CH 02

2
ALGEBRA
CLAST MATHEMATICS COMPETENCIES
IC1a: Add and subtract real numbers

IClb: Multiply and divide real numbers
IC2: Apply order-of-operations agreement to computations involving
numbers and variables
IC3: Use scientific notation in calculations involving very large or very
small measurements
IC4a: Solve linear equations
IC4b: Solve linear inequalities
IC5: Use given formulas to compute results, when geometric measurements
are not involved
IC6: Find particular values of a function
IC7: Factor a quadratic expression
IC8: Find solutions to quadratic equation
IC9: Solve a system of two linear equations in two unknowns
IIC1: Use properties of operations correctly
IIC2: Determine whether a particular number is among the solutions of a given
equation or inequality
IIC3: Recognize statements and conditions of proportionality and variation
IIC4: Identify regions of the coordinate plane which correspond to specified
conditions and vice versa
IIIC2: Use applicable properties to select equivalent equations and inequalities
IVC1: Solve real world problems involving the use of variables aside from
commonly used geometric formulas
IVC2: Solve problems that involve the structure and logic of algebra
63
2.1 REAL NUMBERS, SCIENTIFIC NOTATION AND

ORDER OF OPERATIONS
We are now ready to expand our knowledge of the rational numbers to a new set of numbers called
the real numbers. The real numbers include the rational numbers and the irrational numbers. The
3
irrationals are numbers that cannot be written as the ratio of two integers. For example, 2 , 2
and are irrational numbers. We will start by performing the four fundamental operations using
irrational numbers.
A. Operations with Irrational Numbers
Objectives IC1a, IC1b CLAST SAMPLE PROBLEMS

36 6
1. 4 - 5 + 2 = 2. 5 2 + 18 = 3. 3 6 = 4. = 5. =
3 5
T TERMINOLOGY--EXPRESSIONS AND LIKE TERMS

EXPRESSIONS EXAMPLES
An expression is a collection of numbers and 9xy2, x + y, 3 x + 5 and 7 - 3x2 + 5 are
letters (variables) connected by operation signs. expressions.
The parts to be added or subtracted are called 9xy2 has one term.
terms. The numerical part of a term (the 9 in x + y has two terms: x and y
9xy2, for example) is the coefficient of the 3 x + 5 has two terms: 3 x and 5
term, and the letters x and y2 are variables. 7 - 3x2 + 5 has three terms:
7 - 3x2 and 5
LIKE TERMS EXAMPLES

When two or more terms have exactly the same 3x and -5x are like terms.
variable factors, (except possibly for their -7x2y and 32x2y are like terms.
coefficients or the order in which the factors 18 and 27 are like terms.
are multiplied), they are like terms. 3 7 and -8 7 are like terms.
Irrational numbers can be added or subtracted using the idea of like terms. For example,
3 + 4 = 7 , 9 7 - 5 7 = 4 7 , 8 - 15 = - 7 . Note that the expression 2 + 4 cannot
be simplified any further because it involves an irrational number (2 ) and a rational number (4).
Radicals such as 9 7 and 5 7 can be added or subtracted because the radicands, the numbers
under the radical , are equal. However, 3 2 and 8 cannot be added unless we simplify 8 .
Here is the rule we need to simplify 8 .
ANSWERS 30
1. 6 - 5 2. 8 2 3. 3 2 4. 2 3 5. 5
Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

64 CHAPTER 2 Algebra
1 RULES TO SIMPLIFY RADICALS

PRODUCTS EXAMPLES
ab = a b 8 = 4 2 = 4 2 = 2 2
Note: The expressions under the radical must be 45 = 9 5 = 9 5 = 3 5
positive.
QUOTIENTS 35 35 35
a a 4 = 4 = 2
b = b 63 63 63
a 64 = 64 = 8
When the denominator of is irrational,
b 97 9 7 3 7
rationalize the denominator b by = = = 8
8 8
multiplying numerator and denominator by b 3 3 5 3 5 3 5
. = = = 5 .
5 5 5 25
Note that b b = b2 = b.
3
To rationalize the denominator in we
5
multiplied the numerator and denominator by
5.
CLAST EXAMPLES
Example Solution
1. 2 + 11 - 1 = 2 and 11 are like terms and can be added

to obtain 13 . Since 1 is a rational number,
A. 13 2 - 1 B. 13 - 1 you cannot combine it with the 13 . The final
C. + 12 D. 12 answer is B, 13 - 1.
Example Solution
2. 75 - 3 = To combine 75 and 3 we have to write

75 and 3 as like terms.
A. 5 B. 66 C. 4 3 D. 72 Now, 75 = 25 3 = 25 3 = 5 3
Note: To combine 75 and 3 , rewrite 75 Thus, 75 - 3 = 5 3 - 3 = 4 3 .
using 3 as a factor. The correct answer is C.
Example Solution
3. 5 10 = Using the multiplication property,

5 10 = 50 = 25 2
A. 5 2 B. 25 2 C. 5 D. 50 = 25 2 = 5 2
The correct answer is A.

SECTION 2.1 Real Numbers, Scientific Notation and Order of Operations 65
Example Solution
4 Since the denominator is irrational, we multiply

4. =
3 numerator and denominator by 3 obtaining:
4 4 3 4 3 4 3
4 3 4 3 4 = = = 3 . The correct
A. B. 4 3 C. D. 3 3 3 9
9 3 3
answer is C.
Example Solution
40 Using the quotient property,

5. =
2
40 40
= 2 = 20 . Since 20 = 4 5 and 4
A. 40 B. 2 10 C. 4 5 D. 2 5 2
is a perfect square, by the product property
Note: the question involves a quotient, 20 = 4 5 = 4 5 = 2 5 .
so use the quotient property to simplify The answer is D.
Example Solution
3 3
6. To rationalize the denominator, multiply the 5
5 =
5
under the radical by 5 = 1 obtaining:
3 15 3 9
A. 5 B. 5 C. D. 5 3 53 15
5
5 = 55 = 5 . The answer is B.
B. Scientific Notation
Objective IC3 CLAST SAMPLE PROBLEMS

Write in Scientific Notation:
3.6 10 3 0.00008
1. 26,200,000 2. (2.3 103) (2.0 104) 3. 0.0004 23,000 4. 5. 2000
7.2 10 5
6. Write 6.02 10-5 as a decimal
Scientific notation and exponents are used to write very large or very small numbers. Here are the
rules and terminology CLAST uses.
ANSWERS 1. 2.62 107 2. 4.6 107 3. 9.2 100

4. 5 10-3 5. 4.0 10-8 6. 0.0000602

T SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
SCIENTIFIC NOTATION EXAMPLES
A number in scientific notation is written as 4
3.48 10 is written in scientific notation. In
M 10n where M is a number between 1 and this number M = 3.48 and n = 4.
10 and n is an integer. Note that when n is a
positive integer, 9.325 10-5 is written in scientific notation
1 with M = 9.325 and n = -5.
x -n = n .
x
1 WRITING NUMBERS IN SCIENTIFIC NOTATION

RULE EXAMPLES
1. The M is obtained by placing the decimal Write 68,347.09 in scientific notation
point so that there is exactly one nonzero 1. 68,347.09 = 6.834709 10n
digit to its left. 2. The decimal point must be moved
n = 4 places right to get 68,347.09
2. The n is the number of places the decimal 3. 68,347.09 = 6.834709 104.
point must be moved to be at its original
position (n is positive if the point must be Write 0.087 in scientific notation
moved right, and negative if moved left.) 1. 0.087 = 8.7 10n
2. The decimal point must be moved 2 places
3. Write the answer in the form M 10n left to get 0.087, so n = -2
3. 0.087 = 8.7 10-2
2 LAWS OF EXPONENTS
RULE EXAMPLES
(1) ax ay = ax+y 83 82 = 82 + 3 = 85 and 46 49 = 46 + 9 = 415
When multiplying expressions with the same Note that: 82 49 is not 3211
bases, we add the exponents. and 46 49 is not 454
ax 36 32 1
(2) = ax - y = 3 6 - 2 = 34 and = 32 - 6 = 3-4 = 4
ay 3 2 3 6 3
When dividing expressions with the same
bases, we subtract the exponents
(3) (ax) y = axy= axy (32) 5 = 325 = 310 and (73) 2 = 732 = 76
When raising a power to a power, we multiply Note that: (83)7 is not 810.
the exponents. (83)7 = 837 = 821

CLAST EXAMPLES
Example Solution
7. (6.1 1016) (1.4 10-14) = We first multiply 6.1 by 1.4 and then 1016 by
10-14. Thus,
A. 854 B. 8540 C. 85.4 D. -854 (6.1 1016) (1.4 10-14)
= (6.1 1.4) (1016 10-14)
The best way to do this problem is to multiply = (8.54) (1016 10-14)
the decimal parts (6.1 and 1.4) first and then
= (8.54) (1016 +(-14))
multiply the powers of 10. Remember that
= (8.54) (102)
when multiplying by 10n you move the decimal = 854
n places right, if n is positive and n places left
Note that when we multiplied by 102,
if n is negative.
we moved the decimal 2 places right
The answer is A.
Example Solution
8. 0.000904 2,260,000 = 0.000904 = 9.04 10-4 and

2,260,000 = 2.26 106. Thus,
A. 4.00 10 2 B. 4.00 10 10 0.000904 2,260,000
9.04 10 4
C. 4.00 10 9 D. 4.00 10 -10 =
2.26 10 6
Here it is easier to first write 0.000904 and 9.04 10-4
= 2.26 106
2,260,000 in scientific notation and then perform
the division. = 4.00 10-4 - 6
= 4.00 10-10
The answer is D.
C. Order of Operations

8(2x - y)
1. 4 (2 + 6) - 16 8 = 2. 4(x + y) - 2 = 3. (5 - 8)2 + 42 =
What does 1 + 6 2 mean? If we add 1 and 6 first, the expression becomes 7 2 = 14. If we
multiply first the expression is 1 + 12 = 13. To avoid confusion, we agree to do operations in a
certain order. Here is the rule:
ANSWERS 1. 30 2. - 4x + 8y 3. 25

3 ORDER OF OPERATIONS
RULE EXAMPLES
1. Do the operations inside Parentheses 1 1
To find 20 - 12(3 + 2 ) + 23 4 we proceed as
2. Do Exponentiations follows:
5
3. Do Multiplications and Divisions as they 20 - 12(6 ) + 23 4 Added inside ( )
occur from left to right. 5
= 20 - 12(6 ) + 8 4 Since 23 = 8
4. Do Additions and Subtractions as they occur = 20 - 10 + 8 4 Multiplied
from left to right. = 20 - 10 + 2 Divided
= 10 + 2 Subtracted
You can remember the order if you remember = 12 Added
PEMDAS as "Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Note that we subtracted before we added
Sally" because addition and subtraction are done as
they occur from left to right.
CLAST EXAMPLES
Example Solution
3 1 3 1 12 12
9. 7 - 2(4 + 3) = 7 - 2(4 + 4 ) Note: 3 = 4
3 13
1 1 1 13 = 7 - 2( 4 ) Add inside ( )
A. 28 B. 614 C. - 614 D. 214
3 26
= 7 - 4 Multiply
3 13 26 13
You can remember the order of operations if you = 7 - 2 Since 4 = 2
remember PEMDAS! 6 91
= 14 - 14 14 is the LCD
85 1
= - 14 = - 614 The answer is C.
Example Solution
10. 10t + t 2 + 14t2 7 5 = 10t + t 2 + 14t2 7 5

= 10t + 2t + 2t2 5 M t 2, D 14t2 7
A. 10t2 + 22t B. 10t2 + 12t = 10t + 2t + 10t2 M 2t2 5
= 12t + 10t 2 A 10t + 2t
2
C. 5 t2 + 18t D. t2
An answer equivalent to 12t + 10t2 is
10t2 + 12t. The correct answer is B. Answers
Note that variables are being used here, but the involving variables are written in descending
order of operations must be the same: order in the CLAST and are sometimes rewritten
PEMDAS. using the commutative law of addition which we
shall study in Section 2.2.

