla resistance now classified as banditry
Branded as ladrones or robbers
punishable by death or long prison term (20 years)
Reconcentration Act (June 1, 1903)
Passed by the PH Commission
Approved use of inhuman tactics of military
to facilitate apprehension of guerrillas being hidden by people
farms became neglected, food became scarce and diseases were rampant
Flag Law
prohibited display of Philippine emblem from 1907-1919
Religion and Nationalism
rebels combined Catholicism with old forms of worship
Filipinization of Clergy
religious expression of protest demand for equal rights for Filipinos within
Church
many Filipino priests sympathized with Revolution
Mabinis concept of Filipino National Church
Father Gregorio Aglipay
Only priest part of the Malolos Congress
tasked by Archbishop Nozaleda to enlist FIlipinos on side of Spain against United
States
But failed lol
joined Aguinaldo and became Military Vicar General (October 20, 1898)
urged Filipino priests to rally to Revolution
excommunicated by Archbishop Nozaleda
Became a guerrilla general soon after the formation of the Ecclesiastical
Ecclesiastical/Paniqui Assembly
Formed in Paniqui, Tarlac on October 23, 1899
Adopted a temporary Constitution for Filipino Catholic Church
Declared intention remain loyal to Pope
refusal to recognize foreign bishops
Caused Aglipays eventual surrender on May 1901

The Philippine Independent Church

The likelihood of a Filipino Church independent of Rome increased due to:
Inflexibility of Church authorities
Mons. Placido Chapelles pro-friar bias
Iglesia Filipina Independiente (IFI)
proposed by Isabelo de los Reyes of Obrera Democrtica
Aglipay as Supreme Bishop
Showed the anti-friar nature of Revolution and nationalist content
reflection of Filipino aspiration for independence
along with first labor union, provided non-political expression of nationalist
sentiments
Struggles of fledgling Church
Supreme Court sustained claim of Catholic Church
Against disposition of parish church and property taken by Aglipayan
priests
appointment of American bishops
blunting anti-friar resentments
 showed interest of American hierarchy in preserving primacy of Catholic
Church in Philippines
Little understanding from Protestant Church
Due to nationalist orientation of Independent Church
Americans had suppressed Filipino desire for freedom
Despite of this, the IFI had 1.5m Filipinos part of it by 1918

____________________________________________________________________________

Chapter 14: Collaboration and Resistance (Part 2)

*everything in bold are the sub-chapters in every chapter

Introduction and concept of Mass Support

Behind the facade of peace and harmony, the reality of the peoples revolution continued
to exist
Aguinaldos Capture
Did not signal the end of the war against the Americans
The people will confront the Americans, now without the ilustrados
Katipuneros who were in lower ranks now headed movements more similar to the
original Katipunan
History writes that Filipinos fought the Spaniards but welcomed the Americans
Is not true at all
Fought them, but the americans propagandized that we didnt
Assessing the mass support that the Filipinos gave the guerrilla groups will disprove the
notion that they were thieves that terrorized the country

The New Katipunan and the Amigo Act

The New Katipunan
Resistance groups had started to organise under different leaders
Rebel unit that fought the Americans in Rizal and Bulacan
Leader: Gen. Luciano San Miguel
One of Aguinaldos best generals
San Miguel attempted to get old leaders of the Old Katipunan to regroup
failed and made the New Katipunan
Groups in Central Luzon were also affiliated with them
Started with 150 men and grew from there
Raided towns like Taytay, Cainta and Montalban to grow
 Constabulary attempted to stop this new group but failed at first
The New Katipunan dispersed to counter
Cordon tactics were then used capture them
Numerous forces would surround an area and then search homes in Rizal
and Bulacan
Effectiveness was increased by herding farmers and citizens into one
area
Caused economic and agricultural disruption
The Amigo Act was used by the New Katipunan to counter cordon tactics
When cornered, Guerrillas hid their weapons and mingled with the
commoners until they could escape
Showed that a good amount of people regarded the rebels as
friends
Gen. San Miguels reign ended on March 28, 1903
PH scouts located their Marikina base and killed San Miguel
Katipunan records show Katipunan members among residents of Manila

