Nmode2 160210054831 PDF

Numerical Methods
Ordinary Differential Equations - 2
Dr. N. B. Vyas
Department of Mathematics,
Atmiya Institute of Tech. and Science,
Rajkot (Gujarat) - INDIA
niravbvyas@gmail.com
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -

Ordinary Differential Equations
Eulers Method:
Consider the differential Equation
dy
= f (x, y), y(x0 ) = y0
dx

Eulers Method:
dy
= f (x, y), y(x0 ) = y0
dx
The Taylors series is

(x x0 ) 0 (x x0 )2 00
y(x) = y(x0 ) + y (x0 ) + y (x0 ) + . . . - - - (1)
1! 2!

Eulers Method:
dy
= f (x, y), y(x0 ) = y0
dx

(x x0 ) 0 (x x0 )2 00
y(x) = y(x0 ) + y (x0 ) + y (x0 ) + . . . - - - (1)
1! 2!
Now substituting h = x1 x0 in eq (1), we get

Eulers Method:
dy
= f (x, y), y(x0 ) = y0
dx

(x x0 ) 0 (x x0 )2 00
y(x) = y(x0 ) + y (x0 ) + y (x0 ) + . . . - - - (1)
1! 2!
Now substituting h = x1 x0 in eq (1), we get
h2
y(x1 ) = y(x0 ) + hy 0 (x0 ) + y 00 (x0 ) + . . .
2!

Eulers Method
If h is chosen small enough then we may neglect the second and

higher order term of h.

Eulers Method

y1 = y0 + hf (x0 , y0 )

Eulers Method

y1 = y0 + hf (x0 , y0 )
Which is Eulers first approximation.

Eulers Method

y1 = y0 + hf (x0 , y0 )
The general step for Euler method is

Eulers Method

y1 = y0 + hf (x0 , y0 )
The general step for Euler method is
yi+1 = yi + hf (xi , yi ) where i = 0, 1, 2....

Eulers Method
Ex.: Use Eulers method to find y(1.6) given that

dy 1
= xy 2 , y(1) = 1
dx

Eulers Method
Sol.:
dy 1
Here x0 = 1, y0 = 1 and = f (x, y) = xy 2
dx

Eulers Method
Sol.:
dy 1
Here x0 = 1, y0 = 1 and = f (x, y) = xy 2
dx
we take h = 0.2
1st approximation:

Eulers Method
Sol.:
dy 1
Here x0 = 1, y0 = 1 and = f (x, y) = xy 2
dx
we take h = 0.2
1st approximation:
y1 = y0 + hf (x0 , y0 )

Eulers Method
Sol.:
dy 1
Here x0 = 1, y0 = 1 and = f (x, y) = xy 2
dx
we take h = 0.2
1st approximation:
y1 = y0 + hf (x0 , y0 )
1
= 1 + (0.2)(1)(1) 2

Eulers Method
Sol.:
dy 1
Here x0 = 1, y0 = 1 and = f (x, y) = xy 2
dx
we take h = 0.2
1st approximation:
y1 = y0 + hf (x0 , y0 )
1
= 1 + (0.2)(1)(1) 2
= 1.2

Eulers Method
Sol.:
dy 1
Here x0 = 1, y0 = 1 and = f (x, y) = xy 2
dx
we take h = 0.2
1st approximation:
y1 = y0 + hf (x0 , y0 )
1
= 1 + (0.2)(1)(1) 2
= 1.2
x1 = x0 + h = 1 + 0.2 = 1.2

Eulers Method
2nd approximation:

Eulers Method
2nd approximation:
y2 = y1 + hf (x1 , y1 )

Eulers Method
2nd approximation:
y2 = y1 + hf (x1 , y1 )
1
= 1.2 + (0.2)(1.2)(1.2) 2

Eulers Method
2nd approximation:
y2 = y1 + hf (x1 , y1 )
1
= 1.2 + (0.2)(1.2)(1.2) 2
= 1.4629

Eulers Method
2nd approximation:
y2 = y1 + hf (x1 , y1 )
1
= 1.2 + (0.2)(1.2)(1.2) 2
= 1.4629
x2 = x1 + h =

Eulers Method
2nd approximation:
y2 = y1 + hf (x1 , y1 )
1
= 1.2 + (0.2)(1.2)(1.2) 2
= 1.4629
x2 = x1 + h = 1.2 + 0.2 = 1.4
3rd approximation:
y3 = y2 + hf (x2 , y2 )