Section 2.1 Exercises

WARM-UPS A
1. 6 + 8 - 5 = 2. 9 + 5 - 3 =
3. 9 - 7 - 2 = 4. 3 - 2 - 8 =
5. 3 2 + 8 = 6. 4 3 + 27 =
7. 112 - 3 7 = 8. 250 - 3 10 =
9. 7 35 = 10. 11 33 =
11. 10 15 = 12. 35 10 =
4 7
13. = 14. =
5 6
3 5
15. = 16. =
8 27
3 7
17. = 18. =
18 63
CLAST PRACTICE A PRACTICE PROBLEMS: Chapter 2, # 1-5
19. 11 + 15 - 4 =
A. 26 - 4 B. 26 2 - 4 C. 22 D. 7 + 22
20. 10 + 250 =
A. 2 65 B. 6 10 C. 62,600 D. 50
21. 63 - 7 =
A. 14 B. 56 C. 3 D. 2 7

22. 11 55 =
A. 121 5 B. 11 C. 11 5 D. 605
23. 28 21 =
A. 14 3 B. 294 C. 14 D. 96 3
15
24. =
7
15 7 15 15 7
A. 49 B. 7 C. 7 D. 15 7
2
25. =
11
2 11 2 2 11
A. 2 11 B. 121 C. 11 D. 11
4 2
26. =
7
8 4 14 4 14
A. 7 B. 7 C. 49 D. 4 14
WARM-UPS B
27. (5.5 1015) (3.1 10-10) = 28. (9.0 1018) (2.4 10-15) =
29. (9.3 1017) (4.5 10 -20) = 30. (6.6 105) (2.4 10-9) =
31. 0.0000276 1380 = 32. 0.0258 1290 =
33. 0.0882 21,000 = 34. 0.00246 1,230,000 =

CLAST PRACTICE B PRACTICE PROBLEMS: Chapter 2, # 6-8
35. (2.5 109) (5.7 10-3) =
A. 14,250,000 B. 142,500,000 C. -14,250,000 D. 1,425,000
36. (6.6 1019) (3.7 10-13) =
A. 2,442,000 B. -24,420,000 C. 244,200,000 D. 24,420,000
37. 0.000504 1,260,000 =
A. 4.00 102 B. 4.00 10-10 C. 4.00 10-2 D. 4.00 1010
38. 0.00494 2,470,000
A. 2.00 10-9 B. 2.00 10-3 C. 2.00 109 D. 2.00 103
WARM-UPS C
1 1 5 1
39. 3 - 5(3 + 7) = 40. 6 - 6(4 + 4) =
1 3 2 1
41. 2 - 4(5 + 2) = 42. 3 - 2(3 + 5) =
43. 9t - 3t 4 + 10t2 5 3 = 44. 8t - t 3 + 14t2 7 4 =
45. 7t - 4t 5 + 10t2 5 4 = 46. 9t + 4 t + 21t2 3 2 =

CLAST PRACTICE C PRACTICE PROBLEMS: Chapter 2, # 9-10
5 1
47. 6 - 3(4 + 4) =
11 1 1 11
A. - 1112 B. 412 C. - 412 D. 1112
1 3
48. 5 - 4(5 + 7) =
1 24 24 1
A. 305 B. 5 C. - 25 D. - 305
49. 9t - 3t 3 + 8t2 4 2 =
A. 4t2 B. 4t2 + 18t C. t2 + 18t D. t2
50. 5t - 2t 4 + 24t2 6 2 =
A. 2t2 + 12t B. 8t2 + 12t C. 8t2 - 3t D. 2t2 - 3t
EXTRA CLAST PRACTICE
6(2 x y )
51. 3(x + y) - =
2
A. 0 B. - 3x + 6y C. 3x + 6y D. - 3x
52. (10 - 4)2 + 32 =
A. 15 B. - 25 C. 45 D. 25
3 2 2
53. =
2
A. 3 2 B. 2 2 C. 3 D. 2
54. 2 + 16 =
A. 2 + 16 B. 6 C. 18 D. 258

SECTION 2.2 Real Number Properties 73
2.2 REAL NUMBER PROPERTIES
In Section 2.1, Example 10, we used the commutative law of addition to write 12t + 10t2 as
10t2 + 12t. We shall now discuss the properties of the operations of addition and multiplication. In
the statement of these laws, a, b and c are real numbers.
T PROPERTIES OF ADDITION AND MULTIPLICATION

PROPERTIES OF ADDITION EXAMPLES
Commutative a+b=b+a 2+3=3+2

(The order in which two numbers are added 2x + y2 = y2 + 2x
makes no difference in the answer.) 3xy(y2 + 2x) = 3xy(2x + y2)
Associative a + (b + c)=(a + b) + c 2 + (7 + 5) = (2 + 7) + 5
(The grouping of numbers in addition makes (x + y) + 7 = x + (y + 7)
no difference in the answer.) 2 3 + (5 3 - 9) = (2 3 + 5 3 ) - 9
Identity a+0=0+a=a 8 +0=0+8 =8
If 0 is added to any real number a, the answer x2 + 0 = 0 + x2 = x2
is still a. 3xy + 0 = 0 + 3xy = 3xy
Inverse a + (-a) = 0 8 + (-8) = 0
a and - a are additive inverses. (When a and -a
yx2 + (-xy2) = 0
are added, the answer is 0.)
PROPERTIES OF MULTIPLICATION EXAMPLES
Commutative ab=ba 38=83

(The order in which two numbers are z(3x - y) = (3x - y)z
multiplied makes no difference in the answer.)
(3x - y)(2y + z) = (2y + z)(3x - y)
Associative a (b c)=(a b) c
(The grouping of numbers in multiplication 3 (8 2) = (3 8) 2
makes no difference in the answer.) 3x2(x3y4) = (3x2x3)y4
(6x3y4)z5 = 6x3(y4z5)
Identity a1=1a=a
If 1 is multiplied by any real number a, the
answer is still a. 5 1 = 1 5 =5
(x + y2) 1 = 1 (x + y2) = x + y2
1 (x2y) 1 = 1 (x2y) = x2y
Inverse a a = 1, a 0

1
1 1 15 15 = 1
a and a are inverses. (When a and a are
1
multiplied, the answer is 1.) (x + 2y) x + 2y = 1

There is one more property that involves both addition and multiplication, it is called the distributive
property of multiplication over addition.
T DISTRIBUTIVE PROPERTY OF MULTIPLICATION OVER ADDITION

DISTRIBUTIVE PROPERTY EXAMPLES
3(4 + y) = 3 4 + 3 y or 12x + 3y
a(b + c) = ab + ac 6a + 2b = 2(3a + b)
A. Using Real Number Properties

Objective IIC1 CLAST SAMPLE PROBLEMS
Identify the property used
1. 3(x + 5) = 3(5 + x) 2. 3(x + 5) = 3x + 15 3. 3 + (4 + 5) = 3 + (5 + 4)
1
4. 3 + (4 + 5) = (3 + 4) + 5 5. x2 2 = 1
x
6. Use the distributive law to write an expression equivalent to 3x + 3y
7. Choose the expression that is NOT true for all real numbers:
A. 4x + 4y = 4(x + y) B. (x + y)(x - y) = (x - y)(x + y)
C. x + (-x) = 0 D. 4xy(5x + y) = 4xy(5y + x)
The CLAST does not ask to identify properties by name, but concentrates on their proper use as we
shall illustrate next.
CLAST EXAMPLES
Example Solution
1. Choose the expression equivalent to Note that in the original expression
the following: 15(13) + 15(10) 15(13) + 15(10) the 15 occurs in both the first
and second terms, that is, it has been
A. 15(13 + 10) B. 15(15) + 13(10) distributed to the first and second terms.
C. (15+15)(13+10) D. 30(13)(10) Thus, the correct answer is A
Example Solution
2. Choose the expression equivalent to the There are no multiplications in 8 + 19 + 4, so

following: 8 + 19 + 4 the answer does not involve the distributive
property. Changing the order of addition in
A. 8(19) + 4 B. 8(19 + 4) 8 + 19 + 4 yields 19 + 8 + 4.
The correct answer is C.
C. 19 + 8 + 4 D. 4 - 19 - 8
ANSWERS 1. Commutative Property of Addition 2. Distributive Property

3. Commutative Property of Addition 4. Associative Property of Add.
5. Inverse Property of Multiplication 6. 3(x + y)
7. D is not true for all real numbers

CLAST EXAMPLES
Example Solution
3. Choose the statement which is not true for all Here we have to be careful, because we are
real numbers seeking the statement which is not true for all
real numbers. A is an example of the
A. 5(x) + 5(y) = 5(x + y) distributive property, B illustrates the
commutative property of multiplication and C
B. (x - y)(x + y) = (x + y)(x - y)
uses the associative law of multiplication. D is
C. 7(xy) = (7x)y not true since there is no law that says that
2y + z = 2z + y.
D. 8yz(2y + z) = 8yz(2z + y) Try it for y = 1 and z = 2.
B. Properties for Solving Equations and Inequalities
Objective IIIC2 CLAST SAMPLE PROBLEMS

Find an equation equivalent to the given one and with all variables on the left:
1
1. 2x + 3 = 14 2. 2x - 1 = - 6 x 3. 6x - 7 > 4 - 4x
6x
4. If both sides of y < y + 2 are multiplied by y > 0, the resulting inequality is:
6x
5. If both sides of y < y + 2 are multiplied by y < 0, the resulting inequality is:
6. If -4x < 28 is divided by -4, the resulting inequality is:
7. If -2 < -8x < 16 is divided by -8, the resulting inequality is:
8. If 3 is added to all terms of - 6 < x - 3 < 10, the resulting inequality is:
There are some properties of the real numbers that are used to solve equations and inequalities. What
do we mean by an equation or an inequality? Here are the definitions.
T TERMINOLOGY--FIRST DEGREE EQUATIONS
EQUATION EXAMPLES
An equation is a sentence using "=" for its 2x + 1 = 7 is an equation.
verb. 3x + 7 = 4 - 2x is an equation.
A first-degree or linear equation is an 3x + 7 = 4 - 2x is a linear (first-degree)
equation which can be written as equation since we can add 2x to both sides and
ax + b = c, write it as 5x + 7 = 4, which is of the form
where a, b and c are real numbers and x is the ax + b = c, where a, b and c are real numbers
variable. and x is the variable.
ANSWERS 1. 2x = 11 2. 13x = 6 3. 10x > 11 4. 6x < y2 + 2y

1 1
5. 6x > y2 + 2y 6. x > - 7 7. 4 > x > -2 or - 2 < x < 4
8. - 3 < x < 13

T TERMINOLOGY--LINEAR INEQUALITIES
INEQUALITY EXAMPLES
An inequality is a sentence using <, >, < or > 2x + 1 < 7 and 8x + 2 > 9 are inequalities.
for its verb.
A first-degree or linear inequality is an
inequality which can be written as -3x < 6, -2x > 8 and 5(x + 2) < 3x - 7 are first-
ax + b < c or ax + b < c degree inequalities.
where a, b and c are real numbers and x is the
variable.
SOLUTIONS EXAMPLES
The solutions of an equation or inequality are The solution of: 2x + 1 = 7 is 3.
the replacements of the variable that make the If x is replaced by 3 in 2x + 1 = 7,
equation or inequality a true statement. we get the true statement 23 + 1 = 7
The solution of
When we find the solutions of an equation or 5(x + 2) - 3 = 6[10 - 2(x + 3)] is 1,
inequality, we say that we have solved the because 5(1 + 2) - 3 = 6[10 - 2(1 + 3)]
equation or inequality. since 5(3) - 3 = 6[10 - 2(4)]
or 12 = 12
The solution of 7x + 2 > 9 consists of all real
numbers x such that x > 1
(Try it for x = 1.5, x = 2 or x = 5.7.)
The solution of -2x > 8 consists of all real
numbers x such that x < -4
(Try it for x = - 4.5 or x = - 5.)
To prove that 5(x + 2) - 3 = 6[10 - 2(x + 3)] is a first-degree equation, we have to find an
equivalent equation of the form ax + b = c. Here are the rules used to find equivalent equations.
1 RULES FOR FINDING EQUIVALENT EQUATIONS

RULE EXAMPLES
The equation a = b is equivalent to: 3x - 7 = 13
is equivalent to 3x - 7 + 7 = 13 + 7
a+c=b+c
a-c=b-c 8x + 1 = 9
is equivalent to 8x + 1 - 1 =9- 1
ac = bc, c 0
a b 1
c =c c 0
3 x= 6
1
This means that you can add or subtract the is equivalent to 3 3x = 3 6
same number c on both sides of an equation
and multiply or divide both sides of an 4x = 12
equation by the same nonzero number c. 4x 12
is equivalent to =
4 4

We are now ready to prove that 5(x + 2) - 3 = 6[10 - 2(x + 3)] is a linear equation by using
properties of the real numbers to write it as ax + b = c.
Given: 5(x + 2) - 3 = 6[10 - 2(x + 3)]

By the Distributive Property 5x + 10 - 3 = 6[10 - 2x - 6]
Combining like terms 5x + 7 = 6[4 - 2x]
Using the Distributive Property 5x + 7 = 24 - 12x
Adding 12x to both sides 5x + 7 + 12x = 24 - 12x + 12x
Combining like terms 17x + 7 = 24
which is of the required form.
CLAST EXAMPLE
Example Solution
4. Choose the equation equivalent to: Look for answers with all variables on one side,
4x - 7 = 3x + 6 so B is the probable answer.
Subtracting 3x on both sides we get,
A. 7x - 7 = 6 B. x - 7 = 6
4x - 7 - 3x = 3x + 6 - 3x
C. 4x - 6 = 3x + 1 D. 4x - 1 = 3x + 6 or x-7=6
The answer is B.
The rules used for finding equivalent inequalities are similar to those used to find equivalent
equations with one important exception: multiplication or division by a negative number reverses
the inequality. For example, consider the true inequality 2 <4
If we multiply both sides by -2, we get -2 2 < -24
or -4 < -8 (FALSE!)
which is not true.
To obtain a true statement, we must reverse -4 > -8 (TRUE)

the inequality after multiplying by -2 as shown.
Similarly, 3 <6
3 6
Dividing both sides by -3 -3 < -3
or -1 < -2 (FALSE)
which is not true.
To obtain a true statement, we must reverse -1 > -2 (TRUE)

the inequality after dividing by -3 as shown.
Here are the rules for finding equivalent inequalities.

