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Book of
Abstracts

ICLAP 2016
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2nd International Conference of the Linguistic
Association of Pakistan

PakLex 2016
Workshop on Building Lexical Resources for
Pakistani Languages

PAITS 2016
Workshop on Advancing Interpreting and
Translation Studies

Organized by

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The Linguistic Association of Pakistan
(LAP)

The Pakistan Association for Lexicology


and Lexicography (PakLex)

The Pakistan Association for Interpreting


and Translation Studies (PAITS)

Hosted by

Institute of Languages, University of the Punjab, Lahore

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Organizing Committee
Dr. Mujahid Kamran
Vice-Chancellor, University of the Punjab
PATRON

Dr. Mara Isabel Maldonado Garca


Incharge, Institute of Languages
Director, Confucius Institute
Director External Linkages, University of the Punjab, Lahore
CONVENER AND PROGRAM COMMITTEE CHAIR

Dr. Zafar Iqbal


Dean, Faculty of Language, ICBS, Lahore
SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE CHAIR

Dr. Ghulam Raza


Ass. Professor, DCIS, PIEAS, Islamabad
PUBLICATION COMMITTEE CHAIR

Mr. Ahmad Ali Khan


Lecturer, Romance Languages,
Institute of Languages, University of the Punjab, Lahore
PROGRAM COMMITTEE CO-CHAIR

Ms. Ayesha Zafar


Mphil in Applied Linguistics, Kinnaird College, Lahore
PUBLICITY AND PROMOTION COMMITTEE CHAIR

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The Linguistic Association of Pakistan
The history of the national linguistic organizations in the Subcontinent dates back to 1928 when
the Linguistic Society of India (LSI) was founded in Lahore at the fifth Oriental Conference.
Pakistan appeared on the map of the world in 1947 and a long time after the partition,
the Linguistic Research Group of Pakistan (LRGP) emerged in 1960s. This group organized two
conferences on linguistics and published their proceedings besides some other items on language
and linguistics.
Unfortunately the LRGP group could only continue its activities for a few years and then there
was a large gap in which no organization was active in the promotion of linguistic research in the
country. In 1988 the then faculty members of the Department of English at Bahauddin Zakariya
University, Multan, after their utmost efforts, succeeded in establishing the Linguistic
Association of Pakistan (LAP). The purpose was to convene the linguists and language
enthusiasts from all over the country on a single platform and promote the scientific study of the
languages of Pakistan alongside other modern languages of the world including English.

A journal of the association was launched with the name of Pakistan Journal of Language.
However, due to some financial and managerial problems, the activities of LAP remained
discontinued from year 2007 to 2013. In 2014, however, linguists from around the country
decided to revive the association and make it more active than before. Thus, the year 2014 saw a
revival of the Linguistic Association of Pakistan. The major activity that this organization has
planned and executed by now is the successful organization of the 1st International Conference
of Linguistic Association of Pakistan in 2015 (ICLAP 2015) which was held at Kinnaird College
for Women in Lahore. The ICLAP 2016 is the second international conference of the series of
conferences that the Linguistic Association of Pakistan aims to arrange annually in various cities
of Pakistan. These conferences provide opportunities and platform to the linguists around the
world to meet and present their views about the latest trends in linguistics. Thus, in these
conferences the participants obtain the guiding comments of their peers and experts regarding
their own ongoing research projects and share their mature opinion to other linguists working in
the common areas of specializations. The linguists of Pakistan can discuss and share with foreign
experts the advances in the relevant field of their research work and find out research
opportunities in language and linguistics across the world. The Higher Education Commission of
Pakistan provides a major chunk of funding for organizing these conferences.

One of the major objectives of the Linguistic Association of Pakistan is to collaborate with the
academic institutions and other language-related organizations of the country and abroad in
developing linguistic resources, organizing events and publishing linguistic research. Publication
of a journal of the Linguistic Association of Pakistan is one such step that we are planning to
initiate this year. By inviting scholars and researchers of the field of language and linguistics, the
LAP will not only smooth the way for establishing a strong research culture in Pakistan, it will
also help the government institutions to investigate language-related problems of Pakistan which
apparently seem to originate from its multi-lingual social set-up. The LAP aims to propose
democratic and scientific solutions to those problems that could improve literacy rate and
economic development in the country without alongside preserving the beauty of the linguistic
diversity.

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Another very important step planned by the Linguistic Association of Pakistan is to organize a
group of highly skillful and motivated linguists of Pakistan to work on language documentation
projects so that minor languages of Pakistan which have not yet been properly documented may
be described scientifically and preserved. In this regard, it is quite pertinent to highlight that
Pakistan is a linguistically rich country. It has more than forty minor and seven or eight major
languages from three different language families namely Iranian mainly represented by Balochi
and Pashto, Dravidian represented by Brahui and Indo-Aryan represented mainly by Kashmiri,
Urdu, Punjabi, Saraiki and Sindhi, etc. Each of these languages is pregnant with a treasure of
centuries old culture and civilization of the speakers of that language. Thus, we have a large
stock of wealth in form of languages of Pakistan which are lying unearthed in the country. In the
modern era science of language has developed a lot and we have computer-based tools of
analysis and well-trained researchers available in the country, it is the right moment to document
the henceforth undocumented languages of the country and discover which has not been
discovered before. The Linguistic Association of Pakistan aims to work on all these and other
similar issues for setting strong research trends in Pakistan. The opinions and ideas of motivated
researchers are welcome for executing these projects.

The Linguistic Association of Pakistan is very thankful to Dr. Maria Maldonado, Incharge
Institute of Languages at the University of the Punjab to extend her full cooperation in providing
the venue of the conference and organizing the event. Thanks also to the Pakistan Association of
Lexicology and Lexicography (PakLex) and the Pakistan Association for Interpreting and
Translation Studies (PAITS) for framing their workshops within the conference.

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Institute of Languages
University of the Punjab, Lahore
The Institute of Languages was established in March 2010. It is currently under the Faculty of
Oriental Learning. The Institute teaches various languages including Chinese, Spanish, German,
Portuguese, Italian, Japanese, Turkish, Latin, Greek, Hebrew, Pashto and Sindhi. The faculty of
the institute has published 18 articles in HEC recognized journals and 5 books during 2014 and
2015. Furthermore, it caters to various programs of the government, as recently it was the
training center for the Chinese Language Scholarship Scheme initiated by the government of the
Punjab. In addition, it provides translation services to a wide range of companies throughout
Pakistan.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ICLAP 2016
Morphology

1. The Exponents: Mechanisms for Cumulation of South Asian Languages


2. Broken Plurals in Urdu: An OT Analysis.
3. Mewati Morphology and Verb inflection

Phonology
4. Quantity-sensitivity and left-headedness: A study of Arabic loanword
adaptations in Saraiki
5. Social Stratification of Allophonic Variation in Punjabi Language
6. Epenthesis of // by Urdu Speakers in English Consonant Clusters
7. Sanskrit to the New Indo-Aryan Suprasegmentals as distinctive features."
8. English Vowel Letters and their Different Pertinent Sounds: A Phonetic Script
Survey
Prosody
9. Prosody of Urdu Words: Preliminary Investigation of Primary and Secondary
Urdu Lexical Stress

Syntax
10. Complex predicates and serial verb constructions in Gojri
11. On the Nature of Pashto Determiners Phrases: A Generative Approach
12. Is Paninian grammar a Dependency grammar? Why or why not?
13. Syntactic Deficit and the Required Complexity Level of Academic Register
14. Temporal Adverb Clitics Versus Case Clitics in Urdu, Sindhi and Punjabi
15. The relation of case markers and spatial expressions in Urdu and Punjabi
languages
16. Light Verb Constructions in Punjabi

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Contrastive Linguistics
17. Speech Acts and Politeness: A Cross-Cultural Study of Urdu and English Short
Stories
18. A comparative description of the dialects of Azad Kashmir: the Pahari
Language
19. Analysis of difference in speech used by male and female gender by using
Robin Lakoff's Framework
20. Demystifying the Myth of Genderlect: Analyzing Male/ Female Variety of
Speech Using Lakoffs Deficit Model
21. An Analysis of Linguistic Features of Pakistani English (PakE)
22. Metatextual Devices in Pakistani research theses: English-Economics
Comparative Analysis
23. A Contrastive Genre Analysis of Internship Cover Letters Written by University
Students

Corpus/ Genre Analysis


24. A Corpus-based Genre Analysis of Linguistic Features in the English
Argumentative Essays Written by Pakistani Students
25. A Multidimensional Comparative Analysis of Pakistani Learner Writing with
Native, Second Language, and Foreign Language Learner Writing
26. Analyzing the Supreme Court of Pakistan's Judgments in Light of Halliday's
Interpersonal Metafunction: A Corpus-Based Study
27. Corpus Based Language Learning: A Novel Resource for English Language
Teaching

Discourse Analysis
28. Discourse Semantics and Ideology
29. Critical Discourse Analysis of News Headlines: A Comparative Study
30. Discourse Analysis of the Websites of the Private Sector Universities of Lahore:
An exploration of Hegemony
31. CDA of Quaid e- Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnahs (11TH Aug,1947) Speech In
The First Constituent Assembly Of Pakistan
32. Ideology, [Mis]perceptions and Power-resistance: A Critical Discourse Analysis
of Imran Khans Political Speeches
33. Critical Discourse Analysis of Zulfiqar Ali Bhuttos (15th December, 1971)
speech in the United Nations
34. Hedges and Power: A study of PML-N and PTIs political discourse in press
conferences
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35. Pak-US Relation in Print Media: A Semiological Discourse Analysis at Ethno-
Cultural Level

Semiotic Analysis
36. Discourse and Symbols; Analyzing Linguistic and Sociosemiotic Elements
37. Redefining Representation in Visual Narrative: A Semiotic Analysis of a Google ad

Forensic Analysis
38. Forensic linguistics analysis of the last will of Banazir Bhutto and her
authorship profiling

Pragmatics
39. A Socio-Pragmatic Analysis of Apology Speech Act of Pakistani English
Speakers in conversational and institutional settings
40. The pragmatics of abuse in and through Bashar Momin
41. Pragmatic vs Grammatical Errors: Investigating the L2 Competence of ESL
Learners in Pakistan

Language in Literature

42. Stylistic Analysis of Ahmed Alis Short Story Our Lane


43. Speaker-Hearer Metanarrative in Classic Mystery: Analyzing Christies Why
Didnt They Ask Evans?
44. A study of interpersonal metadiscourse markers in A case of Exploding
Mangoes by Muhammad Hanif
45. Making Connections through the Cultural Poetics of Tagore and Banjo:
Theorization of Spivaks Concept of Planetarity
46. Analysis of Hemingways narrative techniques used in his short novel The old
man and the Sea.
47. From Destruction to Deconstruction; Exploring the Diversity of language in
postmodern American Drama
48. Analysis of Racial, Ethnic and National Discrimination in Mohsin Hamids The
Reluctant Fundamentalist through Van Dijks Socio-cognitive Approach
49. Stylistic Analysis of Mohsin Hamid's Writing Style in "The Reluctant
Fundamentalist"
50. Stylistics Analysis of Paulo Coelho' s novel "The Alchemist"
51. Textual and semiotic representation of feminism in autobiographical elements
Of Maya Angelou
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52. Strategies of Linguistic Appropriation in Bilal Tanweers The Scatter Here is
Too Great

Language and gender


53. Role of Gender in Language Shift in Pakistani Punjab
54. Effects of Women Objectification in YoYo Honey Singhs Songs on Pakistani
Women
55. Scrutinizing Textbooks through Gender Lens: A Linguistic Analysis of Primary
School Textbooks in Pakistan
56. Gender Differences in the Use of Conversational Strategies in Mixed Talk: A
Case of Pakistani Culture
57. Gendered Priorities: A Case Study of Rasasi Gents and Ladies Perfumes
Comparative Literature
58. Linguistic Variation across Gender in Pakistani Print Media: A
Multidimensional Analysis
59. Female Representations in Print Media: A Feminist Stylistic Analysis of
Pakistani Newspaper Articles
60. Portrayal of Women in Pakistani Electronic Media
61. Narcissism and Different Gender Choices on Facebook
62. A Sociolinguistic study on Gender Stereotype in the Language used on Social
Media

Code-mixing/Code-switching/Multilingualism
63. Code Mixing in Textbooks: Current Practice in Pakistan
64. Code Switching and Code Mixing: Tools of creation of Humour in Pakistani
TV shows
65. Linguistic Features of Code Switching
66. Autistic Bilingualism: Impact of Additive & Subtractive Approaches
67. Nehla, Nau or Nine --- When to Use What? Multilingual Literacy Practices of
Street Vendors

Language policy
68. Urdu as the Official Language of Pakistan: Challenges, Implications and Prospects
69. English in Urdu Language Textbooks: Policy or No Policy?
70. Spanish Language Knowledge: A New Requirement for Spanish Nationality
Applicants

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Language endangerment
71. Languages in Danger of Death: Causes and Remedies

Language and thought

72. The Multiple Helix of Language and Thought


73. The Bricolage and the Breakthroughs (still underway) in Modern Human
Digital (=Logical) Linguistic Communications:

Historical Linguistics
74. Historical Linguistics: Afro-Romanic and the origins of Ibero-Romance
languages.

Sociolinguistics
75. The changing state of the field of linguistics and priorities of different linguistic
studies in Pakistan
76. Soft Power of Punjabi: Language in the Domains of Pleasure
77. Revisiting Evolution and Spread of English Language: Critical Insights for
Contemporary Language Attitudes and Issues
78. My Baba is Doing Pooja: Media Tongue Replacing Mother Tongue
79. Relationship between Functional Literacy in English & Financial Inclusion in
Pakistan
80. English as Medium of Instruction at Primary Level in Punjab
81. Honorifics: A Dying Tradition of Urdu Language

Computational Linguistics
82. Bidirectional Roman-Arabic Script Transliteration for Urdu Language
83. Grammatical Functions as Functional Tags in Urdu Treebank
84. Prospects of Machine Translation for Pairs of Pakistani Languages

Language Teaching
85. Communicative competence; an analysis of secondary school English Textbook
86. The study of socioeconomic problems faced by Pakistani English students in
United Kingdom

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87. Use of Politeness Strategies: a comparative study of male and female teachers at
Karachi University
88. Summative Assessment Practices for Undergraduate EAP Courses: An
Exploratory Study
89. The Importance of CALL in enhancing language skills in a Distance learning
Class Room as compared to a traditional class room.
90. Diphthongs and Triphthongs Difficult Glides to Grasp for the Students of M. A.
English
91. Usage and Implementation of Feedback Strategies on Errors in Second Language
Writing at Under-Graduate Level
92. The Role of Sufficient Input and Age in the Acquisition of Second Language: The
Case of Parameters
93. Propagation of Culture through ELT Pedagogy: A Study of L2 Teachers
perceptions at Government and Private Schools, Sindh Pakistan
94. Effect of Cooperative Learning on Student Achievement in English
Comprehension at Secondary School Level
95. Problems & Challenges in learning Speaking Skills: L2 Learners Perceptions at a
Public Sector University, Sindh Pakistan
96. Students Perceptions of Code Switching in EFL Classrooms
97. Generic Structure of the Statement of Problem Sections of Ph.D. Theses in Social
Sciences
98. To Improve Interpretative Skills of Students Seeking Private Tuitions: A Case
Study M.A English
99. A Descriptive Study of Formative and Summative Assessment Strategies Used by
Pakistani ESL Teachers
100. Investigating Teaching Speaking Skills through A.V. Aids for ESL
Learners
101. Quality Improvement of ESP in Mechanical Engineering Program in
Pakistan
102. Studying Impact of ELT Teachers Perceptions and Behaviours about
Phonological Awareness on the Performance of Students
103. The Eclectic Method: A Revolution In English Language Teaching In
Higher Secondary Institutions
104. Language Engineering and Learning Design for FLE
105. An Investigation of Rural and Urban Students Motivation for Learning
English at Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro
106. Impact of using ESL Game boards and Digital games on teaching
productive skills at Elementary level
107. Across- Cultural Study of Communication Strategies: Yemeni and
Pakistani Learners as a Case Study
108. Teachers' Perceptions about English Language Teaching and the existing
examination system in Pakistan

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109. Impact of High-stakes English language exams in the developing country of
Pakistan
110. Problems Faced by Primary Schools Teachers in adopting Student-Centered
Methods for English Language learning in Public Schools of Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa.
111. Gendered English Language Learning Experiences in Pakistan
112. Investigating Washback at Secondary Schools Annual Examination, Sindh
Pakistan.
113. Exploring the Differences of Motivational Factors in Learning English as a
Second Language of Under-Graduate Students in Pakistan: A Descriptive Study
114. Role of blended learning for attaining writing proficiency skill at graduate
level
115. Distractions: A major Factor Responsible for Short Attention Span during
University Lectures
116. Collaborative Writing- Speaking Enhancer
117. A study of second language anxiety in Pakistani learners of English

Psycholinguistics

118. The Role of Working Memory in Exploring the Causes of Slow Language
Learning by the Dyslexic Children

PakLex 2016
119. Paklex: The first ever linguistic forum to pioneer lexicographical and
concomitant activities in Pakistan
120. Making Dictionaries Through the Use of Computers
121. Vocabulary Bank for English Text Books in Major Pakistani Languages
122. Prothetic and Anaptyctic Patterns in English Loanwords in Urdu
123. Antonymic Evaluation of Quranic Verses
124. Innovative Lexico-grammatical Features of Pakistan English Newspapers
125. Urdu Compound Word Recognizing Resources

PAITS 2016
126. Translation Studies as an Emerging Field of Research: Scope and
Challenges
127. Bilingualism and Translation: the Role of Culture
128. Essence matters: Components of Translation competence as a tool to
advance Translation & Interpreting Studies in Pakistan
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129. Ambiguities (Structural & Semantic) in the Translation of Quran and Ways
to Avoid Them
130. English-Arabic Translation in Pakistan: Scope and Activities
131. Translation Strategies & the Problem of Untranslatable in Path of The
Rose: Sufi Creed of Love by Lala Rukh Shaukat
132. Transformation of Meaning in Translation
133. A Descriptive-Contrastive Analysis of Idioms Translated from Urdu into
English: English Translations of Mantos Toba Tek Singh as a case in point
134. Translation Quality Assessment of The Death of Sheherzad

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ICLAP 2016

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MORPHOLOGY
The Exponents: Mechanisms for Cumulation of South Asian Languages
Dr. Tikaram Poudel
Assistant Professor, School of Education, Kathmandu University, Nepal

Abstract
This study investigates exponents expressing the categories of person and number in several
South Asian languages. The study has the following objectives:
i) To understand the possible source items of these exponents.
ii) To understand the mechanisms that lead to the cumulation of these exponents, and
iii) To understand the reasons for resisting cumulation and remain separative.