The New Katipunan: Faustino Guillermo

Faustino Guillermo
Leader of the New Katipunan after San Miguels death
Fought with Bonifacio and Jacinto back in the first battle of the Katipunan at San
Juan del Monte
Was active in Northern Rizal in the form of armed groups
Group called the Diliman Gang
Authorities thought they were cattle rustlers
After San Miguels death, operations were transferred elsewhere
Tomas De Guzman transferred to Zambales
Guillermo went to Bulacan to meet Colonel Contreras (Katipunan
Lieutenant)
Forces were disbanded in Rizal
Guillermo was subsequently captured
Was captured due to the Mayor of Cainta informing American officials
about Guillermos intention of getting Cainta to defect and join him
Pretended to defect in order to gain access to the hideout
Executed soon after his capture in Pasig on May 1904
Ended the Rizal-Bulacan uprising

Macario Sakay and the Tagalog Republic

Tagalog Republic born with the consolidation of several resistance forces in:
Rizal
 Cavite
Laguna
Batangas
Resistance forces led by:
Macario Sakay
Was captured earlier in the FIl-Am War due to Sedition Law
Resumed Katipunan duties after his release in 1902
Julian Montalan
Led resistance forces in Cavite
Cornelio Felizardo
Led resistance forces in Cavite
The Tagalog Republic
Formed before a massive push on Constabularies headed to Samar
Macario Sakay as President
Francisco Carreon as Vice President
Julian Montalan as Lt. General
Overall charge of military operations
Under him were:
Col. Ramos, Col. Masigla, Lt. Col de Vega
In charge of Cavite and eastern Batangas
Cornelio Felizardo as Major General
Under Julian Montalan
In charge of Pasay-Bacoor area
Aniceto Oruga as Brig. General
Had officers in charge in Batangas, Lake Taal and Laguna
Group was meticulously planned
Number of men and their ranks in each military subdivision was
established beforehand
Color that distinguished each branch of service was also planned
Constitution patterned after Katipunan constitution
Signed by Macario Sakay, Francisco Carreon, Aguedo del Rosario,
Alejandro Santiago, Nicolas Rivera, Salustiano Cruz, Justo Bautista,
Pedro Mendiola, Feliciano Cruz, Jose Flores, Benito Fernandes
Proclaimed that this republic were real revolutionaries
Had a flag
Government
Constitution
Suspension of the Writ, Sanctuary and Supplies, Ilustrado War and People's Wrath,
Salami Tactics, The Trap is Set and the Death of a Peoples Hero
The Tagalog Republics forces were in full preparation for a major uprising
Conducted raids for arms and ammunition in Cavite, Batangas, Rizal, Malabon
Governor Mariano Trias
Kidnapped by Tagalog Republic forces due to the arrest of 4 presidentes
suspected of collaboration with guerrillas under his order
Writ of habeas corpus suspended in Cavite and Batangas
Done on Jan 31 1905
Due to critical situation caused by raids of Tagalog Republic and kidnapping of
Gov. Trias
Writ of habeas corpus:
A prisoner under custody must be presented to court to determine
whether custody is legal or not
Mass support was extended to the Tagalog Republics forces
1st instance: support came from town officials and community leaders
Constabulary complained of two towns aiding guerrilla forces
2nd instance: public sympathy was shown towards rebels
Voluntary contributions was still sent to guerrilla forces even after laws
were in place to deter this
Farmers were isolated from suspected guerrilla camps
Taxation system in place for farmers, laborers
3rd instance: failed cordon tactics
Failed due to help from secret local supporters
4th instance: muchacho boys
Filipino servants stole military supplies from Americans and passed on
hand to hand until it reached intended guerrilla forces
5th instance: effective security and intelligence systems
Guerrilla forces had spies within govt forces for recruitment work and
intelligence for enemy outposts and camps
The Tagalog Republics forces however still struggled due to their major distrust of the
enemy
Only interacted with the enemy to take advantage of them
Anyone who collaborated with the enemy was killed
Anyone who chooses not to help guerrillas were punished
Tagalog Republics forces were destroyed within two years
Through the use of salami tactics
Systematically divide the opposition and attack each part until none is left
Groups were not allowed to join other groups to whittle down enemy
numbers
General Oruga surrendered on April 28 1905 with 7 men
Felizardos force was reduced to 6 men and was killed by two spies in his camp
The Tagalog Republic eventually ended through an elaborate plan
 Sakay was invited to Manila by Dr. Dominador Gomez for negotiations for their
surrender
Agreed on the term that amnesty be granted to them
As soon as Sakay was in Manila, Sakay and Gen. Leon Villafuerte (Sakays
emissary) were invited to a party in Cavite
Party was a trap and Sakay and his officers were surrounded by
American forces
Sakay and De Vega were sentenced to be hanged while Montalan and Villafuerte
were given prison terms that were shortened
Hanged in Bilibid on September 13 1907

