SPE 143506

A Novel PPG Enhanced Surfactant-Polymer System for EOR

Xiao-hong Cui, Zhen-quan Li, SPE, Xu-long Cao, SPE, Xin-wang Song, Xinying Zhang, Geological Sciences
Research Institute of Shengli Oilfield, Sinopec

Copyright 2011, Society of Petroleum Engineers

This paper was prepared for presentation at the SPE Enhanced Oil Recovery Conference held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 1921 July 2011.

This paper was selected for presentation by an SPE program committee following review of information contained in an abstract submitted by the author(s). Contents of the paper have not been
reviewed by the Society of Petroleum Engineers and are subject to correction by the author(s). The material does not necessarily reflect any position of the Society of Petroleum Engineers, its
officers, or members. Electronic reproduction, distribution, or storage of any part of this paper without the written consent of the Society of Petroleum Engineers is prohibited. Permission to
reproduce in print is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words; illustrations may not be copied. The abstract must contain conspicuous acknowledgment of SPE copyright.

Abstract
Based on the analysis results with rheometer, spining drop interfacial tensionmeter, laser particle analyzer, microscopic oil
displacement and oil displacement, a novel Preformed Particle Gel (PPG) for chemical EOR was screened out. Its application
properties were evaluated. A new chemical flooding system, Heterogeneous Combination Flooding System (HCFS), was
designed according to the interaction laws of PPG, polymer and surfactant. Core flooding tests were conducted under two
types of reservoir conditions of Shengli Oilfeild, 1) high temperature and high salinity (HT/HS) conditions, and 2) after
polymer flooding reservoir condition, to figure out the enhanced oil recovery effects of HCFS. It showed that PPG can not
only migrate and penetrate in porous medium, but also generate more significant volumetric sweep efficiency by the cycle of
piling up-plug-pressure rising-extending and deforming to pass through porous throats than the conventional polymer flooding
to modify the existing dominant migration path. Because of the enhanced sweep efficiency introduced by the mixed PPG-
polymer system with higher viscosity and viscoelasticity as well as the displacement efficiency by surfactant system, HCFS
can improve the oil recovery by 22.5% for HT/HS reservoirs and by 19.1% for after the polymer flooding reservoirs in dual
sandpacked tube flooding experiments with the interlayer heterogeneity of 1000:500010-3m2.
Key wordsPPG (Preformed Particle Gel); Heterogeneous Combination Flooding (HCF); Chemical EOR (Enhanced Oil
Recovery); high temperature and high salinity reservoirs; after polymer flooding reservoirs

1. INTRODUCTION
It is well-known that expanding swept volume of the injected fluid and increasing oil displacement efficiency are two paths
used to enhance oil recovery [1].In Chemical EOR, conventional polymer such as hydrolyzed polyacryamide (HPAM) is mainly
used to increase the injected waters viscosity thus decrease the mobility ratio of injected water and crude oil to expand the
sweep efficiency; and surfactant is used to reduce the interfacial tension between injected water and crude oil thus increase
capillary number of formation to increase displacement efficiency and reduce remains oil saturation [2-4]. For a heterogeneous
reservoir, the contribution of increasing swept volume to EOR is bigger than that of increasing oil displacing efficiency [5]. So
improving sweep efficiency is always the primary factor of Chemical EOR because of the common existing of heterogeneity
in practical reservoir formations, moreover, it is the foundation of a promising displacing efficiency.
China is one of the countries in the world which develop chemical EOR Technology vigorously. Conventional polymer
flooding has been put into industrialized application in many major oilfields of China such as Daqing, Shengli and Henan
since 1990's [6,7], plus combination flooding such as ASP in Daqing and SP in Shengli are in their pre-commercial stage [8-10].
They play an important role in stabilizing output of these oilfields with an increment of the oil recovery from 8%~15% of
polymer flooding and 14%~22% of combination flooding. However, these technologies met with the challenge to further
enhance oil recovery after-polymer flooding, or in high temperature and high salinity reservoirs. Except for a good oil
displacing efficiency, another common problem is how to improve sweep efficiency under more harsh and complicated
reservoir conditions. For after-polymer flooding reservoirs, system which can expand the swept volume effectively upon the
dominant migration pathway intensified by polymer flooding thus the scattered distributed residual crude oil [11] can be droven
out and is asked to maintain a stablilizing oil production of these oilfields. For high salinity and/or high temperature (HT/HS)
reservoirs, system which is both temperature and salinity resistance can fit reservoirs with wide range of heterogeneity is also
asked to reach a best EOR effect within one EOR process. Neither can conventional polymers nor existing combination
systems accomplish these two missions. Thus, Heterogenetic Combination Flooding (HCF) system, a novel Preformed Particle
Gel (PPG) enhanced surfactant-polymer multiphase combination flooding system, is developed to meet these challenges.
2 SPE 143506

