Solutions for Chapter 1 1

The Chemistry Maths Book

Erich Steiner

University of Exeter

Second Edition 2008

Solutions

Chapter 1. Numbers, variables, and units

1.1 Concepts
1.2 Real numbers
1.3 Factorization, factors, and factorials
1.4 Decimal representation of numbers
1.5 Variables
1.6 The algebra of real numbers
1.7 Complex numbers
1.8 Units

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Solutions for Chapter 1 2

Section 1.2

Calculate and express each result in its simplest form:

1. 3 + (4) = 3 4 = 1

2. 3 (4) = 3 + 4 = 7

3. (3) (4) = 3 + 4 = 4 3 = 1

4. (3) (4) = 3 4 = 12

5. 3 (4) = 3 4 = 12

6. 8 (4) = 8 4 = 2

7. (8) (4) = 8 4 = 2

1 1 2 1 3
8. + = + =
4 8 8 8 8
3 5 3 7 4 5 21 20 1
9. = = =
4 7 4 7 4 7 28 28 28
2 5 4 15 11
10. = =
9 6 18 18 18
1 2 3 4 7 divide top and 1
11. + = + =
bottom by 7

14 21 42 42 42 6
1 2 3 4 1
12. = =
18 27 54 54
11 3 44 + 9 53
13. + = =
12 16 48 48
1 3 1 3 3
14. = =
2 4 2 4 8
3 23 6 3
15. 2 = = =
4 4 4 2
2 5 10 5
16. = =
3 6 18 9

2 3 2 3 6 1
17. = = =
3 4 3 4 12 2
3 4 3 5 15
18. = =
4 5 4 4 16
2 5 2 3 2 3 2
19. = = =
3 3 3 5 3 5 5

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Solutions for Chapter 1 3

2 4 25 10 1
20. = = =
15 5 15 4 10 6 6

1 1 1
21. = 93 = 3
3 9 3

Section 1.3

Factorize in prime numbers:

22. 6 = 2 3

23. 80 = 16 5 = 24 5

24. 256 = 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 = 28

25. 810 = 10 81 = 2 5 34 = 2 34 5

Simplify by factorization and cancellation:

3 3 1
26. = =
18 3 6 6

21 3 7 3
27. = =
49 7 7 7

63 3 3 7 3
28. = =
294 2 3 7 7 14

768 3 28 3 3
29. = = =
5120 5 210 5 22 20

Find the value of:

30. 2! = 2 1 = 2
32. 7! = 7 6 5 4 3 2 = 5040
33. 10! = 10 9 8 7! = 720 5040 = 3628800

Evaluate by cancellation:

3! 3 2! 3 2!
33. = = =3
2! 2! 2!

6! 6 5 4 3! 6 5 4 3!
34. = = = 120
3! 3! 3!

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Solutions for Chapter 1 4

5! 5 4 3! 5 2 2 3!
35. = = = 5 2 = 10
3!2! 3! 2 3! 2

10! 10 9 8 7! 10 3 3 4 2 7!
36. = = = 10 3 4 = 120
7!3! 7! 3 2 7! 3 2

Section 1.4

Express as decimal fractions:

37. 102 = 0.01

38. 2 103 = 2 0.001 = 0.002

39. 2 + 3 104 + 5 106 = 2 + 3 0.0001 + 5 0.000001 = 2 + 0.0003 + 0.000005 = 2.000305

3 1
40. = 3 = 3 0.125 = 0.375
8 8
1 4
41. = = 0.04
25 100
5 1
42. = 5 = 5 0.03125 = 0.15625
32 32

Find the repeating sequence of digits in the nonterminating decimal fraction representation of:

43. 1 9 By long division: 0.11

9 1.0
9
10
9
1 9 = 0.1 1 #

44. 1 11 By long division: 0.09 09 09

11 1.00
99
100
99
100
99
1 11 = 0. 09 09 #

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Solutions for Chapter 1 5

45. 1 21 By long division: 0.047619 04

21 1.00
84
160
147
130
126
40
21
190
189
100
84
1 21 = 0. 047619 047 #

46. 1 17 By long division: 0.0588235294117647 0588

17 1.00
85
150
136
140
136
40
34
60
51
90
85
50
34
160
153
70
68
20
17
30
17
130
119
11 0
102
80
68
120
119
100
1 17 = 0. 0588235294117647 0588 #

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Solutions for Chapter 1 6

Use the rules of rounding to give each of the following to 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 and 1 significant figures:

47. 1 /13 = 0.076923076923

0.076923077
0.07692308
0.0769231
0.076923
0.07692
0.0769
0.077
0.08

48. 2 = 1.414213562373
1.4142136
1.414214
1.41421
1.4142
1.414
1.41
1.4
1
49. = 3.141592653589
3.1415927
3.141593
3.14159
3.1416
3.142
3.14
3.1
3