Eulers Method
2nd approximation:
y2 = y1 + hf (x1 , y1 )
1
= 1.2 + (0.2)(1.2)(1.2) 2
= 1.4629
x2 = x1 + h = 1.2 + 0.2 = 1.4
3rd approximation:
y3 = y2 + hf (x2 , y2 )
1
= 1.4629 + (0.2)(1.4)(1.4629) 2

Eulers Method
2nd approximation:
y2 = y1 + hf (x1 , y1 )
1
= 1.2 + (0.2)(1.2)(1.2) 2
= 1.4629
x2 = x1 + h = 1.2 + 0.2 = 1.4
3rd approximation:
y3 = y2 + hf (x2 , y2 )
1
= 1.4629 + (0.2)(1.4)(1.4629) 2
= 1.8016

Eulers Method
2nd approximation:
y2 = y1 + hf (x1 , y1 )
1
= 1.2 + (0.2)(1.2)(1.2) 2
= 1.4629
x2 = x1 + h = 1.2 + 0.2 = 1.4
3rd approximation:
y3 = y2 + hf (x2 , y2 )
1
= 1.4629 + (0.2)(1.4)(1.4629) 2
= 1.8016
x3 = x2 + h = 1.4 + 0.2 = 1.6

Eulers Method
2nd approximation:
y2 = y1 + hf (x1 , y1 )
1
= 1.2 + (0.2)(1.2)(1.2) 2
= 1.4629
x2 = x1 + h = 1.2 + 0.2 = 1.4
3rd approximation:
y3 = y2 + hf (x2 , y2 )
1
= 1.4629 + (0.2)(1.4)(1.4629) 2
= 1.8016
x3 = x2 + h = 1.4 + 0.2 = 1.6
y(1.6) = 1.8016
Eulers Method
Ex.: Using Eulers method, find y(0.2), given

dy 2x
= y , y(0) = 1. (Take h = 0.1)
dx y

Eulers Method
Sol.:
dy 2x
Here x0 = 0, y0 = 1 and = f (x, y) = y
dx y

Eulers Method
Sol.:
dy 2x
Here x0 = 0, y0 = 1 and = f (x, y) = y
dx y
we take h = 0.1

Eulers Method
Sol.:
dy 2x
Here x0 = 0, y0 = 1 and = f (x, y) = y
dx y
we take h = 0.1
1st approximation:

Eulers Method
Sol.:
dy 2x
Here x0 = 0, y0 = 1 and = f (x, y) = y
dx y
we take h = 0.1
1st approximation:
y1 = y0 + hf (x0 , y0 )

Eulers Method
Sol.:
dy 2x
Here x0 = 0, y0 = 1 and = f (x, y) = y
dx y
we take h = 0.1
1st approximation:
y1 = y0 + hf (x0 , y0 )
= 1 + (0.1)(1 0)

Eulers Method
Sol.:
dy 2x
Here x0 = 0, y0 = 1 and = f (x, y) = y
dx y
we take h = 0.1
1st approximation:
y1 = y0 + hf (x0 , y0 )
= 1 + (0.1)(1 0)
= 1.1

Eulers Method
Sol.:
dy 2x
Here x0 = 0, y0 = 1 and = f (x, y) = y
dx y
we take h = 0.1
1st approximation:
y1 = y0 + hf (x0 , y0 )
= 1 + (0.1)(1 0)
= 1.1
x1 = x0 + h = 0 + 0.1 = 0.1

Eulers Method
2nd approximation:

Eulers Method
2nd approximation:
y2 = y1 + hf (x1 , y1 )

Eulers Method
2nd approximation:
y2 = y1 + hf (x1 , y1 )
= 1.1 + (0.1)f (0.1, 1.1)

Eulers Method
2nd approximation:
y2 = y1 + hf (x1 , y1 )
= 1.1 + (0.1)f (0.1, 1.1)

2(0.1)
= 1.1 + (0.1) 0.1
1.1

Eulers Method
2nd approximation:
y2 = y1 + hf (x1 , y1 )
= 1.1 + (0.1)f (0.1, 1.1)

2(0.1)
= 1.1 + (0.1) 0.1
1.1
= 1.1918

Eulers Method
2nd approximation:
y2 = y1 + hf (x1 , y1 )
= 1.1 + (0.1)f (0.1, 1.1)

2(0.1)
= 1.1 + (0.1) 0.1
1.1
= 1.1918
x2 = x1 + h = 0.1 + 0.1 = 0.2

Eulers Method
2nd approximation:
y2 = y1 + hf (x1 , y1 )
= 1.1 + (0.1)f (0.1, 1.1)

2(0.1)
= 1.1 + (0.1) 0.1
1.1
= 1.1918
x2 = x1 + h = 0.1 + 0.1 = 0.2
y(0.2) = 1.1918

Eulers Method
Ex.: Use Eulers method to obtain an approx value

dy
of y(0.4) for the equation = x + y, y(0) = 1 with
dx
h = 0.1.