The data presented in this paper from the language families of Indo-Aryan, Dravidian, Munda,
Tibeto-Burman and language isolate Kusunda suggest that independent pronouns are not always
the source items for the person-number exponents as suggested in Givn, (1976: 180),
Siewierska (1999: 225) and in language/language family specific studies such as Bopp (1885)
and Clark (1862) for Indo-European, Moscati et al (1969) for Semitic, Givn (1976), Bresnan
and Mchombo (1978) for Bantu, Anderson (1988) for Western Nilotic, Harris (1994) for
Caucasian, Hale (1973) for several Australian languages and Mithun (1991) for indigenous
languages of America.
A closer analysis of these data also suggests that the phonological fusion is less likely to
cumulate the separative exponents of the categories of person and number as suggested in
Mathews (1991). However, semantic transfer and paradigmatic reanalysis are stronger factors
than that of phonological fusion for the morphological cumulation of exponents of person and
number.

Keywords: South Asian Languages, Morphology, Phonology, Cumulation of Features

References

Anderson, T. (1988). Ergativity in Pari, a Nilotic OVS Language. Lingua , 74, 289-324.
Bopp, F. (1885). Comparative Grammar. London: Williams.
Bresnan, J., & Mchombo, S. A. (1987). Topic, Pronoun and Agreement in Chchewa. Language
(63), 741-782.
Clark, T. (1862). The Students' Handbook of Comparative Grammar. London: Longman.

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Givn, T. (1976). Pronoun and Grammatical Agreement. In C. N. Li (Ed.), Subject and Topic
(pp. 149-188). New York: Academic Press.
Hale, K. (1973). Person Marking in Warlpiri. In S. Anderson, & P. Kiparsky (Eds.), A Festschrift
for Morris Halle (pp. 308-344). New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Harris, A. (NSL 7, 1994). Ergative-to-Accusative Shift in Agreement: Tabassaran. (H. I.
Aronson, Ed.) Linguistic Studies in the Non-Slavic Languages of the Commonwealth of
Independent States and the Baltic Republics , 113-131.
Mathews, P. H. (1972). Inflectional Morhpology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Mithun, M. (1991). The Development of Bound Pronominal Paradigms. In W. P.Lehmann, & J.
H. Helen-Jo (Eds.), Language Typology: Typological Models in Reconstruction (pp. 85-104).
Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Moscati, S., Spitaler, A., Ullendorff, E., & von Sodn, W. (1969).
An Introduction to the Comparative Grammar of Semitic Languages. Wiesbaden: Otto
Harassowitz.
Siewierska, A. (1999). From Anaphoric Pronouns to Grammatical Agreement Markers: Why
Objcts do not Make it? Folia Linguistica , 33 (2), 225-251.

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Broken Plurals in Urdu: An OT Analysis

Mubashir Iqbal
Visiting Associate Lecturer, Department of English, University of Gujrat, Gujrat
Dr. Riaz Ahmed Mangrio
Assistant Professor in Linguistics, Department of English, University of Gujrat, Gujrat
Raza-e-Mustafa
Assistant Professor in Linguistics, Department of English, University of Gujrat, Gujrat

Abstract

The study documents the morphological processes involved in the pluralization system of Urdu
words. The study reveals that Urdu has two numbers: singular & plural. The existence of dual
plural (borrowed from Arabic) is mere an exception. Urdu has two types of plurals: Sound
Plurals & Broken Plurals. Sound plurals are devised by attaching the suffixes with the stem. 14
suffixes, native and borrowed, are enlisted which are used as plural markers. Both native and
borrowed suffixes can be used with native words as well as loan words. In some cases, the
attachment of suffixes is enough to formulate the plural form, but in some cases, either the last
vowel segment of the stem is replaced with the plural marker or it is alternated with another
vowel or the vowel appearing before the last consonant is deleted from the stem. Two processes,
in fact, are involved in the formation of Urdu plurals: morphological process and phonological
process. Morphological process attaches the plural marker with the stem while phonological
process makes the devised form pronounceable by deleting or alternating the vowel segments
and by re-syllabifying the plural form. The broken plurals are formed by inserting the plural
markers: infixes, circumfixes and transfixes, and by modification of the stem.
This study is in sharp contrast to Islams (2011) claim that only suffixes are involved in the
inflectional morphology of Urdu. The formation of broken plurals through infixes, circumfixes
and transfixes proves his claim wrong. OT has been utilized to analyze the complexities of
broken plurals.
Keywords: Urdu Pluralization System, Broken Plurals, Plural Markers, OT

References

GABER, G. (2012). An Optimality Theory Account of the Non-Concatenative Morphology of the Nominal
System of Libyan Arabic, with Special Reference to the Broken Plural (Doctoral dissertation, Durham
University).
Islam, R.A. (2011). The Morphology of Loanwords Urdu: The Persian, Arabic and English
Strands. A Thesis. School of English Literature, Language & Linguistics. Newcastle University.
McCarthy, J. J. (2002). A Thematic Guide to Optimality Theory. Cambridge University Press.
Neme, A. A., & Laporte, E. (2013). Pattern-and-root inflectional morphology: The Arabic
Broken Plural. Language Sciences, 40, 221-250.

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Mewati Morphology and Verb Inflection
Nadia Fareed
Mphil Scholar, Department of English Language and Literature, University of Management and
Technology, Lahore.

Abstract

This paper concentrates on the morphology of Mewati language and also on different strategies or
patterns of verb formation. Crystals (1994, p. 198), describes the term morphology as the study of
core structure of the words. According to him, novel words are constructed from the already existed
words in the mental lexicon by the process of derivation or inflection. This paper additionally depicts
the origin and script of the Mewati language. As, Mewati language is the vernacular of the Meo or
Mayo people and is considered among the Indo Aryan languages. Nayyer (1985, p. 744)
communicates the meaning of word Mewati in his writing Noor ul -Luggat. According to him
Mewati is a singular masculine word which means a brave and illiterate nation of Mewat.This
language is spoken in an ancient region named Mewat which is located on the North Eastern side of
the India. It is reported that, after 1947 a lot of people migrated towards Pakistan from India and
settled in different areas of the Pakistan. The present study focuses on the morphology of the Mewati
language and variant formatives of verb development. In this respect, a qualitative and descriptive
methodology is implemented keeping in mind the end results of the current research paper. The data
was collected from books, magazines and newspapers on Mewati language. Consequently, the scope
of the existing study is the representation of inflectional and derivational morphology of Mewati
language. Correspondingly, this paper also interprets the organization and format of different
categories of verbs e.g. transitive verbs, intransitive verbs, finite and none-finite verbs, tens, mood,
aspect, compound verbs and causative verbs. It is considered that Mewati dialect also shares certain
similarities and differences with the other languages of the sub-continent like Urdu and Hindi. In this
respect a comparative review of Mewati and Urdu language will be illustrated in the preceding
sections. This contrastive scrutiny of Mewati and Urdu will be helpful for the comprehensive
understanding of this dialect for non-native Mewati readers and speakers.

Key Words: Mewati, Morphology, Simple verb, Derived verbs, Books.

Refernces

Crystals, D. (1994). The Cambridge an Encyclopedia of the English Language. New York. BCA (p.
198)
Nayyer, N.H. (1985). Noor-ul-Lugat. (4th Ed.).Islamabad. National Book Foundation. (p.744)

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PHONOLOGY
Quantity-sensitivity and left-headedness: A study of Arabic loanword
adaptations in Saraiki
Dr. Nasir Abbas Syed
Associate Professor and Head, Department of English, Lasbela University of
Agriculture, Water and Marine Sciences, Uthal

Abstract
The current study aims to highlight how quantity-sensitivity and left-headedness interact in
adaptation of Arabic words by speakers of Saraiki. Quantity sensitivity in the current context
means the heaviest syllable attracts stress and it also does not lose any mora/feature. On the other
hand left-headedness demands that the left syllable of a foot is prominent as a result of which a
heavy syllable on the left margin of a prosodic word always attracts stress. Paradoxical changes
occur in Arabic loanwords as a result of a conflict between these constraints.
The Arabic word 'ali:' is an iambic foot while Saraiki loanword grammar prefers a trochee.
Thus, [l] is geminated (ali>l.li:) changing the LH foot into HH one. Now stress shifts to the left
margin without annoying quantity sensitivity. The problem is resolved by gemination/insertion.
On the other hand, a word like 'sat t a:r' has a heavy syllable on the left margin but a super heavy
syllable on the right margin. Now the quantity sensitivity demands stress on the right but left-
headedness demands it on the left margin. This conflict is resolved by de-gemination/deletion.
The consonant deletion makes the penultimate syllable light. Thus both constraints are satisfied
at the cost of violation of MAX-IO/C. Similarly, the Arabic words like 'qa:nu:n' lose a mora of
the penultimate syllable to satisfy left-headedness and quantity-related constraints
simultaneously violating MAX-IO/ (/qa:nu:n/>[knu:n]). An interesting phenomenon in this
regard is that Saraiki allows iambic feet in indigenous words (e.g. pila:, mila:, etc.) but the same
is not acceptable in loanwords. This is an example of the emergence of the unmarked (TETU)
(McCarthy & Prince, 1994). Another example of TETU is seen in Obstuent+r clusters word-
finally which Saraiki accepts in L1 grammar but not in Arabic loanwords. Resultantly, the words
of CVCC cluster change into CVC.CVC type e.g. Arabic words like fikr, kufr, badr change into
fik.kir 'kuf.fur' and bad.dar respectively in Saraiki. Interestingly, the epenthetic vowel is also
harmonious to the one in the stem. The current paper analyzes these data using the constraint-
based approach (Prince & Smolensky, 2004).

Keywords: Phonology, Left-headedness, Saraiki, Loanwords, Arabic

References

Prince, A., and Smolensky, P. (2004). Optimality Theory: Constraint Interaction in Generative
Grammar. Malden, MA & Oxford: Blackwell.
McCarthy, J. and Prince, A. (1994). The emergence of the unmarked: Optimality in prosodic
morphology. Proceedings of NELS 24, volume 2 (pp 333-379). Amherst, Mass: GLSA.

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Social Stratification of Allophonic Variation in Punjabi Language
Iram Amjad
Lecturer in English at Government Kulliat-ul-Banat Degree College, Lahore
Mphil Scholar in Applied Linguistics, University of Management and Technology, Lahore

Dr. Muhammad Shaban


Assistant Professor and Chairman, Department of English Language and Literature, University
of Management and Technology, Lahore

Abstract
This study examines allophonic variation in Punjabi language spoken in the capital city of
Pakistani Punjab. A sample of 72 respondents was selected from beauty parlors representing
high, middle and lower class income. To reveal social stratifications (i.e., class, gender and age)
in the use of prevocalic and postvocalic 14 Punjabi variants were finalized. A quantitative
approach was applied to test the research hypotheses: (a) Do the allophonic variants [b] / [v]
mark social stratification at the word onset position? (b) Do the allophonic variants [z] / [j] mark
social stratification at the word coda position? (c) Whether or not do females use the standard
allophonic variants [b] and [z] than males?, and (d) What is frequency of the use of allophonic
variants [b] and [v] and [z] and [j] between parlor goers of (16 30 years old) and (46 60 years
old)? Also, Chi-square was measured to investigate the association between social stratification
and the use of allophones. The study finds that the use of allophones in the beauty parlors of
Lahore city mark social stratifications. The respondents were found using different word variants
or two lexical items with similar semantic representation. The social variability of the beauty
parlor goers can be reflected through Punjabi allophony. This study will hopefully motivate
future researchers to extend social stratification research whose subject-matter has been largely
English to other languages.
Keywords: Punjabi language, allophonic variation, social stratification and social identity.

References
Eberhardt, M. & Downs, C. (2015). (r) You Saying Yes to the Dress? : Rhoticity on a Bridal
Reality Television Show. In Journal of English Linguistics. Vol 43. No: 2. Sage Publications.
doi: 10.1177/0075424215578147.
Labov, W. (1966). The Social Stratification of English in New York City. Centre for Applied
Linguistics, Washington DC.
Mallinson, C. (2011). Social Stratification. In Wodak, R., Johnstone, B. & Kerswill, P. (Eds.).
The Sage Handbook of Sociolinguistics. London: Sage.
Savage, M. (2005). Class and Stratification: current problems and revival prospects. In Calhoun,
C., Rojek, C. & Turner, B. (Eds.). The Sage Handbook of Sociology. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Wardhaugh, R. & Fuller, J. M. (2015). An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. (7th ed.). John Wiley
& Sons Inc: Blackwell.

23
Epenthesis of // by Urdu Speakers in English Consonant Clusters

Tamsila Naeem
Lecturer in English and PhD Scholar, University of Management and Technology, Lahore

Abstract
This qualitative research is designed to focus the ineptness of the Urdu speakers with English consonant clusters.
Different factors are responsible behind this problem. The main factor is that the template structure of both the
languages is quite different from each other. There are certain phenomenon like epenthesis, deletion and re-
syllabification of consonant clusters, when these are pronounced by the Urdu speakers. When language is
transformed into another language, there is a natural and inevitable change in discourse, semantics, syntax,
phonology as well as in the writing system such of the language (Odlin, 1989). Should we expect an exact
imitation of native speakers in articulation of the speech sounds? It has been examined that a variety of factors are
implicated in articulation of second language clusters. Urdu language does not allow more than two consonants at
coda position, and this is the fact due to which epenthesis takes place. The study is based on an experimental
design of data collection by Urdu speakers. The selection of the words was made with a focus on consonant
clusters at coda position. A British model of pronunciation was applied to see the deviation in pronunciation of
Urdu speakers. The collected data was analysed with respect to the Urdu rules and templates. It was examined that
the Urdu speakers insert // after two consonants, even at the terminal position, and if there are three consonants at
coda position, they insert // after two consonants. The reasons, which cause re-syllabification of consonant
clusters, were also discussed. It was concluded that it is natural phenomenon, because one language is processed
according to the template structure of another and quite different language.

Keywords: syllabification, onset, coda, nucleus, epenthesis, template.

24
Sanskrit to the New Indo-Aryan: Suprasegmentals as distinctive features
Dr. Ahsan Wagha
Ass. Professor in Linguistics, Imperial College, Lahore

Abstract

Sanskrit, name of a language which, by common perception, is believed to be obsolete, but is


studied as a continuum in modern linguistics, is seen as the language of Indian scriptures by
many, and is studied as a cultivated form of pre-Vedic native languages by others. Sanskrit (Skt.)
offers amazing insights in systematic investigation into grammatical development of existing
languages placed under category New Indo-Aryan.

DISTINCTIVE FEATURE
The phonetic feature of a segment alternation of which effects discrimination in meaning. That
is, the minimal phonetic change which is semantically propertied.

SUPRASEGMENTAL
The superfix which extends from, or is phonological extension of one segment to other.
Skipping the varying definitions of suprasegment, this paper places assimilatory nasalization,
palatalization and, with reservation, implosization among suprasegmental alternations.
Sanskrit is a broader term used for the language preserved in Vedic literature. Whereas the
language bars normal intelligibility on the speakers of modern Indo-Aryan languages, it extends
clear linguistic connection and continuity into the modern IA languages, phonological
morphemic and to some extent syntactic as well.
The few SktNIA suprasegmentals this paper will examine are: (i) the recurrence of the glide y
both as segment and as feature attached to other segment, e.g. Skt. dvalati, intransitive (int.
burns) > (becomes) dvalayati, transitive / causative (tr. / caus. burns / causes to burn
something). In Hindi (H.) the feature is retained in jala (Intransitive bunt > jalaya (tr. burnt
it). The dva > ja is also phonologically rule-based.
The suprasegmental process nasalization is mostly contextual, in traditional terms, it nasal
harmony extended from one nasal segment to other in speech-context. If the context is missing, it
should traceable historically i.e. in original phonetic form of the morpheme. For instance, if the
context is absent in nsalization of u in H. puc hana to wipe, it is present in the it's original Skt.
form which is /pronchati/ wipes off.
To a general observation, implosives in NIA are part of phonetic structure of certain languages as
their marked features as in the Jhnagi language of the area between the areas of Pujabi and
Siraiki. Yet, the historical linguists have mapped their development from the older phonetic
inventory of the root language, again Skt. Resultant upon the shift of the manner feature in
articulation of certain voiced plosives, this also functions as distinctive feature, e.g. Siraiki, jal
put into living together compared with jal a net.
The paper will also include an end note exploring the conditions prevailing around total of Skt.
in linguistics studies in Pakistan.

25
Keywords: Phonology, Suprasegmentals, Indo-Aryan

References
Zwicky, JR Arnold, Topics in Sanskrit phonology, Pinceton, 1962
Joseph, Brian D and Richard D Jonda edt., Historical linguistics, Blackwell, 2003.
Whitney, William Dwight, Roots, verb forms and primary derivatives of Sanskrit language,
London, 1885.
Kulkarni, Amba, Preet Shukla, Pavankumar, How free is free word order in Sanskrit?, 2015,
Internet link.
The Bhagvad Gita, edtd., Winthrope, Sergeant.
Macdonell, A Anthony, A Vedic grammar, Delhi, 1993.

26
English Vowel Letters and their Different Pertinent Sounds: A Phonetic
Script Survey
Dr. Saleem Ullah Jundran
Principal, Government High School Dhunni Klan, Tehsil Phalia, Distict Mandi Baha-ud-din

Abstract
This article is related to the phonetic and phonological aspect of English Language. It gives description
about five specific vowel letters of English alphabet and their respective sounds. The different vowel
sounds pertinent to each individual vowel letter have been identified here in the light of their matched
phonetic script survey. This phonetic script survey of the specific specimens was made in a purposeful
manner on a limited scale. Through content analysis and integrative comparison of the phonetic script of
English vowel letters sounds, it was deduced that same vowel letters represent several different sounds in
different words and even different sounds within the same word occurring at inward different places. For
instance, a represented six different sounds and u eight sounds during the content analysis of the
matched phonetic script sample. This phenomenon was duly visible in all vowel letters sounds. This inter-
comparison and intra-comparison study of English vowel letters sounds was helpful for non-natives in
understanding English pronunciation, spellings formation and English transliteration. This approach can
be introduced as an experiential method for teaching pronunciation and spelling formation in a country
where English language labs are not available at school level. This approach could be used as an aiding
tool for comparative study of English Urdu alphabet sounds in non-native situations.

