Ground Improvement

SymposiumonInnovationandChallengesin
AsianTunneling
SICAT2017
7&8September2017
Groundimprovement Challengesand
GoodPracticesinSingapore
(withspecialreferencetoHSRSG<>KL)
By
Er.Dr.ChewSoonHoe
AssistantProfessor,NationalUniversityofSingapore
CouncilMember InstituteofEngineers,Singapore(IES)
President,SingaporeChapterofASCE
Prof.CHEWSH(NUS)
ceecsh@nus.edu.sg 1
FOCUSofTHISPAPER
Singaporeissmallinsize(asmallred)
andyetseeawidevariationofsoil/rockprofile.
Itrangesfromthicklayerofverysoftclaystofracturedhard
rock,aswellasmixtureofsoftsoilsandhardrockwithinthe
sametunnellingface(socalledmixedsoilcondition).
Inmanystationconstructionandtunnellingworksassociatedwith
MRTandHSRconstruction,someofthesesoil/rockprofiles
encounteredwillneedsomeformofimprovementortreatment
for:
(a)constructionsafety,
(b)limitinggroundmovement,
(c)limitingwaterseepage,
(d)limitinggroundlost,
(e)betterconstructionrateandbetterproductivity.
Prof.CHEWSH(NUS) 4
FOCUSofTHISPAPER
Theprinciple ofvarioustraditionalgroundimprovement
techniquesareavailableforvarioustypeofsoilprofilesto
satisfyvariousdesigncriterion.
Yet,innovativeapplicationand/orcareful
modification areneededtoimplementatsiteforthe
projecttobesuccessful.
Thispaperswilldiscusssomeoftheseimprovement
techniquesandtheirinnovativeimplementationwith
referencetoSingaporecontact.Specialreferencewillbe
paidontheproposedHSRstationatJurong Eastandthe
proposedtunneltowardsTuas.
Prof.CHEWSH(NUS) 5
OutlineofPresentation
1.Introduction ofSGKLHSRproject Singaporeside
2.HistoryandGeologyofJurong EastSite
3.GeotechnicalChallenges GeotechnicalConditionat
Jurong EastArea,Singapore
Jurong Formation includinglimestonecavity
KallangFormation Softclay,PeatySoilandF1Sand
4. ChallengesinVerticalshaftandtunnelingworks
5.GroundImprovementTechniquesforConfrontingabove
Challenges Grouting,SuitableChemicalandcontinuous
progressivesoilinvestigationwhiletunnelingetc
6.Conclusion
Prof.CHEWSH(NUS) 6
Startingpoint
[ChannelNewsAsia,19Jul2016]
AMemorandumofUnderstanding(MoU)ontheSingaporeMalaysia
HighSpeedRail(HSR)projectwassignedon19July2016.
ItisexpectedtoreducetraveltimebetweenSingaporeandKuala
Prof.CHEWSH(NUS) Lumpurtoaround90minutes. 7
ProposedAlignment
Key Facts
TotalLength 350km
Numberof 8
Stations
Operating 300km/h
Speed
Train 10car
train
Number of 3
Services
Express KLSG
International
Shuttle KLSG
International
Domestic Malaysia
Service only
Prof.CHEWSH(NUS) 8
Timeline:KLSIGHighSpeedRail
Prof.CHEWSH(NUS) 9
TerminalinSingapore Jurong East
Thisisinline
withplansto
transform
Jurong East
into
Singapore's
second
Central
Business
District
Prof.CHEWSH(NUS) [TheStraitsTimes,6May2015] 10
[StraitsTimes,12May2015]
TheJurong CountryClub,whichwasfoundedin1975,hasalandleasefor
thesiteuntil2035.Theclubcompletedan18holerenovationinJuly2012,
whichcostabout$24million.
Prof.CHEWSH(NUS) 11

locatedwithinthe67hectaresofplotcurrentlyoccupiedbythe
Jurong CountryClub.
Landfortheterminal=13hectares.
Theremaining54hawillbecomprehensivelydevelopedintoJurong
LakeDistrict includeofficespace,hotels,retailandentertainment
facilities.
Prof.CHEWSH(NUS) 12
CurrentLandused
Prof.CHEWSH(NUS) 13
AerialViewofthesitenow
Prof.CHEWSH(NUS) 14
Tunnel inSingaporeSide:Jurong EasttoTuas
Jurong
15km CountryClub
Tunnel lilely below AYE