Resistances in Bicol and in the North

Simeon Ola and Lazaro Toledo
Leaders of the Resistance in Bicol
Controlled 1,500 men with 150 guns at their peak
Operated similarly to the Tagalog Republic forces
In March 1903, PH scouts were sent to Albay to crush Ola and Toledos
resistance forces
Reconcentration was done to cut guerrilla supplies
Isolating guerrillas from commoners
Bolomen starved
Gen. Ola eventually surrendered on September 25, 1903
Col. Toledo surrendered two months after
Roman Manalan
operated in Pangasinan and Zambales
Fought from 1902-1903
Camps were situated in caves that were hard to penetrate
Manuel Tomines
Led resistance forces in Isabela
Maurice Sibley: second in command
Knew of a club of ex-officers of the Revolution headed by Ananias Diokno
hanged on April 10, 1905

The Ricarte Movement

Led by Gen. Artemio Ricarte

Wanted to revive Revolution under old officers
Refused the oath of allegiance to the US in 1901 and 1903
tried contacting Sakay and Felipe Salvador in 1903 but he was unsuccessful
Sakay did not trust him
created a Revolutionary Army of the Philippines.
 commissions provided the resistance in certain areas with a certain status and a
tie
Ricarte was captured in April 1904
Released in 1910

Nativistic Revival and the Magic Box

Two new features added to resistance movement due to peasant support

Superstitious peasants believed leaders to have supernatural powers.
Many resistance movements had a quasi-religious character
Had something they considered religious
Protests had social dimension
Due to poverty
Resistance of exploitation of local caciques (local chief)
Ruperto Rios
Led resistance movement in Tayabas
Had semi-religious features to his resistance movement
He was the son of god
Anting-antings would make them invulnerable to bullets
Called himself a Generalissimo in his movement
Eluded US authorities using the lightning change act
After an encounter or when pursued by a superior force, they quickly bury
their weapons, change clothes and lost themselves amid the population.
The Magic Box
Rios talked of a box that if opened would grant independencia
Rios and his resistance eventually fell
Same tactic of reconcentration made them fall
Was turned over by people in San Antonio and Paete
Hanged in 1903 at Tayabas