Eulers Method
Sol.:
Here x0 = 0, y0 = 1, h = 0.1 and
dy
= f (x, y) = x + y
dx

Eulers Method
Sol.:
Here x0 = 0, y0 = 1, h = 0.1 and
dy
= f (x, y) = x + y
dx
1st approximation:

Eulers Method
Sol.:
Here x0 = 0, y0 = 1, h = 0.1 and
dy
= f (x, y) = x + y
dx
1st approximation:
y1 = y0 + hf (x0 , y0 )

Eulers Method
Sol.:
Here x0 = 0, y0 = 1, h = 0.1 and
dy
= f (x, y) = x + y
dx
1st approximation:
y1 = y0 + hf (x0 , y0 )
= 1 + (0.1)(0 + 1)

Eulers Method
Sol.:
Here x0 = 0, y0 = 1, h = 0.1 and
dy
= f (x, y) = x + y
dx
1st approximation:
y1 = y0 + hf (x0 , y0 )
= 1 + (0.1)(0 + 1)
= 1.1

Eulers Method
Sol.:
Here x0 = 0, y0 = 1, h = 0.1 and
dy
= f (x, y) = x + y
dx
1st approximation:
y1 = y0 + hf (x0 , y0 )
= 1 + (0.1)(0 + 1)
= 1.1
x1 = x0 + h = 0 + 0.1 = 0.1

Eulers Method
2nd approximation:

Eulers Method
2nd approximation:
y2 = y1 + hf (x1 , y1 )

Eulers Method
2nd approximation:
y2 = y1 + hf (x1 , y1 )
= 1.1 + (0.1)f (0.1, 1.1)

Eulers Method
2nd approximation:
y2 = y1 + hf (x1 , y1 )
= 1.1 + (0.1)f (0.1, 1.1)
= 1.1 + (0.1)(0.1 + 1.1)

Eulers Method
2nd approximation:
y2 = y1 + hf (x1 , y1 )
= 1.1 + (0.1)f (0.1, 1.1)
= 1.1 + (0.1)(0.1 + 1.1)
= 1.22

Eulers Method
2nd approximation:
y2 = y1 + hf (x1 , y1 )
= 1.1 + (0.1)f (0.1, 1.1)
= 1.1 + (0.1)(0.1 + 1.1)
= 1.22
x2 = x1 + h = 0.1 + 0.1 = 0.2

Eulers Method
2nd approximation:
y2 = y1 + hf (x1 , y1 )
= 1.1 + (0.1)f (0.1, 1.1)
= 1.1 + (0.1)(0.1 + 1.1)
= 1.22
x2 = x1 + h = 0.1 + 0.1 = 0.2
3rd approximation:

Eulers Method
2nd approximation:
y2 = y1 + hf (x1 , y1 )
= 1.1 + (0.1)f (0.1, 1.1)
= 1.1 + (0.1)(0.1 + 1.1)
= 1.22
x2 = x1 + h = 0.1 + 0.1 = 0.2
3rd approximation:
y3 = y2 + hf (x2 , y2 )

Eulers Method
2nd approximation:
y2 = y1 + hf (x1 , y1 )
= 1.1 + (0.1)f (0.1, 1.1)
= 1.1 + (0.1)(0.1 + 1.1)
= 1.22
x2 = x1 + h = 0.1 + 0.1 = 0.2
3rd approximation:
y3 = y2 + hf (x2 , y2 )
= 1.22 + (0.1)(0.2 + 1.22)

Eulers Method
2nd approximation:
y2 = y1 + hf (x1 , y1 )
= 1.1 + (0.1)f (0.1, 1.1)
= 1.1 + (0.1)(0.1 + 1.1)
= 1.22
x2 = x1 + h = 0.1 + 0.1 = 0.2
3rd approximation:
y3 = y2 + hf (x2 , y2 )
= 1.22 + (0.1)(0.2 + 1.22)
= 1.362