Total Length = 15km
Prof.CHEWSH(NUS) 15
HSRTerminal StationBox
OneArtistImpression
forillustrationonly
Shopping,RoofGarden
Carpark
ShoppingArea,F&B
Dropoffarea,coacharea,shops
Custom,ticketingetc
Arrival&Departure
Prof.CHEWSH(NUS) 19
AsianTunneling
SICAT2017
7&8September2017
2.HistoryandGeologyofJurong EastSite
Prof.CHEWSH(NUS) 20
LocationwithGeologicalOutcrop
Prof.CHEWSH(NUS) 21
LocationwithGeologicalOutcrop
Prof.CHEWSH(NUS) 22
HistoricalLandUse
Beforelargescaledevelopment,theJurong CountryClub
site,whichisseatedaroundSungei Jurong,Jurong lakeand
Sungei Pandan area,usedtooccupiedbymangroveforests
withanouterlineofmudandsand.
Prof.CHEWSH(NUS) 24
Longlong timeago..
WaterChannel
IntheYearof1872
Prof.CHEWSH(NUS) 25
Longlong timeago..
PengKang Pandan
Mangrove
ForestArea
Prof.CHEWSH(NUS) IntheYearof1911 26
Longlong timeago..
1954
Prof.CHEWSH(NUS)
1961 1972 27
Longlong timeago..
Golfcourse
built
Waterchannel
shapeformed
Longlong timeago..
Landfilltodivert
waterchannel
Longlong timeago..
Jurongcountryclubhousewas
stillasinglestoreybuilding
Longlong timeago..
Jurongcountry
clubhouse
reconstructed
Manmadewater
feature
Now....
Proposed
HSRTerminal
AerialPhotostoday
[NewLaunch101,11May2015]
Prof.CHEWSH(NUS) 4040
AerialPhotostoday
[StraitsTimes,14thMay2015]
Prof.CHEWSH(NUS) 41
AerialPhotostoday
[TheBusinessTimes,13May2015]
Prof.CHEWSH(NUS) 43
HillyTopographyatSite
Prof.CHEWSH(NUS) 44
GeologyoftheSite
Prof.CHEWSH(NUS) 47
FromGeologyofSingapore
GeologyofSingapore DSTA,2009
DSTA,2009
Kallang Jurong
Formation Formation
Prof.CHEWSH(NUS) 48
FromGeologyofSingapore
GeologyofSingapore DSTA,2009
DSTA,2009
KallangFormation,
Alluvialmember(Ka)
Jurong Formation,
TengahFacies(Jt)
AyerChawan Facies(Jac)
QueenstownFacies(Jq)
Kallang Jurong
Formation Formation
Prof.CHEWSH(NUS) 49
UnderstandfromReginalGeologicalSetting
CentralBelt EasternBelt
Prof.CHEWSH(NUS) 50
WhatissocalledKallangFormation?
RecentAlluviumand 5members
recentdeposits
relateddeposits recognized(DSTA,
(Scrivenor,1924)
(Alexander,1950) 2009)
AlluvialMember(Ka):
valleyfills&thinveneerontheflooroftheKallangandJurong
Riverbasins
depositsvary pebblebedsthroughsand,muddysand,and
claytopeat
LocallywecallitF1 Loosesand
andE EstuaryPeatysoil
Prof.CHEWSH(NUS) 52
WhatissocalledJurong Formation?
Older
Shale& Jurong
Sedimentary Presenceof
Sandstone Formation
Rocks limestone
(Scrivenor, with7Facies
(Alexander, (since1987)
1924) (DSTA,2009)
1950)
Prof.CHEWSH(NUS) 53
Jurong Formation
AyerChawan Facies(Jac)
Wellbeddedtuffaceous
muddysandstone&
mudstone
TengahFacies(Jt)
muddyfinetomedium
grainedpoorlylithified
sandstone
weatheredmaterial
thathasdevelopedin QueenstownFacies(Jq)
situ,possiblyinmarine consistspredominantly
environment ofthinlybeddedredand
purplemudstone with
someredtopurpleshale
Prof.CHEWSH(NUS) 54
Jurong Formation Interbedding
Prof.CHEWSH(NUS) 55
GeologicalStructureofJurong Formation
Prof.CHEWSH(NUS) 56
GeologicalStructureofJurong Formation
Prof.CHEWSH(NUS) 59
LocalFaultsatJurong Eastarea
Inferredfault
Thrustfault
Strike/dip
Syncline
Anticline
Projectislocatedwithin2inferredfaults(NESW)and1thrustfault(NWSE)
Prof.CHEWSH(NUS) 60
ExpectedFaultTypesWithinProjectArea
ThrustFault:
Reservefaultinrespondtocompressionalforcesbypushinguparockblockoverthe
other Murai Thrustfault,DSTA,2009
Rockaroundthisfaultline,tendstobeSchist/slate and easier to break into sheetlike