Section 1.6

Simplify if possible:

50. a 2 a3 = a 2+3 = a5

51. a3 a 3 = a 33 = a 0 = 1

52. a3 a 4 = a 3 4 = a 1

53. a3 a 2 = a 3 a 2 = a1 = a

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Solutions for Chapter 1 7

54. a5 a 4 = a 5 a 4 = a 9

55. (a 3 ) 4 = a 34 = a12

56. (a 2 ) 3 = a 2( 3) = a 6

57. (1 a 2 ) 4 = (a 2 ) 4 = a ( 2)( 4) = a8

58. a1 2 a1 3 = a1 2+1 3 = a5 6

59. (a 2 )3 2 = a 23 2 = a3

60. (a 3b6 ) 2 3 = a 32 3b62 3 = a 2 b 4

61. (a 3 + b3 )1/ 3

62. 91 2 = 9 = 3

63. 82 3 = (82 )1 3 = 641 3 = 4 or 82 3 = (81 3 ) 2 = 22 = 4

64. 323 5 = (321 5 )3 = 23 = 8

65. 27 4 3 = (271 3 ) 4 = 34 = 1 81

Evaluate:

66. 7 3 2 = 7 6 = 1
67. 7 (3 2) = 7 6 = 1

68. (7 3) 2 = 4 2 = 8

69. 7 + 3 4 5 = 7 + 12 5 = 14
70. (7 + 3) 4 5 = 10 4 5 = 40 5 = 35

71. 4 2 7 2 = 2 7 2 = 14 2 = 12
72. 4 2 + 7 2 = 2 + 14 = 16
73. 8 2 4 2 = 16 4 2 = 4 2 = 2

74. 3 + 42 = 3 + 16 = 19

75. 3 + 4 52 = 3 + 4 25 = 3 + 100 = 103

76. 25 + 1441 2 = 25 + 12 = 37

77. (52 + 122 )1 2 = (25 + 144)1 2 = 1691 2 = 13

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Solutions for Chapter 1 8

Section 1.7

Find the sum and product of the pairs of complex numbers:

78. z1 = 3 + 5i, z2 = 4 7i , z1 + z2 = 3 + 5i + 4 7i , 125

= (3 + 4) + (5 7)i
= 7 2i

79. z1 = 1 6i, z2 = 5 4i , z1 + z2 = 1 6i 5 4i , z1 z2 = (1 6i )(5 4i )

= (1 5) + (6 4)i = 5 4i + 30i + 24i 2
= 4 10i = 5 4i + 30i 24
= (5 24) + (4 + 30)i
= 29 + 26i

Section 1.8 Units

For each of the following dimensions give its SI unit in terms of base units (column 5 of Table 1.1) and,
where possible, in terms of the derived units in Table 1.2; identify a physical quantity for each:

80. L3 : m3 , volume

81. ML3 : kg m 3 , mass per unit volume = density

82. NL3 : mol m 3 , amount of substance per unit volume = concentration

83. MLT 1 : kg m s 1 , mass velocity = momentum

84. MLT 2 : kg m s 2 = N, mass acceleration = force

85. ML2 T 2 : kg m 2 s 2 = N m = J, force distance = work, energy

86. ML1T 2 : kg m 1s 2 = kg m s 2 m 2 = N m 2 = Pa, force per unit area = pressure

87. IT : A s = C, electric current time = electric charge

88. ML2I1T 3 : kg m 2 A 1s 3 = J C1 = V, work per unit charge = electric potential

89. ML2 T 2N1 : kg m 2s 2 mol1 = J mol1 , energy per mole = molar energy

90. ML2 T 2N1 1 : kg m 2s 2 mol1K 1 = J mol1K 1 ,

molar energy per unit temperature = heat capacity, molar entropy

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Solutions for Chapter 1 9

91. Given that 1 mile (mi) is 1760 yd and 1 hour (h) is 60 min, express a speed of 60 miles per hour in
(i) m s 1 , (ii) km h 1 .

(i) We have 60 mi h 1 = 60 (1760 yd) (60 min)1 = 1760 yd min 1 .

Now 1 yd = 0.9144 m and 1 min = 60 s .

Therefore 1 yd min 1 = (0.9144 m) (60 s)1 = 0.01524 m s 1

and 60 mi h 1 = 1760 0.01524 m s 1 = 26.8224 m s 1

1
1
(ii) We have 26.8224 m s 1 = (26.8224 103 km) h
3600
= 26.8224 103 3600 km h 1 = 96.5606 h 1

Therefore 60 mi h 1 = 96.5606 km h 1

92. (i) What is the unit of velocity in a system in which the unit of length is the inch (1 in = 2.54 102 m)
and the unit of time is the hour (h)? (ii) Express this in terms of base SI units. (iii) A snail travels at

speed 1.2 in min 1 . Express this in units yd h 1 , m s 1 , and km h 1 .

