Introduction of Geochemistry Exploration in Geothermal Industry - 2

Introduction of Geochemistry
Exploration in Geothermal Industry
Palembang, 11 February 2016

Universitas Sriwijaya
Bangkitkan Energi Negeri

Profil Instruktur
Mulyanto
BPS PT. Pertamina EP Tahun 2007
Geoscientist di Kamojang Field (2008-2009)
Geoscientist di Sibayak Field (2010)
Geochemist di Main Office (2010-sekarang)
Background Study
S1 Teknik Geologi UPN Yogyakarta (2002-
2006)
Postgraduate Geothermal Program The
University of Auckland, NZ (2008 & 2013)
S2 Geothermal Engineering ITB
Contact
mulyanto.pge@pertamina.com
Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Page 2

Outline
1 Introduction
2 Geothermal System
3 Surface Thermal Manifestations
4 Sampling Techniques
5 Geothermal Water Types
6 Geothermometers
7 Geoindicators
8 Conceptual Model

1 Introduction

Geochemical References
Ellis, A.J. and Mahon, W.A.J., 1977. Chemistry and

Geothermal System. Academic Press, New York.
Nicholson, K., 1993. Geothermal Fluids : Chemistry and
Exploration Techniques. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Wohletz, K. and Heiken, G., 1992. Volcanology and
Geothermal Energy. Univ. of California Press.
Kingston-Morrison, 1995. An Introduction to Geothermal
System. Kingston-Morrison, Auckland, NZ.
Etc.

Role of Geothermal Geochemist
In the exploration program, geochemist and geologist
work together to assess the potential of geothermal
resources for possible development
The key parameter assessed include:

Resource size
Resource temperature
Permeability
Recharge fluid and recharge area
Potential of scaling and corrosion
Environmental issues

Role of Geothermal Geochemist
During exploration :
Ascertain that a geothermal production field exists
Estimate the size and type of the geothermal system
Locate production zone
Determine the heat content of the fluid
Obtain data against the results of future monitoring
can be viewed
Recognize pre exploration values of environmentally
sensitive parameters
Recognize fluid characteristics might cause problems

2 Geothermal System

9
Geothermal System
(Hochstein and Browne, Encyclopedia of volcanoes, 2000)
Hydrothermal system : A type of geothermal system where heat transfers

from a heat source (often a cooling pluton) to the surface by free convection,
involving meteoric fluids with or without traces of magmatic fluids. Liquids
discharge at or near surface are replenished by meteoric water derived
from the outside (recharge) that is drawn in by the rising fluids. A
hydrothermal system consists of (1) a heat source, (2) a reservoir with
thermal fluids, (3) a surrounding recharge, and (4) a (heat) discharge area
at the surface with manifestation.
Volcanic system : A type of geothermal system where heat and mass
transfers from an igneous body (usually a magma chamber) to the surface
involving convection of magmatic fluids and sporadic discharge of magma
(subsurface melts); meteoric fluids are not involved in the heat transfer
process or are minor.
Volcanic-Hydrothermal system : A combination of a hydrothermal and
a volcanic system, where ascending magmatic (primary) fluids commonly
mix with meteoric (secondary) fluids (rarely sea water); also called a
magmatic-hydrothermal system.

10
Common Conceptual Model
http://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld003.htm

Type of Geothermal Systems

Type of Geothermal Systems

3 Surface Thermal Manifestations
13

Surface Thermal Manifestation
Artists Palette, Waiotapu, New Zealand

Geyser di Yellowstone National Park, USA

Hotspring di Cisolok, Cisukarame

Travertin Stone, Pamukale, Turkey

Mud pool di Kawah Manuk, Kamojang, West Java

Acid lake di Kawah Putih, Ciwidey.