Mudstone=Schist/Slate Tendsbeaweakzoneandslidealongthe
cleavage/easierto be brokenintosheets
Lowanglethrust,closetohorizontal,butthe
Faultzone(highlyfracturedzone)willbeshallower
andconceptuallyrockqualityinhangingwallwill
bepoorerthanfootwall
Mudstonebeenpressed cleavageparalleltosub
paralleltobedding
TearFault:
Faultoccurringintherocksabovealowanglethrustfaultandstrikingapproximatelyatright
anglestothestrikeofthelowanglethrustfault.
Therockblocksaredisplacedhorizontally.
Tearfaultnormallycutvertically.
Flowerstructureis
expectedtoencountered.
NortheasterlytrendingfaultinJurongFormationareconsideredtobetearfault,(DSTA2009)
Normalfaults
Normalfaultsduetotrantension
WhataboutLimestone??
Prof.CHEWSH(NUS) 68
LithostratigraphyofJurong Formation
DarkgreyLimestone,Pandan
Facies,fossilscanbeobserved,
NUS,neartoSportDrive,Ayer
RajahExpressway
Source:GeologyofSingapore,2ndedition,DSTA,2009
Reef?Fossil
Colonialcoral(?)ingrowthpositionbutdistorted
Brachiopodsfossil
LocalGeology Boreholedatafromneighbouringlandplots
SiteinvestigationboreholedatafromJurong WestN1C29/C32project
Prof.CHEWSH(NUS) 72
Boreholedepth
Typical soil profile from adjacent site development.
variesfrom40mto
67m
4distinctlayers Fill,
Organicclay(E),
ResidualSoil(SVI),
Completely
weathered
SedimentaryRock
(SV)
Possiblecavities
foundatdepth
from26.5mto
40m.
Prof.CHEWSH(NUS) 73
YungHoRd
Proposedsite
Tukang
InnovationDrive
PenjuruRd
Prof.CHEWSH(NUS) 74 74
Alladjacentsitereferenceborelogs showsimilar
soilprofile:
Fill>KF>JF(SVI,SV)
Nobedrockwerefoundupto67mdepth.
Showpossiblelimestoneformation
Prof.CHEWSH(NUS) 75
Cavity possible
Borehole4
Borehole7&8
Cavity
needto
identifyandtreat
them..
Prof.CHEWSH(NUS) ForIllustrationonly 77
Jurong Lake
GardenArea
Proposedsite
Prof.CHEWSH(NUS) 78
E N=0
12m N=0 M
M N=0
15m N=014 15m
N=9
RL88.4 F2
N=1012
RL85.5 RL85.3
N=912 N=16 S(VI) N=16
siltysand
Prof.CHEWSH(NUS) 79
1mbgl 1mbgl 1mbgl

