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Dear students
Most students tend to take it easy after the board examinations of Class X. The summer
vacations immediately after Class X are a great opportunity for the students to race ahead of
other students in the competitive world of IITJEE, where less than 2% students get selected
every year for the prestigious institutes.
Some students get governed completely by the emphasis laid by the teachers of the school in
which they are studying. Since, the objective of the teachers in the schools rarely is to equip the
student with the techniques reqired to crack IITJEE, most of the students tend to take it easy in
Class XI. Class XI does not even have the pressure of board examinations.
So, while the teachers and the school environment is often not oriented towards the serious
preparation of IITJEE, the curriculum of Class XI is extremely important to achieve success in
IITJEE or any other competitive examination like AIEEE.
The successful students identify these points early in their Class XI and race ahead of rest of
the competition. We suggest that you start as soon as possible.
In this booklet we have made a sincere attempt to bring your focus to Class XI and keep your
velocity of preparations to the maximum. The formulae will help you revise your chapters in a
very quick time and the motivational quotes will help you move in the right direction.
Hope youll benefit from this book and all the best for your examinations.
CONTENTS
Description Page Number
3. Vectors 06
8. Gravitation 18
9. Properties of Matter 20
11. Waves 30
n1u 2 n 2u 2 or n 2 n1 x
| Xi |
(v) Mean absolute error: Xm=
N
(vi) Fractional error = X
X
(vii) Percentage error = X x 100
X
Xa Yb
(viii) Combination of error: If = , then maximum fractional error in is:
Zc
X Y
| a | |b| |c|
X Y
MOTION IN ONE DIMENSION & NEWTONS LAWS OF MOTION
(i) s1 s2 | s1 distance
Displacement: | displacement s2 covered
t1 t 2
(ii) Average speed: v 2
s1 s
v1 v2
a
(viii) Distance travelled in nth second: dn = u + (2n1)
2
(ix) Motion of a ball: (a) when thrown up: h = (u /2g) and t = (u/g)
2
(xi) Condition for equilibrium: (a) F3 (F1 F2 ) ; (b) F1 + F2 F3 |F1 F2|
P Q R
(xii) Lamis Theorem:
sin sin sin
(xiii) Newtons second law: F m a ; F d p/ dt
(xiv) Impulse: p Ft and p2 p1 12
Fdt
(xv) Newtons third law:
(1)
(a) M
F12 F12
(b) Contact force: F12
m (2)
F F21
Mm m F12
(c) Acceleration: a = F
F F21
Mm
Fig. 1
(xvi) Inertial mass: mI = F/a
F FR 2
(xvii) Gravitational mass: mG = ; mI mG
g GM
(xviii) Non inertial frame: If a0 be the acceleration of frame, then pseudo force F ma 0
mv2
Example: Centrifugal force = m r
r
(xix) Lift problems: Apparent weight = M(g a0)
(+ sign is used when lift is moving up while sign when lift is moving down)
(xx) Pulley Problems: m1
T
(a) For figure (2):
m1m2
Frictionless T
Tension in the string, T = g surface
m1 m2 m2
m2
Acceleration of the system, a = g
1
2mm1m2 m2
Fig. 2
m2g
The force on the pulley, F = g
m1 m2
(b) For figure (3):
Tension in the string, T 2m1m2 g
m1 m2 a
m2 m1
Acceleration of the system, a g T
m2 m1 T T
T
4m1m2
The force on the pulley, F g m1 a
m1 m2
Fig. 3 m2
VECTORS
(i) Vector addition: R A B B A and A B A ( B)
^
(ii) Unit vector: A (A/ A)
(iii) Magnitude: A (A2x A2y A2z )
(iv) Direction cosines: cos = (Ax/A), cos = (Ay/A), cos = (Az/A)
(v) Projection:
^
(a) Component of A along B = A . B
^
(b)
Component ^ ^ of B along A = A . B
(c) If A = Ax i A y j, then its angle with the xaxis is = tan (Ay/Ax)
