HEK 215 CONTEMPORARY

ENGLISH GRAMMAR
Group Members Name and Matric Number:

1) Nurul Huda bt Mohd Ibrahim 131682

2) Nur Hafizah binti Mohammad Husaini 130677

3) Javarica Dee Linna binti Jack 130670

4) Vinotini a/p Gopi Nathan 130683

Course : TESOL
 TYPES OF NOUNS
COMMON NOUNS vs PROPER CONCRETE NOUNS vs ABDSTRACT
NOUNS NOUNS
Countable Uncountable Singular Physical entities or Abstractions;
Entities Cannot and substances events,
that can be definite states,
be counted Marked by Countable Uncountable times,
counted (e.g.: an initial Refers Refers to qualities
(e.g.: milk) capital to substances,
cow) No a/an letter persons, materials,
before Sometimes objects, liquids,
the noun have a places gases
possessive
determiner
(e.g.: our
Sue)
Regularly
occur with
a definite
article; the

Many nouns can be both countable and uncountable but with different meaning
I think these are eggs from our chickens. (countable)
Would you like some chicken for dinner? (uncountable) Concrete nouns
Plant beverages include tea and coffee. (uncountable)
Six teas please. (countable=cups of tea)
What is your highest level of education? (uncountable=general abstraction) Abstract noun
Although she was a girl she wanted an education. (countable=refers to particular types of it)
 Package Nouns
Collective Nouns Unit Nouns
Refer to groups of Cut up a generalized
people, animals, or mass into individual
things like ordinary
units.
countable nouns.
Nouns like group, They are countable
crowd and flock are nouns but followed by
called 'of-collectives' an of- phrase an
because they generally uncountable noun.
precede of + plural
noun. Vary in range & 1
uncountable noun can
combine with variety of
Some 'of-collectives' unit nouns.
such as group are quite
general in meaning Examples:
where others have
more specific meaning. A bit of cake, wood
A chunk of concrete
A grain of corn, dust
An item of clothing
Types and examples :
A lump clay, coal
Scrap of paper
Slice of - bread
Typical collective Specific collective
nouns: nouns:
bunch of - idiots,thieves herd of - cows
crowd of -fans,shoppers host of - stars
gang of - thugs, bandits pack of - lies
flock of - birds, geese series of - accidents
troop of - inspectors
Quantifying Nouns
Refer to quantities
containing a plural noun or
an uncountable noun.
7 kinds of this noun:
(A) Nouns for a type of
container basket of eggs,
box of books.
(B) Noun for shape heap
of ashes, piles of rubbish.
(C) Measure nouns
gallon of oil, ton of ore.
(D) Plural numeral nouns
Hundreds of times
(E) Nouns for large
quantities loads of
money, a mass of blood.
(F) Nouns ending in -ful-
handful of people, mouthful
of chocolate.
(G) Pair and couple pair
of arms, couple of babies.
Species Nouns
Another class of nouns
often followed by an
'of-phrase'.
Refer to the type rather
than quantity of things.
Can be followed by
countable / uncountable
nouns.
Sort (of) + noun &
kind (of) + noun - the
most common species
noun.
Sort of + noun used in
conversation while
kind of + noun used in
fiction.
Other species nouns
are used only in
academic writing.
Examples:
Sort of - character
Types of - bond, car
Kinds of - questions
 N The singular nouns are unmarked and most
common form.
NUMBER: Plural nouns are formed from the singular by
inflectional change; addition of suffixes.
Term used for the contrast between
singular & plural.

PLURAL

REGULAR PLURALS IRREGULAR PLURALS LATIN & GREEK PLURALS ZERO PLURALS PLURALS-ONLY
NOUNS &
Most of nouns Categorised into Borrowed words from Plurals which do SINGULAR NOUNS
form plurals by two; native English Latin and Greek keep not change from IN -S
adding the ending plurals and plurals original plurals. singular to plural. Can be confusing
(e)s. borrowed from
other languages. Ex: because;
Ex:
Ex: Curriculum curricula Animal nouns;
Case cases Ex: Syllabus syllabi Look singular but
fish
Cat cats Changing the Appendix appendices actually plural:
Quantifying
Girl girls vowels: people, staff
nouns; dozen,
Man men hundred
Foot feet Look plural but
Aircraft, species
actually singular:
Adding (r)en: news, measles
Ox oxen Gender & Noun
Formation
Consonant /f/
changes to /v/
Leaf - leaves 4 semantic gender classes can
Four ways of specifying masculine be identified:
Genitives (ending with s)
and feminine contrast in nouns: 1. Masculine
Used to express possession Using completely different 2. Feminine
noun: 3. Personal gender
father - mother (refer to people
regardless gender)
As determiner: specifying
Using derived nouns with 4. Neuter gender (refer
genitives masculine and feminine to inanimate)
The girls face = her face suffixes -er/or, -ess
waiter - waitress
As modifier: classifying genitives
a birds nest Using a modifier such as
Genitives of times & measure male, female, man,
Independent genitives woman: male nurse
Double genitives
Semantic types of noun taking Using nouns in -man, -
genitives woman
The choice between genitives chairman, spokeswoman
and of-phrases
 The Formation of
Derived Nouns

Affixation Compounding

Conversion
Formation of compound noun.
Suffixes
Prefixes Common patterns of
- Change both the
- Do not compounding patterns are as the
meaning and
normally alter followings:
word class.
the word class
- Their main role Structural Example
of the base Pattern
is to signal a noun + noun Bar-code, bathroom
word.
change of word noun + handshake, landslide
class. verb/noun
noun + verb-er dishwasher, dressmaker
Example : noun+ verb-ing fire-fighting,
Example: housekeeping
patient - verb/noun + cookbook, playboy
Dark - darkness outpatient noun
self + noun self-control, self-
indulgence
verb-ing + noun filling cabinet,
mockingbird
adjective + noun bigwig, blackbird,
-No affix is added to grandmother
the base but the base verb + particle checkout, feedback, fly-
over
itself converted into particle + bystander, downturn,
different word class verb/noun outfit

usually from a verb of

adjective into a noun.
Example :

Hopeful - presidential
hopefuls