1.5m 3m FILL 3m N=9 1.5m
N=4 N=2
N=2 M N=2 10.5m N=24

E M
15m 15m N=38
16.5m RL89.3
F2
N=916
N=517
RL83.4 RL83.7 RL83.5
S(VI) N=512
S(VI) N=27 Siltysand
Siltysand N=23
N=1822 N=100
S(V) N=100
N=100 Siltysand sandstone
Prof.CHEWSH(NUS) 80
BH1 BH5 BH7 BH11 BH31
~300m
BH1 BH5 BH7 BH11 BH31
RL104.12 RL104.24 RL104.4 RL104.44 RL104.59
1mbgl 1mbgl 1.5m
1.5m 1.5m 1.5m
24m
34m
27.5m
34.5m
38.5m
RL75.6
[CrossSectionBH1BH5BH7BH11BH31]
SubsoillieswithinthegeologicaldemarcationofJurong Formation.
Widelydistributedwiththicklayersofsandyclay,sandysilt,clayeysandandsilty
sands(residualsoils)
Prof.CHEWSH(NUS) 82
BH1 BH3 BH2
2mbgl 2mbgl
RL89.4
3.3m Fill N=46
N=47 2.4mbgl
RL74.9 7.4m
8.3m N=411
SiltyClaywith
Sand
N=4 9.6m
N=78
8.8m 14.4m
ClayeySilt
N=68
N=3347
N=59100
N=100 ClayeySiltwithSand
N=81100
Prof.CHEWSH(NUS) [CrossSectionBH1BH3BH2] 85
LikelysoilprofileatJurong EastHSRSite
23FloorsBasements
E
D C
ReferenceSoilProfile(SIreportofJurongEastRC1)
Prof.CHEWSH(NUS) 89
LikelysoilprofileatJurong EastHSRSite
ReferenceSoilProfile(SIreportofJurongLake)
Prof.CHEWSH(NUS) 90
AsianTunneling
SICAT2017
7&8September2017
3.GeotechnicalChallenges andComforting
GeotechnicalConditionatJurong EastArea,
Singapore
Jurong Formation
KallangFormation SoftclayandPeatySoil
Prof.CHEWSH(NUS) 91
KeyGeotechnical/GeologicalChallenges
1. Highlyvariedinsoil/rockprofileatthissite
2. Presentofpeatysoftsoils longterm
Settlementtobeconsidered
3. Discontinuouslayers
4. Presenceofcavities/underground
streams
5. Mixedphasesoil/rockmaybeencountered
whentunnelling
Prof.CHEWSH(NUS) 92
Highly varied soil profile
GeologicalCrossSectionAA
Site5 Jurong CountryClub Site3
0m SandySilt(FILL) 0m
SandySilt(FILL) SandySilt(FILL) SPTN=16 3.5m
SPTN=9 SandySilt(JURONG
6m FORMATIONSV)
VerySotClay(KALLANG KALLANG SPTN=3137
FORMATION)SPTN=02
9m FORMATION 8.1m
SoftClay SandySilt(JURONG
FirmSandySilt FORMATIONSV)
(JURONGFORMATION) JURONGFORMATION JURONGFORMATION SPTN=67 10m
SandySilt/Clay SandySilt(JURONG
SPTN=2 SandySilt
FORMATIONSV)
26m Cavity
SPTN=100
Cavity 15m
30m SandyClay(JURONG
Weaktomoderately
FORMATION StrongSandstone
SPTN=3 (JURONG
36m FORMATIONSIII)
HardSilt(JURONG SPTN=100
FORMATION) 30m
SPTN=30 JURONGFORMATION
40m
HardSilt(JURONG Sandstone
FORMATION)
46m SPTN=100
Problem with Jurong Formation Bedrock profile
FeaturesofJurong Formation:
Limestoneinterbeddedwithmudstone,siltstoneandsandstone
Steeplyinclined
beddingplanes
Topofrocklevelisundulating Needforcloserboreholesspacing
PilescannotrestonMudstone easilysoftenwithwater
Limestonekarsticfeature mayneedgroundimprovement
Prof.CHEWSH(NUS) 96
Problem with Kallang Formation Thick soft soils
Problem with Kallang Formation Thick soft soils
FILL
PEAT
S(IV)JF
(V.SOFT)
S(V)JF(HARD)
CAVITIES
Problem with Kallang Formation Soft soils
Softsoil
willgiverisetoexcessivesettlementissue.
Peatysoilsinparticular
Highsecondaryconsolidationsettlement
willcontinuetosettleovermanymany
yearswithoutincreaseinload.
Problem in tunneling in mixed soils condition
ClassificationofMixedGround
Amixedgroundisusuallydefinedasoccurrenceat
excavationfaceoftwoormoretypeofsoilswith
significantlydifferentpropertiesthataffectTBM
operation.
Theycanbe:
(a)Layeredorbandedgroundformedbyrockbeddings,
dykes,faultsorshearzones.
(b)Interfacegroundofsoilandrock,typicallyweathered
materialsabovebedrock.
(c)Mixedgroundwithlockedcorestones mixedwithsoil
materials.