Eulers Method
2nd approximation:
y2 = y1 + hf (x1 , y1 )
= 1.1 + (0.1)f (0.1, 1.1)
= 1.1 + (0.1)(0.1 + 1.1)
= 1.22
x2 = x1 + h = 0.1 + 0.1 = 0.2
3rd approximation:
y3 = y2 + hf (x2 , y2 )
= 1.22 + (0.1)(0.2 + 1.22)
= 1.362
x3 = x2 + h = 0.2 + 0.1 = 0.3
Eulers Method
2nd approximation:
y2 = y1 + hf (x1 , y1 )
= 1.1 + (0.1)f (0.1, 1.1)
= 1.1 + (0.1)(0.1 + 1.1)
= 1.22
x2 = x1 + h = 0.1 + 0.1 = 0.2
3rd approximation:
y3 = y2 + hf (x2 , y2 )
= 1.22 + (0.1)(0.2 + 1.22)
= 1.362
x3 = x2 + h = 0.2 + 0.1 = 0.3
Eulers Method
4th approximation:

Eulers Method
4th approximation:
y4 = y3 + hf (x3 , y3 )

Eulers Method
4th approximation:
y4 = y3 + hf (x3 , y3 )
= 1.362 + (0.1)f (0.3, 1.362)

Eulers Method
4th approximation:
y4 = y3 + hf (x3 , y3 )
= 1.362 + (0.1)f (0.3, 1.362)
= 1.362 + (0.1)(0.3 + 1.362)

Eulers Method
4th approximation:
y4 = y3 + hf (x3 , y3 )
= 1.362 + (0.1)f (0.3, 1.362)
= 1.362 + (0.1)(0.3 + 1.362)
= 1.5282

Eulers Method
4th approximation:
y4 = y3 + hf (x3 , y3 )
= 1.362 + (0.1)f (0.3, 1.362)
= 1.362 + (0.1)(0.3 + 1.362)
= 1.5282
x4 = x3 + h = 0.3 + 0.1 = 0.4

Eulers Method
4th approximation:
y4 = y3 + hf (x3 , y3 )
= 1.362 + (0.1)f (0.3, 1.362)
= 1.362 + (0.1)(0.3 + 1.362)
= 1.5282
x4 = x3 + h = 0.3 + 0.1 = 0.4
y(0.4) = 1.5282

Eulers Method
dy yx
Ex.: Given = , y(0) = 1.
dx y + x
Find y(0.1) by Eulers method in 5 steps.

Eulers Method
Sol.:
Here x0 = 0, y0 = 1, h = 0.02 and
dy yx
= f (x, y) =
dx y+x

Eulers Method
Sol.:
Here x0 = 0, y0 = 1, h = 0.02 and
dy yx
= f (x, y) =
dx y+x
1st approximation:

Eulers Method
Sol.:
Here x0 = 0, y0 = 1, h = 0.02 and
dy yx
= f (x, y) =
dx y+x
1st approximation:
y1 = y0 + hf (x0 , y0 )

Eulers Method
Sol.:
Here x0 = 0, y0 = 1, h = 0.02 and
dy yx
= f (x, y) =
dx y+x
1st approximation:
y1 = y0 + hf (x0 , y0 )

10
= 1 + (0.02)
1+0

Eulers Method
Sol.:
Here x0 = 0, y0 = 1, h = 0.02 and
dy yx
= f (x, y) =
dx y+x
1st approximation:
y1 = y0 + hf (x0 , y0 )

10
= 1 + (0.02)
1+0
= 1.02

Eulers Method
Sol.:
Here x0 = 0, y0 = 1, h = 0.02 and
dy yx
= f (x, y) =
dx y+x
1st approximation:
y1 = y0 + hf (x0 , y0 )

10
= 1 + (0.02)
1+0
= 1.02
x1 = x0 + h = 0 + 0.02 = 0.02

Eulers Method
2nd approximation:

Eulers Method
2nd approximation:
y2 = y1 + hf (x1 , y1 )

Eulers Method
2nd approximation:
y2 = y1 + hf (x1 , y1 )

1.02 0.02
= 1.02 + (0.02)
1.02 + 0.02

Eulers Method
2nd approximation:
y2 = y1 + hf (x1 , y1 )

1.02 0.02
= 1.02 + (0.02)
1.02 + 0.02
= 1.0392

Eulers Method
2nd approximation:
y2 = y1 + hf (x1 , y1 )

1.02 0.02
= 1.02 + (0.02)
1.02 + 0.02
= 1.0392
x2 = x1 + h = 0.02 + 0.02 = 0.04

Eulers Method
3rd approximation:
y3 = y2 + hf (x2 , y2 )