There are many cases reported about early PPG with three-dimension network structure of bulk gel used in profile
modification successfully[12-18] because its outstanding in-depth fluid diversion performance. However, it cant be used as a
displacement reagent while it cant migrate or penetrate along porous medium of reservoir formation to drive out residual oil
even under high pressure differential. The novel viscoelastic PPGs molecular structure used in this study is designed to have
both partly crosslinked-3D-network and partly star-branched polymer chains thus its water dispersion performs the dual
characteristics of absorbing polymer and water soluble polymer with swelling deformable viscoelastic core wrapped by
viscous bulk liquid. The network part of the structure increase resistance to temperature and salinity, meanwhile, the
deformable viscoelastic particle and viscous liquid system can migrate along formation porous simultaneously to modify the
heterogeneity dynamically.
The integrated performances in EOR of the novel PPG are investigated to prove it can be used as a flooding chemical,
especially for reservoirs with HT/HS and strong heterogeneity. Increasing displacement efficiency by reducing oil-water
interfacial tension (IFT) is not a new idea. Shengli Oilfield has set up a series of compounding surfactant formulas of
petroleum sulfonate made by Shengli crude oil (SLPS) and non-ionic surfactants based on the established surfactant-property
relationships in their Surfactant Polymer (SP) Flooding Technology. Feasible surfactant systems upon specific reservoir
conditions are screened based on former studies [8,19].

2. EXPERIMENTAL

2.1 Test Material

Reagent: Sodium chloride, Sodium calcium, Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, Sodium bicarbonate, all of them are AR.
Novel PPG: white powder, particle size is 106m.
Early PPG: clay brown power, particle size is 106m.
HAM (P): white powder, viscosity-average molecular weight is about 20,000,000; hydrolyzing degree (HD %) is 25%.

2.2 Experiment Conditions

Most experiments are conducted under type HT/HS reservoir condition of Shengli Oilfeild without special mentioned,
formation temperature is 80 , injected brine salinity is 19334mg/L, Ca2++Mg2+=514 mg/L. Crude oil is from Shentuo area.
Post-polymer flooding experiment is conducted under the reservoir condition of Zhong1 Block in Gudao area of Shengli
Oilfield, formation temperature is 70 , injected brine salinity is 5727mg/L, Ca2++Mg2+=108mg/l. Crude oil is from production
well 2N3.

2.3 Equipments
HAAKE RS150 Rheometer is used to measure viscoelasticity parameters such as viscosity, complex viscosity, loss modulus
(viscous modulus, G), storage modulus (G), phase angle of swelling PPG particles, PPG water dispersion system, polymer
solutions, and PPG + Polymer compounds.
Mastersizer 2000 particle size analyzer is used to measure particle size and distribution of the swelled PPG.
TEXAS 550C spinning drop interfacial tensiometer is used to measure IFT between chemical solution and crude oil.
Core displacement equipment is used for blocking, fluid diversion, and displacement test.
Polymer solutions are made by synthesized injected brine with electronic constant speed mixer.
PPG dispersions are made by synthesized injected brine with magnetic stirrers.

2.4 Core Flooding Processings

2.4.1 Blocking test
Core model: 300mm25mm sand packed tube model, permeability is 150010-3m2 measured by gas.
Injection speed: 0.5 mL/min.
Experimental processing: Inject synthesized injecting brine first, measure flow rate and injecting pressure, record the mass
velocity mb1 and pressure Pb1 after they reach equilibrium. Then inject 2000mg/L polymer solution or PPG dispersion in the
same method, also record the mass velocity mp and pressure Pp after they reach equilibrium, polymer or PPG volume injected
in this period should be larger than 2 PV (pore volume). Then inject synthesized injecting brine again, and record the mass
velocity mb2 and pressure Pb2 after they reach equilibrium.
Permeability during different period are calculated according equation 1 or 2:
Lb mb
Kb = 102 (1)
APb bt
L p m
Kp = 102 (2)
APp pt
And blocking efficiency, resistance factor (RF) and residual resistance factor (RRF) are gotten through equation 3, 4, and 5
separately:
SPE 143506 3