27
PROSODY
Prosody of Urdu Words: Preliminary Investigation on Primary and
Secondary Lexical Stress in Urdu
Qurrat-ul-ain Arif
Lecturer in English, Virtual University, Lahore
PhD Scholar in Applied Linguistics, Government College University, Faisalabad
Sarmad Hussain
Head, Centre for Language Engineering, UET, Lahore
Muhammad Asim Mahmood
Associate Professor and Head, Department of English, Government College University,
Faisalabad

Abstract
The present study aims at phonetic and phonological analysis of primary and secondary stress in
Urdu multi-syllable words. Previous researches (Hussain, 1997, 2005) on Urdu lexical stress
reveal that Urdu has single stress per word. Hussains (2005) work records some evidence for
secondary stress in multisyllabic words of Urdu. The present study utilizes vowel duration cue
for lexical stress detection to furnish a solid foundation for primary and secondary stress in Urdu
lexicon. For this purpose two extreme position vowels; low back /a:/ and high front /i:/ have
been selected. These vowels have been embedded in different multisyllabic words. The
recordings have been collected from 10 Urdu speakers and three contexts have been focussed;
primary stress, secondary stress and no stress. The speech has been recorded using PRAAT
software on mono-channel in an anechoic room. The results show that tri-syllabic words have
multiple consistent patterns of stress.

28
SYNTAX
Complex predicates and serial verb constructions in Gojri
Dr. Nadeem Haider Bukhari
Professor and Dean, Faculty of Arts, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad

Abstract

The double verb construction has always been a complex phenomenon in South Asian languages.
There is a continuous debate on the status of complex predicates and serial verbs. This paper is
an attempt to draw a distinction between complex predicates and serial verb constructions in
Gojri. The findings of the study show that these terms are intermingled in many ways and
therefore raise different queries regarding the nature of these constructions. Linguistically, Gojri
double constructions have an advantage over other regional languages since they exhibit
different categories of sentence formation.

29
On the Nature of Pashto Determiners Phrases: A Generative Approach
Dr. Talat Masood
Assistant Professsor and Head, Department of English, Deputy Registrar (Academics), Director
Academics, University of Swabi

Abstract

This paper is a continuation of the generative debate that has been going on for the last forty odd
years on the nature of determiner phrases (DP), since the introduction of the determiner
functional layer in the nominal phrase. In this paper Pashto DPs are analysed form generative
perspective, with more emphasis on Chomskian Minimalist Program (2001, 2013). I have taken
Lingobardi (1994) as my starting point and after analyzing Pashto DPs, it is found out that
Pashto DPs could be divided into two groups, namely, simple DPs and possessor DPs. The later
could further be divided into three groups, namely, simple possessor DPs, nested possessor DPs,
and arguments of a deverbal noun DPs (Masood, 2014).
On a more technical side, for non-genitive Case bearing nominals in Pashto, it is proposed that
they originate in their base position. This proposal has itself two consequences, namely, that
adjectives in Pashto occupy universally fixed positions, while N could move from its base
position, and that ordinarily adjectives in Pashto are opaque for movement of other elements
inside DPs. However, when a sort of focus movement inside the DP occurs, then they behave
like transparent adjectives. After adjectives the next noticeable layer is that of quantifiers, which
could either precede or follow or be interspersed among the adjectives. Unlike Italian-like
languages, where numerals could raise to D, in Pashto, numerals stay below the D layer. Thus,
for Pashto, I propose that the QP for numerals stay between NP and D. As for as pronouns and
demonstratives are concerned, they could be placed in the third layer. Progovac (1995) is of the
view that pronouns are generated in N, and Lingobardi believes that they are generated in D, we
propose that in Pashto DPs they are generated in PossP, just below the D. It is also proposed that
there could be more than one determiners in Pashto DPs. Thus, the overall structure for Pashto
non-genitive DPs would be D>Q/A>N. In addition to the above stated structural hierarchy, for
genitive bearing Pashto DPs, it is proposed that unlike some other languages where genitive Case
is realized via preposition, in Pashto it is realized by a possessive marker. These possessive are
generated at Poss head, from where they move to the empty D at the left periphery. Whereas in
some other languages bare genitive nouns could be found, in Pashto, we do not find bare genitive
nouns, as genitive nominals in Pashto are always preceded by possessive morpheme da.

30
Is Paninian grammar a Dependency grammar? Why or why not?
Ahdi Hassan
Research Associate, Faculty of Social Sciences Department Humanities, Air University,
Islamabad, Pakistan

Abstract
The literature on dependency grammar (DG) often cites Paninian grammar as dependency-based
(as opposed to constituency-based), although the extent to which Paninian grammar is in fact
dependency-based has not been yet worked out and documented in a clear way. If Panini's works
are indeed dependency-based as claimed, then that can indeed be construed as strongly
supporting the DG approach to natural language syntax, precisely because Panini's works are the
first known attempts (world wide) at a grammar of natural language. This manuscript explores
the extent to which Paninian grammar can indeed be viewed as a DG. Paninian grammar is
investigated with respect to three core aspects of dependency-based approaches to syntax: 1) the
absence of the initial binary division of the clause into a subject and a predicate, this division
being at the core of most phrase structure grammars and thus qualifying as the anti-thesis of
Tesniere's verb centrality; 2) the extent to which the syntactic functions (also known as the
grammatical relations) are primitive in the theory, as opposed to being derived from the
configuration, and 3) the extent to which words are acknowledged and viewed as being directly
or indirectly dependent on each other, for instance in terms of heads and dependents. The
exploration of these three areas reveals that Paninian grammar does indeed have much more in
common with dependency-based syntax than with constituency-based syntax. The DG claims to
the Paninian tradition are warranted.
Keywords: Paninian grammar, dependency grammar, verb, Sanskrit language

31
Syntactic Deficit and the Required Complexity Level of Academic Register

Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Bajwa


Professor in Applied Linguistics, NCBA&E, Bahawalpur Campus, Bahawalpur
Nargis Rashid
Lecturer in English, Government College of Technology (W), Bahawalpur

Abstract
The scholars at the university, while writing their researches, need to deal with the complexity of
meanings (Douglas & Miller, 2016) and express them through complex expression and proper
language. This they can do through using skills like describing, explaining, comparing,
contrasting, exemplifying, categorizing, analyzing, qualifying, inferring, arguing, evaluating,
interpreting, generalizing, etc. (Sotillo, 2000). The academic and rhetorical value of the research
documents depends a lot on the maturity of syntax and stoutness i.e., complexity of their
academic writings (Bloch, 2010; Karami & Salahshoor, 2014; Crossley & McNamara, 2014).
But one does not generally find the required complexity level in the academic texts written by
the university scholars. For attending to this gap, the researchers carried out a study at M. Phil
level. The hypothesis of the study was that the lack of the required complexity level in the
research writings of the M. Phil scholars was due to the syntactic deficit. The study in its nature
was quasi-experimental. The researchers first prepared a pedagogical framework and
intervention materials based on the commonly discussed syntactic structures and rules. Specially,
academic texts were selected to make the participants identify maturity of syntax and complexity
of texts. The participants of this study were M. Phil scholars that were assigned to the researchers
for supervision in spring 2016. These participants though not selected randomly, yet they were
suitable on account of their level and necessity to be involved in understanding and using
syntactically complex expression for their research writing. After securing their willingness, the
researchers distributed the scholars into control and experimental groups randomly. First, both
the groups were pre-tested. Next the intervention was implemented. During the intervention, the
participants who belonged to experiment group were made to identify syntactic patterns and the
rhetorical use of the syntactic categories and later they were given tasks where they could make
use of the patterns and complex sentences. The scholars who belonged to control group were
simply informed about their syntactic mistakes. In the end, the participants were post-tested and
the data were analyzed employing t-test. The researchers found that the scholars who were given
treatment showed a significant difference in the level of command and complexity of their
research writings. Hence, it was concluded that removal of syntactic deficit entails enhancement
of the required academic writing complexity level of the university scholars significantly.

32
Keywords: Complexity of writing, syntactic competence, academic and rhetorical value,
complexity of meanings, Pedagogical framework
References
Bloch, J. (2010). A concordance-based study of the use of reporting verbs as rhetorical devices in
academic papers. Journal of Writing Research, 2 (2): 219-244.
Karami, M. and Salahshoor, F. (2014). The relative significance of lexical richness and syntactic
complexity as predictors of academic reading performance. International Journal of Research
Studies in Language Learning, Volume 3 Number 2: 17-28.
Douglas, Y. & Miller, S. (2016). Syntactic Complexity of Reading Content Directly Impacts
Complexity of Mature Students Writing. International Journal of Business Administration, Vol.
7, No. 3: 71-77.
Sotillo, S.M. (2000). Discourse Functions and Syntactic Complexity in Synchronous and
Asynchronous Communication. Language Learning & Technology. Vol. 4, No. 1: 82-119.
Crossley, S.A. and McNamara, D.S. (2014). Does writing development equal writing quality? A
computational investigation of syntactic complexity in L2 learners. Journal of Second Language
Writing 26, 6679 (www.sciencedirect.com)

33
Temporal Adverb Clitics Versus Case Clitics in Urdu, Sindhi and Punjabi
Mutee U Rahman
Assistant Professor and PhD Scholar, Isra University, Hyderabad, Sindh

Abstract
Various case markers / clitics are used to mark different cases of nouns in Urdu (Butt & King,
2004), (Butt & Bogel, 2009) Sindhi and Punjabi (Khan, 2009). Many of these clitics also used
with adverbs of time. However, when used with adverbs these clitics are not used for case
marking but to show period of past or recent past. Mostly nouns are used as adverbs of time and
this creates ambiguity in phrases. Consider following examples.
(1). Urdu:

Morning-ka sun, morning-ka rose.
(2). Sindhi:

Morning-jo Sun Morning-jo / ko Rose
(3). Punjabi:

Morning-da Sun Morning-da Rose
Morning sun, risen since morning.

In (1) first phrase is a simple genitive case phrase (of morning) where is
used as genitive case marker in complete noun phrase (sun of morning /
morning sun). However, second phrase in (1) is an example adverbial clitic where
ka is used as adverbial clitic showing temporal period of temporal adverb subha. In the same
way (2) and (3) show examples of Sindhi clitic jo: and Punjabi clitic da: respectively. Urdu
ka:, Sindhi jo: and Punjabi da: behave identically with their linguistic properties
respectively. This paper discusses various such constructions and differentiates between these
case markers / clitics and temporal adverb clitics. Various examples from Urdu, Sindhi, and
Punjabi are analyzed with their syntactic agreement and morphological properties across these
three languages.
Keywords: Clitics, Case Clitics, Adverb Clitics

References:

34
Butt, M., & King, T. H. (2004). The status of case. In Clause structure in South Asian
languages (pp. 153-198). Springer Netherlands.
Butt, M., & Bgel, T. (2009). Urdu EzafePhrasal Affix or Clitic?. InMorpho-syntactic
categories and the expression of possession.
Khan, T. A. (2009). Spatial expressions and case in South Asian languages (Doctoral
dissertation).

The Relation of Case Markers and Spatial Expressions in Urdu and Punjabi
Languages of Pakistan
Sadia Shamshad
M.phil Scholar in Applied Linguistics, Kinnaird College for Women, Lahore

Abstract
South Asia is considered as rich linguistic area. Language contact over the centuries has
resulted in a convergence and conflux certain linguistic features among languages of different
language families. The idea that there is a relationship between spatial expressions and case
markers is not new. In the localist approach, core case marking is explained in terms of local
constructs (Anderson 1971). Ostler (1979) developed a linking theory for Sanskrit that uses
spatial features. Case markers in Ostlers system contain spatial features.
This research will investigate the relation of case and spatial expressions in regional languages of
Pakistan. Most of the languages of Pakistan belong to the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-
European language family. They are divided between two major groups: Indo-Aryan (the
majority, including Urdu, Punjabi, Sindhi, Hindko, and Saraiki, among others), and Iranian
(including Pashto, Dari, Balochi, and Khowar, among others). Hence, identifying interesting and
unusual patterns among regional languages in terms of lexical semantics explanations in the
domains of spatial and non spatial case markers would be catered in this research.
The study of case marker usage mainly focuses on synchronic issues. Commonly encountered
cases include nominative, accusative, dative, and genitive. A role that one of these languages
marks by case will often be marked in English using a preposition. As a language evolves, cases
can merge (for instance, in Ancient Greek the locative case has merged with the dative), a
phenomenon formally called syncretism. Although not very prominent in modern English, cases
featured much more saliently in Old English and other ancient Indo-European languages, such
as Latin, Ancient Greek, and Sanskrit. Whereas, recent research on the structure of spatial
language (Talmy 1983, 1985, 2000; Bloom et al. 1996) suggests that the linguistic spatial
representation is a window on the human conceptualization of the world. Many scholars have
researched the grammar of space in English as well. However, it also investigates the origin of
case markers. It is found that many modern core case markers (e.g., ergative and accusative
markers) originate from spatial terms. This connection will be explored in more detail; this
research will try to understand the patterns of usage and multiple senses within the regional
languages just within the domain of spatial relations. What is the relationship between case and
spatial expressions?

Keywords: Case markers, spatial expressions, languages, relationship

35
References

Ackerman, F. , & John, M. (2001). Proto- properties and grammatical encoding: A correspondence
theory of argument selection. stanford: CSLI Publications.
Ahmed, T .( 2006). Spatial, temporal and structural usages of Urdu ko :The Proceedings of the LFG06
Conference. [http://csli-publications.stanford.edu/LFG/11/lfg06ahmed.pdf]

Light Verb Constructions in Punjabi


Saba Tabassum
Mphil in Applied Linguistics, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan

ABSTRACT

This paper concentrates on light verb constructions in Punjabi language. Light verb construction is
one of the ways of constructing complex sentential structure. The use of complex sentential
structures is a prominent feature of Indo Aryan languages. Construction of complex predicates is one
of them. Complex predicate consists of only single subject and single predicate, in it, light verbs
establishes monoclausality(Butt, 2003, p.4). Light verbs carry tense, gender, number and agreement
morphology and case mark the subject in Punjabi. Light verb tends to combine with N, Adj, V and
Adv to form light verb constructions in Punjabi. In the construction of structure V1 V2, V2 is formed
from a class of verbs, which is often referred to as light verbs. This structure is not only prevalent in
Urdu, Punjabi, Kashmiri, Pahari, Hindko, Marathi and Hindi but can also be seen in Persian,
Chinese, Korean, and Japanese. In this construction, V2 is considered as light verb as it is taken to be
a weaker or bleached form of the corresponding lexical verb. It is so, because it does not convey its
full/lexical meanings rather functions as a supporting verb and adds aspectual information in the
sentence (Akhtar, 2000, p. 1).
This paper presents a list of light verbs which are used in Punjabi besides the discussion of the
multiple complex constructions, built up by the use of light verb and the differences among light
verbs, dummy verbs, serial verbs, auxiliaries. Moreover, it discusses the semantic and syntactic
properties and the role of light verbs in Punjabi. In complex verbal developments, light verbs do not
express their lexical significance yet change the semantics of a sentence all in all. Punjabi has all the
more light verbs when contrasted with different languages spoken in the region. All researchers
assert that a light verb is placed in sentence last position and takes tense morphology. However,
Bukhari (2009) develops different approach and says that main verb can appear in sentence final
position and take tense morphology (P. 457). Some further evidences are presented from Punjabi to
strengthen his approach. The present study is descriptive, corpus-based and qualitative in nature.
Light verb constructions in Punjabi are analyzed under Andrew Carnies theoretical frame work and
phrase structure grammar. The data for the study was collected from personal observation and
Punjabi books, articles, journals, recordings, etc.

Keywords: complex predicates, light verbs, auxiliaries, Punjabi, Indo Aryan languages.

References

Akhtar, R. N. (2000). Aspectual complex predicates in Punjabi. (Unpublished PhD Thesis).


University of Essex, Colchester.

36
Bukhari, N. H. (2009).Light Verbs in Gojri. Retrieved from
www.languageinindia.com (august- 12- 2015).
Butt, M. (2003). The light verb jungle. Harvard Working Papers in Linguistics Volume 9. Papers
from the Harvard/Dudley House Light Verb. Workshop Chatterji, Suniti Kumar.

37
1926. The Origin and Development of the Bengali Literature, Volume II. Calcutta: D. Mehra, Rupa
& Co (1975 edition).

38
CONTASTVE LINGUISTICS
Speech Acts and Politeness: A Cross-Cultural Study of Urdu and English
Short Stories
Nagina Kanwal
Lecturer in English, University of the Punjab, Jhelum Campus
PhD Scholar in Linguistics, Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi
Dr. Sarwet Rasul
Chairperson, Department of English, Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi

Abstract

Speech acts governed by social conventions are dependent on the socio-cultural contexts as do
the understanding of the literary work which also relies on the cultural context in which it is
produced. Speech act theory allows us to dig beneath the surface of discourse in order to
establish the function of what is said. In this way, it helps explaining how speakers use language
to achieve desired goals and how hearers infer intended meaning from the verbal action of
speakers. The present study aims to explore the cross-cultural differences and similarities with
regard to the use of speech acts and politeness as manifested in the literary works of two
different writers from Urdu and English backgrounds. The primary objective is to identify the
significant differences in the use of speech acts and their illocutionary forces in the selected
stories and how do they reflect the degree of politeness. To achieve this purpose two Urdu short
stories by Hajra Masroor and two English short stories by Katherine Mansfield are chosen. In
this study descriptive qualitative method is applied and the data is analyzed according to Searles
five categories of Speech Acts. The study of speech acts reveals that in terms of speech acts there
are not marked differences between Urdu and English short stories. Nonetheless, it is the analysis
of functions/illocutionary forces of those speech acts which offers a contrastive perspective to
look into the cultural and social orientations. The data proves that English speakers make use of
politeness strategies more as compared to Urdu speakers; at another level it also shows that
English culture is more formal and its members tend to maintain social distance in interpersonal
relations. The study concludes that specific differences between languages in the area of speech
acts are motivated, to a great extent, by differences in cultural norms, attitudes and cultural
assumptions and the use of speech acts vary in quantity and type from one writer to another and
hence from one language to another giving deeper insights into their cultures. These findings are
significant as they help in understanding the ethos of the contexts in which these literary works
are produced and how these cultural differences are reflected in the speech of the characters and
thereby the degree of politeness practiced and accepted in the cultures under study.
Keywords: Cross-Culture, Speech Acts, Illocutionary forces, Politeness
References

39
Altikriti, S. A. (2011). Speech Act Analysis to Short Stories. Journal of Language Teaching and
Research, Vol. 2, No. 6, pp. 1374-1376. doi:10.4304/jltr.2.6.1374-1384
Grundy, P. (2000) Doing Pragmatics. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press.
Keeffee, A., Clancy, B., & Adolphs, S. (2011) Introducing Pragmatics in Use. New York:
Routledge.
Niazi, N. & Gautam, R. (2010) How to Study Literature. Stylistic and Pragmatic Approaches.
New Delhi: PHI Learning Private Limited.
Yule, G. (1996) Pragmatics. New York: Oxford University. pp. 47-60

40
A Comparative Description Of The Dialects Of Azad Kashmir: The Pahari Language

Ali H. Birmani
MSc in Linguistics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad

Abstract
The dialects spoken in present day Azad Kashmir first received attention of the academia with
the publication of Reverend Baileys notes (1908) on the grammatical sketches of Twenty-six
Himalayan dialects. About a decade later, Grierson (1919), having carried out the first
comprehensive survey of the region, provided the earliest classification of the dialects in the
northwestern Indo-Aryan subfamily. Since then the dialects of Azad Kashmir do not seem to
have aroused interest of the scholars except from the occasional remarks found in Smirnovs
(1970) description of the Lahnda language. Beginning with the present century, attempts are
being made to seek greater recognition for these dialects and unify them into a Pahari language
(See Lothers and Lothers 2010). Taking four different regions of Azad Kashmir - Muzaffarabad,
Poonch, Kotli, Mirpur - as the basis for four major dialect areas, this study provides a linguistic
description of these dialects from a comparative perspective.
With respect to phonology none of the four dialects offers a lot of divergence apart from the
survival of a retroflex nasal flap in Mirpuri. The nominal morphology shows a remarkable
similarity except for the expected fossilization of unproductive affixes in some frequently used
words. Comparison of basic vocabulary also reveals uniformity of the varieties in question. From
these evidence it is found that all the dialects are generally in line with the each other and other
Lahnda-type languages found in the south, usually in opposition to Central Indo-Aryan.
The verbal morphology, however, does not keep the trend with important points of divergence of
personal concord, future tense formation in a sigmatic fashion and another in -l-, voice model,
substantive verb and especially morpho-syntactic differences, e.g. aspectual systems employing
imperfective vs. those with habitual-continuous distinctions. Most of these differences serve to
mark out the language of Poonch from that of Kotli and Mirpur while the variety of
Muzaffarabad shows features that sometimes do align with the former. Lastly, the variation
encountered in Poonch, can be accounted for as interference from non-Lahnda varieties spoken
towards its west.