Eulers Method
3rd approximation:
y3 = y2 + hf (x2 , y2 )

1.0392 0.04
= 1.0392 + (0.02)
1.0392 + 0.04

Eulers Method
3rd approximation:
y3 = y2 + hf (x2 , y2 )

1.0392 0.04
= 1.0392 + (0.02)
1.0392 + 0.04
= 1.0577

Eulers Method
3rd approximation:
y3 = y2 + hf (x2 , y2 )

1.0392 0.04
= 1.0392 + (0.02)
1.0392 + 0.04
= 1.0577
x3 = x2 + h = 0.04 + 0.02 = 0.06

Eulers Method
4th approximation:

Eulers Method
4th approximation:
y4 = y3 + hf (x3 , y3 )

Eulers Method
4th approximation:
y4 = y3 + hf (x3 , y3 )

1.0577 0.06
= 1.0577 + (0.02)
1.0577 + 0.06

Eulers Method
4th approximation:
y4 = y3 + hf (x3 , y3 )

1.0577 0.06
= 1.0577 + (0.02)
1.0577 + 0.06
= 1.0755

Eulers Method
4th approximation:
y4 = y3 + hf (x3 , y3 )

1.0577 0.06
= 1.0577 + (0.02)
1.0577 + 0.06
= 1.0755
x4 = x3 + h = 0.06 + 0.02 = 0.08

Eulers Method
4th approximation:
y4 = y3 + hf (x3 , y3 )

1.0577 0.06
= 1.0577 + (0.02)
1.0577 + 0.06
= 1.0755
x4 = x3 + h = 0.06 + 0.02 = 0.08

Eulers Method
5th approximation:

Eulers Method
5th approximation:
y4 = y3 + hf (x3 , y3 )

Eulers Method
5th approximation:
y4 = y3 + hf (x3 , y3 )

1.0755 0.08
= 1.0755 + (0.02)
1.0755 + 0.08

Eulers Method
5th approximation:
y4 = y3 + hf (x3 , y3 )

1.0755 0.08
= 1.0755 + (0.02)
1.0755 + 0.08
= 1.0928

Eulers Method
5th approximation:
y4 = y3 + hf (x3 , y3 )

1.0755 0.08
= 1.0755 + (0.02)
1.0755 + 0.08
= 1.0928
x5 = x4 + h = 0.08 + 0.02 = 1

Eulers Method
5th approximation:
y4 = y3 + hf (x3 , y3 )

1.0755 0.08
= 1.0755 + (0.02)
1.0755 + 0.08
= 1.0928
x5 = x4 + h = 0.08 + 0.02 = 1
y(1) = 1.0928

Eulers Method
dy y
Ex.: Find y(2) for = , y(1) = 1.
dx x
using Eulers method, take h = 0.2.

Modified Eulers Method:

By Eulers method
y1 = y0 + hf (x0 , y0 )


By Eulers method
y1 = y0 + hf (x0 , y0 )
(1)
For better approximation y1 of y1 , we take


By Eulers method
y1 = y0 + hf (x0 , y0 )
(1)
(1) h
y1 = y0 + [f (x0 , y0 ) + f (x1 , y1 )]
2


By Eulers method
y1 = y0 + hf (x0 , y0 )
(1)
(1) h
y1 = y0 + [f (x0 , y0 ) + f (x1 , y1 )]
2
where x1 = x0 + h


By Eulers method
y1 = y0 + hf (x0 , y0 )
(1)
(1) h
y1 = y0 + [f (x0 , y0 ) + f (x1 , y1 )]
2
where x1 = x0 + h
(2)
For still better approximation y1 of y1 ,


By Eulers method
y1 = y0 + hf (x0 , y0 )
(1)
(1) h
y1 = y0 + [f (x0 , y0 ) + f (x1 , y1 )]
2
where x1 = x0 + h
(2)
(2) hh (2)
i
y 1 = y0 + f (x0 , y0 ) + f (x1 , y1 )
2