2 RULES FOR FINDING EQUIVALENT INEQUALITIES

RULE EXAMPLES
The inequality a 7

a-c<b-c is equivalent to 4 - 3x - 4 > 7 - 4
The inequality a 0 3 x <4
1
is equivalent to 3 3 x < 3 4
The inequality a 0 is equivalent to
5
<
5
The inequality a bc, for c < 0 -5 x <2
Note that when you multiply by c < 0, you have 1
to reverse the inequality. is equivalent to -5 - 5 x > -5 2
The inequality a 4

a b -2 x 4
c >c for c < 0 is equivalent to
-2
<
-2
Dividing by a negative number c < 0, reverses
the inequality.
Note: The rules are similar for <, > and >.
CLAST EXAMPLES
Example Solution
5. Choose the inequality equivalent to the CLAST questions usually require answers in
following: 4 - 2x > 8 which all variables are on one side. If we
subtract 4 from both sides of 4 - 2x > 8
A. -2x > 4 B. -2x < 4 we obtain 4 - 2x - 4 > 8 - 4
or -2x > - 4
C. 2x > 4D. -2x < - 4
The answer is A.

Example Solution
6. Choose the inequality equivalent to the Since all the answers have x by itself on the
following: -4x < 12 left, we must divide both sides of the inequality
by -4 (remember, you must then reverse the
sign of the inequality).
A. x > -3 B. x < -3
C. x>3 D. x < 3 We have -4x < 12

-4x 12
Thus, -4 > -4
or x > -3
The answer is A.
Example Solution
7. If x < 0, then xy < x2 + x is equivalent to: Remember that if you divide by a negative
number (x < 0), you must reverse the
inequality. Thus,
A. y<x+1 B. y > x + 1
xy x2 x
C. y > -x - 1 D. y < -x - 1 if x < 0 then x > x +x
or y>x+1
The answer is B.
Example Solution
8. Choose the inequality equivalent to the Since all answers have x by itself as the middle
following: 5 < x + 4 < 8 expression, we subtract 4 from each expression.
A. 9 < x < 12 B. 1 > x > 4 We have 5< x+4 <4

C. 20 < x < 32 D. 1 < x < 4 Thus, 5-4<x+4-4<8-4
or 1 < x < 4
This time we cannot have x by itself on one

side of the equation, so we isolate it in the The answer is D.
middle by subtracting 4 from each term.


WARM-UPS A
FILL IN THE BLANK WITH AN EQUIVALENT EXPRESSION
1. 20(5) + 20(7) = 2. a(-4) + a(-6) =
3. a(5) + a(-3) = 4. -c(7) + -c(9) =
5. 5 + (3 + 2) = 6. 9 + (3 + x) =
7. 3(a + b ) = 8. 7(x + z) =
9. 3a2(a5b4) = ______ 10. -5x3(x7y2) =
11. Choose the expression equivalent to the following: 7(x + y)
A. 7xy B. 7x + 7y C. 7x + 7 D. 7 + (x + y)
12. Choose the expression equivalent to the following: 18 + 16 + 11
A. 18(16 + 11) B. 11 - 16 - 18 C. 18(16) + 11 D. 16 + 18 + 11
13. Choose the expression equivalent to the following: 9y + 3x
A. 12xy B. 3(3y + x) C. 3y + x D. y(9 + 3x)
14. Choose the expression equivalent to the following: (3x + 6y)(3x - 6y)
A. (3x - 6y)(3x + 6y) B. 3(x + 2y)(x - 2y) C. (3x + 6y)(6y - 3x) D. 9xy(3x - 6y)
15. Choose the expression equivalent to the following: 6xy(4x + y2)
A. 24x2y + 6xy B. 10xy + 6xy2 C. 4x(6xy + y2) D. 6xy(y2 + 4x)

16. Choose the statement which is not true for all real numbers
A. (a + b)(a - b) = (a - b)(a + b) B. 5(xy) = (5x)y
C. 5xy(3x + y) = 5xy(3y + x) D. 9(a) + 9(b) = 9(a + b)
17. Choose the expression equivalent to the following: 7a3(a3b4)
A. (7a3a3)b4 B. 7a3(b3a4) C. 7a3b4 D. 7a2(ab)7

WARM-UPS B
WRITE AN EQUIVALENT EQUATION OF THE FORM ax + b = c, (a > 0)
18. 5x - 7 = 4x + 2 19. 6x - 9 = 5x + 4
20. 6x - (17 - 7x) = 20x - 8x + 20 21. 9x - (6 - 6x) = 13 - 8x + 14
22. 6a + 7 = 9[a - (10 - a)] 23. 3(a + 1) = 8[a - (7 - a)]
WRITE AN EQUIVALENT INEQUALITY OF THE FORM
ax < c, ax > c, ax < c or ax > c and with a > 0
24. -3x + 4 < 7 25. -5x - 2 < - 3
26. 7 - 2x > 5x + 2 27. 4 - 3x > 6x + 1
28. 8 + 4x < 7x + 2 29. 9 + 5x < 9x + 3
30. 15x + 16 > 14x - 19 31. 17x + 15 > 16x - 9
CLAST PRACTICE B PRACTICE PROBLEMS: Chapter 2, #14
32. Choose the equation equivalent to the following: 4x - 8 = 3x + 5
A 7x - 8 = 5 B. 4x - 5 = 3x + 3 C. 4x - 3 = 3x + 5 D. x - 8 = 5
33. Choose the inequality equivalent to the following: -5x < 15
A. x > -3 B. x < -3 C. x > 3 D. x < 3
34. Choose the inequality equivalent to the following: 2 - 3x > 6
A. - 3x > 4 B. - 3x < 4 C. 3x > -4 D. -3x < -4
35. If x < 0, then x2 > xy + 2x is equivalent to which of the following:
A. x>y+2 B. x < -y - 2 C. x > -y - 2 D. x < y + 2

36. Choose the expression equivalent to: 4y + 8x
A. y + 2x B. 4(y + 2x) C. 12xy D. 4(x + 2y)
37. Identify the property of addition illustrated by the following:
x + (y + z) = (x + y) + z
A. Associative B. Commutative C. Distributive D. Inverse
38. Identify the property of addition illustrated by the following:
x + (y + z) = x + (z + y)
A. Commutative B. Associative C. Distributive D. Inverse
1
39. Identify the property of multiplication illustrated by the following: n2 2 = 1
n
A. Commutative B. Associative C. Inverse D. Identity
40. Choose the expression equivalent to: 3a4(a2b3)
A. (3a4b2) + b3 B. 3a4a2 + 3a4b3 C. 3a4b3 D. 3(a4a2)b3
41. Choose the statement that is not true for all real numbers:
1
A. a a = 1 for a 0 B. a 0 = a for a 0 C. a(1 + b) = a + ab D. a + (-a) = 0
42. Choose the equation equivalent to the following: x2 - 3 > x
A. x2 - x - 3 > 0 B. x2 - x - 3 < 0 C. x2 + x - 3 > 0 D. x2 + x - 3 < 0
x
43. Given that y < 0, choose the inequality equivalent to the following: 1 < y < 3
A. 3y > x > y B. y < x < 3y C. y > x > 3y D. 1 > x > 3

SECTION 2.3 Solving Equations and Inequalities 83
2.3 SOLVING EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES
In the preceding section we learned some properties of the real numbers used to solve linear
equations and inequalities. We now discuss a general procedure to solve equations. The object of
this procedure is to have all variables (unknowns) on one side of the equation and all numbers on the
other side so that the solution can be written as x = or = x.
A. Solving Linear Equations

Objective IC4a CLAST SAMPLE PROBLEMS
SOLVE:
1. -5 = 5 - x 2. 3(x - 1) + 2x = 7 - (2 - x) 3. 6(2m - 1) - (m + 4) = 3
Here is the procedure we need to solve any linear equation:
1 PROCEDURE FOR SOLVING EQUATIONS

PROCEDURE EXAMPLES
1. If there are fractions, multiply both sides of x 1 7
the equation by the LCD. (The LCD of 4, Given: 4 - 6 = 12(x - 2)
6 and 12 is 12.) x 1 7
M 12 124 - 6 = 1212(x - 2)

x 1
2. Remove parentheses and simplify, if 124 - 126 = 7(x - 2)
necessary.
3x - 2 = 7x - 14
3. Add or subtract the same number on both
sides of the equation so that one side has A2 +2 = + 2
only variables. 3x = 7x - 12
4. Add or subtract the same expression on S 7x -7x= -7x

both sides so that the other side has only - 4x = -12
numbers.
-4x -12
5. If the coefficient of the variable is not 1, D -4 -4 = -4
divide both sides of the equation by this x = 3
coefficient.
6. Check your answer by substituting it in the You should verify that:

original equation. 3 1 7
4 -6 = 12(3 - 2)
is a true statement.
ANSWERS 13
1. x = 10 2. x = 2 3. m = 11

CLAST EXAMPLES
Example Solution
1. If 7x - 6 = 3x + 20, then Given 7x 6 = 3x + 20
A6 +6 = + 6
5 5
A. x = 4 B. x = 2 7x = 3x + 26
13 13 S 3x -3x = -3x
C. x= 4 D. x = 2
4x = 26
4x 26
Note that there are no fractions in this equation D4 4 =
4
and the equation is simplified, so we may skip 13
steps 1 and 2 and go to step 3 of the procedure. x = 2
The answer is D.
Example Solution
2. If 6(a + 7) = 9[a - (10 - a)], then a = Given 6(a + 7) = 9[a - (10 - a)]
1 Simplify 6a + 42 = 9[a - 10 + a]
A. 32 B. 11 C. -11 D. - 25 6a + 42 = 9[2a - 10]
6a + 42 = 18a - 90
S 42 -42 = -42
Remember: The object of this procedure is to
6a = 18a - 132
have all the variables on one side and all the
numbers on the other side. S 18a -18a = -18a
- 12a = - 132
Start by simplifying both sides and then work
toward the objective of having -12a -132
D -12 -12 = -12
a= or = a.
a = 11
The answer is B.
B. Solving Linear Inequalities

Objective IC4b CLAST SAMPLE PROBLEMS
1. Solve: 5(1 - a) - 4 < 6 2. Solve: 5 - (x + 1) > 4(1 - x) + 4
Just as we solved equations, we can solve inequalities but remember that when you multiply or
divide an inequality by a negative number, the inequality must be reversed. For example, to solve
-3x < 9
-3x 9
Divide both sides by -3 (to get the x by itself) -3 > -3
The answer is x>-3
Note that the solution of an inequality is written with the variables on the left, that is,
x< ,x< or x > ,x> .
ANSWERS 1. a > - 1 2. x > 4/3

CLAST EXAMPLES
Example Solution
3. If 14b - 19 < 15b + 16 then, Remember, our objective is to have all

variables on one side of the inequality, and all
A. b = -35 B. b < -35 numbers on the other side. We can do this by
subtracting 16 and 14b from both sides. Here
C. b > -35 D. b < - 25 are the steps:
Given: 14b - 19 < 15b + 16
Note that answer A is not possible. The S 16 -16 - 16
answer to an inequality is an inequality.
To avoid dividing or multiplying by negative 14b - 35 < 15b
numbers, try to have the variables on the side S 14b -14b -14b
of the inequality in which the variable has the -35 < b
largest coefficient (there are 14 b's on the left, But there is no answer like this! Why?
and 15 b's on the right, so we want the Because the solution of an inequality is written
variables on the right). However, if you insist with the variable first. Simply rewrite - 35 -35 and you can see that the answer is C.
you still get the same answer! Note that in either case, b is greater than or
equal to -35.
Example Solution
4. If 20x - 8x + 20 > 6x - (17 - 7x), then Given: 20x - 8x + 20 > 6x - (17 - 7x)
Simplify 12x + 20 > 6x - 17 + 7x
A. x < 37 B. x > 2 12x + 20 > 13x - 17
A 17 17 17
37
C. x < - 25 D. x > 37 12x + 37 > 13x
S 12x -12x -12x
Simplify before deciding on which side the 37 > x
variables must go. You will then see that there or equivalently x < 37
are more x's on the right, so we may want the x's The answer is A. If you have enough time,
on the right, the numbers on the left. you should check the answer. Since x < 37,
Remember that let x = 0 in the original inequality. You get
- (17 - 7x) = -1(17 - 7x) = - 17 + 7x 200 - 80 + 20 > 60 - (17 - 70)
or 20 > - 17 (true!)
Checking solutions of equations and inequalities is so important that it is a separate CLAST

competency. This competency asks to determine if a particular number is among the solutions of an
equation or an inequality. Some of these equations and inequalities involve the concept of absolute
value. We shall discuss absolute values and checking solutions of equations and inequalities next.