Keywords: Pahari, Azad Kashmir, northwestern Indo-Aryan, dialectology.

References

Bailey, Reverend T. G. (1908). The Languages of the Northern Himalayas, Being Studies in the
Grammar of Twenty-Six Himalayan Dialects. London: Royal Asiatic Society.
Grierson, G. A. (1919). 'Lahnda'. Linguistic Survey of India. Vol. VIII, Part I. Calcutta. pp. 233-
429.
Lothers, M., & Lothers, L. (2010). Pahari and Pothwari: A Sociolinguistic Survey. Islamabad:
Summer Institute of Linguistics.
Smirnov, U. A. (1975). The Lahndi Language (Translated from the Russian Iazik Lendi 1970).
Moscow: Nauka Publishing House, Central Department of Oriental Literature.

41
Title: Analysis of Difference in Speech Used by Male and Female Gender
Zainab Hassan
MSc in Linguistics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad

Irfana Hayat
MSc in Linguistics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad

Abstract
Robin Lakoff in her numerous writings has claimed that there is a difference in language used by
Male and Female Gender, the scientific study of language used by different genders can be a
momentous tool for determining the patterns caused by it in determining the status of the gender
in society. In this research paper the researchers have tried to test the claims made by Lakoff
regarding the difference in Speech used by Male and Female Gender by using her framework
such as the use of more hedging by female gender as compared to male while having a
conversation. A qualitative research method was employed, students of QAU were interviewed
then their speech was analyzed. The collected data through primary source after being analyzed
was to some extent in harmony with the claims made by Robin Lakoff, but there were some
aspects of researchers analysis that were serving to rebut some of the claims of Lakoff's
Framework. In case of hedges, tags, speaking in italics, Apologetic speech, utility of empty
adjectives, lacking in sense of humor, usage of hyper correct grammar, the analyzed data was in
line with the claims of Lakoff, but the remaining points were debatable and quite at flux. Modal
constructions, overuse of qualifiers etc were not just confined to the females rather it was being
used by both of the genders equally, or more by men in societies where women are going
through a progressive phase of emancipation from dominancy. Some of the features that Lakoff
attributed with female language were in fact tools of communication used by every human
irrespective of their sex. The most commonplace demonstration in this case is of "question tags",
which according to Lakoff is associated with female language and asserts uncertainty, but the
claim seems very empty if the usage of question tags is given a proper study. The data which is
being represented in this assignment is affected by some short comings too. All of the
interviewed participants were not the native speakers of English language, thus not having clear
idea about the basics of English.

Keywords: Difference, Gender, Language

References

Eckert, Penelope and McConnell, Ginet (2003) Language and Gender, Cambridge University
Press.
Edwards, John (2009) Language and Gender, Cambridge University Press.

42
Demystifying the Myth of Genderlect: Analyzing Male/ Female Variety of
Speech
Using Lakoffs Deficit Model

Aisha Rauf
PhD Scholar, NUML, Islamabad

Abstract
This research is conducted to find out the differences in male and female communications or the
gendered way of talking i.e. whether men and women are different in regards to utilization of
various linguistic features used in their speech or sociolect. This question has been repeatedly
asked in present research whether women and men talk in a different way at all. This study of
gender and language use includes how language exposes, represents and maintains attitudes to
gender. It also gives evidence on how users of language speak or write in different and unique
ways that reveal their different gender. It is the aim of this paper to figure out what marks the
language of a woman different than man. The paper also tries to find out if there are any features
in women language that differentiate them from mens conversations (West & Zimmerman,
1991). This paper looks at the working of different conversational styles of men and women
through the theories of its major thinkers, particularly Robin Lakoffs deficit model proposed in
1975. Robin Lakoff in 1975 published a significant account of women's language entitled
Language and Woman's Place (Lakoff, 1972). We cannot verify Lakoff's arguments in relation to
men and women in America in 1975 (Sacks, Schegloff, & Jefferson, 1974), but we can verify if
they are close to reality in present age of men and women in our own space. It is hard because
any effort to segregate the whole world into two completely assorted sexes, with no common
view at all is equally strange (Martin, 1954). Lakoff was of the view that females use subject
definite language more frequently than men. Data for this qualitative research is collected in the
form of written text from Katherine Mansfields short story named The Little Governess.
Analysis of communication style of females is conducted to see the difference between the two
genders. Collected data is then analyzed considering Lakoffs deficit model to get final results.
Current research has tried to prove the views of Lakoff in Language and womens place, and it is
observed from data analysis, that women do use hedges, super-polite forms, tag questions, empty
adjectives of approval, hyper-correct grammar and pronunciation, direct quotation, special
lexicon, question intonation in declarative statements, wh-imperatives, overuse qualifiers, more
intensifiers, modal constructions and so on, more if compared to men. It is concluded that women
and men do have some different linguistic features in their conversation which results in
separating male language from female language.

Keywords: Lakoffs deficit model, discourse analysis, language and gender

References

43
Lakoff, R. (1972). Language in Context. Language , 48 (4), 907-927.
Martin, F. (1954). Some Subjective Aspects of Social Stratification. In Glass, D. (ed.) . London: Oxford
Press.
Sacks, H., Schegloff, E., & Jefferson, G. (1974). A simplest Systematics for the Organization of Turn-
Taking for Conversation. Language , 50 (1), 696-735.
West, C., & Zimmerman, D. (1991). "Doing Gender". In: Lorber, Judith/Farrell, Susan (eds.). London:
Oxford Publishers.

44
An Analysis of Linguistic Features of Pakistani English (PakE)
Dr. Humaira Irfan Khan
Assistant Professor, University of Education, Lahore

Abstract
The paper discusses that Pakistani English (PakE) is a distinct variety of English because it
differs from the native varieties of inner circle in its many linguistic features like syntax,
morphology, lexis, phonology, and pragmatics (Baumgardner, 1993; Mahboob, 2004; Rahman,
1990). The findings from quantitative and qualitative data from two large scale Pakistani
universities explore the postgraduate students and their teachers perceptions of Pakistani
English and its development in Pakistan. The paper examines a few notable grammatical and
lexical features of Pakistani English such as, articles, modals, prepositions and vocabulary. The
paper also examines postgraduate students language problems, such as, pronunciation and
spellings which they undergo as outcomes of World Englishes. It also investigates participants
views towards the issue of addressing Pakistani English in language policy and teacher education
programmes so that suitable remedial measures can be taken for its use in academia and
recognition at an international scenario.

Keywords: Pakistani English (PakE), Grammar, Lexis, Language Learning Difficulties and
Language Policy.

Bibliography:
Baumgardner, R.J. (1993). The English Language in Pakistan. Karachi: Oxford University Press.
Mahboob, A. (2004). Pakistani English: an Overview of its Syntax, Morphology, and Lexis. In
B. Kortmann., & E. Traugott. (Eds.), A Handbook of Varieties of English, 2, 1045-57. Munich:
Mouton de Gruyter.
Rahman, T. (1990). Pakistani English: The Linguistic Description of a Non-Native Variety of
English. Islamabad: National Institute of Pakistan Studies.

45
Metatextual Devices in Pakistani Research Theses: English-Economics
Comparative Analysis
Dr. Muhammad Asim Mahmood
Associate Professor, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Tayyaba Yasmin
PhD Scholar, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Dr. Intizar Hussain Butt
Assistant Professor, University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan

Abstract
Solidarity and organization are significant notions in academic writing. Metadiscourse is used as
a tool to organize the text. Dialogic relationship is maintained through metadiscourse elements.
The writers attitude towards the audience and content of the text is reflected by using
metadiscours devices. The role of research thesis for creation of knowledge is very significant. In
spite of the importance of metatextual categories, the researches in this area are almost
nonexistent in Pakistani context. This study is very significant in the sense that matatextual
analysis of academic genre across disciplines is still an un-explored area. It has been conducted
to explore the fact that metatextual elements enhance the explicitness of text organization. The
current research investigates the use of metatextual devices in M. Phil research theses of
Economics and English in Pakistan. Two metatextual elements of Mauranen Taxonomy (1993) -
previews and reviews were used as instrument to analyze and compare the data in the current
study. Five research theses from the field of Economics and five from the field of English were
examined. All the major parts of the theses including introduction, methods and results were
analyzed in the current study. To calculate the number of words, word count was run on the
corpora. In the initial phase, the research theses were meticulously read and examined to identify
the instances of higher level metatextual devices. Data was analyzed according to the criteria of
four levels of distance specifically chapter, section, local and immediate. In the last phase,
percentages of metatextual elements were calculated in order to find the difference in the
research theses of Economics and English. The findings indicated that the frequency of
metatextual devices is higher in the corpus of Economics in comparison with the corpus of
English. It is concluded that use of metatextual devices is not homogeneous across the
disciplines. This study can be considered as a starting point for upcoming researches in this field.
The results of this study may be helpful for EFL learners and teachers and curriculum planners.
Furthermore, future studies can investigate metatextual devices in other disciplines with a more
representative sample to generalize the results.

Keywords: Metatext, Preview, Review, Academic writing

References

46
Bunton, D. (1998). Linguistics and Textual Problems in Phd and M.Phil Theses: An analysis of
Genre moves and Metatext. University of Hong Kong.
Mauranen, A. (1993). Contrastive ESP rhetoric: Metatext in FinnishEnglish economics texts.
English for Specific Purposes, 12, 322.
Peterlin, A. P. (2005). Text-organising metatext in research articles:. English for Specific
Purposes 24 , 307319.

47
A Contrastive Genre Analysis of Internship Cover Letters Written by
University Students

Sumera Mukhtar
Assistant Professor, Swedish College of Engineering & Technology R.Y. Khan
Zunaira Zafar
Lecturer, NICCAS Group of Colleges, R.Y. Khan
Muhammad Arfan Lodhi
Lecturer, NCBA&E Multan

Abstract
This study examines English cover letters written by twenty engineering students of Swedish
College of Engineering & Technology and twenty medical students of Sheikh Zaid medical
college of Rahim Yar Kahn for their internship applications. According to Bhatia (1993) and
Connor (2004), sociocultural factors in certain contexts influence certain types of professional
genres. It is said by Reichelt, Lefkowitz, Rinnert, and Schultz (2012) that it is a general
supposition of ESL students that good and correct writing in the target language (English) merely
involves learning proper vocabulary and correct grammar, and then applying this knowledge in
English composition.
This study employs a move-based analysis to investigate the similarities, differences and uses of
positive & negative politeness strategies in the cover letters of the medical and non medical
students. The results of the study show significant differences in extent, lexical density, desire
for applying the job, providing arguments in benefits for the company, and politeness expression
between engineering and medical students cover letters. There is no distinction between both
writers of different categories in their use of positive or negative politeness strategies absolutely.
The outcomes of this study also demonstrated that the engineering students employed a variety
of word styles and sentence structure and select more professional words rather than medical
letters. To attain main communicative purpose of cover letters they (engineers) also used various
approaches to express their qualifications. By contrast, the medical students used different
communicative facets including direct strategies to reveal their desire for an interview and uses
of prescribed expressions that were not observed in Engineess corpus.
The coding scheme developed by Upton and Connor (2001) was adopted to analyze the genre
moves of the forty sample cover letters. The findings of the study recommend that the move
structural and allegorical differences are due to variations of students intellectual backgrounds
and their rhetorical and lexical comprehension of the particular genre. Moreover, the study
provides implications for ESP teachers that they should also pay proper attention to the
pragmatic mechanism.

Keywords: Contrastive analysis, Cover letter, Move analysis, ESP

48
References

Bhatia, V. K. (1993). Analysing genre: Language use in professional settings. London, UK:
Longman.
Connor, U. (2004). Intercultural rhetoric research: Beyond texts. Journal of English for
Academic
Purposes, 3(4), 291304.
Reichelt, M., Lefkowitz, & Schultz, J. M. (2012). Key issues in foreign language writing.
Foreign Language Annals, 45(1), 2241.

49
CORPUS/GENRE ANALYSIS
A Corpus-based Genre Analysis of Linguistic Features in the English
Argumentative Essays Written by Pakistani Students
Zeba Imtiaz
Associate Professor, Government College for Women University, Faisalabad

Abstract

Writing argumentative essay is an integral part of academic writing. However, it is a difficult


type of text for the students, particularly for non-native learners. Most of the students in Pakistan
also have to face problems in tackling this genre. The researchers have not focused on various
aspects of this genre. So, there is a dearth of research that describes the nature of argumentative
writing from genre-analytical perspective. The current study aimed at finding linguistic features
of argumentative essays written by Pakistani college and university students in ICLE
(International Corpus of Learner English). Hyland's model (1990) has been used as the analytical
framework to locate the move-step structure of the essays and their linguistic features in terms of
tense, auxiliary verbs and attitudinal stance. These features are observed in the moves of
Information, Proposition, Claim and Support in the Thesis stage and the Argument stage. These
moves which are selected to analyze linguistic features have appeared comparatively with high
frequency. The analysis of linguistic features is presented according to their frequency in the
moves of Information, Proposition, Claim and Support. In this corpus-based study Ant Mover
software as well as human coders have identified and coded the moves in the corpus. The
linguistic features in the corpus have been analyzed by using Ant Conc and MAT 1.1 software.
Results have shown that most of the argumentative essays followed the three stages given in
Hyland's model, but the linguistic features reveal some important information about the use of
language by Pakistani students. The frequent use of certain phrases, pronouns, present tense and
modal auxiliaries points to some weak and strong points in the writing pieces of Pakistani
students. They also reveal some loopholes in the input of argumentative writing. The problem
areas have been identified and remedies are suggested. The results of this study have pedagogical
implications for the teaching and learning of academic writing particularly argumentative essays.
The learners can have better guideline and understanding for writing of this genre. It also
provides the teachers with better information that can help to improve their teaching approach
and materials for academic writing.

Keywords: argumentative essay, genre-analysis, linguistic features, corpus-based

50
References

Biber, D. (1988) Variation across Speech and Writing. Melbourne: Cambridge University Press.
Hyland, K. (1990). A genre description of the argumentative essay. RELC Journal,
21(1), 67-78.
Swales, J. M. (1990). Genre Analysis: English in academic and research settings. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Toulmin, S. E. (1958). The Uses of Argument. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University
Press.

51
A Multi-Dimensional Comparative Analysis of Pakistani Learner Writing
with Native, Second Language, and Foreign Language Learner Writing
Maimoona Abdulaziz
PhD Scholar in Applied Linguistics, Government College University, Faisalabad
Dr. Muhammad Asim Mahmood
Associate Professor in Applied Linguistics, Government College University, Faisalabad

Abstract
Variation across learner writing has been of key interest to researchers since long and much
research has been made on large-sized learner corpora. Corpus-based studies on Pakistani learner
writing are but rare. They are either delimited to focusing solely on individual linguistic or
grammatical features without taking into account the systemic variations which involve the co-
occurrence of sets of features, or are confined to identifying linguistic features specified to
Pakistani English. The advanced analytical approach towards corpus takes one step further in
that it is multidimensional in nature and aims at identifying situational factors on the basis of co-
occurring linguistic characteristics in purely quantitative terms.
The purpose of this research is to explore linguistic variation between Pakistani, native (ENL),
second language (ESL), and foreign language (EFL) learner writing. It aims at providing a
comprehensive description and comparison of characteristic linguistic features of Pakistani
learner writing with ENS, ESL, and EFL (Kachruvian division) learner writing, based on five
dimensions (Biber, 1988). For this purpose, it uses Multi-Dimensional analysis technique to
identify and explain linguistic variation on a corpus of learner essays containing around 0.7
million words, extracted from International Corpus Network of Asian Learners of English
(ICNALE), and tagged using Biber Tagger. The comparisons reveal interesting results based on
five different dimensions viz. Involved vs Informational Production, Narrative vs Non-
narrative Concerns, Explicit vs Situation Dependent Reference, Overt Expression of
Argumentation/ Persuasion, and Abstract vs Non-abstract Information. The study is the first of
its kind in exploring distinctive linguistics features associated with Pakistani learner corpus
based on quantitative evidence, and comparing them with those of ENS, ESL, and EFL learner
corpora.

Keywords: Multi-Dimensional Analysis, Corpus Linguistics, Pakistani English, Comparative


Analysis, Learner Writing

References

Biber, D. (1988). Variation across speech and writing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

52
Biber, D. (1993). The multi-dimensional approach to linguistic analyses of genre variation: An
overview of methodology and findings. Computers and the Humanities, 26, 331-345.
Egbert, J. (2015). Publication type and discipline variation in published academic writing.
Investigation statistical interaction in corpus data. International Journal of Corpus
Linguistics, 20(1), 129. DOI: 10.1075/ijcl.20.1.01egb
Van Rooy, B. (2008). A multidimensional analysis of student writing in Black South African
English. English World-Wide, 29 (3), 268-305.

Analyzing the Supreme Court of Pakistan's Judgments in Light of Halliday's


Interpersonal Metafunction: A Corpus-Based Study
Saadat Hasan Akhtar Usmani
Ph.D. Scholar, International Islamic University, Islamabad

Abstract
In recent decades, corpus linguistics has gained much popularity for identifying the typical patterns of
linguistic use and developing teaching materials. This has led to creation of various corpora, such as
corpus of spoken English, written English. Other examples include corpus of British English, American
English, and other varieties of English. However, despite initial research by Pakistani researchers, there
still is a need to employ corpus linguistics to explore the legal language in Pakistani context. The present
study fulfills this need by conducting a corpus-based genre analysis of the Supreme Court of Pakistan
(SCP) judgments.