1- Kp
Blocking Efficiency = 100 (3)
K b1
K b1 / b
RF = (4)
Kp / p
K b1 / b
RRF = (5)
K b 2 / b 2
2.4.2 The migration behavior of PPG in core
Core model: 300mm25mm Sand packed tube model, permeability is 150010-3m2 measured by gas, there are two
pressure taps along the tube at 100 mm and 200 mm.
Injection speed: 0.5ml/min.
Experimental processing: Inject synthesized injecting brine first, begin 2000mg/L polymer flooding or PPG flooding after
the pressure is stable, and turn to water flooding again after a pressure platform is reached. Record the change of pressure at
the inlet, outlet and the two pressure taps. Producing fluid during different period was collected to measure viscosity and
particle size.
2.4.3 Fluid diversion experiment
Core model: 1000mm25mm dual sand packed tube models, permeability is 100010-3m2:300010-3m2 measured by gas,
there are four pressure taps along the tube at 200 mm, 400 mm, 600mm, and 800mm separately.
Injection speed: 0.5ml/min.
Experimental processing: Inject water, 2000mg/L polymer slug, water, 2000mg/L PPG slug, water, 1000mg/L P +1000mg/L
PPG slug, and water, 1500mg/L P +1500mg/L PPG slug, and water in turn. 1 PV chemical slug is injected during every
chemical flooding period. Record the change of pressure at inlet, outlet and different pressure taps, and the change of fluid
output the two tubes.
The distributing flux of production of every tube is calculated:
DF= Ps/Pt (6)
2.4.4 Displacement experiment
Core model: 300mm25mm dual sand packed tube models, permeability is 100010-3m2:500010-3m2 measured by gas.
Injection speed: 0.24ml/min.
Water flooding: Inject water until overall water cut is 100%. The oil recovery is water flooding recovery.
Chemical flooding: Begin with water flooding till overall water cut is 94%, inject 0.3 PV chemical slug, then turn to
follow-up water flooding until overall water cut is 100%. EOR= oil recovery of chemical flooding water flooding recovery.
Post-polymer flooding: Begin with water flooding till overall water cut is 92%, inject 0.3 PV 1800mg/L polymer flooding,
turn to follow-up water flooding till overall water cut is 98%, then inject the second 0.3 PV chemical slug for after polymer
flooding, followed with water flooding until water cut is 100%. Post-polymer flooding EOR= final recovery polymer
flooding recovery.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

3.1 Performance Evaluation of PPG

3.1.1 Viscoelasticity and Suspension Property
As shown in table 1, the viscosity of 1% novel PPG is 725.3mPa.s as measured under 7.34s-1, and storage modulus G is
5.42Pa, loss modulus G is 3.55Pa, mean that the dispersion system of PPG shows a good viscoelastic property. Phase angle ()
is 33.2 means that the viscoelastic property is tends to dominated by elasticity. Because of PPGs special molecular structure
with both 3D network and polymer chains, the elastic PPG particles are dispersed steadily in viscous bulk solution, thus a
structural viscosity is formed to increase viscoelasticity significantly, especially the elasticity of the system, which is favorable
to increase sweep volume hence to improve the oil recovery. Meanwhile, the suspension stability of PPG particles is improved
remarkably as well as to stay no phase separation for 48 hours in ambient temperature, while most early PPG, the swellable
particulates, will be phase separated in 2 hours and the bulk viscosity of its 1% water dispersions showing too weak in bulk
viscosity to measure its viscoelasticity.
Table 1 The median particle sizeand viscoelastic parameters of PPG
sample Particle size */ mPa.s /
/ mPa.s G/ Pa G/ Pa
m