Fumarola di Kawah Domas, Tangkubanparahu, West Java

Solfatara di Kotamobagu, North Sulawesi

4 Sampling Techniques
22

- Prepare water sample site
- Label all bottles
- Put on safety equipment
- Collect sample :
Preferably from up-flow of the springwithout disturbing
sediment
Rinse all the equipment 3 times to minimize
contamination
Collect samples
Kation analysis : 500 ml filtered and acidified
Anion analysis : 500 ml filtered
Stable isotope : 50 ml sample

Typical gas sampling procedure
- Pre-field preparation
Pour approx. 50 ml 8N NaOH
Apply vacuum to rotoflo bottle (-1 bar)
- Sampling gas and condensate
- Handling

Sampling procedure :

Sampling procedure :

5 Geothermal Water Types
32

Types of geothermal fluids and their relevance to exploration
studies
Fluid type Main application
Steam Geothermometry
Origin of fluid
Gas May be useful for geothermometry
May delinate active faults
Geothermal solutions Geothermometry
Origin of fluid
Production properties
Mixed waters Geothermometry if mixing trend can be
defined
Steam heated surface No memory of the geothermal system
Geothermal manifestation
waters

Classification of geothermal water (Ellis and Mahon
1978)
Alkali-chloride water: pH 4-11, least common

in young rocks, e.g. Iceland
Acid sulphate water: H2SSO4. Constituents
dissolved from surface rock
Acid sulphate -chloride water: Mixture, H2S
SO4 in alkali-chloride water or dissolution of
S
Bicarbonate water: CO2 rich steam condenses
or mixes with water, excess CO2 in old high-
temperature areas
Mostly meteoric water and sea water

Geotheral Fluid
Topography
Mixing:
Groundwater:
Reservoir water (Cl) + groundwater Diluted Cl-HCO3 water HCO3
Mg
Oxidation and condensation: Ca
H2S + 2O2 H2SO4 (2H+ + SO42-) SO4 water
CO2 + H2O H2CO3 (H+ + HCO3-) HCO3 water Water level
Boiling:
Water + ion : H2O + Cl, SiO2, Na, K, Ca, dll Cl water
Vapour+ gas : H2O + CO2, H2S, dll
Geothermal Fluid

Geothermal Fluid Based on Its Genetic

Geotermal Water Based on Its Major Anion

Bicarbonate water (HCO3)
Formed in the margin of the system

or shallow part of the system
As a secondary fluid that formed by

the adsorbtion and condensation of
CO2 in groundwater (steam heated
water)
Form travertine sinter at the surface

(CaCO3)

5 Geothermometers
44

Overview of Geothermometer
Must consider limitations of applying geothermometry

Geothermometers valid n different temperature
ranges
Equilibrate at different rates and respond
differently to boiling/cooling in upflow zones
Need understanding of basic and simplifying
assumptions
Insights from geothermometry can be misleading
could have a negative impact on the way the resource
is explored and subsequently developed, if limitations
are not taken into account.

Basic Assumptions
Solute geothermometers are based on temperature-dependent mineral-
fluid equilibria their successful application relies on 5 assumptions:
1. The concentration of elements or species to be used in the
geothermometer is controlled only by a temperature-dependent
mineral-fluid reaction
2. There is an abundance of the minerals and/or dissolved species in the
fluid system for the reaction to occur readily
3. The reaction attains equilibrium in the reservoir
4. There is a rapid flow to the surface with no re-equilibration after the
fluid leaves the reservoir (i.e. no near-surface reactions)
5. There is no mixing or dilution of the deep fluid (this assumption can
be passed, if the extent of dilution can be evaluated)
(Nicholson, 1996)
Question
What type of geothermal water can be used to calculate geothermometer?