This study explored the modality system as well as use of language by SCP judges in judgments to
express their views. The UAM Corpus Tool was employed to develop the specialized corpus for this
study. This tool is freely available online for use and installation. The help manual provided with this tool
gives detailed information on tagging, parsing, querying the data and conducting Systemic Functional
Linguistic (SFL) analysis. Therefore, there was no need to develop separate tool or manual. Its inbuilt
SFL analysis tool was used to carry out the SFL-oriented search within the corpus. Halliday &
Matthiessen's (2004) modal verbs and Mood constituent were employed for this purpose. The specialized
corpus developed for this study comprised six judgments published by SCP on its official website in
2016..

The findings of the study showed more use of verbal modal operators may and would as compared to
shall in the corpus, which seemed to demand further investigation into the common perception of shall
being more common than other verbal modal operators in Pakistani legal English. Similarly, the
judgments revealed more indirect commands than direct commands, indicating polite commands on the
one hand, and on the other, more distance of judges from their stance in giving commands. On the whole,
the present study revealed interesting features of linguistic use, and at the same time, seemed to demand
further study for exploring the linguistic features and patterns not only in judgments, but also in other
legal genres. Finally, the study gives recommendations for further exploring the legal English as used in
Pakistani context.

Keywords: interpersonal metafunction, mood and modality, systemic functional linguistics, Supreme
Court judgment, corpus linguistics

53
References

Eggins, S. (2004). An introduction to systemic functional linguistics. London: Continuum.


Halliday, M. A. (1994). An introduction to functional grammar. London: E Arnold.
Halliday, M. A., & Matthiessen, C. M. (2014). Hallidays introduction to functional grammar. Abingdon:
Routledge.
Halliday, M. A., & Matthiessen, C. M. (2004). Halliday's Introduction to Functional Grammar 4th
edition. Taylor & Francis.
McEnery, T., & Wilson, A. (1996). Corpus Linguistics, An Introduction. Bodmin: MPG Books Ltd.
Corpus Based Language Learning: A Novel Recourse for English
Language Teaching

Prof. Dr. Wasima Shehzad


Dean and Chairperson, Department of Humanities, Air University, Islamabad
Tehseen Zahra
Lecturer and PhD Scholar, Department of Humanities, Air University, Islamabad

Abstract
In past decades, use of online language corpora and computer tools has got tremendous attraction
of English language teachers and academicians. Keeping in view the modern trends and needs of
learners, this research focuses on the importance of online corpora for English language
teaching. Michigan Corpus of Academic Spoken English (MICASE) has been used as a
reference corpus. MICASE is a collection of nearly 1.8 million words of transcribed speech
(almost two hundred hours of recording). The transcribed data of MICASE includes wide range
of speech events like seminars, lectures, advising sessions and lab sessions. This study
introduces the fundamental characteristics of corpus and its implication in English language
teaching. A lexical item can be used as noun, verb and adjective/modifier. On the other hand,
meanings of lexical items can be explored at the level of words and contexts. This study further
explores the layers of meanings through in-depth study of right and left collocates of lexical
items in the reference corpus. The results show that lexical items can be used as noun, verb and
adjective depending upon right and left collocates. Thus, the use of right and left collocate play a
vital role in depicting and understanding the contextual meanings of lexical items. Thus, this
strategy can be fruitful for English language learners and academic discourse community who
are interested in understanding the versatile uses of lexical items and their contextual meaning.
Keywords: Corpus, collocate, context, MICASE, context
References
Halliday, M. A. K. (2004). Lexicology and Corpus Ling (Gen). London: Continuum International
Publishing Group.
Halliday, M. A. K., & Yallop, C. (2007). Lexicology: a short introduction. London: Continuum
International Publishing Group.
Hoey, M. (2005). Lexical priming. London: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

54
Shehzad, W. (2005). Time Related Idiomatic Language: A Corpus-based Approach to TEFL
with Reference to MICASE and the Hyland Corpus. The Journal of Asia TEFL, 2(4), 113-136.

DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
Discourse Semantics and Ideology

Syed Shahid Nawaz


Mphil Scholar in English Linguistics, University of Lahore, Lahore

Abstract

Within the framework of a new, long-term, multidisciplinary project on discourse and ideology,
this paper discusses some basic properties of ideologies and examines the discursive side of the
discourseideology link. The ways ideologies articulate themselves at the level of discourse
meaning. 1f it is assumed that ideologies are preferably produced and reproduced in societies
through forms of text and talk of social actors as group members, it seems plausible that some
semantic structures of discourse do so more effectively than others. It is the task of this paper to
identify and describe these structures, and to explain their ideological functions in terms of the
sociocognitive conditions and consequences of discourse. This paper presents fragments of a
new, multidisciplinary theory of ideology and its relations with discourse, formulated in the
broader framework of a critical discourse analysis. Ideologies are defined as basic systems of
fundamental social cognitions and organizing the attitudes and other social representations
shared by members of groups. They thus indirectly control the mental representations (models)
that form the interpretation basis and contextual embeddedness of discourse and its structures. In
this framework, it is examined how semantic structures of discourse (such as topic, focus,
propositional structure, local coherence, level of description, implications and macrostructures)
are monitored by underlying ideologies. This study of the relations between discourse and
ideology is constituted by a critical discourse analysis which aims at making more explicit the
ways power abuse, dominance and inequality are being (re)produced by ideologically based
discourse.

Keywords: attitudes, discourse, editorials, ideology, meaning, models, opinion articles,


semantics, social representations, text.

References

55
Essed, P. (1991) Understanding Everyday Racism: An Interdisciplinary Theory. Newbury Park, CA:
Sage.
Falik, M. (1983) Ideology and Abortion Policy Politics. New York: Praeger.
Fiske, S.T. and Taylor, S.E. (1991) Social Cognition. 2nd edn. New York: McGrawHill.
Fowler, R. (1991) Language in the News. Discourse and Ideology in the Press.
London: Routledge.
Fowler, R., Hodge, B., Kress, G. and Trew, T. (1979) Language and Control. London:
Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Fried, A. (1988) `Abortion Politics as Symbolic Politics: An Investigation into Belief
Systems', Social Science Quarterly 69(1): 137-54.
Garnham, A. (1987) Mental Models as Representations of Discourse and Text.

Critical Discourse Analysis of News Headlines: A Comparative Study

Afsheen Ekhteyar
Assistant Professor/Coordinator English Department, NUML, Karachi

Abstract
Today the emerging role of media in constructing an ideology is out of question. The increase in
the role of media attracts many researchers to study the media discourse. This study is a critical
investigation of an event reported differently in different newspapers in Pakistan. The study is
comparative in nature that compares the style of four selected newspapers. The purpose of this
study is to discover the discursive features of the language used in the news headlines. Four
different newspapers were selected for the purpose: The Dawn, The News, The Daily Jang, and
The Express. The main framework of the study is based on critical discourse analysis and the
Fairclough model. Fairclough (1992) model of critical discourse analysis talks about power that
basically shapes the discourse. It is pertinent to analyze the same reports reported by four
different newspapers in the same scenario and highlights the way media uses in reporting.

The presentation will focus on the findings that show the language used in the headlines of the
newspapers and how it intensifies the news.

Keywords: Media Discourse, Fairclough Model, Critical Discourse Analysis

References

Fairclough (N.) 1993 Critical discourse analysis and the commodification of public discourse. In:
Discourse and Society 4.2: 133-68
Fairclough (N.). 2004. Critical Discourse Analysis in Researching Language in the New
Capitalism: Overdetermination, Transdisciplinarity and Textual Analysis. In: Harrison (C.) &
Young (L.) eds. Systemic Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis. London: Continuum.
OKeeffe, A. (2011) Media and Discourse Analysis, in Gee, J. & Handford M. (eds), The
Routledge Handbook of Discourse Analysis. London: Routledge, p 441-454.
Muhammad, N. (2013). Role of media in a developed society. Interdisciplinary Journal of
Contemporary Research in Business, 5(2), 407.
Abbas, M. (2003). Media and Society. Pakistan Times. http://pakistantimes.net/2003/11/20/guest1.ht

56
Discourse Analysis Of The Websites Of The Private Sector Universities Of
Lahore: An Exploration Of Hegemony
Syeda Sadia Akhter
MPhil Scholar in Applied Linguistics, The University of Lahore

Abstract
This research depicts a study of analysis of the web sites of private sector universities of Lahore,
Pakistan, using the Faircloughs model. According to Dijk (1995), the aim of the CDA is to
make obvious what is otherwise not visible to the eye of a common man and show him the
hidden agendas of the discourse. According to Fairclough (2010), close observation of language
can lead us towards the formation and procedure that affects the individuals. His focus is on the
study of power and institutional discourse, stressing mainly on intertextuality. As the importance
of internet has increased, it has become important to study the ways it influence and persuade the
students. Therefore, the aim of the study was to analyze the language used at the university web
pages and through this unveiling the hidden agendas and motives behind the use of that
language. It also pointed out the importance of visuals by analyzing the images used at the
university web pages. Qualitative research design was adopted in this study. Paper and pen
analysis was also conducted to closely analyze the language and describe the type of structure,
dictation, conjunctions and arrangement of sentences that is dealing with the lexical analysis of
the language.
Details related to the history and development of the universities were also provided. This study
explored that although there were certain similarities in all the web pages of all the universities,
their way of communication and choice of vocabulary and sentences was altogether different.
Using the power of language, universities had attempted to attract as much audience as they can.
Highlighting certain features universities also conveyed that they were better than the other
universities and students should enroll in their prestigious institution. Focus on individual and
unique identity was given by all the universities by mentioning it accomplishments and triumphs.
All the universities mentioned their ranking system and their links with the other foreign
universities to tempt the students and assuring that the students will get a brighter future if they
join their institution. Overall, the study presented a combination of language analysis, visual
analysis and exploration of hidden ideologies and purpose behind the development of these web
pages. it also highlighted the importance of the web page to represent the universities in a

57
respectable way and grasp the attention of the audience, that was the sole purpose of the creation
of these pages.

Keywords: discourse analysis, websites, hegemony

Bibliography
Fiarclough, N. (2010). Critical Discourse Analysis: The Critical Study of Language. USA:
Routledge .
Dijk, T. A. (1995). Aims of Critical Discourse Analysis. Japanese Discourse Vol 1 .

CDA of Quaid e- Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnahs (11TH Aug, 1947)


Speech in The First Constituent Assembly Of Pakistan
Mareena Liaqat
SESE English at Govt. Girls High School, Khanna
Mphil Scholar, Government College for Women University, Sialkot
Rehana Yasmin Anjum
Assistant Professor in English, Government College for Women University, Sialkot
PhD Scholar, University of Management and Technology, Lahore

Abstract

The aim of this investigation is to analyze Quaid-e-Azams speech in the First Constituent
Assembly of Pakistan on 11th Aug,1947 through Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). It aims
to unmask the hidden ideological meanings of his words for the newly created state,
namely Pakistan. Although Quaid-e-Azam delivered a large number of speeches having political
significance yet the speech of 11th August has been chosen for CDA because this speech
contains food for thought for the whole nation. Faircloughs model has been used for the present
study. Qualitative method is used for analyzing data in this research. The study has its theoretical
and practical implications.

Keywords: Quaid-e-Azams speech , Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), Faircloughs model .

58
Ideology, [Mis]perceptions and Power-resistance: A Critical Discourse
Analysis of Imran Khans Political Speeches
Farhat Sajjad
Lecturer in English and PhD Scholar, NUML, Islamabad

Abstract
The current study attempts to examine the persuasive strategies of Imran Khans political
discourse that he deployed to construct his ideologies about certain national and international
political issues and to establish an (un)conventional political culture in Pakistan. It also
highlights the covert ideological practices as they are exclusively embedded in his political
speeches. The current analysis is grounded in the theoretical perspective of Fairclough and Van
Dijk who argued that ideologies always reside in the text and ideologies can never exist in
isolation with special reference to specific political, social and cultural context. As ideology is
considered a doctrine that primarily constructs the beliefs of an individual/groups about certain
social, political and cultural paradigms so it has a vital significance in the analysis of political
discourse. To address the issues of ideology, perceptions and power-resistance the textual and
contextual aspects are deeply analysed from CDA perspective as CDA practioners believed that
text and context have equal significance so they both need to be scrutinized to comprehend a
specific text practice. Discursive practices primarily constitute the social structures and vice
versa and most importantly language is central to all discourse practices, on account of the same
phenomenon this study has attempted to analyse the linguistic elements along with contextual
facets to find out the hidden ideologies. The findings of current study suggest that the political
actor primarily attempted to deconstruct the positive image of powerful elites by raising the
issues of rigging, unfair polls, corruption, hegemony, nepotism and injustice. Khan used multiple
strategies to get the political power, additionally Khan perceived and thus promoted his own
positive ideology by urging the role of urban youth and less-privileged part of society i.e. women
for political participation and political mobilisation. Moreover the linguistic analysis proved
Khans claim to be (un)conventional as he frequently addressed and acknowledged the women
support for political activism and these motivational strategies appeared quiet unconventional in
the existing political culture of Pakistan and thus they represent a disparate image of ascribed
political actor.

59
Keywords: Ideology, (mis)perception, power resistance, Imran Khan, CDA

References

Fairclough, N. (1995). Media Discourse. p. 25. London: Edward Arnold.


Fairclough, N. (1999). Critical discourse analysis: The critical study of language.p.15-50.
United Kingdom: Longman.
Halliday, M. (1989). 'Context of situation.' Chap 1 in M. Halliday and R. Hasan (2nd ed),
Language, Context and Text. p.3-14. . New York : OUP.
Halliday, M. (1994). 'The Construction of Knowledge and Value in the Grammar of Scientific
Discourse, with Reference to Charles Darwin's The Origin of Species'. Coulthard, Malcolm (ed.)
Advances in Written Text Analysis. London.
Triechler, P. (1989). Gender Articulated; Language And The Socially Constructed Self. Edited by
Kira Hall nad Mary Bucholtz. p.363 . London: Routledge Publications.
Van Dijk, T. A. (1996). Texts and practices: Readings in critical discourse analysis pp.84104.
London: Routledge.
Van Dijk, T. A. (2008). Discourse and context: A sociocognitive approach. New York :
Cambridge University Press.
Fairclough, N. (2001). Language and power. Second edition. Malaysia: Longman.
Fairclough, N. L. (1989). Language and power. London: Longman Press.
OHalloran, K. A. (2003).Critical discourse analysis and language cognition Edinburgh:
Edinburgh University Press.

60
Critical Discourse Analysis of Zulfiqar Ali Bhuttos (15th December, 1971)
speech in the United Nations General Assembly

Muhammad Mooneeb Ali


Lecturer in English, Government College of Science, Wahdat Road, Lahore

Abstract
This paper attempts to critically analyze the discourse of Zulfiqar Ali Bhuttos (hereafter
Bhutto) speech which he made in the United Nations General Assembly in 1971. The study tries
to determine and ascertain the undercover denotation of the ideology of his words for a country
which is affected by havoc of Indo-Pak war in 1971 which resulted in formation of a new state
called Bangladesh. For the present study Qualitative methodology has been employed. There are
different models of Critical discourse analysis given by Fairclough,Van Dijk and Wodak but for
the current study Fairclough model has been employed. Qualitative content analysis approach
was used to analyze the data. The outcomes of the present study reveal that Bhutto wanted to
show the world that Pakistan is not a ship without a captain. He was equipped with genuine and
vigorous leadership that was a true representation of the emotion and feelings of a rigorous
nation. Bhutto exhibited himself as a real leader of the country. At that instance at the Security
Council Bhutto was not an individual but Pakistan with all its fury, chauvinisms and intricacies
In the history of Pakistani politics there is no Pakistani leader except him who could dare to use
such oratory against and in front of these superpowers on their home turf. Its a vivid fact that
no other discourse would have satisfied the Pakistani people in that gloomy and grim moment of
war .The study has both practical and theoretical implications.

Keywords: Speech, critical discourse analysis, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto. General Assembly.

References
Adetunji, A. (2006). Inclusion and exclusion in political discourse: Deixis in
OlusegunObasanjo'sspeeches. Journal of Language and Linguistics.5(2), 1475-8989.
David, M. K. &Dumanig.F. (2011). National unity in multi-ethnic Malaysia: A
criticaldiscourseanalysis of Tun Dr. Mahathirs political speeches. Language, Discourse
andSociety.1(1), 11-31.
Boyd, M. S. (2009). De-constructing race and identity in US presidential discourse:
BarackObamasspeech on race. Journal of the Spanish Association of Anglo-AmericanStudies,
75-94.
Fairclough, N. (1989). Language and power. London: Longman Press.
Horvth J. (2011) Critical discourse analysis of Obama's political discourse.RetrievedFrom:
http://www.pulib.sk/elpub2/FF/Ferencik2/pdf_doc/6.pdf
Hsieh H. F. & Shannon, S. E. (2005). Three approaches to qualitative content

61
Hedges And Power: A Study Of PML-N And PTIs Political Discourse In
Press Conferences
Mehwish Nazar
Headmistress (BS-17) Headmistress, Dunyapur, Lodhran
Sadia Malik
Lecturer, Department of English, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan

Abstract

This study tends to explore the types and functions of linguistic items which serve as hedges in
Urdu political discourse in Pakistani context, because one tactful strategy in political rhetoric is
hedging which is associated with vagueness and innuendos. This work focuses on the study of
relation which may exist between use of hedges and exercise of power. Press conferences of two
major political parties of Pakistan are subject to analysis: Pakistan Muslim League Noon (PML-
N), and Pakistan Tehreek-eInsaf (PTI). The approach chosen for this study is an eclectic one
with a blend of both quantitative and qualitative (Critical Discourse Analysis). The research
demonstrated that the frequency and types of hedges varied in the discourse of two different
parties. These different types with their frequencies were studied in special reference to power
with the help of Critical Discourse Analysis model proposed by Norman Fairclough (1989). The
findings of this study provided an evidence for a relationship between hedging and political
power. Both the quantitative and qualitative parts of the study point to an inverse relationship
between the frequency of downtoners employed and the degree of political power. The kinds of
hedges, which Pakistani politicians are inclined to use more in Urdu language, include
conventional hedges, introductory phrase, indefinite pronouns and inclusive we pronoun,
compound hedge types, approximators, and attribution shields in addition to some other
categories like question, pragmatic tags, conditional clause, and conversational hedge. All
these linguistic items falling under two main types of hedges, i.e., shields and approximators,
serve the functions of hedging by making the statement fuzzier, mitigating the force of utterance,
avoiding direct criticism, saving face of both hearer and the speaker, pointing to a lack of
commitment to the truth of the proposition, and a desire not to express the commitment to the
content categorically. It can also be concluded that hedging devices have the same role in Urdu
as they have in English; they are employed to reduce certainty and surety of the utterance.
Hedges also show close connection to the politeness phenomenon, in which politicians tend to
save their face, that is, to take care of their public image by incorporating hedges in their speech.
Study also reveals another important aspect in this regard, being retired or still in power also has
a bearing on specific speech styles with different hedging patterns.