Novel PPG 561.2 725.3 5.42 3.55 1031.0 33.2

Early PPG 264.2 53.4 - - - -

4 SPE 143506

3.1.2 Blocking efficiency

The Blocking efficiency, RF, RRF of novel PPG and polymer are shown in table 2. The blocking efficiency of PPG is 97.2%,
while polymers is only 69.7% under the same test condition. In the same time, the RF value of polymer is 12, PPGs is 154
13 times of polymers. It showed that PPG has a stronger ability in profile control than polymer. From the RRF data, the early
PPGs shows a too low permeability recovery with a high RRF, means that early PPG is good at blocking or profile control,
but not for chemical flooding process where a good injecting ability is asked. For novel PPG with RRF 4.2, it proves that the
permeability recovers well during the follow-up water flooding period, and its profile control effect keeps far better and
longer than polymer flooding with RRF 1.8.
Particles with size of 136m are observed in produced liquid of novel PPG. There are no particles observed in produced
liquid of early PPG, instead a filter cake is observed in the enter surface of the core. It can be figured out that novel PPG can
both temporally block and move through porous medium and be used both as blocking and displacement reagent, while early
PPG can only be used as blocking reagent.
Table 2 Blocking efficiency, RF, RRF of PPG and polymer
Particle size of
Blocking Produced
sample RF RRF
efficiency %
m

Novel PPG 97.2 154.0 4.2 136

Early PPG 98.9 178 159 /

Polymer 69.7 12.0 1.8 /

3.1.3 The migration along core of PPG

The migration of 2000mg/L PPG water dispersion and polymer solution along the core model as mentioned in 2.4.2 are
compared.
The change of pressure via injected fluid volume (PV) in different position during polymer flooding is shown in Fig. 1. It
shows: The injection pressure at inlet rises gradually following the increase of injected polymer amount; however, a platform
of injection pressure takes place the uptrend after 1.33 PV polymer solution has been injected, the maximum value of pressure
is 0.035MPa in this case. In the same time, pressures at the two interior taps show a same changing trend with the pressure at
inlet, although the value is shorten along with the increase distance from the inlet. This is because polymer solution is
relatively homogenous, so the pressure transmission upon it is continuous. During the follow-up waterflooding, the pressures
at different position fall back to the pre-waterflooding level rapidly. This is in accordance with situations of some polymer
flooding field tests [20].

0.06
HPAM 2000mg/L
0.04 MPa Inlet

0.04 Poi.1
P ressure/ M P a

Poi.2

0.02 Outlet

0.00
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0
Injected Pore Volume/ PV

Figure 1 The pressure curve in different position of the core during polymer flooding
SPE 143506 5

0.50

PPG 2000mg/L Inlet

0.35 MPa
Poi.1
0.40
Poi.2
Outlet
Pressure/ MPa

0.30

0.20

0.10

0.00
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0
Injected Pore Volume/ PV

Figure 2 The pressure curve in different position of the core during PPG flooding
Compared with polymer flooding processing, pressure transmission from inlet to outlet along the core is also observed
during and after PPG flooding processing, but there are other special features: The pressure rise during PPG flooding is more
rapid and significant than polymer flooding, and the maximum value is 0.35 Mpa, higher than polymers. This means that PPG
has a better performance than polymer for profile modification and water shut off. But the pressure transmission speed during
PPG flooding is slower than polymers; pressure transmission time-lag is shown from the inlet to outlet. A threshold pressure
is asked by PPG particles to move along the porous medium. One possible reason is the migration of elastic PPG particles in
porous medium depends on the cycle of piling up-plug-pressure rising-extending and deforming to pass at porous throats. Thus
the threshold pressure varies with the permeability and heterogeneity of reservoirs as well as particle size and viscoelasticity of
the used PPG. The threshold pressure in this case is about 0.2 MPa. It can also be figured out that the modification of PPG will
remain a better effect and a longer period than polymer from the follow-up waterflooding performance. The pressure drops
slowly during this period, and rises and falls in a small range. It shows that PPG particles continuously migrate in porous thus
generate a durable profile control.
3.1.4 Fluid diversion feature
As shown in Fig.3, pre-waterflooding production ratio of the higher permeability tube and lower permeability tube before
chemical floodings is 75:25. It moves to 60:40 after polymer is injected, then gradually moves to the best of 56:44 when 0.3
PV polymer solution has been injected showing that polymer solution do modify the injection profile and increase the sweep
volume, then the modification begins weaker gradually in the following injecting, and turns to be failure with production
fraction 97:3 meaning that the sweep situation even worse than the pre-waterflooding, and most of injected fluid is produced
from the high permeability tube during the follow-up water. This is consistent with the results shown in 3.1.3 and some
polymer flooding field tests.
100