ClassificationofMixedGround
InJurong Tuas Area

InJurong Tuas Area
>Tunnelling inthesevariedsoilprofilehasto
becarefullyplanned..
Problem in encountering limestone
AsianTunneling
SICAT2017
7&8September2017
4. Challengesinverticalshaftandtunneling
works
Next,letmesummarizesome
Challenges in Vertical Shaft/Station Box

VerticalShaft forLaunchingshaftand
receivingshaftaswellasStationBox
construction
Challenges in Tunneling works
AsianTunneling
SICAT2017
7&8September2017
5.GroundImprovementneededtoconfront
thegeotechnicalissuesabove
Here,Wehavetoconsiderthefollowingtwostructures:
VerticalShaft forLaunchingshaftand
receivingshaftaswellasStationBoxconstruction
Earthretainingstructureneeded.
Tunneling
Intheabovementioneddifficultground
conditions.
Vertical Shaft / Station Box
Duetopresentofthicksoftsoil,andtheclosedproximityto
neighborhighrisebuilding,theretainingstructurehas
toberigidandstrong..
TypicalusingContiguousboredpilesorsecantpilewallor
Diaphragmwall..
NeedmanylayersofstrutsorinternalJGPsstrut.
Diaphragmwall Anchoring
Strutting
General Ground Improvement Methods
Ground
improvement
methods
Notsuitablehere
Mechanical Physical&
Hydraulic
Modification Chemical
Modification
Methods Modifications
Compaction VerticalDrains Grouting,DCM
(Source: Hayward Baker)
(Source: Hayward Baker) (Stapelfeldt, 2006)

Cement
Ground treatment methods
Improvement Methods
Basicallytherearethreetypeofgroutingmode:
Permeationgrout
Displacement(compaction)Grout
Jetgrouting(replacementgrout)
131
Cement
Ground treatment methods
Improvement Methods
Jet Grouting
132
Prof.CHEWSH(NUS) Jet Grouting Jet 132
Compaction
Ground grouting
Improvement Methods
Application of Compaction grouting
134
Settlement control by Compaction grouting

Cavity filling by Compaction grouting
136
Cavity filling by Compaction grouting
137
Jet Grouting Types
138
Jet Grouting Super Large diameter
Orother
equivalent
products
e.g.SuperJet
etc
Minimum diameter is 4.2m and the maximum

139
diameter is 5.0m.
Need it in corners with full of underground services
SonicJet columnsconstructedtoformintoaretainingwall,forthe
closingofthegap.

Need it in corners with full of underground services
SonicJet columnsconstructedtoformintoaretainingwall,forthe
closingofthegap.
Need it in corners
The diameter was determined -- the minimum

diameter is 4.2m and the maximum diameter is 5.0m.

OriginalDesignJGPforShaft2 require130inclinedjetgrout
points,whichistoocostly.
Prof.CHEWSH(NUS) Icsge 2015 largediameter sonicjet pile,Chewetal 143

BigDiameterSonicJet Design only10points
needed!! noinducedmovement!!
Prof.CHEWSH(NUS) Icsge 2015 largediameter sonicjet pile,Chewetal 144
Prof.CHEWSH(NUS) Icsge2015 largediameter 145 145

sonicjet pile Chew et al
Thisisthereferencebarfor
subsequentphotos

Movement at 3 m away form SonicJet < 3mm

Tunneling in Soft Soil Ground
TunnelinginSoftsoilsinhighlybuildupareawill
causeexcessivegroundsettlementissues..
Softgroundneededtobetreated Commonly
usingJetGroutingorDCM
Sometime,groutinghastobedoneatthe
congestedareawithlimitedgroundsurface
available.
Inclinedgrouting
superlargediameterJGPs
Tunneling in Mixed Soil Condition

Solution for Mixed Soil Tunneling
Either
Option A. Make TBM machine to suit the

ground.
Convertible TBM
Or
Option B. Ground treatment (improvement) to

make the ground to suit the machine.
Option A. Make TBM machine to suit the ground.