1
(viii) Examples:
(a) W F.r; (b) P F . v ; (c) E . A; (d) B . A;
(g) F m q v x B
(e) v w x r ; (f) x F;
(ix) Area of a parallelogram: Area
1 = | Ax B |
(x) Area of a triangle: Area = |AxB|
2 ^ ^
(xi) Gradient operator: V i
^ y z
j k
x
(xii) Volume of a parallelopiped: V A. B x C
CIRCULAR MOTION, RELATIVE MOTION & PROJECTILE MOTION
(i) Uniform Circular Motion:
(b)
(a) a (v /r) = r ;
v = r;
(c) F = (mv 2
/r); 2
2
(d) r . v 0;
(e) v.a 0
(ii) Cyclist taking a turn: tan = (v /rg)
2
(x) Condition for Collision of ships: ( r A v B ) x ( v A v B ) 0
2gh
(e) Angle at which projectiles strikes the ground, = tan1
u
2u sin
(xiv) Projectile on an inclined plane:
(a) Time of flight, T =
g cos
(i) Average angular velocity:
t t1 t
(ii)
(iii) Instantaneous angular
Relation between velocity:
v, and =In(d/dt)
r : v=r; vector form v x r ; In general form, v = r sin
(iv) Average angular acceleration:
(v) Instantaneous angular acceleration: t2=(d/dt)
t1 t
= (d /dt )
2 2
(vi) Relation
(a) = r and a
aTbetween linear
R = (vand R
/r) =angular acceleration:
2 2
(vii) Equations for rotational motion:
(a)
(b) =
= 00t++t; t ;
1 2
(c) 0 = 2 2
2 2
dx CM dvCM d2 xCM
Also vCM and a CM
dt dt dt2
(b) r CM ;
M
d r CM
(c) v CM ;
dt
(d) d v CM ;
a CM
dt
(e) P CM M v CM mi vi ;
(f) F ext M a CM mi ai Fi . If F ext 0, a CM 0, VCM constant ;
(g) Also, moment of masses about CM is zero, i.e., mi r i 0 or m1r1 m2r2
(xi) Radius of gyration: (a) K = (I/M) ; (b) K = [(r1 + r2 + + rn )/n] = root mean square distance.
2 2 2
(xx) Rotational Power: P .
2 4
(c) Cylinder: I = MR 2 axis
1
(d) Thin rod: I = (ML
2 /12) (about centre); I = (ML /3) (about one end)
2 2
(e) Hollow sphere : Idia = (2/3) MR ; Itangential = (5/3) MR2
2
(f)
(g)
Solid sphere: Idia = (2/5)
Rectangular: IC
M 2 MR
b2 ; Itangential = (7/5) MR
2
(centre)
2
12
(h) Cube: I = (1/6) Ma 2
2s1 K2
(c) Time taken to reach the bottom, t = g sin
R 2
(iii) Potential energy: (a) VU W; (b) F dU/dX; c F VU
GMm
(iv) Gravitational potential energy: (a) U = mgh ; (b) U
R h
(v) Spring potential energy: a 2U1 Kx 2 ; b 2U x 22 x12
1
K
(vi) Kinetic energy: (a) K = W1= mv2
1
f2
2
(xii) Velocity of a particle in terms of U(x): v =
m
E Ux
(xiii) Momentum:
F d p / dt ,
(a) p m v; b
(b) Conservation of momentum: If F net 0, then p f p i,
mB
(c) Recoil speed of gun, vG x vB
mG
(xiv) Impulse: p F av t
(xvi) Inelastic
(a) collision
Height of a ball
attained afterdropped fromhnheight
nth impact, = e hh00
(b) Total distance traveled when the ball finally
2n
comes to rest, s = h0 (1+e )/(1e )
2 2
2h0 1 e
g 1e
(c) Total time taken, t =
m1 m2 m1 m2
d2x
(ii) Equation of motion: x 0
dt 2
(iv) Velocity:
(a) v = A cos (+ );
(b) If =0, v = A cos t;
(c) vmax =A
(d) v = (A2 x2);
x2
A v2
(e) 1
2
2A2
(v) Acceleration:
(b)
(a) If
a= =0, x = A2Asin
2 a= sint(t+) ;
(c) |amax| = A; 2
2
(d) Fmax = m A
2
(viii) Energy
(a) Kin=SHM:
2 mv2Kinetic
; energy:
1
1
(b) K= 2 m2 (A2x2);
1
(c) K =2 m2A2 cos2 t ;
1
(d) Kmax =2 m2A2
(ix) Total energy:
(b)
(a) E=K (1/2)
+ Um A ;
= conserved;
2 2
K /
(b) T = 2 m
AY
(xxx) Tunnel across earth: T = 2(Re/g)
1
(xxxii)Electrical LC circuit: T = 2 LC or
2 LC
(xxxiii) Lissajous figures
Case (a): 1 = 2 = or 1 : 2 = 1 : 1
x2
a y2 2xy cos sin2
General equation:
2 ab
b2
For = 0 : y = (b/a) x ; straight line with positive slope
xa 2 yb2 2xy 1
For = /4 : ; oblique ellipse
2 2 ab 2
x2 y2
For = /2 : 1; symmetrical ellipse
a2 b2
For = : y = (b/a) x ; straight line with negative slope.