(i) in h 1

(ii) in h 1 = (2.54 102 m) (3600 s) 1 = 7.0556 106 m s 1

(iii) We have 1 yd = 0.9144 m and 1 min = 60 s .

1
1 1 1.2 60
Therefore 1.2 in min 1 = 1.2 yd h = yd h 1
36 60 36
= 2 yd h 1

1
2 yd h 1 = 2 (0.9144 m) ( 3600 s )
= 5.08 104 m s 1

1
1
5.08 104 m s 1 = 5.08 104 (103 km) h
3600
= 1.8288 103 km h 1

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Solutions for Chapter 1 10

93. The non-SI unit of mass called the (international avoirdupois) pound has value 1 lb = 0.45359237 kg .

The weight of the mass in the presence of gravity is called the pound-force, lbf . Assuming that the

acceleration of gravity is g = 9.80665 m s 2 , (i) express lbf in SI units, (ii) express, in SI units, the

pressure that is denoted (in some parts of the world) by psi = lbf in 2 , (iii) calculate the work done (in
SI units) in moving a body of mass 200 lb through distance 5 yd against the force of gravity.

(i) Force is mass acceleration .

Therefore 1 lbf = 1 lb g = (0.45359237 kg) (9.80665 m s 2 )

= 4.448222 N

(ii) 1 psi = 1 lbf in 2 = (4.448222 N) (2.54 102 m)2

= 6894.75729 Pa

(iii) Work is force distance .

Therefore work done = (200 lbf) (5 36 in)

= (200 4.448222 N) (5 36 2.54 102 m) = 4067.454 J
= 4.067454 kJ

94. The vapour pressure of water at 20C is recorded as p(H 2 O, 20D C) = 17.5 Torr . Express this in terms
of (i) the base SI unit of pressure, (ii) bar, (iii) atm.

(i) We have Torr = 133.322 Pa

Therefore 17.5 Torr = 17.5 133.322 Pa

= 2333.1 Pa = 2.3331 kPa

(ii) We have bar = 105 Pa

Therefore 17.5 Torr = 2333.1105 bar

= 2.3331102 bar

(iii) We have atm = 101325 Pa = 1.01325 bar

2.3331102
Therefore 17.5 Torr = atm
1.01325
= 2.3026 102 atm

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Solutions for Chapter 1 11

95. The root mean square speed of the particles of an ideal gas at temperature T is c = ( 3RT M )
1/ 2
, where

R = 8.31447 J K 1 mol1 and M is the molar mass. Confirm that c has dimensions of velocity.

quantity type dimensions

energy
R [ML2 T 2 ] [ 1 ] [N1 ]
temperature amount of substance

T temperature
M molar mass MN1
12
2 2 1 1
[ M L T N ] [ ]
12
= L2 T 2
( RT M)
1/ 2
velocity
M N1


= LT 1

Express in base SI units

96. dm 3 = (101 m) 3 = (101 ) 3 m 3

= 103 m 3

97. cm ms2 = (102 m) (103 s)2 = 102 m 106 s 2

= 104 m s 2

98. g dm 3 = (103 kg) (101 m) 3 = 103 103 kg m 3

= kg m 3

99. mg pm s 2 = (103 103 kg) (1012 m) (106 s) 2

= 106 kg m s 2 = 106 N

104
100. dg mm 1 ns 2 = (101 103 kg) (103 m) 1 (109 s) 2 = 3 1 2
kg m s
18
10 10
= 1017 kg m 1s 2 = 1017 Pa

101. GHz m = (109 s 1 ) (106 m)

= 103 m s 1 = 1 km s 1

102. kN dm = (103 kg m s 2 ) (101 m)

=102 kg m 2 s 2 = 102 J

103. mmol dm 3 = (103 mol) (101 m)3 = (103 mol) (103 m 3 )

= mol m 3

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Solutions for Chapter 1 12

104. Given relative atomic masses A r ( 14 N) = 14.0031 and A r ( 1H) = 1.0078 , calculate (i) the relative

molar mass of ammonia, M r ( 14 N1H3 ) , (ii) the molecular mass and (iii) the molar mass.