By Eulers method
y1 = y0 + hf (x0 , y0 )
(1)
(1) h
y1 = y0 + [f (x0 , y0 ) + f (x1 , y1 )]
2
where x1 = x0 + h
(2)
(2) hh (2)
i
y 1 = y0 + f (x0 , y0 ) + f (x1 , y1 )
2
we repeat this process till two consecutive values
of y agree.
Modified Eulers Method
Once y1 is obtained to desired degree of accuracy,

we find y2


we find y2
y2 = y1 + hf (x1 , y1 )


we find y2
y2 = y1 + hf (x1 , y1 )
(1)


we find y2
y2 = y1 + hf (x1 , y1 )
(1)
(1) h
y2 = y1 + [f (x1 , y1 ) + f (x2 , y2 )]
2
where x2 = x1 + h


we find y2
y2 = y1 + hf (x1 , y1 )
(1)
(1) h
y2 = y1 + [f (x1 , y1 ) + f (x2 , y2 )]
2
where x2 = x1 + h
(2)


we find y2
y2 = y1 + hf (x1 , y1 )
(1)
(1) h
y2 = y1 + [f (x1 , y1 ) + f (x2 , y2 )]
2
where x2 = x1 + h
(2)
(2) hh (2)
i
y 2 = y1 + f (x1 , y1 ) + f (x2 , y2 )
2


we find y2
y2 = y1 + hf (x1 , y1 )
(1)
(1) h
y2 = y1 + [f (x1 , y1 ) + f (x2 , y2 )]
2
where x2 = x1 + h
(2)
(2) hh (2)
i
y 2 = y1 + f (x1 , y1 ) + f (x2 , y2 )
2
we repeat this step until y2 becomes stationary.
Then we proceed to calculate y3 in the same way
as above.
dy
Ex.: Solve = x + y , y(0) = 1.
dx
by Eulers modified method for x = 0.1
correct upto four decimal places by taking h = 0.05.

Sol.:
Here x0 = 0, y0 = 1, h = 0.05 and
dy
= f (x, y) = x + y
dx

Sol.:
Here x0 = 0, y0 = 1, h = 0.05 and
dy
= f (x, y) = x + y
dx
x1 = x0 + h = 0 + 0.05 = 0.05

Sol.:
Here x0 = 0, y0 = 1, h = 0.05 and
dy
= f (x, y) = x + y
dx
x1 = x0 + h = 0 + 0.05 = 0.05
y1 = y0 + hf (x0 , y0 )

Sol.:
Here x0 = 0, y0 = 1, h = 0.05 and
dy
= f (x, y) = x + y
dx
x1 = x0 + h = 0 + 0.05 = 0.05
y1 = y0 + hf (x0 , y0 )
= 1 + (0.05)(1)

Sol.:
Here x0 = 0, y0 = 1, h = 0.05 and
dy
= f (x, y) = x + y
dx
x1 = x0 + h = 0 + 0.05 = 0.05
y1 = y0 + hf (x0 , y0 )
= 1 + (0.05)(1)
= 1.05

1st approximation:

1st approximation:
(1) h
y1 = y0 + [f (x0 , y0 ) + f (x1 , y1 )]
2

1st approximation:
(1) h
y1 = y0 + [f (x0 , y0 ) + f (x1 , y1 )]
2
0.05
= 1 + 2 [(0 + 1) + (0.05 + 1.05)] =

1st approximation:
(1) h
y1 = y0 + [f (x0 , y0 ) + f (x1 , y1 )]
2
0.05
= 1 + 2 [(0 + 1) + (0.05 + 1.05)] = 1.0525
2nd approximation:

1st approximation:
(1) h
y1 = y0 + [f (x0 , y0 ) + f (x1 , y1 )]
2
0.05
= 1 + 2 [(0 + 1) + (0.05 + 1.05)] = 1.0525
2nd approximation:
(2) hh
y1 = y0 + f (x0 , y0 ) +
2

1st approximation:
(1) h
y1 = y0 + [f (x0 , y0 ) + f (x1 , y1 )]
2
0.05
= 1 + 2 [(0 + 1) + (0.05 + 1.05)] = 1.0525
2nd approximation:
(2) hh (1)
i
y1 = y0 + f (x0 , y0 ) + f (x1 , y1 )
2

1st approximation:
(1) h
y1 = y0 + [f (x0 , y0 ) + f (x1 , y1 )]
2
0.05
= 1 + 2 [(0 + 1) + (0.05 + 1.05)] = 1.0525
2nd approximation:
(2) hh (1)
i
y1 = y0 + f (x0 , y0 ) + f (x1 , y1 )
2
= 1 + 0.05
2 [(0 + 1) + (0.05 + 1.0525)] =

1st approximation:
(1) h
y1 = y0 + [f (x0 , y0 ) + f (x1 , y1 )]
2
0.05
= 1 + 2 [(0 + 1) + (0.05 + 1.05)] = 1.0525
2nd approximation:
(2) hh (1)
i
y1 = y0 + f (x0 , y0 ) + f (x1 , y1 )
2
= 1 + 0.05
2 [(0 + 1) + (0.05 + 1.0525)] = 1.05256
y1 = 1.05256 correct up to 4 decimal places.