80
Polymer
Fractional flow/ %

60
PPG
40

20

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Injected Pore Volume/ PV

Fig. 3 The fractional flow curve of the two sandpacked tube during polymer flooding and PPG flooding
The production fraction of two tubes begins to reverse as 40:60 when PPG is just injected. Furthermore, the fluid diversion
becomes more significant as more PPG is injected. The production fraction moves to 30: 70 when 0.1 PV PPG has been
injected, and the production fraction of the low permeability tube reaches 90 at 0.2 PV and this situation lasts to the end of
PPG injection. The reversion trend is enhanced in the follow-up waterflooding, the production fraction of the low permeability
6 SPE 143506

tube keeps as 99 for about 0.7 PV. At last, another diversion happens, the production fraction keeps as 20:80 for about another
0.4 PV. It shows that PPG does generate fluid diversion very quickly, and develops the lower permeability area effectively and
sustained during both the injection and the follow-up waterflooding, also the modification of PPG to heterogeneity is a
dynamic processing along with the migration of PPG particles in porous. For a practical reservoir, fluid diversion will not
comes so fast as well as in laboratory; neither will the diversion degree be so significant because of both the big volume of
reservoir pore volume and the common existing heterogeneity.

3.2 The Interaction between PPG and Polymer or Surfactant

Novel PPG has a great potential to improve sweep efficiency in a pst-polymer flooding reservoir as it can migrate in porous
medium, simultaneously generate an outstanding fluid diversion to increase swept volume greatly. Thus the viscoelasticity and
interfacial tension (IFT) of HCF (PPG+polymer+surfactant) systems are studied to develop a PPG enhanced chemical flooding
system for post-polymer flooding reservoirs.
3.2.1 The viscoelasticity of PPG + polymer systems
As shown in Table 3, apparent viscosity and viscoelasticity of the compounds of PPG and polymer increase obviously.
Among them, storage module Gincrease most significantly. values of compound are showed between that of single PPG
dispersion and polymer solution, but with a tendency more like that of PPG dispersions, smaller than 45indicating that
elasticity dominated compared with polymer solutions viscosity dominated. The increasing of viscoelasticity is also because of
the structural viscosity generated by PPG particles in the system. That will be beneficial to decrease the mobility ratio between
the oil and aqueous phases in severe heterogeneous oil reservoirs.
Table 3 The viscoelastic properties of different system
system C/ mg/L / mPa.s Eta*/ mPa.s G/ Pa G/ Pa /

HPAM 23.7 39.4 0.09 0.23 69.5

3000
PPG 6.7 64.1 0.35 0.20 29.6
HPAM+PPG 1500+1500 68.3 188.8 1.02 0.61 31.1

3.2.2 IFT of PPG + Surfactant + Polymer

Based on the reservoir condition of Zhong1 block, Gudao area of Shengli Oilfield, a compound surfactant system of
petroleum sulfonate made by Gudao crude (SLPS) and alkoxylated surfactant is developed with IFT 3.710-3mN/m without
PPG and polymer, as shown in Fig. 4. When there are both PPG and polymer, the IFT curve shows a tendency to reach the
lowest IFT value more slowly, and the lowest IFT is 6.010-3mN/m, a little higher than the original surfactant system but still
in the range of ultra low IFT range which is demanded by surfactant EOR.
1
PPG+S+P
IF T / m N /m

0.1
S

0.01

0.001
0 20 40 60 time/ min 80 100 120

Figure 4 The dynamic IFT curve of surfactant solution/ oil system with or without polymer and PPG

3.3 Results of Displacement Tests

Displacement results of different chemical slugs are shown in Table 4.
For conventional water flooding, the recovery is 46.9%, and most of recovered oil is from the higher permeability tube with
oil recovery 64.0%, while the lower permeability tubes is only 26.1%. Because the injected water mainly enters the higher
permeability zone with dominant channels therefore most of the produced oil is droved out from there. Meanwhile, the overall
recovery is quite low as the fingering of injected water according to non-Darcy flow under such a heterogeneous status.
For conventional polymer flooding, the overall recovery is 53.1%, oil recovery increment is 6.3%. Similar with water
flooding, the higher permeability tube contributes to most of the oil production with recovery 74.7%, and the lowers is only
29.8%, a little higher than that of water flooding. It is in good agreement with fluid diversion results shown in 3.1.4 and some
field tests that polymer has a limited modification on reservoirs heterogeneous status; indicating polymer flooding mainly
SPE 143506 7

improves sweep efficiency in higher permeability zones or around dominant channels which it enters preferred. So its
influence of increasing oil recovery in severe heterogeneous reservoirs is limited, too.
Table 4 Displacement efficiency of different chemical slugs after Polymer flooding
Injected System Oil recovery of lower Oil recovery of higher Overall oil EOR/
Perm./ % Perm./ % recovery/ % %