For == 0,: 3
For Figure of eight
, : Double parabola
3
For = , : Single parabola
GRAVITATION
(i) Newtons law of gravitation:
(a) F = G m1m2/r2 ; (b) a = 6.67 x 1011 K.m2/(kg)2 ; (c)
dF 2 dr
F r
(ii) Acceleration due to gravity (a) g = GM/R2 ; (b) Weight W = mg
(iii) Variation of g:
(b)
(a) due to shape
rotation
; gof earth:(i)
equator < gpole gpole = GM/R (No effect)
2
GM
(ii) gequator = 2R
R2
(iv) gequator
(iii) R=< 0.034
gpole m/s
2 2
(b) ve = R 8G
3
(xi) Maximum height attained by a projectile:
h ve / v
R h h
or v ve ve (if h < < R)
2
1 Rh R
(xii) Orbital velocity of satellite:
GM R
av0 ; b v0 ve ; (c) v0 ve/2 (if h<<R)
r 2 R h
R h3 ; b T 2
R
(xiii) Time period of satellite: (a) T 2 if h R
GM g
1 1 GMm
(xiv) Energy of satellite: (a) Kinetic energy K = mv20
2 2 r
GMm
(b) Potential energy U =
= 2K ;
r
1 GMm
(c) Total energy E=K + U=
;
2 r
(d) E = U/2 = K ; (e) BE = E = 1 GMm
2 r
h 4
(xv) Geosynchronous satellite: (a) T = 24 hours ; (b) T2 =
R h3;
GM
1/3
GMT2
(c) R ; (d) h 36,000 km.
42
(c) law:of period: T r ; T = (4 /GM)r
Law
(xvi) Keplers
(a) Law of orbits: Orbits are elliptical
(b) Law of areas: Equal area is swept in equal time
2 3 2 2 3
1 1/3
E 1
(b) Ei = n(4r2T), E = 4R2T, (E/Ei) = n1/3,
Ei n
(c) E = 4R2T (n1/3 1) = 4R3T
1 1
r R
or
3T 1 1 3T 1 1
(iii) Increase in temperature: =
s r R sJ r R
(iv) Shape of liquid surface:
Fcohesive
(a) Plane surface (as for water silver) if Fadhesive >
2
Fcohesive
(b) Concave surface (as for water glass) if Fadhesive >
2
Fcohesive
(c) Convex surface (as for mercuryglass) if Fadhesive <
2
(v) Angle of contact:
(a) Acute: If Fa> Fc/2 ;
(b) obtuse: if Fa<Fc/2 ;
(c) cT/2
c=900 : if FTasa=F s
(d) cos c = , (where Tsa, Ts and Ta represent solid-air, solid- liquid and liquid-air
Ta
surface tensions respectively). Here c is acute if Ts < Tsa while c is obtuse if Ts > Tsa
(vi) Excess pressure: 1
(a) General formula: Pexcess = T
1 R 2
R1
(b) For a liquid drop: Pexcess = 2T/R
(c) For an air bubble in liquid: Pexcess = 2T/R
(d) For a soap bubble: Pexcess = 4T/R
(e) Pressure inside an air bubble at a depth h in a liquid: Pin = Patm + hdg + (2T/R)
(vii) Forces between two plates with thin water film separating them:
(a) P = T ;
1 1
r R
F AT ;
(b) 1 1
r R
(c) If separation between plates is d, then P = 2T/d and F = 2AT/d
rR
(viii) Double bubble: Radius of Curvature of common film Rcommon =
Rr
(ix) Capillary rise:
(a) 2 T cos ;
h
rdg
h (For water = 0 )
2T 0
(b)
rdg
rdg h
r
(c) If weight of water in meniseus is taken into account then T = 3
2T cos 2 cos
(d) Capillary depression, h
rdg
ELASTICITY
m2 M2
rms 2 m1 M1
(xii) Daltons law: The pressure exerted by a mixture of perfect gases is the sum of the pressures
exerted by the individual gases occupying the same volume alone i.e., P = P1 + P2 + .