Gas Geothermometers
Three (3) were based on the concentrations of CO2, H2S, and H2
respectively.
= 44.1 + 269.25 76.882 + 9.523
Q = log CO2 (mmol/kg)
= 246.7 + 44.8
Q = log H2S (mmol/kg)
= 277.2 + 20.99
Q = log H2 (mmol/kg)
Three (3) were based on the gas ratios (CO2/H2), (H2/H2S), and (CH4/CO2).
4
= 341.7 28.57 log 2
2
= 304.1 39.48 log
2
4625
=
273.15 1991
log 4 +10.4
2
Gas unit mmol/kg

FT-HSH2 (Pyrite Hematite) by Siega et al, 2000
CAR-HAR by Powell & Cumming,

2010

6 Geoindicators
53

Common source reservoir: similar CI/B or Cl/Li
Upflows/high permeability/boiling/high temperature zones:

low Na/K, Na/Ca, Cl/SO4, HCO3/SO4, CO2/H2S
high SO4, SO4/Cl, Non-condensible gas
Outflow zone :
low SO4/Cl, Non-condensible gas
Cl, NH3, silica sinter
Rock types:
high B, I, NH3, CO2: organic-rich, sedimentary;
high Li, Cs, Rb: rhyolite or rock with similar chemistry, and andesites;
high F: rhyolite, pumice, obsidian
7 Conceptual Model
55

Acid SO4 spring,
fumarole, solfatar Acid SO4-HCO3 spring
/ steaming ground,
mudpool
HCO3 springs/ steaming ground

Cl-
hotspring

8 Natural Heat Loss
57

10.000.000
Kapasitas Produksi (KWatt)
1.000.000
100.000
10.000
1.000
1.000 10.000 100.000 1.000.000
Hilang Panas di Permukaan (KWatt)

Hilang Panas Alamiah
Q = m (hfT hfTo) m c (T To)

m = kecepatan aliran massa (kg/s) = V.f
f = densitas fluida (kg/m3)
V = kecepatan aliran volume (m3/s)
hfT, hfTo = entalpi fluida (kJ/kg)
T = temperature keluaran fluida
To = temperatur udara rata-rata tahunan (diambil dari
stasiun pengamatan cuaca terdekat dengan
menggunakan gradien rata-rata -0.7oC/100m
c = kapasitas panas spesifik (kJ/kg K); untuk air nilai rata-
rata adalah 4.2 kJ/kg K
Contoh Kasus
Sebuah lapangan panas bumi mempunyai

manifestasi/keluaran berupa mata air panas,
kolam air panas, geiser, fumarola, dan tanah beruap.
Karakteristik manifestasi ini masing-masing
akan diberikan kemudian.
Hitunglah sumber daya spekulatif lapangan ini

berdasarkan hilang panas alamiah yang dikeluarkan
manifestasi panas bumi di permukaannya?

Mata air panas 1
T = 81.5oC
To = 15.0oC
Debit = 0.71 L/det

Hilang Panas Alamiah Manifestasi 1
Q = 0.71 x 10-3 (m3/s) x 990 (kg/m3) x [341.2 62.9] (kJ/kg)

= 195.6 kJ/s 196 kW
Q = 0.71 x 10-3 (m3/s) x 990 (kg/m3) x 4.2 kJ/kg K

[81.5 15.0]oC = 196.3 kJ/s 196 kW
m = mass flowrate (kg/s) = V.f

f = fluid density (kg/m3)
V = volume flowrate (m3/s)
hfT, hfTo = fluid enthalpy (kJ/kg)
T = temperature of discharge fluids
To = mean annual temperature
c = specific heat capacity (kJ/kg K)
c for water has average value = 4.2 kJ/kg K
Manifestasi 2 (Mata Air Panas)
T = 61.5oC
z = 0.145 m (tinggi V-notch)
To = 15.5oC

V 1.4 z2.5 (m3/s)

z = height (m) of water level in V-notch
V 1.4 x 0.1452.5 (m3/s) 1.1 x 10-2 m/s
Q = 1.1 x 10-2 (m3/s) x 990 (kg/m3) x 4.2 kJ/kg K x

[61.5 15.5] (K)
= 2144 kJ/s 2144 kW = 2.1 MW

Mata air panas (boiling) dengan sinter 3
To = 20.0oC
Debit = 2.2 L/det

Q = 2.2 x 10-3 (m3/s) x 990 (kg/m3) x [419 84] (kJ/kg)