C. Checking Solutions
1. Determine if x = 3 is a solution of x2 - 2 = 2x + 1
2. Determine if x = -2 is a solution of |3x + 4 | = x
3. Determine if x = 3 is a solution of (x - 3)(x + 4) > 0
4. Determine is x = 1/2 is a solution of - x2 + 5x > 3x + 1
T TERMINOLOGY--ABSOLUTE VALUE
ABSOLUTE VALUE EXAMPLES

The absolute value of a number n is its -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
distance from 0 on the number line and is | 2 | = 2 because 2 is two units from 0.
denoted by |n|. Read "the absolute value of n". | -3 | = 3 because -3 is three units from 0.
You do not need a number line to find the
absolute value of a number, here is the rule: Let us do it now using the rule:
If the number is negative, its absolute value is -3 is negative so | - 3| = 3. Remember, if the
positive, so make it positive. number is negative, make it positive
2 is positive, so | 2 | = 2. Similarly,
If the number is positive, leave it alone.
Note: The absolute value represents a distance,
|12 | = 12 , |- 0.5| = 0.5 and | 2 | = 2
so it is always positive.
CLAST EXAMPLES
Example Solution
5. For each of the statements below, determine To determine if -1 is a solution, substitute -1

whether -1 is a solution for the variable and check whether we get a
true statement.
i. |x - 1| = 0
ii. (t - 3)(t - 6) < 6 For x = -1 in i, |-1 - 1| = |-2| = 2, not 0.
iii. y2 + 3y + 17 = 15 Statement i is not true.
For t = -1 in ii, (-1 - 3)(-1 - 6) = (-4)(-7) = 28,

A. i only B. ii and iii only which is not less than or equal to 6.
Statement ii is not true.
C. iii only D. ii only
For y = -1 in iii, (-1)2 + 3(-1) + 17 =
1 - 3 + 17 = 15
Statement iii is true. The answer is C.
ANSWERS 1. Yes 2. No 3. Yes 4. No

Example Solution
6. For each of the statements below, 1

1 Substituting 2 for the variable in i, ii and iii we
determine whether 2 is a solution
have:
i. 2x - 1 < 0 1
i. 2x - 1 = 2(2 ) - 1 = 1 - 1 = 0 < 0, true
ii. (2y - 1)(y - 2) = 0 Note: 0 = 0, so 0 < 0 is also true.
iii. 2t - 2 = -2t
1 1
ii. (2y - 1)(y - 2) = 2(2) - 12 - 2

A. ii only B. i only 1
= (1 - 1)2 - 2

C. ii and iii only D. i, ii and iii 3
= 0(-2 ) = 0, true
iii. 2t - 2 = - 2t becomes
1 1
2(2 ) - 2 = -2(2 )
1 - 2 = -1
- 1 = -1, a true statement
Thus, i, ii and iii are true.

The answer is D.

WARM-UPS A
In Problems 1- 20 solve for the unknown
1. 10x = 8x + 28 2. 8x - 7 = 2x - 37
3. 8x + 33 = 4x - 3 4. 6x - 3 = 9x + 27
5. 10 + 7x = 10x + 1 6. 7x - 20 = 12x - 5
7. 3y + 2 = 10 8. 4y - 3 = 7
9. 8y - 6 = 4y + 20 10. 9y - 7 = 5y + 6
11. 6y + 2 = 4(2y - 1) 12. 6y + 4 = 3(4y - 1)
13. 6(z + 4) + 4 - 3z = 4z 14. 6(z - 1) - 2 + z = 8z + 4

3 b
15. 2 b + 3 - b = (b - 2) + 2 16. b + 2 - 3 = (b - 2) + 3
17. 3(a + 1) = 8[a - (7 - a)] 18. 2(a + 1) = 10[a - (5 - a)]
19. 2(a + 7) = 10[a - (3 - a)] 20. 4(5a - 4) + 8 = 24 - 2(6a - 6)
21. If 2x + 1 = 9, then
5
A. x=5 B. x=4 C. x=2 D. x=2
22. If 4y + 2 = y + 9, then
8 7
A. y=3 B. y=3 C. y=3 D. y=2
23. If 6x + 2 = 4(3x - 1), then
3 2 1
A. x=2 B. x=3 C. x=1 D. x=3
24. If 4(z - 2) - 3(2z + 7) = z - 19, then
10 2 5 10
A. z=- 3 B. z=3 C. z=3 D. z= 3
25. If 3(a + 7) = 15[a - (3 - a)] then,
4 7 4
A. a = 29 B. a = -32 C. a=9 D. a = - 29
26. If 8(a + 3) = 2[a - (5 - a)], then
1 1 3
A. a = 82 B. a = -6 C. a = - 82 D. a = - 44

WARM-UPS B
In Problems 27-34 solve for the unknown
27. 5x < 20 28. 7x > 14
29. -3x < 9 30. -4x > 8
31. 2b - 13 > 3b + 12 32. 16b - 9 < 17b + 15
33. 13x - 8x + 14 > 9x - (6 - 6x) 34. 5x - 4x + 20 < 3x - (5 - 3x)
CLAST PRACTICE B PRACTICE PROBLEMS: Chapter # 17-18
35. If 19y - 18 < 20y + 16, then
A. y > 34 B. y > - 34 C. y = 34 D. y < - 34
36. If 3(x - 2) - 4(x + 1) > 0, then
A. 10 < x B. -10 > x C. -10 < x D. 10 > x
37. If 4x - 7x + 12 > 8x - (5 - 6x), then
17 17
A. x < - 11 B. x > - 11 C. x<1 D. x>1
38. If 3x - 6x + 9 > 4x - (16 - 5x), then
25 25 25 25
A. x<- 6 B. x > 12 C. x>- 6 D. x < 12
39. If 4(x - 1) + 5x < 7x - 4, then
1
A. x<0 B. x>0 C. x=0 D. x >0
40. If 4x - 3 < 3(x - 1) + 3x, then
1
A. x<0 B. x>0 C. x=0 D. x <0

WARM-UPS C
In Problems 41-46, determine whether -2 is a solution.
41. |x-2|=0 42. (t + 5)(t - 1) < 9
43. y2 + 5y + 21 = 15 44. | x + 2| = 0
45. (t - 8)(t - 3) < 2 46. y3 + 8 = 0
1
In Problems 47-50, determine whether 2 is a solution.
47. 2x - 1 < 0 48. (2y - 1)(y - 5) = 0
49. 2t - 2 = - 2t 50. y3 - 2 > 0
CLAST PRACTICE C PRACTICE PROBLEMS: Chapter 2, # 19-21
51. For each of the statements below, determine whether -1 is a solution.
i. | x - 1 | = 0 ii. (t - 3)(t - 6) < 6 iii. y2 + 4y + 16 = 13
A. iii only B. i only C. ii only D. ii and iii only
1
52. For each of statements below, determine whether 3 is a solution.
2
i. 2x - 3 < 0 ii (3y - 1)(y - 4) = 0 iii. 3t - 2 = - 3t
A. i only B. i and iii only C. ii and iii only D. i, ii, and iii
53. For each of the statements below, determine whether 6 is a solution.
i. x3 > 0 ii. (x - 6)(x + 5) = 0 iii. 6(x - 5) > 0
A. i only B. i and ii only C. ii and iii only D. i, ii, and iii
54. For each of the statements below, determine whether -8 is a solution.
i. x3 < 0 ii. (x - 8)(x + 4) = 0 iii. 8(x - 4) < 0
A. i only B. i and ii only C. i and iii only D. ii and iii only

SECTION 2.4 Evaluating Formulas and Functions 91
2.4 EVALUATING FORMULAS AND FUNCTIONS

Do you know what your systolic blood pressure S should be? Since blood pressure increases with
age, some people claim that your blood pressure should be given by the formula S = 100 + A, where
A is your age. If you are 23 years old, what should your blood pressure be? To find out, substitute
23 for A in S = 100 + A obtaining S = 100 + 23 or 123 Since we have found the value of S, we
have evaluated the formula.
A. Using Formulas to Compute Results

Given I = Prt, I the interest, P the principal, r the rate and t the time (in years)
1. Find the interest paid on a $1000 principal at 10% for 3 years.
2. Find the time required to earn $200 on a $5000 investment at an 8% rate.
The formula S = 100 + A has two variables, A and S. If the value of S or A is given, the value of the
other variable can be found. The CLAST uses two, three or four variables in a given formula but the
objective is the same: The values for all but one of the variables are given and you have to find the
value of the missing variable. Here is the procedure you need.
1 EVALUATING FORMULAS
PROCEDURE EXAMPLES
1. Replace the given values for the 2
If a = (b + 3) and b = 5, find a.
corresponding variables in the formula. The given value is b = 5. We replace b by 5
2. Simplify the expression. (Remember that in the formula.
arithmetic operations have to be performed Thus, a = (b + 3)2
using PEMDAS, Parentheses, Exponents, becomes a = (5 + 3)2
Multiplication and Division and, Addition a = (8)2
and Subtraction as they occur from left to a = 64
right.) Note that we did the addition inside the
parentheses first.
CLAST EXAMPLES
Example Solution
1. If b = (3 - a)2 and a = -2, find b. Replacing a by -2 in b = (3 - a)2 gives

b = (3 - (-2))2
A. 1 B. 25 = (3 + 2)2 Recall that - (-2) = 2
= 5 2
C. -1 D. -25 = 25 The answer is B.
ANSWERS 1. $300 2. 1/2 year

CLAST EXAMPLES
Example Solution
2. The formula for converting a Celsius Since the given temperature is 20o Celsius,
temperature to Fahrenheit is substitute 20o for C in the equation
9 9
F = 5 C + 32o F = 5 C + 32o, obtaining
What is the temperature on the Fahrenheit 9
scale when the Celsius temperature is 20o? F = 5 (20o) + 32o
F = 36o + 32o = 68o
A. 26o B. 68o It is easier to divide 20 by 5 first and then
multiply by 9, instead of multiplying 9 by 20
C. 40.4o D. 212o and then dividing by 5. In either case, the
answer is B.
Example Solution
3. The formula for finding the simple interest The formula I = Prt has four variables and we
(I) on a loan of P dollars at a rate r, after t are asked to find the interest I. We substitute
years is I = Prt. How much interest will be the value of P = $10,000,
paid on a $10,000, 4 year loan if the rate is r = 8% or 0.08, and t = 4 in the formula
8%? I = Prt. We then have:
I = 10,000 0.08 4
= 10,000 0.32
A. $32,000 B. $2000 = $3200
The answer is D.
C. $200 D. $3200
B. Finding the Value of a Function

1. Given f(x) = 3x + 1, find f(4) 2. Given f(x) = - x2 - 2x - 5, find f(-1)
The blood pressure formula S = 100 + A suggests that your blood pressure is a function of your age
A. Thus, we can write S = f(A) = 100 + A.
The notation f(A) is called function notation and is read as "f of A." To find the blood pressure for
a 23 year old, that is, to find f(23), we proceed as before:
S = f(23) = 100 + 23 = 123.
The CLAST asks us to find particular values of a given function. For example, if we know that
f(x) = 100 + x and are asked to find f(23), we substitute 23 for x obtaining:
f(23) = 100 + 23 = 123
ANSWERS 1. 13 2. -4

CLAST EXAMPLE
Example Solution
4. Find f(-3) given Since f(x) = x2 - 4x + 3, we substitute -3 for x

f(x) = x2 - 4x + 3 in the function to get
A. 9 B. 6 C. 24 D. 6 f(-3) = (-3)2 - 4(-3) + 3
Caution: After you substitute -3 for x, you Now use the order of operations and proceed
have to perform the operations in the correct from left to right by taking care of exponents,
order. multiplications, and then additions . Thus,
f(-3) = (-3)2 - 4(-3) + 3

= 9 + 12 + 3
= 24
The answer is C.
WARM-UPS A
1. If a = (b + 4)2 and b = 10, find a. 2. If b = (a + 5)2 and a = 8, find b.
3. If (b - 4)2 = c and b = -5, find c. 4. If d = (5 - e) and e = - 1, find d.
5. The formula for finding a man's weight W (in pounds) is W = 5H - 190, where H is the height
of the man in inches. If H is 70, what is W?
6. The formula for finding a woman's weight W (in pounds) is W = 4H - 140, where H is the
height of the woman in inches. If H = 60, what is W?
A
7. The number of hours a growing child should sleep is H = 17 - 2 , where A is the age of the
child in years. If A = 6, what is H?
8. The time t in hours it takes an object moving at a rate of r miles per hour to travel a distance d
is t = d/r. Find t when d = 140 and r = 35.

CLAST PRACTICE A PRACTICE PROBLEMS: Chapter 2, #22-24
9. If a = (b + 3) and b = 10, find a.
A. 13 B. 100 C. 109 D. 169
10. If c = (b - 4)2 and b = -1, find c.
A. 25 B. -5 C. 5 D. -25
11. If x = (4 - y)3 and y = -1, then x equals:
A. 27. B. 125 C. -125 D. -27
12. The formula for finding the simple interest (I) on a loan is I = PRT. How much interest will
Bill pay on his car loan if he finances $19,000 (P) at a 14% simple interest rate (R) for 4 years
(T)?
A. $1064 B. $2660 C. $665 D. $10,640
13. The formula for finding the distance (d) in miles traveled in t hours at a rate of r miles per hour
is given by d = rt. How far did Sue travel if she drove her car at 56 miles per hour for 3 hours?
A. 37 B. 336 miles C. 168 miles D. 19 miles
C+R
14. The acid-test (AT) ratio for a business is given by AT = CL , where C is the cash, R is the
amount of receivables and CL is the current liabilities.
If C = $5000, R = $2800 and CL = $1000, then AT is:
A. 7.8 B. $7800 C. 78 D. 780
15. The cost of a long-distance phone call from New York to Rome is given by
C(t) = 0.80(t - 1) + 1.30, where the cost is $1.30 for the first minute and $0.80 for each
additional minute. Find the cost of a 5-minute phone call from New York to Rome.
A. $4.50 B. $4.00 C. $3.20 D. $5.30

WARM-UPS B
16. Find f(2) given f(x) = 2x2 - x + 5
17. Find f(-2) given f(x) = 2x2 - x + 5.
18. Find f(3) given f(x)= - x2 - 3x + 14
19. Find f(-3) given f(x) = - x2 - 3x + 14
20. Find f(2) given f(x) = 2x2 + 2x - 29
A. -21 B. 41 C. 37 D. -17
21. Find f(-2) given f(x) = - 2x2 - x - 14
A. -20 B. -6 C. -8 D. -26
22. Find f(-1) given f(x) = 2x3 - 2x2 - 22
A. -27 B. - 26 C. 26 D. - 22
23. Find f(-2) given f(x) = - 2x3 - x2 + 9
A. 21 B. 17 C. 33 D. - 15
24. Find f(-1) given f(x) = x10 - 9
A. 1 B. -10 C. -8 D. 1
25. Find f(-1) given f(x) = - x10 + 1
A. 0 B. 2 C. 1 D. -9

