Q.

359 The power developed by slow speed main propulsion diesel engine
depends upon the:
(a) quantity of air takes in and retains in the cylinder during a given time period.
(b) proportion of trapped air that is utilized in the combustion process.
(c) thermodynamic efficiency of the engine cycle.
(d) All of the above.
Ans. (d) All of the above.
The power developed by diesel engine depends upon the how efficiently the fuel is
burnt. The quantity of the fuel that burns will depend upon the quantity of the air
which is available at the end of operation stroke. This depends upon the how much
quantity of air taken inside during the suction stroke. At the same time, it will depend
upon the efficiency. Secondly when air is compressed whatever the quantity of air that
is retained at the end of the operation is also important factor. Otherwise if the piston
rings are leaking or broken or stuck up, the quantity of air is taken during the
induction stroke will be higher. The retention of the air at the end of compression
stroke will be low. Under these circumstances, the power developed will be reduced.
Hence the power develop will depend upon the quantity of air taken during the
induction stroke and quantity of air which is available at the end of compression
stroke in the combustion chamber. Lastly, it depends upon the thermodynamic
efficiency of the engine because higher the thermodynamic efficiency of the engine,
the more efficient burning of the fuel and more power develops for the same quantity
of fuel. Hence it can very well be said that all three are most important factors which
will decide the power development.

Q.340 An indicator card or pressure volume diagram shows graphically the:

(a) relation between pressure and the volume during the stroke of the engine.
(b) relation between pressure and volume during one cycle of the engine .
(c) volume of the engine.
(d) the compression ratio of the engine.
Ans. (b) relation between pressure and the volume during one cycle of the engine.
It shows the relationship between the pressure and volume during one cycle of the
engine. When indicator card is taken, it is drawn with x-axis as volume and y-axis as
pressure. It is drawn for the complete one revolution of the engine. So in case of a
two-stroke engine, it is a two stroke it will represent on the indicator card. Hence it is
a relationship between a volume and pressure for a complete cycle of a engine
because by measuring the area of the diagram of the indicator card, you will be in a
position to estimate the power development in the engine. Power development of the
engine is taken into consideration for the first cycle and not for the first stroke
because for every cycle there may be two strokes or four strokes. The power
developed will be considered for entire cycle, not for particular stroke as such.

Q.341 The cylinder lining constructed as an integral part of a block are

characterized by which of the following disadvantages.
(a) They conduct heat poorly
(b) They are expensive
(c) They cannot be replaced and
(d) They require special tools for removal.
Ans. (d) They require special tools for removal
Now when the cylinder liner becomes an integral part of a cylinder block, it is not
possible to replace the liner in case it is worn out. It is a complete part of the cylinder
block and in such condition, you may have to replace a complete cylinder block or
recondition the complete cylinder block in the way of liner bore.

Q.342 One end of diesel engine cylinder is sealed with the hot air and the other
end by the
Ans. (b) piston.
Air is present on top of the piston and this air is compressed between the cylinder
head and top of the piston thus forming a combustion space holding high pressure and
high temperature air where the fuel injected will burn and produce the power. Hence
the sealing for the compressed air is possible because of the heat which is existing
between the cylinder head and the piston.

Q.343 Where is a charge for an air starting system is stored.

Ans. (b) Presurise tank.
For starting the engine, it is necessary to have large quantity of air at a different
minimum pressure in order to get a large quantity of air at different pressure. It is
therefore necessary that the compressor should be in a position to store the quantity of
air and hence it will be easily available. Also, as per the regulation it is necessary to
have 12 consecutive starts, 6 ahead followed by 6 astern alternatively. Under such
circumstances, unless storage of air is not available, it is not possible to the starting to
many starts for the engine. Hence starting air is highly essential from the of manually
and safety point of view of the engine so that it is possible to maneuver the ship
continuously without even if it has designed very moderate size of the compressor.
Thus the air bottle acts as source of stored energy for the engine to turn during
starting.

Q.344 Maximum power of the diesel engine is attended

Ans. (b) at rated engine speed.
When the engine is designed, all parameters are considered and calculated. During
this time, the rpm is also taken into consideration for calculating a maximum power
which can be developed and given by
Power developed = PLAS.
In this, rpm is most the important part. If rpm is low and the power developed is high,
it may possible that the engine may get thermally overloaded and maximum pressure
may exceed the safe limit. It may also give the cracking to the engine part. Hence it is
necessary that the engine maximum power output can be calculated and attended only
at the rated rpm and not at the lower rpm.

Q.346 During fuel injection period the fuel pressure must exceed cylinder gas
pressure to
Ans. (a) insure penetration and distribution of fuel in the combustion chamber.
When the fuel is injected by opening the nozzle of the fuel injector, the flow of the
fuel is into the high-pressure air. This high pressure air will try to oppose the entry of
the fuel. Hence the fuel, which is entering, has to drill through the dense atmosphere
to move in further away from the tip and mix up with the complete quantity of the air
available in the combustion space. For that purpose, the pressure at which it is
injected should be always more than the compression pressure in the cylinder so that
penetration deep into the dense atmosphere is possible.

Q.348 Telescopic pipe through the piston of a large of a slow speed main
propulsion diesel engine are designed to prevent
Ans. (c) contamination of the lubricating oil by water.
As the telescopic pipe has to convey the water to the piston, it has to pass through the
crankcase or scavenge space. By having the telescopic pipe, it is possible to convey
between the stationery part of the pipe to the reciprocating part of the compressor.
This is possible with the help of telescopic pipe and the gland.