= 729.6 kJ/s 730 kW
Q = 2.2 x 10-3 (m3/s) x 990 (kg/m3) x 4.2 kJ/kg K

[100 20.0]oC = 731.8 kJ/s 732 kW
m = mass flowrate (kg/s) = V.f

f = fluid density (kg/m3)
V = volume flowrate (m3/s)
hfT, hfTo = fluid enthalpy (kJ/kg)
T = temperature of discharge fluids
To = mean annual temperature
c = specific heat capacity (kJ/kg K)
Pengelolaan Sumber Daya
c for water has average Page
value
67 = 4.2 kJ/kg K
Manifestasi 4 (Kolam Air Panas)
To = 15oC
T = 61.5oC
R = radius = 3.4 m
z = 0.1 m (tinggi V-notch)

V 1.4 z2.5 (m3/s)

z = height (m) of water level in V-notch
V 1.4 x 0.12.5 (m3/s) 0.44 x 10-2 m/s
Q = 0.44 x 10-2 (m3/s) x 990 (kg/m3) x 4.2 kJ/kg K x

[61.5 15] (K)
= 856 kJ/s 856 kW

Hilang Panas Alamiah Melalui Evaporasi
T (oC) Q (kJ/m2s)
20 0.35
40 1.3
60 3.7
80 9.2
98.5 ~22
Qevaporasi = A x (QT QTo) = 3.14 X 3.42 (m2) x (4.1 kJ/m2s

0.26 kJ/m2s)
= 139 kJ/s = 139 kW
QTOTAL = 856 + 139 kW 995 kW = 1 MW

Manifestasi 5 (fumarola)
To = 20oC
Suara gemuruh
R = radius = 0.035 m
T boiling point

Asumsi :
Diam vv < 20 m/s
Gemuruh vv > 20 m/s
vv = Distribusi kecepatan pada lubang gas natural

= 0.6 to 0.7 vmin 0.65 vmin
Vv = R2 vv = 3.14 x 0.0352 x 0.65 x 20 m3/s

= 5.0 x 10-2 m3/s
mv = 5.0 x 10-2 m3/s x 0.590 kg/m3 = 2.95 x 10-2 kg/s
Q = m (hvT hvTo) = 2.95 x 10-2 (kg/s) x [2676 84]

(kJ/kg)
= 76.5 kJ/s 76 kW
Manifestasi 6 (geiser)
To = 18oC
R = radius = 0.8 m
T = tinggi = 2 m
selama 10 menit

Q = 3.14 x 0.82 m2 x (2.0 / (10 x 60) m/s x 990 kg/m3 x

[419 75.6] (kJ/kg) = 2277.3 kJ/s 2.3 MW
Q = 3.14 x 0.82 m2 x (2.0 / (10 x 60) m/s x 990 kg/m3 x

4.2 kJ/kg K [100 18.0]oC = 2284.0 kJ/s 2.3 MW

Manifestasi 7 (Tanah Beruap)
Tanah beruap, termasuk fumarola, hanya

terbentuk pada sistem panas bumi temperatur
tinggi.
Hilang panas dikaji berdasarkan perbedaan
gradien temperatur dan kondisi normal.
Transfer panas dari tanah beruap melalui
mekanisme konduksi dan konveksi.
Pada mekanisme konduksi, hilang panas
dipengaruhi oleh konduktivitas batuan.