(i) M r ( 14 N1H3 ) = A r ( 14 N) + 3 A r ( 1H)

= 14.0031 + 3 1.0078 = 17.0265

(ii) m( 14 N1H3 ) = 17.0265 u = 17.0265 1.66054 1027 kg

=28.2732 1027 kg

(iii) M ( 14 N1H3 ) = 17.0265 g mol1 = 0.01703 kg mol 1

105. The bond length of HCl is Re = 1.2745 1010 m and the relative atomic masses are

A r ( 35 Cl) = 34.9688 and A r ( 1H) = 1.0078 . (i) Express the bond length in (a) pm, (b) and (c) a0 .

Calculate (ii) the reduced mass of the molecule and (iii) its moment of inertia.

(i) (a) pm = 1012 m, m = 1012 pm Re = 1.2745 1010 m = 1.2745 1010 1012 pm

= 127.45 pm

(b) = 1010 m, m = 1010 Re = 1.2745 1010 m = 1.2745

1.2745 1010
(c) a0 = 5.29177 1011 m Re = a0 = 2.4808 a0
5.29177 1011

(ii) The reduced mass of 1H35 Cl is

m( 1H) m(35 Cl)

=
m( 1H) + m(35 Cl)

where m( 1H) = A r ( 1H) u = 1.0078 u and m( 35 Cl) = A r ( 35 Cl) u = 34.9688 u are the

molecular masses and u = 1.66054 1027 kg is the unified atomic mass unit. Then

1.0078 34.9688 u 2
= = 0.97957 1.66054 1027 kg
1.0078 + 34.9688 u

=1.6266 1027 kg

(iii) The moment of inertia of the molecule is

I = Re 2 = (1.6266 1027 kg) (1.2745 1010 m) 2

= 2.6421 1047 kg m 2

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Solutions for Chapter 1 13

106. The origin of the fundamental aborption band in the vibration-rotation spectrum of 1 H35 Cl lies at

wavenumber  = 2886 cm 1 . Calculate the corresponding (i) frequency, (ii) wavelength, and (iii)

energy in units of eV and kJ mol1 .

1
We have  = = where is the wavelength, is the frequency, and c is the speed of light. Then
c

(i) = c  = (2.99792 1010 cm s 1 ) (2886 cm 1 )

= 8.652 1013 s 1 = 86.52 THz

cm
(ii) = = 3.465 104 cm = 3.465 106 m = 3.465 m
2886

(iii) We have eV = 1.60218 1019 J 96.486 kJ mol 1 8065.5 cm 1 .

1 96.486
Therefore cm 1 eV kJ mol1
8065.5 8065.5
2886
and 2886 cm 1 eV=0.3578 eV
8065.5
2886 96.486
kJ mol1 = 34.52 kJ mol1
8065.5

107. In the kinetic theory of gases, the mean speed of the particles of gas at temperature T is

c = ( 8 RT M )
1/ 2
, where M is the molar mass. (i) Perform an order-of-magnitude calculation of c for

N2 at 298.15 K ( M = 28.01 g mol 1 ). (ii) Calculate c to 3 significant figures.

We have R = 8.31447 J K 1 mol1 , T = 298.15 K , M = 28.01 g mol1 .

(i) Let R 8 J K 1 mol1 , T 300 K, 3, and M 30 103 kg mol1 . Then

12 12 12
8 RT 8 8 300 J K 1 mol1 K
c = 3
1
M 3 30 10 kg mol

462 m s 1

12 12
8 RT 8 8.31447 298.15
(ii) c = = 3 m s 1
M 28.01 10

= 475 m s 1

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Solutions for Chapter 1 14

108. In the Bohr model of the ground state of the hydrogen atom, the electron moves round the nucleus in a
circular orbit of radius a0 = 4 0 = 2 me e 2 , now called the Bohr (radius). Given

0 = 8.85419 1012 F m 1 , use the units and values of me , e and = given in Table 1.4 to confirm
(i) that a0 is a length, and (ii) the value of a0 in Table 1.4.

From Table 4, = = 1.05457 1034 J s

me = 9.10938 1031 kg
e = 1.60218 1019 C

(i) The unit of a0 is

(F m 1 ) (J s) 2
2
= F m 1 J 2 s 2 kg 1 C2 .
(kg) (C)

From Table 1.2 ,

J = kg m 2s 2 , F = CV 1 = C2 J 1
Therefore

F m 1 J 2 s 2 kg 1 C 2 = ( C2 J 1 ) m 1 J 2 s 2 kg 1 C2
= m 1 J s 2 kg 1
= m 1 ( kg m 2 s 2 ) s 2 kg 1
=m
and a0 is a length.

4 0 = 2 4 3.14159 8.85419 1012 (1.05457 1034 ) 2

(ii) a0 = = m
me e 2 9.10938 1031 (1.60218 1019 ) 2
123.7397 1080
= 69
= 5.29173 1011 m
23.38360 10

The small difference between this and the tabulated value comes from rounding errors (see
Sections 1.4 and 20.2).

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