a 8a
(d) Critical values: Pc = , VC 3b, TC ;
27 b2 27 Rb
(v) Rate
of pr
flow
4 of liquid
p through
p a capillary tube of radius r and length
V
8 8/r R
4
where p is the pressure difference between two ends of the capillary and R is the fluid resistance
(=8 /r4)
(vi) The matter which possess the property of flowing is called as FLUID (For example, gases and
liquids)
(vii) Pressure exerted by a column of liquid of height h is : P = hg ( = density of the liquid)
(viii) Pressure at a point within the liquid, P = P0 + hg, where P0 is atmospheric pressure and h is the
depth of point w.r.t. free surface of liquid
(ix) Apparent weight of the body immersed in a liquid Mg = Mg Vg
(x) If W be the weight of a body and U be the upthrust force of the liquid on the body then
(a) the body sinks in the liquid of W > U
(b) the body floats just completely immersed if W = U
(c) the body floats with a part immersed in the liquid if W < U
Volume of immersed part of a solid density of solid ax
(xi)
total volume of solid density of solid
(xii) Equation of Continuity: a1v1 = a2v2
v = constant
1 2
(xiii) Bernouillis theorem: (P/) + gh +
2
(xv) Volume of liquid flowing per second through a tube: R=a1v1 = a2v2 22gh
a1 a 22
(xvi) Velocity of efflux of liquid from a hole:
v = (2gh), where h is the depth of a hole from the free surface of liquid
(v) The pressure of the gases varies with temperature as : Pt = P0 (1+ T), where = (1/273) per 0C
(vi) If temperature on Celsius scale is C, that on Fahrenheit scale is F, on Kelvin scale is K, and on
Reaumer scale is R, then
(b)
C F 32 K 273 R 9
(a) F C 32
5 9 5 4 5
5
(c) C F 32
9
5
(d) K = C + 273 (e) K F 459.4
9
(b)
(vii) (a) Absolute
Triple pointzero = 0 K==273.16
of water 273.15
K C
0
P
(c) For a gas thermometer, T = (273.15) Kelvin
Ptriple
(d) For a resistance thermometer, R = R0 [1+ ]
(viii) If mechanical work W produces the same temperature change as heat H, then we can write:
W = JH, where J is called mechanical equivalent of heat
(ix) The heat absorbed or given out by a body of mass m, when the temperature changes by T is: Q
= mcT, where c is a constant for a substance, called as SPECIFIC HEAT.
(x) HEAT CAPACITY of a body of mass m is defined as : Q = mc
(xi) WATER EQUIVALENT of a body is numerically equal to the product of its mass and specific heat
i.e., W = mc
(xii) When the state of matter changes, the heat absorbed or evolved is given by: Q = mL, where L is
called LATENT HEAT
(xiii) In case of gases, there are two types of specific heats i.e., cp and cv [cp = specific heat at constant
pressure and Cv = specific heat at constant volume]. Molar specific heats of a gas are: Cp = Mcp
and Cv = Mcv, where M = molecular weight of the gas.
(xiv) Cp > Cv and according to Mayers formula Cp Cv = R
(xv) For all thermodynamic processes, equation of state for an ideal gas: PV = RT
(a) For ISOBARIC process: P = Constant ; =Constant
V
T
(b) For ISOCHORIC (Isometric) process: V = Constant; =Constant
P
T
(d)
(c) ADIABATIC process:
For ISOTHERMAL process PV
T = Constant
=Constant ; TVConstant
; PV= =Constant
1
and P( ) T = Constant
1
(xxi) For a CYCLIC process, work done W = area enclosed in the cycle on PV diagram.