2.5 SOLVING QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

We have already learned how to solve linear equations which can be written in the form ax + b = c.
In this section we shall learn how to solve quadratic equations using two methods: factoring and
the quadratic formula.
A. Factoring Quadratic Expressions
1. Find the linear factors of 2x2 + 5x + 2 2. Find a linear factor of 3x2 + 14x - 5
3. Which is a linear factor of 3x2 - 7x + 2?
A. x = 2 B. 3x + 1 C. 3x - 1 D. 2x - 2
T TERMINOLOGY--QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS EXAMPLES
A quadratic equation is an equation which 3x2 - x - 2 = 0 is a quadratic equation in
can be written in standard form as standard form.
-x2 + 3x = 2 is a quadratic equation.
2
ax + bx + c = 0, To write it in standard form, we subtract 2
where a, b, and c are constants and a 0 from both sides obtaining
-x2 + 3x - 2 = 0.
To factor ax2 + bx + c means to write
3x2 - x - 2 can be factored by writing
ax2 + bx + c as a product of two linear factors,
that is, to write: 3x2 - x - 2 = (3x + 2)(x - 1)
ax2 + bx + c = (dx + e)(fx + g). x2 + 5x + 6 can be factored by writing
x2 + 5x + 6 = (x + 2)(x + 3)
How do we factor 15? We simply write 15 = 3 5, but this process is simple since you know how
to multiply 3 5. Thus, to learn to factor, we discuss how to multiply expressions.
To multiply (x + 5)(x + 2), multiply the terms in the following order:
First terms are multiplied first.
Outer terms are multiplied second
Inner terms are multiplied third
Last terms are multiplied last.
This method is called the FOIL method and we illustrate it next.
1 USING THE FOIL METHOD TO MULTIPLY (x + 5)(x + 2)
RULE EXAMPLES
1. Multiply the first terms. (x + 5)(x + 2) x x = x2
2. Multiply the outer terms. (x + 5)(x + 2) x2 + 2x
3. Multiply the inner terms. (x + 5)(x + 2) x2 + 2x + 5x
4. Multiply the last terms. (x + 5)(x + 2) x2 + 2x + 5x + 5 2
Add 2x + 5x = 7x and multiply 5 2 = 10. (x + 5)(x + 2) = x2 + 7x + 10
ANSWERS 1. (2x + 1)(x + 2) 2. 3x - 1 or x + 5 3. C

SECTION 2.5 Solving Quadratic Equations 97
1 USING THE FOIL METHOD TO MULTIPLY (x - 5)(x - 2)

RULE EXAMPLES
1. Multiply the first terms. (x - 5)(x - 2) x x = x2
2. Multiply the outer terms. (x - 5)(x - 2) x2 - 2x
3. Multiply the inner terms. (x - 5)(x 2) x2 - 2x - 5x
4. Multiply the last terms. (x - 5)(x - 2) x2 - 2x - 5x + 5 2
Simplify -2x - 5x = - 7x and 5 2 = 10.
(x - 5)(x - 2) = x2 - 7x + 10
If we are asked to factor x2 + 7x + 10 we write x2 + 7x + 10 = (x + 5)(x + 2), where the 10 is the

product of 5 and 2 and the 7 is the sum of 5 and 2. How do we factor x2 + 6x + 8? If we follow the
same pattern, 8 must be the product of two numbers whose sum is the coefficient of the middle term,
that is, 6. What two numbers? 4 and 2, since the product of 4 and 2 is 8 and the sum of 4 and 2 is 6.
Thus, we have: x2 + 6x + 8 = (x + 4)(x + 2). (You can check this by using the FOIL method.)
In general, we have the following rule:
2 FACTORING x2 + (a + b)x + c
RULE EXAMPLES
x2 + (a + b)x + c = (x + a)(x + b) Factor x2 + 8x + 12.
That is, x2 + (a + b)x + c is factored by finding We need two numbers whose product is 12
two numbers whose product is c and whose and whose sum is 8. Try 12 and 1
sum is a + b. (12 + 1 = 13, not 8).
Note: Start by finding numbers whose product Try 3 and 4 (3 + 4 = 7, not 8)
is c and see if the sum is a + b. Try 6 and 2 (6 + 2 = 8)
We say that (x + a) and (x + b) are the linear Since the sum is 8, 6 and 2 are the correct
factors of x2 + (a + b)x + c. numbers. Thus,
x2 + 8x + 2 = (x + 6)(x + 2)
When c is negative, a and b must have different Factor x2 - 2x - 8.

signs with the larger one having the sign of the This time the product must be -8 and the sum
middle term. -2, which means that one number is positive
and the other negative. Since the sum must
be -2, the larger number must be the negative
When c is positive, a and b must have the same one.
sign. Try -8 and 1 (-8 + 1 = -7 not -2)
Try -4 and 2 (-4 + 2 = -2)
Thus, x2 - 2x - 8 = (x - 4)(x + 2)
The CLAST asks us to factor quadratic expressions of the form ax2 + bx + c. To determine if such
expressions are factorable we use the ac test.
3 THE ac TEST
RULE EXAMPLES
ax2 + bx + c is factorable if there are two Is 6x2 + 7x + 2 factorable? Here a = 6,
integers with product ac and sum b. c = 2 and ac = 12. Thus, we need two
If the integers do not exist, the expression is numbers whose product is 12 and whose sum
prime. is 7. A little searching will produce 4 and 3.
Thus, 6x2 + 7x + 2 is factorable.

Let us get some more practice in determining if an expression is factorable. Look at the three
expressions. Which one is not factorable?
EXPRESSION a b c ac
2x2 - 7x - 4 2 -7 -4 -8
6x2 + 8x + 5 6 8 5 30
-3x2 + 2x + 5 -3 2 5 -15
To show that 2x2 - 7x - 4 is factorable, we need two numbers whose product is -8 and whose sum
is -7 (the coefficient of the middle term). A little searching will produce -8 and 1.
Since -8 1 = -8 and -8 + 1 = -7, the expression is factorable. On the other hand, no matter how
hard you try there are no factors of 30 whose sum is 8. (Try it!). Thus, 6x2 + 8x + 5 is prime. To
show that -3x2 + 2x + 5 is factorable we need two numbers whose product is -15 and whose sum is
2. -3 and 5 will do. Thus, -3x2 + 2x + 5 is factorable.
The number ac plays an important part in factoring expressions of the form ax2 + bx + c. Because
of that, ac is called the key number. Here is the procedure to factor ax2 + bx + c.
4 TO FACTOR EXPRESSIONS OF THE FORM ax2 + bx + c
RULE EXAMPLES
1. Find ac, the key number. 2
For 2x - 7x - 4, ac = 2 (-4) = -8
2. Find the factors of ac = -8 that add up to 2x2 - 7x -4

b = -7 (-8 and 1) and rewrite the middle = 2x2 - 8x + 1x - 4
term -7x as a sum involving -8 and 1.
3. Group the terms into pairs. = (2x2 - 8x) + (1x - 4)
4. Factor each pair. = 2x(x - 4) + 1(x - 4)
5. Factor out the greatest common factor = (x - 4)(2x + 1)
(GCF), (x - 4). Thus, 2x2 - 7x - 4 = (x - 4)(2x + 1).
Note: If the first pair has (x - 4) as a Note that (2x + 1)(x - 4) is also correct, since
factor, the second pair will have the same by the commutative law of multiplication,
factor. (x - 4)(2x + 1) = (2x + 1)(x - 4)
Some students prefer to use trial-and-error to factor ax2 + bx + c, especially when a or c is a prime
number. Start the procedure by writing:
_________
Product c
ax2 + bx + c = (___x + ___)(___x + ___)
Product a
Note that:
1. The product of the numbers in the first blanks must be a.

2. The coefficients of the outside product and the inside product must add up to b.
3. The products of the numbers in the last blanks must be c.

For example, to factor 2x2 + 5x + 3, write:

__________
Product 3
2
2x + 5x + 3 = (___x + ___)(___x + ___)
P roduct 2
We now look for two numbers whose product is 2. The numbers are 2 and 1.
Thus, 2x2 + 5x + 3 = (2x + ___)(x + ___)
Now, we look for two numbers whose product is 3. The numbers are 3 and 1, which we substitute
into the blanks. Here are the possibilities.
2x2 + 5x + 3 = (2x + 3)(x + 1) or 2x2 + 5x + 3 = (2x + 1)(x + 3)
Since the middle term must be 5x, the desired factorization is:
2x2 + 5x + 3 = (2x + 3)(x + 1).
Note that (2x + 1)(x + 3) = 2x2 + 7x + 3 and not 2x2 + 5x + 3.
So far we have factored the trinomial (three terms) ax2 + bx + c. There is a special binomial
(two terms) which is easier to factor. Here is the rule.
5 TO FACTOR THE DIFFERENCE OF TWO SQUARES
RULE EXAMPLES
Factor 2
x - 9,
x2 - y2 = (x + y)(x - y) First write x 2 - 32
Now, factor x2 - 32 = (x + 3)(x - 3)
This rule says that the difference of the squares
of x and y can be factored as the product of the Factor 8x2 - 50
sum of x and y, times the difference of x and y. Factor 2 out 2(4x2 - 25)
First write 2 [(2x)2 - 52]
Now factor, 2(2x + 5)(2x - 5)
CLAST EXAMPLES
Example Solution
1. Which is a linear factor of The expression 4x2- 9 is the difference of two
4x2 - 9? squares.
Write 4x2 - 9 = (2x)2 - 32
A. 2x + 9 B. 2x - 9 Factor = (2x + 3)(2x - 3)
The two linear factors of 4x2 - 9 are
C. 2x - 3 D. 3x - 2 2x + 3 and 2x - 3. The answer is C.
2. Which is a linear factor of the following 1. The key number is 3 (-4) = -12
expression? 2. 1 and -12 are numbers whose product is -12
and whose sum is -11, the coefficient of the
3x2 - 11x - 4 middle term -11x., write using 1x and -12x.
3x2 - 11x - 4 = 3x2 + 1x - 12x - 4
A. x + 4 B. 3x - 4 3. Group = (3x2 + 1x) + (-12x - 4)
4. Factor = x(3x + 1) -4(3x + 1)
C. 3x + 1 D. 3x + 2 5. Factor GCF = (3x + 1)(x - 4)
(3x + 1) is a factor, so the answer is C.

B. Solving Quadratic Equations

1. Find the real roots of 3x2 - x = 2. 2. Find the real roots of 2x2 + 3x = 1
A quadratic equation in the standard form ax2 + bx + c = 0 can be solved by factoring
using the following three steps:
1. Factor 2. Set each of the factors equal to 0 3. Solve the resulting equations.
Thus, to solve 3x2 - x - 4 by factoring, we proceed as follows:

1. Factor 3x2 - x - 4 = 0 has key number 3 (-4) = -12
3 and -4 are numbers whose product is -12 and whose sum is -1, the coefficient of the middle
term -x. Rewrite the middle term using 3 and -4
3x2 - x - 4 = 3x2 + 3x - 4x - 4 = 0
= (3x2 + 3x) + (-4x - 4) = 0
= 3x(x + 1) -4(x + 1) = 0
= (x + 1)(3x - 4) = 0
Now, if the product of (x + 1)(3x - 4) is 0, at least one of the factors must be 0.
2. Set factors equal to 0 : x + 1 = 0 or 3x - 4 = 0
4
3. Solve for x x = -1 or x = 3
CLAST EXAMPLE
Example Solution
3. Find the correct solutions to this To write the equation in standard form add -2x - 4
equation: 3x2 - 1 = 2x + 4 to both sides 3x2 - 1 = 2x + 4
-2x - 4 = -2x - 4
3 2
3x - 2x - 5 = 0
A. 1 and 5
The key number is -15 and there are two numbers
whose product is -15 and whose sum is -2.
3 The numbers are -5 and 3.
B. -1 and 5
We now factor 3x2 - 2x - 5 = 0
Write 3x2 - 2x - 5 = 3x2 - 5x + 3x - 5
5 Group = (3x2- 5x) + (3x - 5)
C. -1 and 3
Factor = x(3x - 5) +1(3x - 5)
Factor GCF = (3x - 5)(x + 1)
2 + 62 2 - 62 2
Thus, 3x - 2x - 5 = (3x - 5)(x + 1) = 0
D. 6 and 6 Solving 3x - 5 = 0 and x + 1 = 0
5
We have x = 3 and x = -1
The answer is C.
ANSWERS 2 - 3 17
1. x = - 3 ; x = 1 2. x = 4

If the given equations are not factorable, we need the quadratic formula.
6 THE QUADRATIC FORMULA

RULE EXAMPLES
The equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 has two Find the solutions of x2 - 7x + 2 = 0.

solutions given by
In this case a = 1, b = -7, c = 2
-b b2 - 4ac -(-7) (-7)2 - 4(1)(2)
x= 2a Thus, x = 2(1)
7 49 - 8
The symbol (read "plus or minus") sign = 2
means that we have two solutions, 7 41
= 2
-b + b2 - 4ac The two solutions are:

2a and
7 + 41 7 - 41
2 and 2
-b - b2 - 4ac
2a
Each of the solutions is called a root of the
equation.
One last word. There are many ways in which the CLAST asks you to solve a quadratic equation.
Do not be fooled by the terminology. All of these directions mean the same:
1. Find the solutions of the equation.

