Crusading Warfare

Exploring the Military History of the Crusades

William James Hamblin
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Armenian Background, pt 2b:
Byzantine Response to Turks
AD 1048-1070
 Fall of Armenia 7: Later Seljuq Raids
Ku
m a 1061-1070
Ala
nia Terek

Ter
ek

i
Georgia
ng ur Iron Gate
I
Sinope Bagrat IV
{1027-1072}
Rioni Kutatisi Derbent
2- {1064} Georgia pays

H 69
tribute to avoid Seljuq

as -1
{8
Al
a Tiflis
plundering raids. ti zani
ur a

hi 07
K
e

m 5
2 eGr

id }
H ab

s
irr
x e t
Byzantine Trebizond Kura
y
K a

Halys Empire is Kars

Lori
Lori-Tashir Ganja Sharwan ShahsBaku
Iris Neocaesarea ps
m
Constantine IX Yesi Ac
a Ani {799-1382}
lirm
{1042-1055}{1068} ak Coruh
{1064} Yerevan Kura

Theodosopolis Aras
Ankyra Teleboas
Sebastia
) 1- {1064} Siwnik
Dvin Alp Arslans great
ara Su invasion into Armenia and
(K )
ak t Su Georgia; sack of Ani;
m
lir ur
a
Ha
K izi 1 permanent occupation of
lys
Arcrunid & 3 M
(
Manzikert parts of Armenia
Aras
Bagratid Vassals ias
Caesarea Arsan
{1069} {1021-1071} Mush Akhlat
Melitene 3- {1065-1070} Later Turkish raids
focus on Central Anatolia. Van
Iconium
Ti
{1067} Ardabil
gris
an

Sallarids
yh

Coxon
Se

Tabriz
Heraclea
Cilician Gates
Ce
y h an
(Musafirids)
M
Diyarbakir
arw di {916-1090} Gh
us

Marash {99 anid a

Sar

u p hr
ates
01 s ww 071} ez
Ti
Adana mu
s E a el
g
a
085 R -1
ris
Pyr Maragha O
} Hadhabani 5 5 za
n
Calycadnus
Edessa {943-1080?} { 9
Tarsis
es

Uqaylids Alamut
ant

Antioch
Or

Belen Pass
{990-1096} Mosul Annazids
Seleucia Aleppo Qazvin
Qirwash {1001-1050} {991-1107}
St Simeon Raqqa Rayy
 The Caucasus in 1070
Ku
m a 1070
Ala
nia Terek

Ter
ek

i
Georgia
ng ur Iron Gate
I
Sinope Bagrat IV
{1027-1072}
Rioni Kutatisi Derbent

H 69
1- {1070} Byzantine strategic

as -1
{8
Al
ra Tiflis i azani

hi 07
imperatives: Ku
e t

m 5
eGr

id }
a- prevent new Turkish raids H ab

s
irr
x e t
Byzantine Trebizond
b- reconquer lost lands in Armenia y
K a
Kura

Halys Empire is Kars

Lori
Lori-Tashir Ganja Sharwan ShahsBaku
Iris Neocaesarea ps
am Ani
Constantine IX Ye s
ilirm
Ac {799-1382}
ak
{1042-1055}
{1042-1055} Coruh Yerevan Kura

Theodosopolis Aras
Ankyra Teleboas
Sebastia
)
Dvin Siwnik
ara Su 1
(K )
ak Su
lir
m rat
Ha
K izi u
lys
Arcrunid & M
(
Manzikert
Aras
Bagratid Vassals ias
Caesarea Arsan
{1021-1071} Mush Akhlat
Melitene
Van
Iconium
Ti
Ardabil
gris
an

Sallarids
yh

Coxon
Se

Tabriz
Heraclea
Cilician Gates
Ce
y h an
(Musafirids)
M
Diyarbakir
arw di {916-1090} Gh
us

Marash {99 anid a

Sar

u p hr
ates
01 s ww 071} ez
Ti
Adana mu
s E a el
g
a
085 R -1
ris
Pyr Maragha O
} Hadhabani 5 5 za
n
Calycadnus
Edessa {943-1080?} { 9
Tarsis
es

Uqaylids Alamut
ant

Antioch
Or

Belen Pass
{990-1096} Mosul Annazids
Seleucia Aleppo Qazvin
Qirwash {1001-1050} {991-1107}
St Simeon Raqqa Rayy
 Byzantine Strategic Crisis
1- Byzantines must defend the entire empire simultaneously = dispersal
of forces

2- Turks can concentrate their forces to plunder a single region each raid

3- Byzantines muster a field army, but with infantry; it is slower than the
Turks

4- Turkish army is all mounted, with superior strategic and tactical

mobility
 Byzantine Strategic Crisis

5- Turks raid wherever the Byzantine field army is absent

6- Byzantine infantry slow the field army making it difficult catch

Turks with the entire strength of the army

7- Byzantines try to attack the Turks after they have plundered a

region and are slowed by booty.
 Byzantine Strategic Crisis

8- Turkish victories and plunder increase their military forces by

encouraging new recruits

9- Each region that is plundered by the Turks decreases overall

Byzantine military strength by decreasing population and tax
revenues.
 Crusading Warfare

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