WhataretheChallenges?
Timelycharacterizationofsoilandweathered
rocksasthetunnelprogresses..
Possibleexplorationbygeophysicalmethods
abovegroundorprobingaheadoftunnelface
Howtomeasureandmodelmixedface
behaviour?

Option B. Ground treatment (improvement) to make the
ground to suit the machine.
Conditioning of the grades S(III/IV) and S(V) materials:

make grade S(III/IV) with less permeable Use
Permeation Grouting
and make grade S(V) more stable. Use Jet
Grouting/DCM
Temporarily lowering down groundwater table to reduce

water pressure and water inflow.
Watch out for sand lenses use TAM Grouting/Chemical

Grouting
Option B. Ground treatment (improvement) to make the
ground to suit the machine.
Tunnel face can also inject special fluid to condition

the soil ahead of cutting or during cutting.
use of special cement+ bentonite + chemical mix..
Function:
-- dispersed the clay to reduce plasticity
-- harden faster
-- better flow characteristic for easy excavating.

Groundconditionneedtobeassessed
continuously
Boreholes and face logs give basic soil information.
TBM data give continuous information
Can be expressed as Penetration Index or
Specific Energy
Must be calibrated against data from boreholes
and face logs
Conclusion
1. SGKLHSRpresentsagreatopportunityforcivilengineers
andforall,especiallyfortunnelengineers/specialists,and
groundtreatmentengineer/specialists.
2. Greatchallengetoconstructthestationboxandtunnelin
denselypopulatedareawithhighestpossiblestandard,in
thegroundthathasawiderangeofsoils/rocks Softsoils,
mixedgroundandlimestonecavityetc..
3. Thecomplexsoil/rocksconditionsatJurong EastHSR
stationandtunnelworksisgreatopportunityfor
engineerstoshowcaseourinnovativeabilityinsolving
soil/rockassociatedproblems.

Ground Improvement

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SymposiumonInnovationandChallengesin

TerminalinSingapore Jurong East

TerminalinSingapore Jurong East

Tunnel lilely below AYE

Jurong Formation Interbedding

Rockaroundthisfaultline,tendstobeSchist/slate and easier to break into sheetlike

1mbgl 1mbgl 1mbgl

N=2 M N=2 10.5m N=24

BH1 BH5 BH7 BH11 BH31

Highly varied soil profile

Problem with Kallang Formation Thick soft soils

Problem with Kallang Formation Soft soils

Problem in tunneling in mixed soils condition

Problem in tunneling in mixed soils condition

Challenges in Vertical Shaft/Station Box

Challenges in Tunneling works

Challenges in Vertical Shaft/Station Box

Challenges in Tunneling works

Challenges in Tunneling works

Challenges in Tunneling works

Vertical Shaft / Station Box

Vertical Shaft / Station Box

Vertical Shaft / Station Box

General Ground Improvement Methods

(Source: Hayward Baker) (Stapelfeldt, 2006)

Settlement control by Compaction grouting

Prof.CHEWSH(NUS) 135 135

Cavity filling by Compaction grouting

Jet Grouting Super Large diameter

Minimum diameter is 4.2m and the maximum

Jet Grouting Super Large diameter

The diameter was determined -- the minimum

Jet Grouting Super Large diameter

Prof.CHEWSH(NUS) Icsge 2015 largediameter sonicjet pile,Chewetal 143

Prof.CHEWSH(NUS) Icsge 2015 largediameter sonicjet pile,Chewetal 144

Prof.CHEWSH(NUS) Icsge2015 largediameter 145 145

Prof.CHEWSH(NUS) Icsge2015 largediameter 146 146

Jet Grouting Super Large diameter

Movement at 3 m away form SonicJet < 3mm

Prof.CHEWSH(NUS) Icsge2015 largediameter 147 147

Tunneling in Mixed Soil Condition

Option A. Make TBM machine to suit the

Option B. Ground treatment (improvement) to

Tunneling in Mixed Soil Condition

Tunneling in Mixed Soil Condition

Conditioning of the grades S(III/IV) and S(V) materials:

Temporarily lowering down groundwater table to reduce

Watch out for sand lenses use TAM Grouting/Chemical

Tunnel face can also inject special fluid to condition

use of special cement+ bentonite + chemical mix..

Tunneling in Mixed Soil Condition

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