2. Find the correct solution to the equation.
3. Find the real roots of the equation.
4. Solve.

CLAST EXAMPLE
Example Solution
4. Find the correct solutions to this This equation is not in standard form (= 0). We
equation: 3x2 + 1 = 6x write it in standard form by subtracting 6x from
both sides.
-3+2 3 -3-2 3 3x2 + 1 = 6x

A. 3 and 3 -6x = - 6x
3x2 - 6x + 1 = 0
3+2 3 6 - 30 Now, 3x2 - 6x + 1 is not factorable, since there

B. 3 and 6 are no numbers whose product is 3 and whose
sum -6. Use the quadratic formula.
-6 + 6 -3- 6 Now, 3x2 - 6x + 1 = 0, so

C. 6 and 3 -b b2 - 4ac
a = 3, b = -6, c = 1 and x = 2a
3+ 6 3- 6 (-6)2 - 4(3)(1)
-(-6)
D. 3 and 3 Thus, x = 2(3)
6 36 - 12
= 6
Note: Make sure you understand the 6 24
= 6
operations with radicals (Section 2.1) before
you attempt the problems in this section. 6 46
= 6
62 6
= 6
3 6
= 3
62 6
Note: To simplify 6 we divided 6, 2 6
3 6
and 6 by 2 to obtain 3 . The answer is D.


WARM-UPS A
IN PROBLEMS 1-14 FIND THE LINEAR FACTORS.
1. 2x2 + 5x + 3 2. 2x2 + 7x + 3
3. 4y2 - 11y + 6 4. 3y2 - 17y + 10
5. 3y2 - 5y - 2 6. 12y2 - y - 6
7. 5x2 + 2 + 11x 8. 5x2 + 3 + 8x
9. 3x2 - 2 - 5x 10. 5x2 - 8 - 6x
11. x2 - 1 12. x2 - 36
13. 9x2 - 4 14. 16x2 - 25
15. Which is a linear factor of: 4x2 - 7x - 15?
A. 4x + 5 B. 4x - 6 C. x-4 D. x+4
16. Which is a linear factor of: 5x2 - 27x + 10?
A. x + 6 B. 5x + 1 C. x-6 D. 5x - 2
17. Which is a linear factor of: x2 - 16?
A. x - 16 B. x-4 C. x+ 4 D. x- 4
18. Which is a linear factor of: x2 - 81?
A. x+ 9 B. x- 9 C. x-9 D. x - 81

WARM-UPS B
IN PROBLEMS 19-30 FIND THE CORRECT SOLUTIONS TO THE GIVEN EQUATION.
19. 2x2 + 7x + 3 = 0 20. 2x2 + 5x + 3 = 0
21. 2x2 + 3 = 3 22. 6x2 - x = 12
23. 3x2 - 2 = 5x 24. 12x2 - 6 = x
25. 3y2 = 17y - 10 26. 3y2 = 2y + 1
27. 2x2 + 7x = - 6 28. 2x2 + 7x = 6
29. 7x2 = 12x - 5 30. 5x2 = -16x - 8
CLAST PRACTICE B PRACTICE PROBLEMS: Chapter 2, #30-32
31. Find the real roots of the equation: 2x2 - 1 = 7x.
7 - 57 7 + 57 -7 - 57 -7 + 57
A. 4 and 4 B. 4 and 4
-7 - 41 -7 + 41 7 - 41 7 + 41
C. 4 and 4 D. 4 and 4
32. Find the real roots of the equation: 3x2 + 1 = 5x.
5 - 13 5 + 13 5 - 3 37 5 + 37
A. 6 and 6 B. 6 and 6
-5- 3 -5 - 3 - 5 - 37 - 5 + 37
C. 6 and 6 D. 6 and 6

33. Solve: 4x2 = 8x + 2.
2- 6 2+ 6 -2- 6 -2+ 6
A. 2 and 2 B. 2 and 2
2- 2 2+ 2 -2- 2 -2+ 2
C. 2 and 2 D. 2 and 2
34. Find the correct solutions to the equation: 2x2 - 32 = 0.
A. 16 and - 16 B. 4 and - 4 C. 2 and -2 D. 32 and - 32
35. Find the correct solutions to the equation: 2x2 - 162 = 0.
A. 9 and - 9 B. 81 and - 81 C. 9 and -9 D. 162 and - 162
36. Find the real roots of the equation: 2x2 + x = 15
5 5
A. -2,3 B. 10, -12 C. 5, -6 D. 2 , -3
37. Find the correct solutions to the equation: x2 = - 3x + 2
-3 + 17 -3 - 17 3 + 17 3 - 17
A. 2 , 2 B. 2 , 2
C. - 3 + 17 D. -3 - 17

2.6 SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES
In this section we shall solve systems of equations and inequalities in two variables using two
methods: elimination and graphing. Before we proceed to do this, we need to know some of the
terminology.
T TERMINOLOGY -- EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES

SOLUTIONS OF AN EQUATION EXAMPLES
The solution of an equation in two variables x The equation 2x + 3y = 12 is an equation in
and y is an ordered pair (a, b) so that if x is two variables and the ordered pair
replaced by a and y by b in the equation, the (3, 2) is a solution (satisfies) the equation. If
result is a true statement. We say that (a, b) we replace x by 3 and y by 2, we have
satisfies the equation. Note that the equation 23 + 32 = 12, a true statement.
ax + by = c has infinitely many solutions. Note that (0, 4) and (6, 0) are also solutions of
2x + 3y = 12.
SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS EXAMPLES
A system of two linear equations x+y=5

ax + by = c xy=1
dx + ey = f is a system of simultaneous linear equations in
is called a system of simultaneous linear the variables x and y.
equations.
SOLUTIONS OF A SYSTEM EXAMPLES
The solution set of a system of linear equations The solution set of the system
consists of the ordered pairs satisfying both x+y=5
equations and is written using set notation by x-y=1
listing the ordered pairs separated by commas is {(3, 2)}. Note that the ordered pair (3, 2)
inside the set symbols { } (read "braces"). satisfies both equations.
Thus, 3 + 2 = 5
and 3-2=1
If a system of equations has no solution, its The system x +y=5

solution set is the empty set and -x - y = 1
has no solution. (If you add the left sides of both
equations, you get 0 while the addition of the
right sides of both equations gives 6. This
means that 0 = 6, which is impossible. Thus,
the solution set is
How did we solve the systems in the Examples? The procedure will be explained next.

SECTION 2.6 Systems of Equations and Inequalities 107
A. Solving Systems of Equations

SOLVE THE SYSTEM
1. 2x - y = 2 2. 2x + y = 2 3. 2x - y = 2
3x - 2y = 1 4x + 2y = 3 4x - 2y = 4
1 SOLVING SYSTEMS BY ELIMINATION

RULE EXAMPLES
You can multiply (or divide) one or both of the Solve the system x+y=3
equations by any nonzero number you wish, x - y = -1
but the idea is to obtain an equivalent system in Note that the coefficients of y are opposites
which the coefficients of the x's (or of the y's) already. Thus, we simply add the equations,
are opposites, thus eliminating x or y when the as shown next:
equations are added. x+y=3
x - y = -1
Add the equations. 2x = 2
Divide by 2. x =1
Replace x by 1 in
x+y=3 1+y=3
Subtract 1 to find y. y=2
The solution is (1, 2) or the set is (1,2)}.
CLAST EXAMPLE
Example Solution
1. Choose the correct solution set for the If we want to eliminate the x's, we can multiply
system of linear equations: the first equation by -4 and then add. Here is the
work:
x + 4y = -1 x + 4y = -1 Mult. -4 -4x - 16y = 4
4x + y = 11 4x + y = 11 Leave as is 4x + y = 11
A. {(3,-1)} Add the equations. -15y = 15
Divide by -15. y = -1
B. {(3,1)} Replace y by -1
in 4x + y = 11. 4x + (-1) = 11
C. The empty set Add 1 to both sides. 4x = 12
Divide by 4, x=3
D. {(x, y) | y = -4x + 11} The solution set is {(3, -1)} and the
answer is A.
So far, we have multiplied only one of the equations by a number to eliminate the variable.
Sometimes we must multiply both equations by numbers that will cause the coefficients of one of
the variables to be opposites of each other as illustrated in the next example.
ANSWERS 1. (3, 4) 2. No solution 3. Infinitely many solutions

CLAST EXAMPLES
Example Solution
2. Choose the correct solution set for the Since the coefficient of x in the first equation is 2
system of linear equations: and in the second equation -3, we multiply the
first equation by 3 and the second one by 2 so that
2x + 2y = -4 the resulting coefficients of x are 6 and -6, and the
-3x - 3y = 9 x is eliminated by addition. Thus,
A. {(-1,-1)} 2x + 2y = -4 Mult. 3 6x + 6y = -12
B. {(-2,-1)} -3x - 3y = 9 Mult. 2 -6x - 6y = 18

Add the equations 0 = 6
C. The empty set But this is impossible, so there is no solution and
the solution set is empty.
D. {(x,y) | y = -x - 3 } The answer is C.
You may have also noticed that dividing the first

equation by 2 and the second by -3 yields
x + y = -2 and x + y = -3, which is also
impossible.
Example Solution
3. Find the solution set for the system of The first equation lists the y's first, then the x's.
linear equations: Rewrite this equation with the x's first obtaining
the system:
2y - 3x = -10 -3x + 2y = -10
6x - 4y = 20 6x - 4y = 20
A. The empty set Now, multiply the first equation by 2 to try to

eliminate the x's
B. {(3,-1)} -3x + 2y = -10 Mult. 2 -6x + 4y = -20
6x - 4y = 20 6x - 4y = 20
3 Add the equations 0=0
C. {(x,y) | y = 2 x - 5}
Since we obtain a true statement regardless of the

D. {(3,1)} values of x and y we have infinitely many
solutions. In such cases, solve either equation for
Note: If you multiply the first equation by - y. We have: 2y - 3x = -10
2, you get the second equation. The answer 3
has to be C. Look at the solution to see why. Add 3x and divide by 2 y=2 x-5
The answer is C.

B. Graphing Equations and Inequalities

SHADE THE REGION OF THE COORDINATE PLANE SATISFYING:
1. 2x - y < 4 2. y > 3 3. x + 2y > 0 and x < 2 4. x > 3 or y < 0
The systems of linear equations we have discussed can be solved graphically.

Since the solutions of a linear equation in two variables are ordered pair of numbers, we now learn
how to make a picture (graph) of these ordered pairs.
T GRAPHING ORDERED PAIRS

THE COORDINATE PLANE EXAMPLES
To graph the ordered pair (a, b) draw a number y
line and label the points as shown in the Figure. 5 x-axis
Draw another number line perpendicular to the
first one and crossing at 0, the origin. Every
point in the plane determined by these lines can x
be associated with an ordered pair of numbers. 5 5
The horizontal number line is the x-axis and y-axis
the vertical number line is the y-axis. The 5
whole system is a Cartesian coordinate To graph the ordered pair (a, b), start at the
system, a coordinate plane, or simply a plane. origin and go a units to the right if a is
positive; to the left if a is negative. Then go
b units up if b is positive, down if b is
negative.
The point P in the figure is associated with the 5

ordered pair (2, 3) and it is 2 units right and 3 P(2, 3)
Q(-1, 2)
units up. The point Q is associated with the
ordered pair (-1, 2), one unit left and 2 units up. 5 5
ANSWERS 1. 5 2. 5
3. 5 4.
5
5 2 5 5 5 5 5
5 5
-4
5 5 5
5

1 GRAPHS OF LINES
GRAPHS OF LINES EXAMPLES
The graph of Ax + By = C is a straight line, The graph of 2x + 3y = 6 is a straight line.
and every straight line has an equation that can The graph of y = 2x + 3 is a straight line.
be written in this form. (A, B and C are real (Rewrite it as -2x + y = 3 by subtracting 2x
numbers and A and B are not both 0.) from both sides.)
When A = 0, and B = 1, y = C is a horizontal The graph of y = 8, and y = -3 are horizontal
line. When B = 0 and A = 1, x = C is a vertical lines, while the graphs of x = 4 and x = -5 are
line. vertical lines.
2 GRAPHING LINEAR EQUATIONS

RULE EXAMPLES
To graph a linear equation: Graph the equation 2x - 3y = -6
1. Let x = 0, and find y 1. Let x = 0.