Apo Ipe, Social Goals in Religious Garb and Folk Hero

Felipe Salvador
Known as Apo Ipe
had quasi-religious influences as well
Started guerrilla movements after Aguinaldo surrendered
Movement called Santa Iglesia or Holy Church.
regarded by his followers as a prophet
Apo Ipe promised them ownership of the land and treated barrio people well
earned peasant faith and loyalty
Santa Iglesia gained many faithful adherents among the poor and landless
Was hard to capture due to his popularity
his top lieutenant was Captain Tiu
 Guardia de Honor was made due to his success
By May 1906, Salvador commanded an army of 300 men with 100 rifles.
Salvador continued to evade capture, but the superior strength of the state began
to be felt
Captain Tiu died in an encounter in Hagonoy in July 1906
greatly demoralized the fighting force of the Santa Iglesia
Apo Ipe continued to evade capture for 4 more years
apprehended in 1910

Papa Isio, Anti-Foreign, Anti-Elite, Dwindling Support and The Republic of Negros

Dionsio Magbuelas
Leader of resistance in Negros
Known as Papa Isio
Succeeded the previous leader of the resistance group Babaylanes
There was a civil war in Negros
Essentially a class war
Elite went to americans
Led by the Babaylanes under Papa Isio
Anti-american
Poorly-trained but fought hard
Papa Isio became more active when the major part of the US army was withdrawn from
Negros in October 1902.
After suffering a number of defeats, Isio went into hiding
In February 1907, he attacked the town of Suay in an attempt to start a general
uprising.
he surrendered on August 6, 1907
Burned towns to start an uprising
He was losing support
He was tried and sentenced to death
The Republic of Negros
Aguinaldo wanted Negros ilustrados to serve in Malolos govt
Negros ilustrados only wanted nominal affiliation with them
Negros were already negotiating with Americans at the time
Juan Araneta: the Secretary of War of the Negros Government
Appointed as Brigadier General and Politico Military Government of
Negros
Aguinaldo could not conceive of a resistance not led by the elite
Pulujanes in Cebu and Leyte, the Dios-Dios in Samar, Fighting Style and Control of the
Countryside

Quintin and Anatalio Tabal

led a pulajan movement in Cebu
due to the red uniforms the men wore
Resistance group killed 4 american teachers that angered americans
Reconcentration and attraction was used to kill down movement
Surrendered and negotiated with Sergio Osmena
Fasutino Ablen
Led the Dios-Dios group in Leyte
Claimed to possess supernatural power like Rios
Believed in anting-antings and holy oils that aided in combat
Led people on
Promised riches to the impoverished
rebels attacked local residents cooperating with the government
A rush of 4 battalions destroyed most of the group
On June 11, 1907, Papa Faustino was eventually captured
Dios-Dios
Dios-Dios also existed in Samar
Last leader killed in 1911
General Vicente Lukban led resistance forces here
Was captured but did not signal the end of the fighting
Pablo Bulan, Antonio Anugar and Pedro de la Cruz continued the fight
Pablo Bulan became leader of Dios-Dios
People joined the group as soon as it was obvious local officials were still corrupt
Enrique Dagohob
Strengthened Samar resistance/pulajan movements
Planned to destroy towns to force people to join resistance
Faced concentration from Govt
Still, thousands of rebels controlled the interior of Samar and could seize
large towns at will.
Fighting style include:
Bolos were the main weapons
used torches to burn houses and grass roofs.
By February 1905, the pulajanes dominated many areas of the island
Government had practically no control of Samar.
Samar was divided into 2 sections:
the Constabulary = peaceful western zone
eastern zone = regular army
Dagohon and Anugar killed in surprise raids
Pedro de la Cruz eventually killed in battle
Pablo himself was finally killed in another surprise attack on his camp
 Isidro Pompac (Papa Otoy)
Only prominent leader left after the death of 4 leaders
Commanded reduced pulajan forces
Killed in October 1911 after 4 years on the run

Spirit of the Revolution Alive

All these various resistance groups prove one thing:

The facade of stability barely concealed the resistance that continued to rage in
various parts of the country
Although resistance were primitive, still sought for freedom from foreign rule
The masses were still restive, still responsive to any movement that rekindled in their
hearts the revolutionary spirit of the Katipunan
The masses were ready to help out in the Revolution for freedom