Q.349 The exhaust system for a turbocharged two-stroke diesel engine functions
to
(a) discharge exhaust gases and smoke.
(b) permit energy to turbocharger.
(c) reduce the engine room noise.
(d) All the above.
Ans. (d) All of the above.
As the exhaust valve opens, the high pressure exhaust gas, which is slightly higher
than the atmospheric pressure, will get release from the exhaust from the cylinder. It
will pass through the exhaust valve towards the turbocharger. Thus it does the
function of removing the exhaust gas and the smoke from the unit. Secondly, this
energy which is available in the exhaust gas can be utilized which may be
combination of pressure and heat energy can be utilized for driving the turbocharger
so as to supply the pressure as per the engine. Thirdly, when the exhaust gas is
released from the exhaust of the engine unit it enters the exhaust manifold, which is
also bigger size, dampening of the exhaust gas will take place in the manifold and
because of this it will reduce the noise created by the engine.

Q. 350 Which of the diesel engine exhaust muffler listed is usually equipped with
spark arrester?
Ans. (c) A dry-type exhaust muffler.
Dry-type exhaust muffler has been fitted with a flame or spark arrestor in the form of
a copper. This will cool down the exhaust gas coming out and prevent any flame or
spark from the engine to get distributed on the desk.

Q.351 When monitoring diesel engine performance the most useful instrument to
be used is
Ans. (b) exhaust gas pyrometer.
Exhaust gas pyrometer gives rough estimation of the power developed by the engine.
Higher the power developed by the engine more the exhaust temperature. At the same
time, it can also monitor any discrepancies or problems encountered by the engine. If
the fuel valve is dripping or the fuel nozzle is not spraying properly or the fuel
ignition timing is not proper, even then large variation in temperature will take place.
If the pistol rings are leaking, immediately compression pressure and the peak
pressure will reduce but the exhaust temperature will be high. The exhaust
temperature can be considered as a most important tool to determine the performance
of the engine and diagnose the possible cause of the malfunctioning of the engine or
dropping of the performance of the engine.
Q.352 The exhaust system of the diesel engine usually designed to remove
exhaust gases and to
Ans. (d) muffer the exhaust gas noise.
The pressure waves when the exhaust gas is released from the cylinder has been
dampened by the use of muffler where in the direction of the exhaust gas changes.
This causes the dampening of the noise wave and causing the total dampening of the
exhaust gas noise.

Q.353 The water jacket is placed around the exhaust manifold of propulsion
diesel engine to
Ans. (a) reduce the radiation of the engine room.
When the exhaust gas manufold is water cooled, heat is carried out by water and less
amount of heat is radiated from the exhaust manifold into the engine room. Thus
keeping the engine room cool. At the same time it protects the engine from exhaust
manifold fire because the temperature of the exhaust manifold here is less than 240 C
thus the chances of fire is reduced and hence it acts like a safety device.

Q.354 In a two-stroke cycle diesel engine the exhaust gases are expelled from the
cylinder by
Ans. (c) pressure of the fresh air charge.
In two stroke cycle engine the exhausting is carried out with the help of incoming air
and not by the movement of the piston as in case of four stroke engine. When the
piston is moving down and when the exhaust valve opens, after certain lapse of time
the scavenge ports open. By time the scavenge ports open, the gas pressure inside the
cylinder has dropped sufficiently. When the scavenge air under the pressure higher
than the exhaust enters the cylinder through the scavenge ports, at the same time, the
exhaust valve is also opened. This incoming air from the exhaust manifold will drive
the exhaust gas out through the already opened up exhaust valve.

Q.355 Diesel engine muffler or silencers reduce the engine exhaust noise by
Ans. (d) reducing the exhaust gas velocity.
When the exhaust gas is passed through the muffler it is made to pass in the zigzag
manner. When passing in this manner, everytime it changes the direction and its
velocity drops. As a result, vibration caused by the exhaust gas also reduces and hence
the noise is dampened and the muffler effect is carried out.

Q.356 is a repetition of Q.354.

Q.357 Exhaust gases in two-stroke cycle diesel engine are discharged through
Ans. (c) exhaust ports or valve.
When the piston is moving downward and the exhaust ports are cut on the liner. As
soon as the downward moving piston uncovers the exhaust ports, the exhausting takes
place. This will continue till the time the piston when it is moving up again closes the
exhaust ports. This process is the combination of exhausting and scavenging. In case
of the engines in which valves are fitted in the cylinder head, the exhausting is carried
out by opening the valve when the piston is moving down. As soon as the valve opens
the pressure in the cylinder drops and further movement of the piston downward
opens the scavenge ports through which the scavenge air enters the cylinder liner and
forces the exhaust gas upward through the already opened up exhaust valve.

Q.358 The disadvantage of a two stroke cycle diesel engine is a

Ans. (b) high working temperature of a piston and cylinder.
In two stroke cycle diesel engine, for every revolution there is one power stroke. The
amount of fuel engine burnt is more and amount of power develop is more and
because of this the liner and the temperature is more. In general, the exhaust
temperature is lower than the four stroke engine because of the mixing of the
incoming scavenge air thus giving a cooling effect on to the outgoing exhaust gas.
The main temperature is always less than the maximum temperature which will be
encountered.