20 - 3y = -6 5
-3y = -6
y=2 2
2. Graph the point (0, y). This point 2. Graph (0, 2) 5 -3 5

is called the y-intercept.
5
3. Let y = 0, and find x 3. Let y = 0
2x - 30 = -6
2x = -6
x = -3
4. Graph the point (x, 0). This point 4. Graph (-3, 0)
is called the x-intercept.
5. Draw a line passing through (0, y) and 5. Draw a line passing through
(x, 0). This line is the graph of the linear (0, 2) and (-3, 0). This line is the graph of
equation. 2x - 3y = -6.
Note: If the line goes through (0, 0), you have to let x be a non-zero number, solve for y, graph
(x, y) and draw a line passing through (0, 0) and (x, y)
3 GRAPHING VERTICAL LINES
RULE EXAMPLES
The graph of x = C is a vertical line C units Graph the lines x = -5 and x = 2.
from the y-axis (to the right if C is positive, to 5
the left if C is negative) and crossing the x-axis
at C.
Note: It does not matter what value you give 5 5

y, the result is always x = C.
5
x = -5 x=2

4 GRAPHING HORIZONTAL LINES

RULE EXAMPLES
The graph of y = C is a horizontal line C units Graph the lines y = -4 and y = 3.
from the x-axis (above if C is positive, below
if C is negative) and crossing the y-axis at C. 5
y=3
Note: It does not matter what value you give x,
the result is always y = C.
5 5
5
y = -4
Look at the graph of y = 3. The graph of y = 3 divides the plane into three parts:
(1) The points below the line

(2) The points on the line
(3) The points above the line
Similarly, the line Ax + By = C divides the plane into three parts. Thus, to graph a linear
inequality we first graph the line associated with the inequality. Here is the procedure.
5 GRAPHING LINEAR INEQUALITIES

RULE EXAMPLE
Graph the inequality y > x + 1.
1. Graph the line associated with the inequality. 1. We graph the line y = x + 1 keeping in mind
If the inequality involves < or >, the line is that the inequality y > x + 1 involves >, so
drawn solid as part of the solution set. If the graph of y = x + 1 is dashed. Now, for
the inequality involves < or >, the line is x = 0, y = 1, and for y = 0, x = -1. Thus,
drawn dashed and is not part of the solution we draw a dashed line passing through
set. (0, 1) and (-1, 0).
2. Choose a test point ((0, 0) if possible) not 2. Choose the test point (0, 0).
on the line.
55
3. If the test point satisfies the inequality,
shade the region containing the test point;
otherwise, shade the region on the other
side of the line. 5
-5 5
5
Test Point
3. To see if (0, 0) satisfies y > x + 1

let x = 0 and y = 0. We see that
0 > 0 + 1 is false, thus (0, 0) is not in the
solution set of y > x + 1, so we shade the
region above the line y = x + 1.

Sometimes the CLAST asks for portions of the plane corresponding to the conditions satisfied by
two inequalities each containing one variable. To do this type of problem, we first learn how to
graph inequalities involving horizontal and vertical lines. For example, to graph the region
corresponding to the inequality x > - 4, we first graph the line x = - 4, a vertical line four units to the
left of the y-axis. The region corresponding to x > - 4 consists of the points on the line x = -4 and
all the points to the right of the line. (See the inequality sign > It points to the right so you go to
the right of -4!) On the other hand, the solution of the inequality y < - 4 consists of all the points
below the line y = - 4. This time the line y = - 4 is not included. This fact is shown by graphing
y = - 4 using a dashed line. The graphs for x > - 4 and y < - 4 are shown below.
5 5
5 5 5 5
5 5
x>-4 y<-4
Now, suppose you want to find the portion of the plane satisfying both conditions, that is, x > - 4
and y < - 4. When two inequalities are connected by the word and graph the inequalities
separately and shade the region whose points satisfy both inequalities simultaneously. This
region is the intersection (overlap) of the two regions. To graph the region corresponding to
x > - 4 and y < -4 we graph the points to the right and on the line x = - 4 and also below the line
y < - 4. The intersection (overlap) of the regions is the dark region in the diagram below (left).
Note that if the two inequalities were connected by the word or, you should shade the region that
satisfies either the inequality x > - 4, or y < - 4, or both. This region is called the union of the
two regions and is shown in the diagram below (right).
5 55
-5
5
x 4 or y < 4 x 4 and y < 4

CLAST EXAMPLES
Example Solution
4. Graph the shaded region that identifies 1. First, draw the graphs of the equations x = -2
the portion of the plane which and y = 1. Use a solid line because the inequality
corresponds to the conditions symbols are and .
x < -2 and y > 1
2. Notice that the lines divide the grid into four

regions. We will test all four regions. Note that
both inequalities must be satisfied. We can use the
points: (0, 0), (2, 4), (-3, -1), and (-3, 4).
Test Point x -2 y3
(0, 0) 0 -2 False 0 3 False
(2, 4) 2 -2 False 4 3 True
(-3, -1) -3 -2 True -1 3 False
(-3, 4) -3 -2 True 4 3 True
Shade the region for which both inequalities are

true.
Note that we can also use the intersection of sets to

determine the solution. In which case, we would
shade only the region that includes all points where
x 0 and y 1.
Solution
y
4
3
2
1
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 x
-1
-2
-3
-4

Example Solution
5. Which shaded region identifies the First, we graph the line y + x = 2.

portion of the plane which corresponds to
the conditions When x = 0, y = 2. Graph (0, 2).
y + x > 2 and y - x < 2? When y = 0, x = 2. Graph (2, 0).
A. B. Use (0, 0) as a test point. Does (0, 0) satisfy

y + x > 2? Letting x = 0 and y = 0 we obtain
5 5 0 + 0 > 2, which is not true. Thus, the solution
set consists of all points above the line y + x = 2.
y-x=2 x+y=2 Note that A and B are the only choices with
shading above the line y + x = 2.
5 5 5 5
y-x=2 We then use the test point (0, 0) to see if this point
x+y=2
5 5 satisfies y - x < 2. For x = 0 and y = 0, we have
0 - 0 < 2, which is true. This means that we must
C. D. select the points below the line y - x = 2. Since the
shaded area in B satisfies both y + x > 2 and
5 5
y - x < 2, B is the answer.
y-x=2 y-x=2 Note: To save time you may simply pick a point
in each of the shaded regions and test if the point
5 5 5 5 satisfies both inequalities. If this is the case, that
choice is the answer!
x+y=2 x+y=2
5 5
The CLAST also asks you to look at a shaded region in the plane and identify the conditions that
correspond to the region First, we need to learn how to write the equation of a line by looking at its
graph. Here is the rule:
6 FINDING EQUATIONS FROM GRAPHS

RULE EXAMPLES
If the y-intercept of a line is A and the x- The y-intercept of the
intercept is B, an equation of the line is line shown is 2 and 5
Ax + By = AB, AB 0, the x-intercept is -3,
Note: Make sure the equation is "reduced", that that is, 2
is, if you have the equation 4x - 6y = -12, A = 2 and
divide each term by 2 to obtain the "reduced" B = -3 5 -3 5
equation 2x - 3y = -6. The equation is
2x - 3y = -6. 5

CLAST EXAMPLE
Example Solution
6. Identify the conditions that correspond to Here are the facts we have:
the shaded region of the plane. 1. Since the y-intercept is 4 and the x-intercept is
5 5, the equation of the line is
4 4x + 5y = 20.
3
2 2. Since the line is solid, the inequality involves
1 < or > .
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
-1
3. 4x + 5y < 20 must be one of the inequalities.
-2
-3
Check: Since (0, 0) satisfies 4x + 5y < 20, the
-4
only possible answers are B and D.
4. The shaded region is to the right of the

A. x < 5 and y > 4 and 4x + 5y < 20 y-axis, so x > 0.
B. 4x + 5y < 20 and x > 0 and y > 0 5. The shaded region is above the x-axis,
so y > 0.
C. 5x + 4y > 20 and x > 0 and y > 0
Combining the conclusions in parts 3, 4, and 5, we
D. 4x + 5y < 20 and x < 4 and y < 5 see that the correct answer is B.

WARM-UPS A
FIND THE SOLUTION SET FOR THE GIVEN SYSTEM OF EQUATIONS
1. 3x - 2y = 7 2. 4x + 3y = 2
5x + 2y = 17 -4x + 2y = 8
3. 3x - 2y = 0 4. x - 4y = 15
4x - y = -5 4x - 3y = 21
5. 2x - y = 0 6. 3x - y = 0
-4x + 2y = 6 -9x + 3y = -10

7. 3x + 4y = -21 8. 4y - 3x = -1
4x - 3y = -3 3x - 4y = 1
9. 3x + 2y = 12 10. 2x + y = 1
9x + 6y = 36 6x + 3y = -2
11. Find the solution set for the system of linear equations
3x + y = 9
2x - y = 1
A. {(3, 2)} B. The empty set C. { (x, y) | y = 2x - 1} D. {(2, 3)}
3x - y = 7
y - 3x = 1
A. {(3, 2)} B. The empty set C. { (x, y) | y = 3x + 1} D. {(0, 1)}
x + 4y = -3
2x - y = 3
A. {(1, -1)} B. {(1, 3)} C. { (x, y) | y = 2x - 3} D. {(1, -3)}
3x + 4y = - 21
2x - 3y = 3
2
A. {(-3, 3)} B. The empty set C. { (x, y) | y = 3 x - 3} D. {(-3, -3)}
5x + 2y = -16
-15x - 6y = -7
2
A. {(-2, -3)} B. { (x, y) | y = 3 x - 3} C. The empty set D. {(2, -3)}

WARM-UPS B
IN PROBLEMS 16-23 GRAPH THE SOLUTION SET OF THE EQUATION
16. x + y = 3 17. x y = -3
18. 2x + y = 4 19. x 2y = 4
20. x = 3 21. y = -3
22. x = -4 23. y = 4

IN PROBLEMS 24-31 IDENTIFY THE CONDITIONS WHICH CORRESPOND TO THE

SHADED REGION OF THE PLANE.
24. 25.
5 5
5 5 5 5
5 5
26. 27.
5 5
5 5 5 5
5 5
28. 29.
5 5
5 5 5 5
5 5
30. 31.
5 5
5
.

32. Which of the following graphs represents -2x + y = -4?
A. B. C. D.
33. Which of the following graphs represents y = -2?
A. B. C. D.
5 5 5 5
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
5 5 5 5
34. Which of the following graphs represents x = -3?
A. B. C. D.
5 5 5 5
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
5 5 5 5
35. Which shaded region identifies the portion of the plane in which
x - y < -1?
A. B. C. D.

x - y > 1?
A. B. C. D.
x > 2 and y < 1?
A. B. C. D.
x > 2 or y > 1?
A. B. C. D.
5 5 5 5
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
5 5 5 5

39. Identify the conditions which correspond to the shaded region of the plane.
A. x > 4, y < 4 and y > x
B. 4x - 4y = -9
C. -x + y > 4
D. x < 4 and y < 4
x > 0, y > 0 and 2x + y < 4?
A. B. C. D.
5 5 5 5
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
5 5 5 5

2.7 PROPORTION, VARIATION AND WORD PROBLEMS
Suppose a hamburger place sells 30 burgers every 2 hours. How many hamburgers per hour is that?
The answer is found by writing:
30 15 burgers
= hours
2 1
30
The expression 2 is a ratio and the equality of two ratios is a proportion.
T RATIO AND PROPORTION

RULE EXAMPLES
A ratio is a quotient of two numbers The ratio of miles (60) to gallons (3)
a and b which can be written as: consumed by your car can be written as
(1) a to b 60
3 miles/gallon.
(2) a : b In reduced form: 20 miles/ gallon
a
(3) b A dog eats 10 cans of food every week
(7 days). The number of cans of food eaten
The CLAST usually writes ratios as fractions. 10
per day is 7 .
A proportion is an equality between ratios. A person travels 70 miles on 4 gallons of gas.

To find how many miles m the person can
travel on 10 gallons of gas, write the
proportion:
70 m
4 = 10
a c 70 m
The proportion b = d is equivalent The proportion 4 = 10
to: ad = bc is equivalent to 7010 = 4m
or 700 = 4m
The "cross-products" of the fractions are equal.
If you solve for m m = 175

SECTION 2.7 Proportion, Variation and Word Problems 123
A. Proportion and Variation

1. A 20-person crew can clean up the stadium in 5 hours. If C represents the number of persons
cleaning the stadium in 3 hours at the same rate of work, write the correct statement for the given
conditions.
2. When traveling at 55 mph, it takes 6 hours to drive from St. Petersburg, Fl to Miami. If t is the
time required for the same trip traveling at 60 mph, write a statement representing these conditions.
When working the problems that follow, write the ratio first making sure you are consistent with the
units you use in the numerator and denominator.
Next, set up the proportion and then use "cross-products" to solve it.
CLAST EXAMPLES
Example Solution
1. Two machines can complete 5 tasks every First, remember we are dealing with a ratio
3 days. Let t represent the number of tasks
tasks these machines can complete in a involving days for 2 machines.
30-day month. Select the correct
statement of the given condition. 5 tasks
The first ratio is 3 days
3 t t t tasks
A. 5 = 30 B. 3 =3 The second ratio is 30 days
5 t t 1 5 t
C. 3 = 30 D. 5 = 10 The proportion is =
3 30
The answer is C.
5 t
Note: Since 3 = 30 is equivalent to 530 = 3t, an
t 5
alternate answer is 30 = 3 ,which is equivalent
to 3t = 305.
ANSWERS 20 C 55 t
1. 5 = 3 2. 60 = 6 or 556 = 60t

CLAST EXAMPLES
Example Solution
2. The area of a rectangular picture is held The area A of a rectangle is the product of the
constant while the length and width may length L and the width W, that is,
change. If the length L is 12 when the A = LW
width W is 6, select the statement of the If the length L is 12, when the width W is 6, the
condition when the width is 7. area is A = 126. Look at the possible choices.
The only cross-product with constant area 126 is
B, so the answer must be B.
L 6 L 6 To prove this, note that A = 126
A. 7 = 12 B. 12 = 7 and A = L7
Thus, L7 = 126
12 L L 7 L 6
C. 6 = 7 D. = or 12 = 7
12 6
We use the "cross-product" fact that
a c
b = d is equivalent to ad = bc.
The CLAST uses many of the techniques we have studied (linear and quadratic equations,
proportions, and the RSTUV method) to solve word problems that involve several variables as
detailed in the next section.
B. Using Variables in Word Problems
Objective IVC1 CLAST SAMPLE PROBLEMS