x2 = x1 + h = 0.05 + 0.05 = 0.1

x2 = x1 + h = 0.05 + 0.05 = 0.1

y2 = y1 + hf (x1 , y1 )

x2 = x1 + h = 0.05 + 0.05 = 0.1

y2 = y1 + hf (x1 , y1 )
= 1.05256 + (0.05)(0.1 + 1.05256)

x2 = x1 + h = 0.05 + 0.05 = 0.1

y2 = y1 + hf (x1 , y1 )
= 1.05256 + (0.05)(0.1 + 1.05256)
= 1.10769

1st approximation:
(1) h
y2 = y1 + [f (x1 , y1 ) + f (x2 , y2 )]
2

1st approximation:
(1) h
y2 = y1 + [f (x1 , y1 ) + f (x2 , y2 )]
2
=
1.05256 + 0.05
2 [(0.05 + 1.05256) + (0.1 + 1.10769)]
=
2nd approximation:
(2) hh (1)
i
y2 = y1 + f (x1 , y1 ) + f (x2 , y2 )
2

1st approximation:
(1) h
y2 = y1 + [f (x1 , y1 ) + f (x2 , y2 )]
2
=
1.05256 + 0.05
2 [(0.05 + 1.05256) + (0.1 + 1.10769)]
=
2nd approximation:
(2) hh (1)
i
y2 = y1 + f (x1 , y1 ) + f (x2 , y2 )
2
y2 = .... correct up to 4 decimal places.

Ex.: Using modified Eulers method , find y(0.2)

and y(0.4) given that
dy
= y + ex , y(0) = 0
dx

Sol.:
Here x0 = 0, y0 = 0, h = 0.2 and
dy
= f (x, y) = y + ex
dx
x1 = x0 + h = 0.2

Sol.:
Here x0 = 0, y0 = 0, h = 0.2 and
dy
= f (x, y) = y + ex
dx
x1 = x0 + h = 0.2
y1 = y0 + hf (x0 , y0 )

Sol.:
Here x0 = 0, y0 = 0, h = 0.2 and
dy
= f (x, y) = y + ex
dx
x1 = x0 + h = 0.2
y1 = y0 + hf (x0 , y0 )
= 0 + (0.2)(0 + e0 )

Sol.:
Here x0 = 0, y0 = 0, h = 0.2 and
dy
= f (x, y) = y + ex
dx
x1 = x0 + h = 0.2
y1 = y0 + hf (x0 , y0 )
= 0 + (0.2)(0 + e0 )
= 0.2

1st approximation:

1st approximation:
(1) h
y1 = y0 + [f (x0 , y0 ) + f (x1 , y1 )]
2

1st approximation:
(1) h
y1 = y0 + [f (x0 , y0 ) + f (x1 , y1 )]
2
0.2
= 0 + 2 [f (0, 0) + f (0.2, 0.2)] =

1st approximation:
(1) h
y1 = y0 + [f (x0 , y0 ) + f (x1 , y1 )]
2
0.2
= 0 + 2 [f (0, 0) + f (0.2, 0.2)] = 0.24214
2nd approximation:

1st approximation:
(1) h
y1 = y0 + [f (x0 , y0 ) + f (x1 , y1 )]
2
0.2
= 0 + 2 [f (0, 0) + f (0.2, 0.2)] = 0.24214
2nd approximation:
(2) hh (1)
i
y1 = y0 + f (x0 , y0 ) + f (x1 , y1 )
2

1st approximation:
(1) h
y1 = y0 + [f (x0 , y0 ) + f (x1 , y1 )]
2
0.2
= 0 + 2 [f (0, 0) + f (0.2, 0.2)] = 0.24214
2nd approximation:
(2) hh (1)
i
y1 = y0 + f (x0 , y0 ) + f (x1 , y1 )
2
= 0 + 0.2
2 [f (0, 0) + f (0.2, 0.24214)] =

1st approximation:
(1) h
y1 = y0 + [f (x0 , y0 ) + f (x1 , y1 )]
2
0.2
= 0 + 2 [f (0, 0) + f (0.2, 0.2)] = 0.24214
2nd approximation:
(2) hh (1)
i
y1 = y0 + f (x0 , y0 ) + f (x1 , y1 )
2
= 0 + 0.2
2 [f (0, 0) + f (0.2, 0.24214)] = 0.24635