Keywords: Political discourse, Hedging, Critical discourse Analysis, Press Conferences

References

Bhatia, A. (2006). Critical discourse analysis of political press conferences. Discourse & Society,
17(2), 173-203. doi: 10.1177/0957926506058057
Fairclough, N. (2003). Political Correctness: The Politics of Culture and Language. Discourse
and Society 14(1), 17-28. doi: 10.1177/0957926503014001927

62
Fairclough, N. & Wodak, R. (1997). Critical Discourse Analysis. In van Dijk, T.A. (ed.),
Discourse Studie: A Multidisciplinary Introduction: Vol. 2. Discourse as Social Interaction
(pp.271-280). London, UK: Sage Publications.
Fairclough, N. (1989). Language and Power. London, UK: Longman.
Fraser, B. (2010). Hedging in Plitical Discourse: The Bush 2007 Press Conferences. In U.
Okulska & P. Cap (Eds.), Perspectives in Politics and Discourse. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John
Benjamins Publishing Company. Retrieved from http://www.bu.edu/sed/files/2010/10/2010-
Hedging-in-Political-Disciourse-The-2007-Bush-Press-Conferences.pdf. Retrieved on 22-02-
2014

63
Pak-US Relation in Print Media: A Semiological Discourse Analysis at Ethno-
Cultural Level
Saima Umer
Lecturer in English, Department of English, NUML Multan Campus

Abstract
This paper highlights the power of image in shaping readers perceptions through print media
discourses about the dominant and the dominated groups (sub/superordinate) at linguistic and
semiotic levels. It decodes linguistics and semiotic discourses of The Nation Daily, to
highlight the significance of print media semiotics discourses. It is a significant and emerging
research domain as semiotic discourses are culturally oriented and embody bundle of
interpretations in them. Another significant feature of semiotic discourses is that on one hand
even a lay reader can extract meaning from them and on the other a picture is worth than a
thousand words and we usually regard our sense of sight more reliable than our sense of hearing.
Additionally, semiotic discourses represent language in a denaturalized way. In this regard,
the researcher has randomly selected an image appearing in the mentioned newspaper on 27th
July, 2013, out of 40 appearing during 2012-2013 to analyze it at linguistic and semiotic levels,
applying Faircloughs model of Critical Discourse Analysis (1995) and Barthes (1974) model of
Semiological Discourse Analysis. The said research model of Fairclough (1995) takes linguistic
analysis as social critical analysis by taking into account the context of a texts production.
Whereas, Barthes model of Semiological Discourse Analysis works at three main levels i.e.
Iconic, Indexical and Cultural levels which help in decoding the meaning in order to highlight
the implicit ideology embedded in the image to be circulated in the society. The analyses of the
selected image from the mentioned newspaper have been done keeping in view linguistic and
semiotic features of the mentioned models. In order to validate semiotic analysis the researcher
has conducted two focus group discussions among linguists and non- linguists participants on
the selected image. The study suggests that linguistic and semiotic devices and techniques
work in collaboration to shape mindset of the target readership as desired by controlling
ideological group. In addition the findings highlight that print media discourses are best site for
ideological investment to categorize the people belonging to either in or out group (super/sub-
ordinate) by manipulating the concept of word- picture conjunction.

Keywords: Newspapers, Semiotics, Discourses, representations, PAK-US Relation

References

Barthes, R. (1974). Mythologies. New York: Wang.


Bignel, J. (1977). Media Semiotics: an Introduction. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Eco, U. (1976). A Theory of Semiotics. Blomington: Indiana University Press.
Fairclough, N. (1995). Critical Discourse Analysis: Critical Study of Language. London & New
York: Longman Publishers.
Halliday, M. A. K. (1978). Language as social semiotic: The social interpretation of language
and meaning. Maryland. University Park Press.

64
SEMIOTIC ANALYSIS
Discourse and Symbols; Analyzing Linguistic and Socio-Semiotic Elements
Ambreen Javed
Lecturer, Forman Christian College (A Chartered University) Lahore
PhD Scholar, Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi
Dr. Sarwet Rasul
Associate Professor and Head, Department of English, Fatima Jinnah Women University,
Rawalpindi

Abstract
Though language is considered as the vehicle of socialization, still the socialization by human
beings is carried out in different ways. This socialization and communication takes place through
language as well as extra linguistic elements. Not only spoken and written symbols of language
are used for the purpose of communication and socialization but signs also play a vital part in the
process of communication. There are various modes of communication out of which written
communication takes place through various channels. One of them is the use of visiting cards.
Written symbols include words as well as signs and pictures. Visiting cards often termed as
business cards are used for various purposes in a society. Visiting cards are a means of
communication in our everyday life. They bear linguistic as well as extra linguistic elements in
order to portray their identity. Due to globalization and competition in the field of business,
discourses have multilayered meanings. Not only words but signs are also capable of conveying
a meaning and creating a particular identity. The current study investigates the patterns of
socialization and identity construction through visiting cards in Pakistani context. The semiotic
strategies employed along the written language used for the purpose of socialization through
visiting cards are also studied. Data is categorized under 4 domains that are Medical
Practitioners, Automobile Repairing and Maintenance, Mobile Repairing and Beauty Salons.
These visiting cards are collected only from the selected areas of Rawalpindi. 15 cards from each
domain are collected so total data for the current research is 60 cards. Linguistic and Socio
semiotic Analysis of the collected data is done in order to investigate the patterns of group as
well as individual identity constructed by these visiting cards. These images are analyzed in the
context of social values and norms. The data reveals that the linguistic elements and the images
used on the visiting cards construct the desired group as well as maintaining individual identity
at the same time.

Keywords: Discourse, Linguistic Analysis, Socio Semiotics, Identity Construction.

65
Redefining Representation in Visual Narrative: A Semiotic Analysis of a
Google ad
Malik Haqnawaz Danish
Assistant Professor, Government Postgraduate College, Gojra
Mehvish Riaz
Assistant Professor, Government College University, Lahore

Abstract
The media influence is imported in the audience regarding the sustainable effects promoting
hatred and ideology in the visual signs textured in the visual narratives. These episodes of
ideological concern are pertinent in the wake of historical events of Pakistan and India. Waters et
al state,we can no longer represent the historical past; but can only represent our ideas and
stereotypes about the past (Waters et al, 2000, p.17).
The lives of the people in the media oriented world are much directed by such extended visual
narratives, conveying ideological disguised signification in the semiotic structures of the screen.
Invocation of historical events in the visual text has also been narrative in a manner to promote
historical hatred, or even attempts of reconciliation in the viewers.
In the same vein, Google ad of reunion has been one of the attempts to promote the historical
legacy between India and Pakistan and the potential of promoting feelings of reconciliation and
friendship.
Semiotics, the scientific study of signs has been applied to navigate the multiple layers of
meaning full signs decorating the visual screen. The triad model of Charles Sander Peirce
suggests modes of interpretation in analysing the Google ad pertaining to the postmodern
features of the representations promoting jingoistic ideologies. Fiske (1982,p. 3) asserts,
Negotiation takes place as the reader utilizes aspects of his/her own cultural experience to
understand the codes and signs that make up the text. The different ways of making meaning or
decoding are divided into specific categories that combine to form the frame for a comprehensive
semiotic analysis of any text (Fiske, 1982,p.3)
The linguistics appeal of interpreting signs in the visuals is treated in this paper. Signs are
recognized by the reader and then he goes on to decipher some sort of cultural, social or
emotional meanings (Cobley & Jansz, 1998,p.50)
Moreover, images excerpted from the ad are also analysed through Noldus Software of human
behaviour in order to measure facial tendencies while displaying response to the narrative. The
statistics of the facial expression are given to deduct true emotional response from the
representatives of both the nations.

Keywords: visual narratives, signs, semiotics, triad model, Charles Sander Peirce

References

Fiske, J. (1982) Introduction to Communication Studies. London: Methuen & Co. Ltd
Paul Cobley & Litza Janz, (2000)Introducing semiotics, Cambridge, UK:Icon Books.

66
Neil L. Waters (2000)Beyond the Area Studies Wars: Toward a New International Studies,
University Press of New England Hanover and London

FORENSIC ANALYSIS

Forensic Linguistics Analysis of the Last Will of Benazir


Bhutto and Her Authorship Profiling
Shahzad Aftab
Mphil in Applied Linguistics, Minhaj University, Lahore.
Asia Younas
Mphil in Applied Linguistics, Minhaj University, Lahore.

Abstract
Benazir Bhuttos tragic assassination and subsequent effects in the political scenario of Pakistan
in general and Pakistan Peoples Party in particular brought tremendous changes. At national
level, political leadership became more careful in dealing with terrorists where as at international
level the image of Pakistan as `unsafe` country became more powerful. The will of Benazir
Bhutto has been controversial among the political personals and analysts on the question of its
originality and authenticity since its unveiling. Being students of linguistics the researchers dare
to evaluate the `will` linguistically to find out the authenticity of the` will` and the state of mind
in which it was written. McMenamin (2002: 86) states that forensic linguistics is the scientific
study as applied to forensic and contexts. Forensic linguistics utilizes theory of grammar,
phonetics, phonology, morphology, semantics, pragmatics and discourse analysis etc. All of
them have their own significance in helping solving cases in one way or the other. Different
approaches are helpful in different scenarios. Olssons (2008:1) states, Literally any text or item
of spoken language has the potential of being a forensic text. If a text is somehow implicated in a
legal or criminal context then it is a forensic text. The researchers mainly focus on the `last will`
in order to gain deep comprehension in investigating the intentions of this will and the
originality. The researchers intend to make an authorship profiling of the writer of the` will.
Hopefully, the analysis below will be enough informative about the motives of the author in
writing this will and its originality and her linguistic profiling from the analysis of the text that
she made. The researchers assume that the `last will` is an important subdivision of legal text. It
is a kind of famous will from a famous person in the world which is still being a controversy
from the public point of view. Furthermore, this research is aiming at proving the application of
linguistics field as powerful tool in investigating last will.

Keywords: Forensic, Authenticity, Authorship profiling, Subdivision, Legal Text

References

McMenamim, G.R. (2002) Forensic Linguistics: Advances in Forensic Stylistics. New York: CRC Press.
Olsson, J. (2008:1) Forensic Linguistics 2nd ed. London.

67
PRAGMATICS
A Socio-Pragmatic Analysis of Apology Speech Act of Pakistani English
Speakers in Conversational and Institutional Settings
Saira Javed
Lecturer, Government College for Women University, Faisalabad
PhD Scholar, International Islamic University, Islamabad
Irfan Hussain
Lecturer in English, Government Postgraduate College, Jaranwala, Faisalabad

Abstract
The study aims at identifying apology speech act used by non-native speakers of English in
Pakistan. Apologies as an expressive speech act have been a focus of study for intercultural
pragmaticians as these may serve as act of face saving and politeness. In order to explore
Pakistani English speakers use of apology strategy, 45 English Language teachers from
Faisalabad, Pakistan were taken as the population of the study. A Written Discourse Completion
Test (WDCT) administered in English was used to collect data. In order to identify the norms
and strategies of apologies used by Pakistani English speakers, four different situations in
institutional and conversational settings were exploited in the test. The English teachers from
different institutions were asked to write their responses for a given situation. For each situation
data was recorded and was given a tabulated form in order to get a quick overview. The data was
analyzed using CCSARP (Cross cultural Speech Act Realization Project) model devised by
Blum Kulka et al (1989). Holmes(1991) and Wang (2013) have checked the authenticity of the
CCSARP model by analyzing different researches. Therefore, all responses were studied under
this project and the results of the following study determine that in both the settings, Pakistani
English speakers used apologies with a reason attributed to a concern for balancing the effect
quickly. In institutional settings, the most frequent apology strategy was taking on the
responsibility of the offence created and usage of IFIDs (Illocutionary Force Indicating Device)
was very frequent. The sociobiological variables like level of imposition, social difference and
power as determined by Brown and Levinson (1987) do not affect their use of apology strategies
and they always give reasons for becoming more polite. The study recommends that
incorporating L1 pragmatics into English syllabi may improve communication skills of the
students. Material developers may also benefit from these findings and get practical insights for
incorporating pragmatic knowledge into instructional materials. The findings of the study might
be of pedagogical help and significance to teachers, L2 learners and students of pragmatics in
general and apology speech act in particular.

Keywords: apology, pragmatics, speech acts, Pakistani English Speakers

References

68
Blum-Kulka, S., House, J. & Kasper, G. (1989). Cross-cultural pragmatics: requests and
apologies.edn. Norwood, NJ: Albex pub. Corp.
Brown, P. & Levinson, S. (1987). Politeness: Some universals in language usage. Cambridge:
Cambridge University press.
Holmes, J. (1991). DISCOURSE. Language in Society , 119-126
Wang, L. C. (2013). Interlanguage Pragmatics in SLA. Theory and Practice in Language
Studies, Vol. 3, No. 1, , 142-147

69
The Pragmatics Of Abuse In And Through Bashar Momin
Zainab Siddique
PhD Scholar, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad

Abstract
This is a qualitative study exploring the strain of abuse in the drama serial, Bashar Momin. The
pragmatics of abuse is of great pertinence not only in the Pakistani context, where the society is
growing in intolerance, but also at international level as is evident from violence at homes to
violence at inter-state level. The paper aims to do a pragmatic analysis of the serial by applying
Searles theory of social ontology to the selected drama so as to learn what makes it redundant of
abuse and how abuse can be identified within the serial. It hopes to raise consciousness about
abuse rather than make it look exotic and appealing by making us vigilant of media texts.

Keywords: Social ontology, pragmatics of abuse, Bashar Momin

References

Searle, J. R. (1995). The construction of social reality. New York: Free Press.
Searle, J. R. (2010). Making the social world: the structure of human civilization. Oxford:
Oxford University Press.

70
Pragmatic VS Grammatical Competence: The Case of ESL Learner in
Pakistan
Zohra Fatima
Lecturer, Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi
PhD Scholar, NUML, Islamabad

Abstract
This study aims to explore the second language (L2) pragmatic competence of ESL learners in
Pakistan in contrast to their grammatical competence. English is the official language of the
country and is taught from the primary grades till the university level. Although, a lot of effort is
dedicated to develop the grammatical and lexical knowledge of the learners in ESL classrooms in
Pakistan, little, if any, attention is paid to the pragmatic aspects which can be detrimental when
the ESL leaners have to communicate with native English speakers. This study employs
discourse completion tasks (DCTs) utilizing eight situations developed in Rose (1994) to elicit
requests. These situations use alternations of two variables social distance and social
dominance. At the first stage the data is analyzed using the coding scheme based on the
CCSARP's (Cross Cultural Speech Act Realization Project) nine-level scale. In the second stage,
the responses are analyzed to gauge their grammatical soundness including the use of correct
sentence structures, tenses, punctuation and passive structures. Since ESL learners at the
university level get considerable exposure to English language, the present study will not only
illustrate the extent to which they have gained pragmatic competence in English in contrast to the
knowledge of grammatical structures and rules of English language usage, but also provide
valuable insights on the impact of input (exposure to L2 speech community) on learners L2
pragmatic competence.

References

Hinkel, E. (2005). Handbook of research in second language teaching and learning. Mahwah,
N.J.: L. Erlbaum Associates.
Hudson, T., Brown, J., & Detmer, E. (1995). Developing prototypic measures of cross-cultural
pragmatics. [Honolulu]: Second Language Teaching & Curriculum Center, University of
Hawaii at Manoa.
Rose, K. (1994). On the Validity of Discourse Completion Tests in Non-Western Contexts.
Applied Linguistics, 15(1), 1-14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/applin/15.1.1

71
LANGUAGE IN LITERATURE
Stylistic Analysis of Ahmed Alis Short Story Our Lane
Muhammad Tufail Chandio
Assistant Professor in English, University of Sindh, Laar Campus, Badin

Abstract
The undertaken study is based on stylistic analysis of Ahmed Alis short story Our Lane. The
study is based on three sections: thematic presentation, linguistic competence and the use of
figures of speech. The thematic presentation focuses how the writer has portrayed the social,
political, economic, religious, psychological and cultural conditions of the natives (the
colonized) of the Indian subcontinent in the wake of the British colonial rule. The linguistic
competence section analyzes how the writer has used noun, adjective, conjunction, vocabulary,
sentence complexity to present chaotic situation in the land. The third part deals with the use of
figures of speech.
There are six stories within the story. The story shows the colonial rule has deteriorated the
people socially, economically, politically and psychologically. Despite the superstitious ideas,
the natives are engaged in political activism, which is quailed with strong measures by the
British government. It is found that the story depicts chaos, impermanence, meaningless and
absurdity. Ahmed Ali has used 5157 words in which 382 are adjectives, which constitute 7.4% of
the total text that is in consonance with the established norms of using adjectives in English
which is 7 to 8% of the total text (Hofland and Jonasson, 1987:6). The author has used both
subordinating and coordinating conjunctions; the frequency of coordinating conjunction and is
very high i.e. 247. The total number of sentences used in the story is 343, the median of all
sentences is 13; the calculated length of the sentence is shorter than the length of an average
modern sentence, which according to Ellegard is 17.8 words. The writer has maneuvered diverse
figures of speech and indigenous elements to design the web and texture of the story.

Keywords: Stylistics, Our Lane, Postcolonialism, colonial rule, Indian subcontinent

References

Coppola, Carlo. (1977-78). The Short Stories of Ahmed Ali. JSAL, Vol. XIII, 1977-78.
Douglas, B. I. B. E. R. (2008). Longman Student Grammar of Spoken and Written English.
Pearson Education India.
Frye, Northrop. (1985). Myth, Fiction and Displacement. Das, B. and Mohanty, Jitendra (eds.)
Literary Criticism: A Reading. Calcutta: Oxford UP.
Leech, G. N., & Mill, S. (1981). Style in Fiction London.
Lodge, D. (2002). Language of fiction: essays in criticism and verbal analysis of the English
novel. Psychology Press.
Meijs, W. (1987). Corpus linguistics and beyond: Proceedings of the Seventh International
Conference on English Language Research on computerized corpora (Vol. 59). Rodopi.