1. The number of gallons of water g (in millions) produced by an inch of snow is directly
proportional to the area A (in square miles) covered by the snow. If 1 inch of snow produces 100
(million) gallons of water in a 62 square mile area A, how many gallons will be produced by 1 inch
of snow in a 1700 square mile area?
2. The loudness L of sound is inversely proportional to the square of the distance d from the
source. If L is 100 dB (decibels) at 5 ft, how loud is it at 10 ft?
T DIRECT VARIATION
RULE EXAMPLES
y is directly proportional to x (or y varies If you are an hourly worker, the amount A of
directly as x) if there is a constant k such that money you earn is directly proportional to the
y = kx number of hours h you work.
(k is the proportionality constant) Translation: A = kh
If you make $5 an hour, k = 5 and
Note: Intuitively, this means that when x A = 5h
increases, y increases.
ANSWERS 1. 2742 2. 25 dB

T INVERSE VARIATION
y is inversely proportional to x The speed s that a car travels is inversely
(or y varies inversely as x) if there is a proportional to the time t is takes to travel a
k given distance.
constant k so that y = x k
Translation: s = t
Note: Intuitively this means that when x The less time t you have, the more speed s you
increases, y decreases and when x decreases, y need to cover a given distance.
increases.
CLAST EXAMPLES
Example Solution
3. The pressure P exerted by a gas on the Since the pressure P is directly proportional to the
wall of a container is directly temperature T,
proportional to the temperature T of the Translation: P = kT
gas. If the pressure is 8 lb per in2 when We now find k.
the temperature is 480oF, what is the P = 8 when T = 480.
pressure when the temperature is 120oF? Thus, 8 = k480
8 1
or 480 60 = k
=
A. 32 lb per in2 B. 4 lb per in2
C. 2 lb per in2 D. 16 lb per in2 1 1
Letting k = 60 in P = kT, we get P = 60 T.
If the pressure is proportional to the We want the pressure P when the temperature T is
temperature, they must both be in the 120. When T = 120,
numerator of the proportion. Thus, 1
P = 60 120 = 2
8 480
P = 120 = 4, P = 2 The correct answer is C.
Example Solution
4. An equation for centripetal force is mv2

mv2 We have the formula: F = r .
F = r . If a car of mass m = 1000
Substituting 1000 for m, 64 for v2, and 3200 for F,
kilograms, traveling at a speed v = 8 100064
meters per second, requires a force F of we have: 3200 = r
3200 Newtons to stay on a circular track Since we have to solve for r,
of radius r, what is the length of r? Multiply both sides by r to obtain
3200r = 100064
A. 20 meters B. 5/2 meters 100064
Divide by 3200 r = 3200
C. 400 meters D. 200 meters Simplify r = 210 = 20
The correct answer is A.

C. Word Problems in Number Theory
Objective IVC2 CLAST SAMPLE PROBLEMS

FIND AN EQUATION CORRESPONDING TO THE GIVEN STATEMENT
1. The sum of two consecutive integers is always 1 more than twice the smaller integer x.
18
2. A number x decreased by its reciprocal is 5 .
3. The sum of the digits of a two digit number is 10. The tens digit is 1 less than 3 times the units
digit x
4. The tens digit t in a two digit number is 3 more than 4 times the units digit u
The problems we shall work in this section deal with the structure and logic of numbers.
Here is some of the terminology you need.
T TERMINOLOGY USED WITH NUMBERS

RULE EXAMPLES
Add, sum, total, increased by, more than, is Add 3 to a number n: n+3
translated as + Increase a number n by 4. n+4
7 more than a number n. n+7
Subtract, difference, decrease by, less than, is Subtract 8 from a number n. n-8
translated as - The difference of n and 3. n-3
Decrease n by 4. n-4
5 less than a number n. n-5
Multiply, of, the product, times, is translated as The product of 4 and n. 4n

or 8 times a number n. 8n
Multiply 5 by n. 5n
n
Divide, divided by, the quotient of, per, is Divide n by 7: n 7 or 7
translated as n
The quotient of n and 2: n 2 or 2
ANSWERS 1 18
1. x + (x + 1) = 2x + 1 2. x - x = 5 3. x + (3x - 1) = 10
4. t = 4u + 3

CLAST EXAMPLE
Example Solution
5. The difference between a number and Let us look at each of the parts separately, calling
nine more than three times the number is the number x.
eleven. What equation could be used to
find x, the number? The difference Nine more
between x and than 3x is 11
x - (3x + 9) = 11
A. x - (9x + 3) = 11
Thus, x - (3x + 9) = 11 is the equation that can be
B. x - 3x + 9 = 11 used to find x. The answer is C.
C. x - (3x + 9) = 11 Note that to indicate the difference between x and

3x + 9, we have to use parentheses around the
D. x + (3x - 9) = 11 expression 3x + 9, otherwise, it would be the
difference between x and 3x.
T TWO DIGIT NUMBERS

RULE EXAMPLES
A two digit number n whose first digit is a and The two digit number n = 83, where
second digit b can be written as: 8 = a and 3 = b can be written as:
n = 10a + b. 83 = 108 + 3
CLAST EXAMPLE
Example Solution
6. A two digit positive integer is three times Since a two digit number can be written as 10x +
the sum of its digits. What equation y and the number is three times the sum of its
could be used to find the number if the digits, which is x + y, the equation is
digits are x and y? 10x + y = 3(x + y).
A. 3(10x + y) = x + y The correct answer is C.
B. xy = 3(x + y)
C. 10x + y = 3(x + y)
D. 2xy = x + y

WARM-UPS A
1. Two machines can complete 7 tasks every 5 days. Let t represent the number of tasks these
machines can complete in a 30-day month. Find the correct statement of the given condition.
2. The area of a rectangular picture is held constant while the length and the width may change.
If the length L is 11 when the width W is 4, find the statement of the condition when the width
is 2.
3. There are 6 male students to every 8 females students at a local school. Select the statement of
the condition when there are 39 male students and F female students.
CLAST PRACTICE A PRACTICE PROBLEMS: Chapter 2, #39-42
4. Two machines can complete 10 tasks every 3 days. Let t represent the number of tasks these
machines can complete in a 31-day month. Select the correct statement of the given condition.
3 t t 3 10 t t 31
A. 10 = 31 B. 10 = 31 C. 3 = 31 D. 3 = 20
5. The area of a rectangular pictures is held constant while the length and width may change. If
the length L is 10 when the width W is 3, select the statement of the condition when the width
is 4.
L 3 10 L L 4 L 3
A. =
4 10 B. 3 =4 C. =
10 3 D. =
10 4
6. There are 5 male students to every 6 females students at a local school. Select the statement
of the condition when there are 25 male students.
25 6 6 25 5 x 5 25
A. 5 =x B. 5 = x C. 6 = 25 D. 6 = x

WARM-UPS B
7. An enclosed gas exerts a pressure P on the walls of a container. This pressure is directly
proportional to the temperature T of the gas. If the pressure is 3 lb per in2 when the
temperature is 450oF, what is the pressure when T = 225oF?
8. If the temperature of a gas is held constant, the pressure P varies inversely as the volume V. A
pressure of 1800 lb per in2 is exerted by 6 ft3 of air in a cylinder fitted with a piston. What is
the pressure if the volume is increased to 12 ft3?
9. The distance d (in meters, m) an object falls t seconds after being dropped from a certain height
is given by the formula d = 5t2. Find the number of seconds it takes an object to hit the
ground if the object is dropped from a height of 80 m.
A. 5 sec B. 16 sec C. 4 5 sec D. 4 sec
10. The distance d (in feet) an object falls t seconds after being dropped from a certain height is
1
given by the formula d = 2 gt2. If the gravitational constant g = 32 ft/sec2, what distance
will an object fall in 8 seconds after being dropped from a certain height?
A. 64 ft. B. 128 ft C. 256 ft D. 1024 ft
WARM-UPS C
11. A number decreased by two more than five times the number is nine. What equation could be
used to find x, the number?
12. A number decreased by six more than four times the number is five. What equation could be
used to find x, the number?
13. The sum of a number and 17 is 36. What equation could be used to find x, the number?
14. The product of 5 and a number is the number decreased by 2. What equation could be used to
find x, the number?
15. A number decreased by 7 is the product of 8 and the number. What equation could be used to
find x, the number?
16. The quotient of a number and 3 exceeds the number by 2. What equation could be used to
find x, the number?
17. The sum of three consecutive integers n, n + 1 and n + 2 is the same as the square of the middle
integer. Write an algebraic description equivalent to the verbal description.

18. For any three consecutive integers, the square of the largest integer is always greater than the
product of the smallest integer n and the middle integer. Write an algebraic description
equivalent to the verbal description.
19. The tens digit of a two digit number is 4 more than the units (ones) digit. If the number is 21
times the units digit, write an equation that could be used to find x, the tens digit?
20. The square of a number increased by twice the number is 7 more than the number. What
equation should you use to find x, the number?
CLAST PRACTICE C PRACTICE PROBLEMS: Chapter 2, #45-46
21. The difference between a number and eight more than three times the number is eight. What
equation could be used to find x, the number?
A. x + (3x - 8) = 8 B. x - (3x + 8) = 8
C. x - 3x + 8 = 8 D. x - (8x + 3) = 8
22. The sum of a number and four more than six times the number is eleven.
What equation could be used to find x, the number?
A. x + (6x + 4) = 11 B. x + (4x + 6) = 11
C. x + 4(6x) = 11 D. x + 4 = 5x + 11
23. The sum of three consecutive odd integers is 117. What equation could be used to find the
integers?
A. n + (n + 1) + (n + 2) = 117 B. n + (2n + 1) + (2n + 3) = 117
C. n + (n + 2) + (n + 4) = 117 D. n + 2(n + 2) + 2(n + 4) = 117
24. The square of a number increased by 8 times the number, is the difference between the
number and 2. Which equation should be used to find x, the number?
A. x2 + 8x = 2 B. x2 + 8x = 2 - x
C. x2 + 8x = -(x - 2) D. x2 + 8x = x - 2
25. The tens digits of a two digit number is 3 more than the units (ones) digit. If the number is 17
times the units digit, what equation could be used to find x, the tens digit?
A. 10(x + 3) + (x - 3) = 17x B. 10(x + 3) + (x - 3) = 17
C. 10x + (x - 3) = 20 D. 10x + (x - 3) = 17(x - 3)

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2

IC1a: Add and subtract real numbers

2.1 REAL NUMBERS, SCIENTIFIC NOTATION AND

A. Operations with Irrational Numbers

Objectives IC1a, IC1b CLAST SAMPLE PROBLEMS

T TERMINOLOGY--EXPRESSIONS AND LIKE TERMS

LIKE TERMS EXAMPLES

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1 RULES TO SIMPLIFY RADICALS

1. 2 + 11 - 1 = 2 and 11 are like terms and can be added

2. 75 - 3 = To combine 75 and 3 we have to write

3. 5 10 = Using the multiplication property,

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4 Since the denominator is irrational, we multiply

40 Using the quotient property,

Objective IC3 CLAST SAMPLE PROBLEMS

ANSWERS 1. 2.62 107 2. 4.6 107 3. 9.2 100

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1 WRITING NUMBERS IN SCIENTIFIC NOTATION

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8. 0.000904 2,260,000 = 0.000904 = 9.04 10-4 and

Objective IC2 CLAST SAMPLE PROBLEMS

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10. 10t + t 2 + 14t2 7 5 = 10t + t 2 + 14t2 7 5

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Section 2.1 Exercises

CLAST PRACTICE A PRACTICE PROBLEMS: Chapter 2, # 1-5

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31. 0.0000276 1380 = 32. 0.0258 1290 =

33. 0.0882 21,000 = 34. 0.00246 1,230,000 =

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CLAST PRACTICE B PRACTICE PROBLEMS: Chapter 2, # 6-8

35. (2.5 109) (5.7 10-3) =

A. 14,250,000 B. 142,500,000 C. -14,250,000 D. 1,425,000

36. (6.6 1019) (3.7 10-13) =

A. 2,442,000 B. -24,420,000 C. 244,200,000 D. 24,420,000

37. 0.000504 1,260,000 =

A. 4.00 102 B. 4.00 10-10 C. 4.00 10-2 D. 4.00 1010

38. 0.00494 2,470,000

A. 2.00 10-9 B. 2.00 10-3 C. 2.00 109 D. 2.00 103

43. 9t - 3t 4 + 10t2 5 3 = 44. 8t - t 3 + 14t2 7 4 =

45. 7t - 4t 5 + 10t2 5 4 = 46. 9t + 4 t + 21t2 3 2 =

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CLAST PRACTICE C PRACTICE PROBLEMS: Chapter 2, # 9-10

A. 4t2 B. 4t2 + 18t C. t2 + 18t D. t2

A. 2t2 + 12t B. 8t2 + 12t C. 8t2 - 3t D. 2t2 - 3t

EXTRA CLAST PRACTICE

52. (10 - 4)2 + 32 =

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2.2 REAL NUMBER PROPERTIES

T PROPERTIES OF ADDITION AND MULTIPLICATION

Commutative a+b=b+a 2+3=3+2

Commutative ab=ba 38=83

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T DISTRIBUTIVE PROPERTY OF MULTIPLICATION OVER ADDITION

A. Using Real Number Properties

2. Choose the expression equivalent to the There are no multiplications in 8 + 19 + 4, so

ANSWERS 1. Commutative Property of Addition 2. Distributive Property

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B. Properties for Solving Equations and Inequalities

Objective IIIC2 CLAST SAMPLE PROBLEMS

ANSWERS 1. 2x = 11 2. 13x = 6 3. 10x > 11 4. 6x < y2 + 2y

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