Further, U = 0 (as state of the system remains unchanged)
So, Q = W
(xxii) Internal energy and specific heats of an ideal gas (Monoatomic gas)
N1m1 N2m2
M M1 M2
N1 N2
(a) Q = U + W or U = Q W
(b) Both Q, W depends on path, but U does not depend on the path
(c) For isothermal process: Q = W = RT log | V2/V1|, U = 0, T = Constant, PV = Constant
and Ciso = RT2 T1
Cp 2
PV = constant, Cad = 0 and 1
Cv
(where is the degree of freedom)
R R
C
1 n
(xxvii)The amount of heat transmitted is given by: Q = KA t , where K is coefficient of thermal
x
conductivity, A is the area of cross section, is the difference in temperature, t is the time of heat
flow and x is separation between two ends
d
(xxviii) Thermal resistance of a conductor of length d = RTh =
(a) Temperature of interface, = K1 / d1 K2 / d 2 KA
K1 / d1 K2 / d2
(b) Rate of flow of heat through the composite conductor: H =
Q
A
t d1 / K1 d2 / K2
(c) Thermal resistance of the composite conductor
ddt1 A1 1 V2r1
r
2
(k) Rate of fall of temperature: A
dt ms V s
x
ddt2 A2
V
(For spherical bodies)
d KT
= K (0) or (0) e
(l) Newtons law of cooling:
(m) Weins displacement law: dt
mT = b (where b = 2.9 x 10 m K)
3
(n) Weins radiation law: Ed= (T) d= e d
A A a/ T
RS R ES
2
(o) Solar Constant: S = T or T = S 1/ 4 R 1/2
R ES 4
S
WAVES
1. Velocity: v = n and n = (1/T)
T T
2. Velocity of transverse waves in a string: v =
m r2d
3. Velocity of longitudinal waves:
(a) In rods: v = (Y/) (Y Youngs modulus, = density)
(b) In liquids: v = (B/) (B = Bulk modulus)
(c) In gases: v = (P/) (Laplace formula)
4. Effect of temperature:
(a) v = v0 (T/273) or v = v0 + 0.61t
(b) (vsound/vrms) = (/3) 2
5. Wave equation: (a) y = a sin (vtx)
(b) y = a sin 2
t
x
T
n
(c) y = a sin (t kx), where wave velocity v =
k
8. Wave equation: 2y
t v2
2 x 2
9. Intensity of sound waves:
(a) I = (E/At)
(b) amplitude
If is the then I = 2
density v nmedium;
of the a v theI velocity
i.e. n2a2 of the wave; n the frequency and a the
2 2 2
(c) Intensity level is decibel: 10 log (I/I0). Where, I0 =Threshold of hearing = 1012 Watt/m2
2p T
(ii) Longitudinal mode: n =
2 m
3
19. Resonance column: (a) 1 +e = ; (b) 2 + e =
4 4
2 31 ; (d) n = v
(c) e = or 2 2 1
2 2 2 1
20. Kundts tube: vair air
vrod rod
t E
22. Frequency of a turning fork: n
2
Where t = thickness, = length of prong, E = Elastic constant and = density
v v vs
(ii) Source receding: n = x n and = x
v vs v
(b) Source stationary and observer moving:
(i) Observer approaching the source: n = v v0 xn and =
v
v vm v0
(d) Effect of motion of medium: n'
v vm vs
2vvs
(e) Change in frequency: (i) Moving source passes a stationary observer: n = xn
v2 vs2
2 vs xn
For vs <<v, , =
v
2 v0 xn
(ii) Moving observer passes a stationary source: n=
v
x n 1 x n
(h) SONAR: n = v vsub 2 vsub
v vsub v
(upper sign for approaching submarine while lower sign for receding submarine)
(i) Transverse Doppler effect: There is no transverse Doppler effect in sound. For velocity
component vs cos
v
n= xn ( sign for approaching and + sign for receding)
v vs cos
1 v / c x n 1 v / c x
n = or =
1 v / c 1 v / c
For v << c, n = x n or = x
v v
c c
(b) Blue shift (when light source is approaching)
1 v / c x n 1 v / c x
n = or =
1 v / c 1 v / c
For v << c, n = n or =
v v
c c
(c) Doppler Broadening = 2 = 2
v
c
(d) Transverse Doppler effect:
x n 1
v2 2
For light, n = 1 c 1 v xn (for v << c)
2 2 2
c
(e) RADAR: n = n
2v
c
STUDY TIPS
Combination of Subjects
Study a combination of subjects during a day i. e. after studying 23 hrs of mathematics
shift to any theoretical subject for 2 horrs. When we study a subject like math, a
particular part of the brain is working more than rest of the brain. When we shift to a
theoretical subject, practically the other part of the brain would become active and the
part studying maths will go for rest.
Revision
Always refresh your memory by revising the matter learned. At the end of the day you
must revise whatever youve learnt during that day (or revise the previous days work
before starting studies the next day). On an average brain is able to retain the newly
learned information 80% only for 12 hours, after that the forgetting cycle begins. After
this revision, now the brain is able to hold the matter for 7 days. So next revision should
be after 7 days (sundays could be kept for just revision). This ways you will get rid of the
problem of forgetting what you study and save a lot of time in restudying that topic.