3rd approximation:

3rd approximation:
(3) hh (2)
i
y1 = y0 + f (x0 , y0 ) + f (x1 , y1 )
2

3rd approximation:
(3) hh (2)
i
y1 = y0 + f (x0 , y0 ) + f (x1 , y1 )
2
= 0 + 0.2
2 [f (0, 0) + f (0.2, 0.24635)] =

3rd approximation:
(3) hh (2)
i
y1 = y0 + f (x0 , y0 ) + f (x1 , y1 )
2
= 0 + 0.2
2 [f (0, 0) + f (0.2, 0.24635)] = 0.24678
4th approximation:

3rd approximation:
(3) hh (2)
i
y1 = y0 + f (x0 , y0 ) + f (x1 , y1 )
2
= 0 + 0.2
2 [f (0, 0) + f (0.2, 0.24635)] = 0.24678
4th approximation:
(4) hh (3)
i
y1 = y0 + f (x0 , y0 ) + f (x1 , y1 )
2

3rd approximation:
(3) hh (2)
i
y1 = y0 + f (x0 , y0 ) + f (x1 , y1 )
2
= 0 + 0.2
2 [f (0, 0) + f (0.2, 0.24635)] = 0.24678
4th approximation:
(4) hh (3)
i
y1 = y0 + f (x0 , y0 ) + f (x1 , y1 )
2
= 0 + 0.2
2 [f (0, 0) + f (0.2, 0.24678)] =

3rd approximation:
(3) hh (2)
i
y1 = y0 + f (x0 , y0 ) + f (x1 , y1 )
2
= 0 + 0.2
2 [f (0, 0) + f (0.2, 0.24635)] = 0.24678
4th approximation:
(4) hh (3)
i
y1 = y0 + f (x0 , y0 ) + f (x1 , y1 )
2
= 0 + 0.2
2 [f (0, 0) + f (0.2, 0.24678)] = 0.24681

5th approximation:

5th approximation:
(5) hh (4)
i
y1 = y0 + f (x0 , y0 ) + f (x1 , y1 )
2

5th approximation:
(5) hh (4)
i
y1 = y0 + f (x0 , y0 ) + f (x1 , y1 )
2
= 0.24682

x2 = x1 + h = 0.4

x2 = x1 + h = 0.4
y2 = y1 + hf (x1 , y1 )

x2 = x1 + h = 0.4
y2 = y1 + hf (x1 , y1 )
= 0.24682 + (0.2)f (0.2, 0.24682)

x2 = x1 + h = 0.4
y2 = y1 + hf (x1 , y1 )
= 0.24682 + (0.2)f (0.2, 0.24682)
= 0.54046

1st approximation:

1st approximation:
(1) h
y2 = y1 + [f (x1 , y1 ) + f (x2 , y2 )]
2

1st approximation:
(1) h
y2 = y1 + [f (x1 , y1 ) + f (x2 , y2 )]
2
= 0.59687
2nd approximation:

1st approximation:
(1) h
y2 = y1 + [f (x1 , y1 ) + f (x2 , y2 )]
2
= 0.59687
2nd approximation:
(2) hh (1)
i
y2 = y1 + f (x1 , y1 ) + f (x2 , y2 )
2

1st approximation:
(1) h
y2 = y1 + [f (x1 , y1 ) + f (x2 , y2 )]
2
= 0.59687
2nd approximation:
(2) hh (1)
i
y2 = y1 + f (x1 , y1 ) + f (x2 , y2 )
2
=0.60251

3rd approximation:

3rd approximation:
(3) hh (2)
i
y2 = y1 + f (x1 , y1 ) + f (x2 , y2 )
2

3rd approximation:
(3) hh (2)
i
y2 = y1 + f (x1 , y1 ) + f (x2 , y2 )
2
= 0.60308
4th approximation:
(4) hh (3)
i
y2 = y1 + f (x1 , y1 ) + f (x2 , y2 )
2

3rd approximation:
(3) hh (2)
i
y2 = y1 + f (x1 , y1 ) + f (x2 , y2 )
2
= 0.60308
4th approximation:
(4) hh (3)
i
y2 = y1 + f (x1 , y1 ) + f (x2 , y2 )
2
= 0.60313

5th approximation:

5th approximation:
(5) hh (4)
i
y2 = y1 + f (x1 , y1 ) + f (x2 , y2 )
2

5th approximation:
(5) hh (4)
i
y2 = y1 + f (x1 , y1 ) + f (x2 , y2 )
2
= 0.60314

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