Gradien temperatur diukur pada kedalaman ~100 m:
(T/z)obs (oC/m) A (km2)

0.5 1.8
0.4 5
0.2 45
0.1 85
0.05 170
(T/z)o = gradien temperatur normal 0.027 oC/m

Konduktivitas batuan rata-rata = 2.2 + 0.5 W/moC

Q1 1.8 x 106 m2 x 2.2 W/moC x (0.5 0.027) oC/m

1.87 x 106 W 1.9 MW
Q2 (5 1.8) x 106 m2 x 2.2 W/moC x (0.4 0.027) oC/m

2.6 MW
Q3 (45 5) x 106 m2 x 2.2 W/moC x (0.2 0.027) oC/m

15 MW
... dst
Q 30.2 MW Konduktif

Klasifikasi tanah beruap ditentukan berdasarkan

temperatur tanah yang diukur pada kedalaman
~20 cm:
Temperatur pada
Kelas
Kedalaman 20 cm (oC)
I 60 100
II 30 60
III 20 30
IV 12 30

Tanah beruap kelas/tipe I 3000 m2

dengan T/z (rata-rata) 260oC/m
Tanah beruap kelas/tipe I 3000 m2

Tanah beruap kelas/tipe II dan III 38000 m2

Panas juga dapat ditransfer pada tanah beruap

tipe I dengan kecepatan sekitar 0.5 kJ/m2 s
seluas 3000 m2

Tanah beruap mempunyai tanah yang lembab dan teralterasi

kuat (mineral lempung). Kondukstivitas tanah berkisar antara
1.0 dan 1.5 (rata-rata 1.25) W/moC.
QI (1) 3 x 103 m2 x 1.25 W/moC x 260oC/m 0.9 MW
QI (2) 3 x 103 m2 x 1.25 W/moC x 350oC/m 1.3 MW
QI (3) 3 x 103 m2 x 0.5 kJ/m2 s 1.5 MW
QII & III 3.8 x 104 m2 x 1.25 W/moC x 125oC/m 5.9 MW
Q 10 MW

Hilang Panas Alamiah Total
Manifestasi Tipe Hilang Panas (MW)

1 Mata air panas 0.196
3 Mata air panas dgn sinter 0.731
4 Kolam air panas 0.995

5 Fumarola 0.076
6 Geiser 2.3
7 Tanah beruap 30
8 Tanah beruap 10
Total (Sumber daya spekulatif) 46.6 MW

Kesalahan (error) = 15%

Sistem temperatur rendah = 3 hingga 10 MW
Sistem temperatur tinggi = 10 hingga 300 MW
Tanah beruap (steaming ground dengan keluaran
langsung uap) menunjukkan sistem dengan
temperatur reservoir yang sangat tinggi

Manifestasi Tipe Hilang Panas (MW)

3 Mata air panas dgn sinter 0.731
4 Kolam air panas 0.995

5 Fumarola 0.076
6 Geiser 2.3
7 Tanah beruap 30
8 Tanah beruap 10
Total - 46.4
Sumber daya spekulatif pada sistem panas bumi temperatur tinggi
Hilang Panas Alamiah
(Ringkasan)
Manifestasi yang semakin panas:
makin tinggi hilang panas alamiah
Manifestasi semakin luas:
makin tinggi hilang panas alamiah
Tanah beruap dengan fumarola:
tinggi hilang panas alamiah sistem temperatur tinggi
Rembesan/seepage:
sangat rendah hilang panas alamiah tidak signifikan
Perhatikan: SISTEM PANAS BUMI

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Introduction of Geochemistry

Exploration in Geothermal Industry

Palembang, 11 February 2016

Bangkitkan Energi Negeri

Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Page 2

3 Surface Thermal Manifestations

5 Geothermal Water Types

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Ellis, A.J. and Mahon, W.A.J., 1977. Chemistry and

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The key parameter assessed include:

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Hydrothermal system : A type of geothermal system where heat transfers

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Common Conceptual Model

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Artists Palette, Waiotapu, New Zealand

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Fluid type Main application

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Alkali-chloride water: pH 4-11, least common

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Formed in the margin of the system

As a secondary fluid that formed by

Form travertine sinter at the surface

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Must consider limitations of applying geothermometry

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CAR-HAR by Powell & Cumming,

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Upflows/high permeability/boiling/high temperature zones:

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HCO3 springs/ steaming ground

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Kapasitas Produksi (KWatt)

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