Water 64.0 26.1 46.9

1800mg/LP 74.7 29.8 53.1 6.3
1800mg/LPPG 77.2 42.0 60.3 13.4
1800mg/L P+0.4% S 77.7 41.9 60.5 13.6
1800mg/L PPG+0.4% S 72.7 65.6 69.3 22.4

For PPG flooding, the overall recovery is 60.5%, its oil recovery increment is 13.6%, double of polymers with the higher
permeability tubes recovery 77.2% and the lowers 42.0%. It is also in agreement with fluid diversion results in 3.1.4 that
PPG provides a better effct in modifying the heterogeneity than that of polymer as it can generate effective fluid diversion and
increase sweep efficiency both in higher and lower permeability zone as well as increase the oil production simultaneously
even in a strong heterogeneous reservoir. However, PPG cant improve displacement efficiency. Neither can it drive out all the
swept residual crude. So the oil recovery of the lower permeability tube is relatively lower than the higher ones even though
there is more residual oil in the lower permeability zone in situ than the higher one.
For SP flooding (surfactant- polymer flooding), it has a similar overall oil recovery and enhancement oil recovery with PPG
flooding, and similar oil recovery to the cprresponding cores. However, their EOR mechanism is quite different. SP flooding
improves the sweep efficiency and displacement efficiency simultaneously, thus it can increase the higher ones recovery
further to 77.7% and the lower ones to 41.9% by the synergism of polymer and surfactant with the limited improved sweep
status of polymer. Suppose there was a better sweep status, the lower tube should get a much higher oil recovery.
Just as predicted, HCF (heterogeneous combined flooding, PPG + surfactant + polymer system) displays the highest overall
oil recovery as 69.3%, with the higher permeability tube 72.7% and the lower one 65.6%. It can be figured out that the high
recovery of both tubes owe to the synergism of PPG and polymer to improve swept efficiency significantly and the good
displacement efficiency by surfactant, especially for the highest recovery of the lower permeability tube in this study.
3.4 Post-Polymer Flooding Displacement Experiment
Post-polymer flooding displacement tests are conducted under reservoir condition of Ng3 zone, Zhong1 Block, Gudao area
of Shengli Oilfield. An industrial Polymer Flooding project was conducted at this area in December 1994, turned to post-water
flooding process in October 1997; the whole project was finished in 2006. The enhanced oil recovery of polymer flooding is
11%. At present, the recovery percent of reserves of this area is 54%; overall water cut is as high as 98%. SP and HCF (PPG +
surfactant + polymer) formulas are designed based on the reservoir condition, and their displacement efficiency after polymer
flooding are compared. The oil recovery increment of SP slug in this study is only 4.1%, but HCF slugs is very high as 11.1%.
Because PPG can modify the formation heterogeneity ufficiently through its outstanding performance in profile control, it is
further enhanced by the synergism of PPG and polymer. Chemicals are diverted into where residual oil is rich but permeability
is relatively low and polymer cannot penetrate into by itself. The function of surfactant thus works more sufficiently and a
significant EOR effect is achieved.

4. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION

1) The novel PPG shows good suspension stability, viscoelastic property (dominated by elasticity), injectability, fluid
diversion, displacement property, as well as strong resistance to high temperature and high salinity, due to its partly 3D
crosslinked network and partly branched polymer chains structure. Through the cycle of piling up- pluging-extending and
deforming through within porous throats, novel PPG plugs high permeable zone, adjusts heterogeneity in situ dynamically and
efficiently as it migrates along porous medium. Thus it generates an outstanding fluid diversion under strong heterogeneity,
improves swept efficiency more singnificantly than that of conventional polymer.
2) Novel PPG enhanced surfactant-polymer system improves oil recovery more significiently than both polymer flooding
and SP flooding under Shengli Oilfield reservoir condition.
3) To boost the operability and success of field tests, further studies on the adaptability of PPG to different reservoir
conditions, such as permeability, heterogeneity, as well as penetration regulation should be investigated intensively in order to
optimize the performances of PPG systems.

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