72
Pound, E. (1913). A Few Don'ts by an Imagiste. Poetry, 1(6), 200-206.
Rahman, T. (1991). A history of Pakistani literature in English. Lahore: Vanguard.
Short, M. (1996). Exploring the language of poems, plays, and prose. Taylor & Francis.
Speaker-Hearer Metanarrative in Classic Whodunits: Analyzing Christies
Why Didnt They Ask Evans?
Muhammad Furqan Tanvir
Assistant Professor, University of Management and Technology, Lahore
PhD Scholar, University of the Punjab, Lahore

Abstract
This paper aims at exploring narrativity in classic murder mysteries as an extraordinarily unique
premise for pragmaticists approaches to meaning, through a text-based analysis of narrative
techniques in Agatha Christies novel Why Didnt They Ask Evans? (1934/1970). The argument
would begin from these techniques commonly noted entailment of the readers imperative
virtual induction into the textual world as a detective whose goal is to solve the puzzle before
the investigator (Saricks, 2009, p. 197). In doing so, the emphasis would be on the importance
of shared speaker/hearer assumptions regarding the said genre rather than the mere recounting of
events constituting a particular narrative within it. It will be seen how the author makes her
detective characters, from the initial moment of the dead bodys discovery, lead the reader into
speculating over answers for many successively mystifying questions. As in most classic
whodunits, while the reader becomes engrossed in the narratives considerable number of
unanswered questions, the authors ploys of revealing just as much information as would open
possibilities of suspicion, or that of actually foregrounding red herrings, requires a
metanarratorial explanation. The metanarratorial interplay of the authors and the readers
reciprocating expectations from each other facilitated by generic structures, renders the texts
meaning, symbolically codified in the search for the murderers identity, as contained primarily
in the readers tendency to take cautious and self-doubting note of the narratives every potential
clue, and the authors own ability to play on this tendency by editing the information she reveals
in an ostensibly deceptive manner without ever positively making a misstatement. This process
makes the reader discover the past, until the denouement, through clues calculated to maintain a
balance between what may have happened and what did happen. As such, these genre-based
narratives foreground problematics of fuzzy boundaries between reality and illusion in the
creation of meaning, which shows that their condemnation as sterile . . . stories of pure puzzle . .
. from the badly misnamed Golden Age of Detection (Hutter, 1975, p. 191) is utterly unjust. It
will be argued that the facile incorporation of an overly ordered schema in their final moment of
revelation should be balanced against the fact that what linguists would identify as their
pragmatic force (Leech, 1983, p. 17) depends on the uncertainty encountered by the reader in
filtering plural possibilities of hypothetical narratives.

Keywords: Agatha Christie, metanarrative, pragmatic force, whodunit

References

73
Christie, A. (1970). Why didnt they ask Evans? London, England: Pan Books. (original work
published 1934)
Hutter, A. D. (1975). Dreams, transformations, and literature: The implications of detective
fiction. Victorian Studies, 19(2), 181209. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3825911
Leech, G. N. (1983). Principles of pragmatics. London, England: Longman.
Saricks, J. G. (2009). The readers advisory guide to genre fiction (2nd ed.). Chicago, IL:
American Library Association.

74
An Analysis of Interpersonal Metadiscourse Markers in A Case of Exploding
Mangoes by Muhammad Hanif: A Study of Self-mentions and Engagement
Markers

Asma Mubarik
MPhil Scholar in Applied Linguistics, Government College University, Faisalabad

Abstract
Metadiscourse is an engaging field which assumes an imperative part in sorting out and
delivering convincing written work, taking into account the standards and desires of individuals
included. Having constructed this work with respect to Ken Hyland's structure for Metadiscourse
(2005), the analysis in the present study is based upon the interactional features of metadiscourse
in literary genre; confining only to self-mentions and engagement markers. Hyland depicts
Metadiscourse as the semantic assets used to arrange a discourse or the author's position towards
either its substance, stance or the readers. Concentrating on these arrangements, the study would
attempt to reveal insight into the Metadiscourse features utilized in a novella A case of
Exploding Mangoes by Muhammad Hanif (2008). The results of the study demonstrated that
the frequencies and functions of self-mentions and engagement markers show that the writer has
been completely mindful of the standards of composing and engaging his readers along with him
in the course of events taking place. The study reveals that the use of metadiscourse features in
literary genre is far more common and explicit than any other genre since it provides ample
opportunities to literary authors to speak their minds to their readers.

Keywords: Metadiscourse, interactional features, self-mentions, engagement markers

References

Bhatia, V.K. (1993) Analyzing Genre: Language Use in a Professional Setting. New York:
Longman.
Hyland, Ken. 1998. Persuasion and Context: The Pragmatics of Academic Metadiscourse.
Journal of Pragmatics 30: 437-455.
Hyland, K. (2005). Stance and engagement: A model of interaction in academic discourse.
Discourse studies, 7(2), 173-197
Hyland, K. (2005). Metadiscourse: Exploring Interaction in Writing. London: Continuum.
Hanif, Muhammad. A Case of Exploding Mangoes.
Jonathan Cape: New York. (2008).
Vande Kopple, William J. 1985. Some Exploratory Discourse on Metadiscourse. College
Composition and Communication 26: 82 93.

75
Making Connections through the Cultural Poetics of Tagore and Banjo:
Theorization of Spivaks Concept of Planetarity
Raheela Akhtar
Lecturer, Government Islamia Postgraduate College (W), Eidgah Road, Faisalabad.

Abstract
Globalization unifies individual identities and promotes dominant cultures which suppress the
subaltern. Capitalism has confined a world in globe through economy and cultural hegemony.
Spivak in Death of Discipline provides world a better way of connection as she sees world as
planet and glorifies its diversity as something connective and relative. Globe is conceptual, we
dont live on it. We live on planet which accepts everything as it is and glorifies bioregional
identities. Bioregionalism advocates equality and reconnects societies to their natural and
cultural matrix. This study investigates the importance of bioregionalism for making this planet
peaceful where people can live united, maintaining their own individualities yet together like a
salad bowl. This idea has been unraveled by perusing the poetics of two renowned poets of two
different worlds. Rabindaranath Tagore from subcontinent and Banjo Peterson from Australia
celebrate their nativity by sketching their lands with colorful images and themes. They both led
simple life in their continents but experienced profound cultural richness of their places.
Tagores spiritual and cultural poetics introduced subcontinent to the whole world. People saw
east through his eyes. Banjos bush poetry enhanced indigenous identity of Australia. Bush
poetry covers all kind of Australian life from sufferings to pleasures. Tagore and Banjo are
humanitarians who favor collaboration of east and west to promote world peace and civilization.
This study aims to explore the answers of following questions by perusing the philosophy of
Tagore and Banjo in their poetics. Can planterity and unity be acquired without knowing ones
own culture? 2: How can bioregionalism lead us towards planterity in this neo capitalistic world?

Keywords: Planetarity, bioregionalism, capitalism, Identity, hegemony

References

Derrida,J. tr by Collins,G. ( 2005) The Politics Of Friendship , VERSO London,NewYork, ISBN


1-84467-054-6
Gallehawk,J.(1996) Australian Bush Poems, Edition 2, illustrated, revised, Axiom,1996,
ISBN0947338284, 9780947338282.
Spivak,G.( 2003) Death of Discipline , Columbia University Press ,New York, ISBN 0-231-
12944-0
Stiglitz, J. Globalisation and its discontents. United States: W.W. Norton Company. 2002.
Tagore, R. (2013) Rabindranath Tagore Selected Poems, Harper Press. ISBN: 978-0-00-792557-
5

76
Analysis of Ernest Hemingways narrative techniques of Speech and thought presentation
used in his short novel The old man and the Sea.

Afshan Abbas
Lecturer in English, International Islamic University, Islamabad

Abstract

The present paper helps shed light on systematic interpretation about Hemingways narrative
techniques used in his short novel The old man and the Sea. The study of the character speech
and thought presentation is an important aspect of the narrative discourse. The current research
is based on most comprehensible framework for the analysis of speech and thought
representation in narrative fiction developed by Mick Short and his co-researcher Leech in 1981
which includes categories of Direct speech(DS), Indirect speech(IDS),Free direct Speech( FDS),
Free Indirect Speech( FIDS) and Narrative Report of speech act( NRSA). The categories
available for presenting thought in narrative fiction are similar to those for speech, yet there are
significant conceptual differences between the speech and thought modes. The present research
attempts to look deeply into the modes of speech and thought presentation in Hemingways
novel The old man and the Sea. It will also analyze stylistic effects of using the above-
mentioned modes of speech and thought presentation. Moreover, this research will offer a
typology of relations between narrative discourse, speech and conversation. The aim of the study
is to outline the factors that determine Hemingways choice of any particular mode of discourse
presentation. The discourse analysis of Hemingways short novel The old man and the Sea
reveals a correlation between the formal features (deixis, tense usage, speech markers) and
stylistic functions of Speech and thoughts mediums. The Speech and thought presentation model
can be utilized as a useful strategy in a literature and linguistic classrooms by the teachers as it
helps to recognize the importance of paying a systematic attention to the language of a literary
piece and how literary writers achieve thematic goals by employing such stylistic techniques.

Keywords: Direct speech(DS), Indirect speech(IDS),Free direct Speech( FDS), Free Indirect
Speech( FIDS) and Narrative Report of speech act( NRSA), Direct thought(DT), Indirect
thought(IDT),Free direct thought( FTS), Free Indirect thought( FITS) and Narrative Report of
thought act( NRTA)

References

Fludernik, Monika. (1993). The fictions of language and the languages of fiction: The linguistic
representation of speech and consciousness. London: Routledge.
Jeffries, Lesley. 2010. Critical Stylistics: The Power of English. Hampshire: Palgrave.
Leech, Geoffrey and Mick Short. 2007. Style in Fiction [second edition]. Harlow: Pearson
Longman.
Semino E., Short, Mick. (2004). Corpus Stylistics: Speech, Writing and Thought Presentation in
a Corpus of English Writing. London.

77
From Destruction to Deconstruction: Exploring the Diversity of language in
postmodern American Drama
Faiza Zaheer
Assistant Professor, Department of English Language & Literature, Forman Christian College
University, Lahore

Abstract
Language of postmodern American Drama is less ideological and more skeptical as it reveals the
reality of illogicality, chaos and disintegration of apparently successful, progressive and
prosperous American society. Language in postmodern American Drama exposes the failure and
powerlessness of this society through language which reveals the disordered condition of
American life. Postmodern American playwrights Edward Albee, Sam Shepard, Arthur Miller,
Lorrain Hansberry, etc. observe language as a theme; diverse yet a challenging theme that
depicts not only the factual reality of American society but also mirrors the real yet precarious
condition of an individual. Language for these playwrights becomes so diverse that it
deconstructs the earlier interpretations of American society which used to emphasize its
completeness and broadness. Diversity in language transforms it into a character; a living
character that has transfigured postmodern American plays into disturbing and frustrating
questions. The focus of my paper is to explore and investigate the diversity of language used by
above mentioned American playwrights and to divulge that language for them is a character (my
italics); a living breathing character that does not talk but helps other character to mirror their
chaos, frustration, and malaise. Histrionic presentations of the grotesque characters through
language highlight their futile and frustrating effort to understand their individuality and their
real self (my italics). In this paper, different plays of these American playwrights will be
discussed and explored to understand the real status and importance of language and how
language communicates the indifference, internal sickness, and degeneration of postmodern
American society.

78
Analysis of Racial, Ethnic and National Discrimination in Mohsin Hamids
The Reluctant Fundamentalist through Van Dijks Socio-cognitive Approach
Roshan Amber Ali
Lecturer in English, Government Postgraduate College for Women, Sargodha

Abstract
This paper aims to analyze the ethnocentric, national and racial implications in the light of
contemporary English literature being written by Pakistani writers where the characters face
modern mans dilemmas. Specifically analyzing Mohsin Hamids The Reluctant Fundamentalist
streaks of identity crisis of a questionable narrator can be seen.
There is also a drastic shift in the perspective of viewing South Asians, particularly Pakistanis, as
them and native Western citizens as us. One event of major influence highlighted in this
paper happens to be the historical event of 9th September 2001; when the twin towers of World
Trade Center, New York were bombed. Ever since this incident, the concept of terrorism has
received much attention creating a lot of suspicion and skepticism. This has caused an
ideological change resulting in racial, ethnic and national discrimination.
Van Djiks socio-cognitive approach concerned with the ideology in discourse with particular
focus on ethnocentrism, nationalism and racism has been used to analyze the novel. Through the
unique narration of the protagonist Changez, a Pakistani Muslim residing in America, the
discriminatory allegations can be reviewed by unveiling these prejudices.

Keywords: Van Djik, racism, prejudice, discrimination

References

Van Dijk, T. A. (1984). Prejudice in Discourse. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins


Publishing Company
Van Dijk, T.A. (2000) Ideologies, racism, discourse: Debates on immigration and ethnic issues.
In: Jessika ter Wal & Maykel Verkuyten (Eds.), Comparative perspectives on racism. (pp. 91-
116). Aldershot etc.: Ashgate, 2000.
Van Dijk, T.A. (2006) Ideology and Discourse Analysis, Journal of Political Ideologies, 11(2),
115-140

79
Stylistic Analysis of Mohsin Hamid's Writing Style in "The Reluctant
Fundamentalist"
Tahir Imran Anjum
Teacher at Government High School, Chak # 135, Jhumra, Faisalabad
MPhil Scholar, Lahore Leads University, Lahore
Shumaila Kiran
Lecturer in English, Lahore Leads University, Lahore
Dr Mahmood Ahmad Azhar
Chairperson, Department of English, Lahore Leads University, Lahore

Abstract
The study aims to analyze the writing style of Pakistani famous writer Mohsin Hamid in his novel The
Reluctant Fundamentalist applying Noam Chomskys Transformational Grammar Theory. Specifically,
it sought to ascertain deep structure of the writing style in terms of sentence structure, tense of the verb,
and voice of the verb. So the researcher has tried to uncover it to examine the number of kernel
sentences in transformed sentences, in relation to the use of connectives and reductions. It is a short,
condensed novel, beautifully written and superbly constructed. The whole creation is simply made up of
the main character narrating his young lifes story to a stranger.
The Reluctant Fundamentalist succeeds in wrapping an exploration of the straining relationship between
East and West in a gripping yarn, an elegant and sharp indictment of the clouds of suspicion that now
shroud our world. This elegant, provocative novel in beautifully measured prose, offers a delicate
meditation on the nature of perception and prejudice. Symbols and symbolic language create multilayered
meanings in the text.
The findings showed that writer has used compound complex, declarative, simple past and active voice.
The transformed sentences were mostly composed of about one or more kernel sentences which had been
strung effectively together through the use of connectives. The most commonly used connectives were
and, that, but, and as. The punctuation marks such as comma, semicolon, colon, and dash were used to
connect the kernel sentences together. Sentence structure determines the number of kernel sentences,
connectives, and reductions.

Keywords: The Reluctant Fundamentalist, Style, Kernel sentence, Transformational Grammar.

80
Stylistics Analysis of Paulo Coelhos Novel The Alchemist
Maha Sarfraz
Mphil Scholar in Applied Linguistics, Government College for Women University, Sialkot

Abstract

Style can be, defined as the way language is used in a given context. Literary style can be
defined as the linguistic patterns chosen by a particular author intentionally or unintentionally
among all of the other options that are not chosen by her/him. The focal point of the study is to
do stylistics analysis of the novel, The Alchemist (1988), written by famous Brazilian writer
Paulo Coelho. One of the most influential novels with its profound thoughts and remarkable
artistry; it has unique narrative structure, and profound symbolic meaning. This study aims to
make a stylistic analysis of this novel using the stylistic model developed by Leech and Short
(2007). They described a list of different categories but study is focusing on four general
headings lexical categories, grammatical categories, figures of speech, coherence and
cohesion. That helped the reader to recognize the different stylistics features of the text and how
they are applied in the text. It also helped in understanding the theme and hidden meaning behind
writing this text. The researcher has used mixed approach for the study. The researcher has
used secondary source of data collection. Thus, in this study the researcher attempts to do
stylistic analysis on novel and shows how one can better understand writers use of different
literary elements and how meanings are constructed from a specific text to reveal its themes.

Keywords: Style, Stylistic Analysis, Stylistics devices, The Alchemist

References

Leech, G. and Short, M. (2001). Style in Fiction: A Linguistic Introduction to English Fictional Prose
Foreign Language. Beijing: Teaching and Research Press.
Dan, Shen. (1998). Research on Narrative and Novel Style. Beijing: Peking University Press.
Berhanu.M. (2009). Fundamentals of Literature. Alpha Printers PLC: Addis Ababa.

81
Textual and semiotic representation of feminism in autobiographical elements
Of Maya Angelou:

Komal Khan
Mphil Scholar, ISP, Multan
Khadija Khadim
Mphil Scholar, ISP, Multan
Muhammad Arfan Lodhi
Lecturer, Punjab Higher Education Department, Multan
Umi-e-Kulsoom
Mphil Scholar, ISP, Multan

Abstract
In Modern Standard English, the standard system of signs is universally accredited, convenient
and reliable as we find the expression in both writing and oral speech. As, in literature text
always serve as a guiding unit. Maya Angelou as an author defended black women and the
culture she possessed even portraying it in her seven autobiographies while deeply probing her
into ones own rather than probing into others. This study will analyze the textual depiction of
autobiographical elements through Fair Cloughs model and semiotics representation through the
modern system of signs and codes. The authoress opines that womanism is always the tag of
power, strength, sexual fulfillment, reconciliation, strong commitment and comprehending the
gender equality notion keeping in view especially the black women. Even, she gave an
embellished language to woman to show self respect, esteem, independency, beautiness,
sensitivity and as a creature of victim. Wearing an invisible crown while having a proud smile on
her lips, wavering light weight waist, and beautiful joyous feet shows steadfastness and will
power. Angelou illustrates she is no other than a woman. Her works inspires many women when
they see themselves in a fascinating and showering light of reality. The research design of this
study will be exploratory in nature where as qualitative study of methodology is used here. The
collected data is interpreted and analyzed through Fair Cloughs Model, and semiotics. It is
inevitably constructive as well as imaginative in nature and as a form of textual analysis through
the representation of textual scrutiny and codes while probing into feministic approaches and
analyzing the autobiographical elements of Maya Angelous biographies.

Keywords: Textual and semiotics representation, Feminism and its four waves, Womanism,
Maya Angelou autobiographical elements, rights for black women

82
Strategies of Linguistic Appropriation in Bilal Tanweers The Scatter Here is
Too Great

Madiha Ghous
Junior Lecturer, Department of English, University of Management Sciences and Information
Technology, Kotli, AJK
Mphil Scholar, International Islamic University, Islamabad
Ghulam Aisha
MS Scholar, Department of English, FJWU, Rawalpindi

Abstract
Appropriation and indigenization of the English language is becoming a defining force of the
literary texts of people from the formerly colonized countries. These works happen to be keen to
the difference of cultures that exist between Us and Them but instead of feeling humiliated,
demeaned, degraded or bogged down by this difference, tend to herald and celebrate it,
considering these cultural conflicts a part of their ideological makeup. The writers of these
respective cultures incorporate the nuances of their respective cultures in their writings and
appropriating the language of the colonizer is one of the distinctive features of these works. It is
both a way of showing their cultural assertion/making language bear the burden of their
experiences and a means of writing back to the empire.
Ashcroft & Griffith (2000) and Kachru (1983) enlisted some of the different techniques by which
the postcolonial writers appropriate the English language in their texts. The researchers of the
present study have taken their cue from the framework provided by the above mentioned
theorists and as applied by Awan and Ai (2012)in their article titled Strategies of Language
Appropriation in Khaled Hosseini`s A Thousand Splendid Suns and have sought to analyse and
comment upon the strategies of language appropriation adopted in Bilal Tanweer`s The Scatter
Here is Too Great (2014).
Keywords: language appropriation and abrogation, Tanweer; The Scatter Here is Too Great,
Postcolonial Literature in English.

