C.

Carloni Mechanics of Historical Masonry Structures

Statics of Masonry Solids and Structures

Prof. Christian Carloni

Part IV
 C. Carloni Mechanics of Historical Masonry Structures

DISPLACEMENTS AND STRAINS

Displacement:
u( x)

Axial (longitudinal) strain:

AB AB du
(x)
AB dx

different notation
Note: the strain is assumed to be
dux x positive if the material/solid
x (x)
dx elongates and negative if it shortens
 C. Carloni Mechanics of Historical Masonry Structures

DISPLACEMENTS AND STRAINS

Displacement:
ux x, y uy x, y

Axial (longitudinal) strain:

u x
u u y dy
xx x
yy y y
x y
uy
Shear strain: y
dy
dy
uy
xy 2 xy dy x
dx
2 uy u x
dx
ux uy y dx dx x
ux
y x x
x
 C. Carloni Mechanics of Historical Masonry Structures

DISPLACEMENTS AND STRAINS

z z
y
u x
dy
y

y y
x uy
x yy dy x dx
x x

Axial (longitudinal) shear strain

strain is (the tangent of) the total
(unit change in length) change in angle occurring
between two originally
>0 elongation
perpendicular lines
<0 contraction
 C. Carloni Mechanics of Historical Masonry Structures

DISPLACEMENTS AND STRAINS

The compatibility equations link displacements and strains
in 1D: in 2D: in 3D:

x 0 0

0
0
0 xx y
xx x
dux ux 0 0 u
xx (x)
yy

yy 0 y u zz z
x
dx y uy
2 xy 2
yz 0
2 z y uz
y x xz
2 xy 0
z x


0
y x

In compact notation:
 C. Carloni Mechanics of Historical Masonry Structures

DISPLACEMENTS AND STRAIN

In 3D for a given strain tensor

the principal strains and principal directions of strain

[ , , ], i.e. those directions in which there exist only axial
strain and no distorsions, can be found solving the eigenvalue
problem:
=0

= 2nd order strain tensor

principal strain quantities to be detrmined
principal directions
identity matrix
 C. Carloni Mechanics of Historical Masonry Structures

STRESS AND FORCES

Cauchy Principle states that upon any surface that divides
the body, the action of one part of the body on the other is
equivalent (equipollent) to the system of distributed forces
and couples on the surface dividing the body.
Traction vector:
( )( , , )
z t(n)

Body force: p n

f( , , ) f dA
Surface force:
-t(n)
( , , ) y

x
 C. Carloni Mechanics of Historical Masonry Structures

STRESS AND FORCES

The traction vector ( ) , in general, has a component
along the normal to the surface, and two tangential
components, and , on the surface.
z t(n)
p n
( )
= , , f dA

= ( ) , , -t(n)
y
= ( ) , ,
x

= +
 C. Carloni Mechanics of Historical Masonry Structures

STRESS AND FORCES

The stress vector ( ) can be related to Cauchy stress
tensor

as

( )
, , = =

Note: from the balance of angular

moment it can be proved that = , Note that xy=xy
= and = , i.e. the stress
tensor has 6 indipendent components.
 C. Carloni Mechanics of Historical Masonry Structures

STRESS AND FORCES

The equilibrium equations link forces and stresses:

+ =
scalar equations:

+ + + =0

+ + + =0

+ + + =0

on the boundary:
=
 C. Carloni Mechanics of Historical Masonry Structures

STRESS AND FORCES

The equilibrium equations can be re-written as
xx
x 0 0 0 z y
fx yy In compact notation:
f zz
y 0 y 0 z 0 x
f yz
z xz
0 0 0
z y x xy

On the boundary
xx

px nx 0 0 0 n3 n2
yy

p zz In compact notation:
y 0 ny 0 n3 0 n1
p 0 0 nz n2 n1 0 yz
z
xz
xy
 C. Carloni Mechanics of Historical Masonry Structures

PRINCIPLE OF VIRTUAL WORK

Wi dV T dV T dV

1111 22 22 33 33 2 1212 2 1313 2 23 23 dV

We f udV p udS

We Wi

Why this holds?

It can be proved that D and D are adjoint operators.

You can pass from one to the other by doing the transpose and changing
sign to derivatives of odd order.
 C. Carloni Mechanics of Historical Masonry Structures

PRINCIPLE OF VIRTUAL WORK FOR MASONRY

Lets now use the PVW for masonry. Masonry is subjected
to a set of external loads p and f. The corresponding stress
state will satisfy equilibrium conditions.

Let u M be a displacement field. u is kinematically

admissible. Hence, cracks will develop and:

u
u
u u
 C. Carloni Mechanics of Historical Masonry Structures

PRINCIPLE OF VIRTUAL WORK FOR MASONRY

u(P) must satisfy:
u(P) n 0 when P r

and:

( n ) ( n ) when P u)
u(P) u(P) n

Finally:
when P u)
(P) 0

These are the compatibility conditions for u(P)

 C. Carloni Mechanics of Historical Masonry Structures

PRINCIPLE OF VIRTUAL WORK FOR MASONRY

We can easily recognize:

(P) 0 when P u)

t n P (n)u(P) 0

when P u)

r P u(P) 0 when P r

Compatibility conditions!
 C. Carloni Mechanics of Historical Masonry Structures

PRINCIPLE OF VIRTUAL WORK FOR MASONRY

Lets now write the PVW for masonry.
Note the
n
dV t udS f udV particular
u u u use of
n
t

If we consider that u r p u

n

u
dV r udS p udS
r p u
t udS
u
f udV

Note that this integral must be

evaluated for the set of f + and f -
 C. Carloni Mechanics of Historical Masonry Structures

PRINCIPLE OF VIRTUAL WORK FOR MASONRY

We will consider the circled term:

dV r udS p udS t n udS f udV

u r p u u

t n udS t n u P dS t n u P dS
u 1 u 2 u

We will define 1 and 2 as the sets of the surfaces f - and f +

 C. Carloni Mechanics of Historical Masonry Structures

PRINCIPLE OF VIRTUAL WORK FOR MASONRY

If we observe that:

u P u P u P
n

t udS
n

t u P dS u P dS u P dS
n
t
n
t
n

n

1 u 1 u 2 u
 C. Carloni Mechanics of Historical Masonry Structures

PRINCIPLE OF VIRTUAL WORK FOR MASONRY

Finally, if we observe that t t and 1(u)=2(u)
n n

t n udS t n n u P dS
u 1 u

Hence:

u
dV

n n
r udS p udS
r p 2 u
t udS
u
f udV
 C. Carloni Mechanics of Historical Masonry Structures

PRINCIPLE OF VIRTUAL WORK FOR MASONRY

We will use the following notation:

,
u
dV Note , 0

Note r,u 0
r,u
r
r udS

p,u
p
p udS
u
f udV ???????

t n , n u t n nudS Note t n , n u 0

2 u

Compatibility conditions!
 C. Carloni Mechanics of Historical Masonry Structures

PRINCIPLE OF VIRTUAL WORK FOR MASONRY

We can re-write the PVW

, r,u p,u t n n
, u
Taking into account the compatibility conditions:

0 r,u p,u t , u

n n

0 0

We obtain an important result: p,u 0

Is the equilibrium of a masonry structure always possible? NO