References

Acheba,C.(2003). The African writer and the English language.Chinua Achebe`s Things Fall
Apart:A Casebook,55-56.USA:Oxford University Press.
Ashcroft,B.,Griffiths,G.,&Tiffin,H.(2002).The empire writes back.London:Routledge.
Awan,S.,Ali,M.(2012)
Kachru,B.(1983) The Indianization of English.The English Language in India.Delhi:Oxford
University Press.
Kachru,B.(n.d) Lexical Innovations in South Asian English.Retrieved on April 7,2014 from
http://www.deepdyve.com/Ip/de-gruyter/lexical-innovations-in-south-asian-english-
bqwCGXtaub
Ngugi wa Thiong`o(1986) Decolonising the mind:The politics of language in African
literature.London:James Currey.

83
Tanweer,B.(2014).The Scatter Here is Too Great.India:Random House.

LANGUAGE AND GENDER


Role of Gender in Language Shift in Pakistani Punjab
Dr. Asher John
Assistatnt Professor, Department of English, Forman Christian College, Lahore

Abstract
Pakistan is a multiethnic and multilingual country; approximately 72 languages are spoken there
including Punjabi, Urdu, Sindhi, Pashto, Balochi, Brahavi, Saraiki, and Shina. Punjabi is the language of
45% of the Pakistanis, but it has no official status and is not used in educational or governmental settings.
This study investigates language shift from Punjabi towards Urdu and the covert/overt prestige associated
with Punjabi among18-30 year-old adults in Punjab, Pakistan. This project hypothesizes that significant
differences in language choices will be found between male and female inhabitants of Punjab.
A number of studies have shown that women tend to use prestigious forms of language more than men
(Trudgill 1972, Labov 1966). According to Trudgill, womens tendency towards prestigious forms of
language could be attributed to their desire to transmit higher cultural norms to their offspring, their
insecurities in male dominated societies, and judgmental values of society towards women, where women
are judged on how they appear as compared to men on what they do (Trudgill 1974, 1983). On the other
hand, mens use of stigmatized forms of language carries covert prestige, which can be attributed to
notions of solidarity, toughness, and expression of masculinity (Trudgill 1974).
This paper reports on the results of semi-structured interviews recorded in Punjabi with 96 respondents
(46 urban and 50 rural) each from both Lahore City and rural areas of District Sahiwal. Respondents are
recruited in public parks and using friend of friend method and represent a broad spectrum of the
population. The interviews follow a questionnaire with open-ended questions that allow participants to
explain in detail their language choices in different domains and contexts. The interview questions also
focus on respondents perceptions and attitudes towards Punjabi.
The uniqueness of the study lies in the fact that it focuses on the overall population of young adults in
both the rural and urban centers of the province. Previous attitudinal studies have focused only on high
school and college students and cannot be called representative of the general population. The study is
also significant in its applicability to important social issues involving identity, official language, and
language of instruction in public schools. There are significant differences in language choices between
rural and urban inhabitants and between males and females.

Keywords: Gender, language choices, language domains

References

Labov, W. (1966). The social stratification of English in New York City. Washington DC: Centre for
Applied Linguistics.
Trudgill, P (1972). Sex, covert prestige and linguistic change in the urban British of Norwich. Language
in Society 1, 179-95.
Trudgill, P (1974). The social differentiation of English in Norwich. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.
Trudgill, P (1983). On dialect: Social and geographical perspectives. New York: New York University
Press.

84
Effects of Women Objectification in YoYo Honey Singhs Songs on Pakistani
Women
Maria Khalid
MS Scholar in English Linguistics, Foundation University, Islamabad

Abstract
Music is used as an avenue to express one's ideas and thoughts. One such genre of music which
has taken over the youth is "rap music" which has skewed the ideals of women beauty and
character of women. Degradation of women is obvious in rap and hip hop songs these days. We
Pakistanis are bigger fans of Indian rap songs especially when it comes to the famous YoYo
Honey Singh. The singer is said to be the epitome of rap music where he pleasurably objectify
women and expose women body. The singer has produced a repressive tyrannical ideology on
which woman is expected to look and act like. It is clear that women in these songs are used to
entertain and give pleasure visually to the audience while the lyrics take their roles in offering
narrative pleasure. The objectification of women and body exposition in popular culture is
indeed devastatingly epidemic as music is an industry where to sell the air, naked women will be
used. Keeping on tracks with "sex and exposed women bodies is something that sells the music"
is a materialistic approach.
Male gaze theory provides an important framework for understanding and researching on
objectification of women in song's lyrics and videos and works in both narrative and visual
cinema respectively. The theory now-a-days intercedes the actual idea thus, deconstructs its
original role and promotes women objectification in a filthy way. This study focuses on how
women objectification and body exposition is perpetuated in Honey Singh's songs through
deconstruction of the male gaze theory and its effects on women in Pakistani society. Misogyny
in hip hop/rap culture refers to the lyrics and videos which show glorified objectification of
women and exploitation of their bodies.
Honey Singh songs objectify women as an object of visual pleasure by confirming male gaze
which can be observed in his songs' videos whereas the narrative pleasure can be monitored in
his lyrics as he imposes a negative portrayal of women. His songs affects the thoughts and
behaviors of the listeners especially young Pakistani women; making them cautious towards self
objectification, body shaming, name calling and labeling and objectifying them as a source of
sexual pleasure for men.

Keywords: Sexual, Visual, Narrative, Songs, Lyrics

References
Craig A. Anderson, J. E. (2003). Exposure to Violent Media: The Effects of Songs With Violent
Lyrics on Aggressive Thoughts and Feelings. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 84
(5), 960-971.
McRobbie, A. (2007). Post-feminism and popular culture. Feminist Media Studies , 4,2004 (3),
255-264.

85
Mulvey, L. (1999). Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema. Film, Psychology, Society, and
Ideology , 833-844.
Sprankle, E. L. (2009, January). The Effects of Censored and Uncensored Sexually Explicit
Music on Sexual Attitudes and Perceptions of Sexual Acivity. Journal of Media Psychology
Theories Methods and Applications , 60-68.

86
Scrutinizing Textbooks through Gender Lens: A Linguistic Analysis of
Primary School Textbooks in Pakistan
Faiza Saleem
PhD Scholar, Baha-ud-Din Zakariya University, Multan

Abstract
Gender sensitivity is one of the emerging issues that have appealed major debates and research in
the education system in general and textbook reform in Pakistan in particular. School textbooks
as a significant gender socialization agent play a critical role in defining the students worldview
of female and male gender in the society. This study examines how language used in Pakistani
school textbooks still represents and promotes gender bias even after so many commitments and
movements to remove gender disparity and discrimination in education. It also focuses on the
strong impact of visual images in promoting gender biases and ideologies. The data is collected
from the textbooks of Urdu and English of class 5, prescribed by Punjab Textbook Board (PTB),
for the purpose of analysis, applying the feminist approaches towards language use (Cameron,
1998. Christie, 2000. Litosseliti, 2006). The study is divided into four sections, Content analysis,
Visual Analysis, Linguistic Analysis, and, Prevalent Themes. The results showed that the
textbooks are heavily biased both numerically and qualitatively, promoting strong gender
stereotypes. Such (mis)representations have negative effects on young learners and their progress
is put at risk, especially of females. The findings of this research can be used by the policy
makers, textbook authors, editors, and publishers to eliminate such disparities from textbooks
and also by ELT practitioner, teachers and students to make them aware of such biases and to
develop a gender-sensitive approach in teaching and learning processes, creating new paradigms
for our young learners.

Keywords: Language, Gender Stereotypes, Ideologies, Textbooks, Primary Educaion in


Pakistan

87
Gender Differences in the Use of Conversational Strategies in Mixed Talk: A
Case of Pakistani Culture

Tabassum Iqbal
Lecturer, University of Gujrat
Shamshad Rasool
University of Gujrat

Abstract
Every civilization and society on this earth shares two things in common; males and females and
their need to communicate. This study is an attempt to provide an account of difference in
conversational strategies used by males and females in Urdu Language. To carry out the study
two male-female conversations were examined in terms of conversational strategies (e.g.,
interruption, overlaps, intensifiers, amount of speech, topic shift) used by participants, in
naturalistic setting. The data of the study was collected through tape recordings and closed ended
questionnaires. The implication of the study is that there is a significant difference between
males and females in the use of conversation strategies. Another important finding of the study is
that conversation dominance is created through the use of these conversational strategies.

88
Gendered Priorities: A Case Study of Rasasi Gents and Ladies Perfumes
Comparative Literature
Dr. Abdul Waheed Qureshi
Assistant Professor in English, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan

Abstract
This research as a case study explains the gendered priorities, constructed and perpetuated
rhetorically. The goal is to show the various ways where man is given preference over woman by
critically analyzing the perfume literature of Rasasi company. The company has certain perfume
brands for both men and women i.e. in pairs with different literatures describing them. This
research has compared the perfume literatures for these pairs (gents and ladies perfumes) in
those varieties and has seen the attributions conferred upon male gender. By using the method of
Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), the study has critically examined the role of language in
accrediting one gender i.e. male and discrediting the other i.e. female. Male gender is given
preference everywhere. This assumption provides theoretical implications for the research which
is arrived at through CDA by treating language post-structurally. The various ingredients used
and their quality of smell described, the shapes of bottles containing perfume, and the literature
describing the personality, attitude, and gender of people, are dealt with under CDA to pinpoint
the necessary priority shown to male gender. The literature analyzed highlights the role of
language in the process of meaning-making; how is language used in favor of the dominant to
depress the less powerful to make it a convenient tool for the marginalization of femininity. It
explains language as a supreme agent in making the negative positive and vice versa. It adds
various dimensions to the already present facets of meanings. The various words and phrases
with contextual affiliation are treated under the backdrop of Faircloughs Three Dimensional
Model of CDA which results in the recognition of gender biases. It can be seen that male gender
is forever active behind the reservation of the opposite gender. CDA as method is critical of the
existing order of things. It advocates a positive change and voices the representation of the
oppressed. Here too, it has highlighted the importance of the opposite gender by covertly voicing
a resistance on behalf of women. Certain areas like the present research are still untouched and
needs an ontological explanation in the field of hermeneutics. This research can be regarded as a
positive step in the field of theory and forming concept building.

Keywords: gender; oppression; masculinity; CDA; voice

References

Cortese, J. A. (2008). Provocateur: Images of women and minorities in advertising (3rd ed.).
Lanham, USA: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. Retrieved June 11, 2011 from
ebooksclub.org
McConnell-Ginet, S. (2011). Gender, sexuality, and meaning: Linguistic practice and politics.
Studies in Language and Gender. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved August 13,
2016 from bookzz.org
Sunderland, J. (2004). Gendered discourses. Houndmills, UK: Palgrave Macmillan. Retrieved
February 7, 2011 from library.nu

89
Linguistic Variation across Gender in Pakistani Print Media: A
Multidimensional Analysis
Urooj Fatima Alvi
PhD Scholar, Government College University, Faisalabad

Abstract
The present study addresses the specific linguistic features of gender by investigating linguistic
variation in Pakistani English newspaper editorials (Pak. Ed.). It aims to identify if the male and
female language used in the corpus of Pak. Ed. has distinguished linguistic features. In order to
address this question, the technique of multidimensional (MD) analysis (Biber, 1988) is utilized,
which provides detailed grammatical information about the corpus to the text genres and
typologies that have already been studied, labeled and commonly acknowledged in English
language. A diverse dataset, consisting of 300 editorials from two leading newspapers has been
compiled which provides a variety and range of topics covered by different authors. The
resulting corpus is tagged for 67 linguistic features and factor analysis has been conducted, to
identify major linguistic patterns of co-occurrence. Five textual dimensions are utilized to define
some of the linguistic and functional characteristics of male and female language patterns in the
context of the Pakistani mass media. The dimensions collectively provide information content,
narrative features, situation oriented references, extent of argumentative language and abstract
style. Furthermore, a comparison of male and female editorials with British editorials shows
marked linguistic variation and indicates the female editorials are closer to British editorials on
two dimensions i.e. information content and narrative features. On the other hand, the male
editorials display quite distant results among all dimensions. Based on these results, it is
proposed that linguistic variation occurs in male and female editorial writing in the Pakistani
community at a national and international level.

Keywords: Linguistic Variation, Pakistani English Newspaper editorials, Linguistic Patterns of


Variation, MD analysis

90
Female Representations in Print Media: A Feminist Stylistic Analysis of
Pakistani Newspaper Articles
Dr. Muhammad Akbar Sajid
Assistant Professor and Head, Department of English, NUML, Multan Campus

Abstract
This paper critically decodes the discourses of Pakistani English and Urdu newspaper articles
(Daily Nawa-e-waqt and Dawn) regarding female representation(s) . It highlights that print
media discourse(s) employ different discursive techniques to make things common sense to
exclude either males or females from domains of power and making them behave in
accordance with societal norms. The present research attempts to explore how language is
politicised to propogate desired ideologyand worldview to make things common sense. In this
regard ,the researcher employs Mills (1995) model of feminist critical discourse analysis
(FCDA).The researcher finds this research model significantfor the research because it
investigates the ways language choices shape, conform and (de)construct the stereotypical
notions about men and women. Another important aspect of A Feminist Model of Text proposed
by Mills (1995) is that it has two facets of context within it: that of production and that of
reception. Additionally, she points out that the writers also have a fairly clear notion of what
subject matter is likely to be acceptable to the publishing world at a particular time. The
researcher has taken into account the use of diffefent discursive techniques like the use of
pronouns, competing discourses, the use of interrogatives and lexicalisation to lay bare
ideological underpinning embedded in the use of stylistic devices in print media discourses. This
research model works at the levels of production and reception of text centrally focusing on
literary text. This is how, it emerges as a blend of literature and linguistics (literary linguistics).
In this regard two articles appearing from the from May 2006 to May 2007 regarding female
representations (one from the each newspaper) have been randomly selected and analysed at
the mentioned levels employing the above stated model. The findings of the research illustrate
that there is a significant difference where female representation in English and Urdu newspapers
is concerned. Being the representatives of two different classes these newspapers carry different
ideological themes regarding female representations. Additionally, the research highlights that
print media discourses are best site for ideological investement to represent women accordingly .
The present research is derived from the published doctoral research project Representations
of Islam: A Study into the Discourse of Pakistani and Western Newspapers.

Keywords: Representations, Feminist Perspectives, Ideology, Newspaper Articles, Stylistics.

References

Conboy, M. (2007). The Language of News. London: Routledge.


Mills, S. (1995). Feminist Stylistics. London: Routledge.
Wood, J. T. (1992). Spinning the Symbolic Web: Human Communication and Symbolic
Interaction. Norword: Albex
Zoonen, L. van (1994). Feminist Media Studies. London: Sage.

91
Zubair, S. (2006). Women, English Literature and Identity Construction in Southern Punjab.
Pakistan Journal of South Asian Development. 1(2) 249-271.
Portrayal of Women in Pakistani Electronic Media

Ayesha Zafar
Mphil in Applied Linguistics, Kinnaird College for Women, Lahore

Abstract

Electronic media plays an important role in shaping public attitude, personal views and their
perceptions about different issues. It helps its audience to educate, entertain and inform. The
Pakistani society is experiencing mixed trends as far as the status of women is concerned. The
Constitution of Pakistan gives assurances of gender equality. However, the situation contradicts
in real where majority of Pakistani women are dominated by men in every walk of life. They
have been facing pressures that range from domestic to social arenas and considering the
historical perspective, Pakistani women have majorly been oppressed. Electronic Media of
Pakistan also depicts this gender biased approach and represents a stereotypical portrayal of
women. It projects an image of devalued and inferior women who is economically and
emotionally dependent. Moreover, it employs gender based stereotypes by representing women
to sell a product and as a source of entertainment. There are very few programs that feature
women as the main subject. Most of the TV serials, drama, news and other programs portray
women in a negative way. Apart from being depicted as passive and weak, women are presented
as physically attractive, displaying them as sex symbols. Their issues arent covered properly and
women related news are often exaggerated, underestimated or otherwise distorted. Furthermore,
insufficient and insensitive language content is used in national TV channels.
This research paper aims to investigate the attitudes towards the women of Pakistan and their
depiction in electronic media. It also evaluates their representation and discrimination on the
basis of gender and role providence. The sample of the study was selected from public and
private universities and business organizations where as the data was collected by survey and
content analysis of four leading (national) TV channels. The selection of channels was made on
the basis of their viewership and rating. It included Geo, Samma, ARY, and HUM TV. The
programs were selected from the categories of News, Music and Entertainment, Analysis and
Interpretations and Sports. The programs selected from the above mentioned categories were
Drama, Music Shows, News, Talk Shows, Interviews, Morning Shows, Cooking Shows and
Sports. The programs were selected from year January 2010- September 2013. On the basis of
these categories, women portrayal was divided into working class, house wives and
economically underprivileged women.
The findings of the research reveal that women are not represented equally nor their issues are
getting sufficient coverage. From the news and analysis category, it was observed that the
electronic media is influenced by certain cultural and political groups, with no specific policies
and procedures for women empowerment and gender insensitivity. Importantly, womens
portrayal is observed higher in entertainment sections, while the other sections especially sports
and business are underreported. Moreover, the channels are reflecting the gender bias patriarchal
Pakistani society and the data revealed that the women are presented as they are sexual objects
whose primary responsibility is to please men. Similarly, as far the cooking and morning shows
category is concerned, it clearly depicts as cooking and other house hold tasks are the primary

92
responsibility of ladies because the 95 % hosts of all cooking shows were females. Furthermore,
they are shown in roles that are neither positive nor realistic. Some are considered as victims and
others are objects of sexual pleasure. Moreover, the far and few in between news stories about
gender violence being more judgmental than factual. In the last, the research proposes
recommendations on the basis of findings of the study. It is very important that there should be
liaison between the media professionals, critics, women representatives and viewers in order to
formulate gender sensitive guidelines for media outlets to follow.

Keywords: Print media, Stereotype, Perceptions

93
Narcissism and Different Gender Choices on Facebook
Zafar Iqbal Bhatti
Lecturer, Institute of Communication & Cultural Studies, University of Management and
Technology, Lahore

Abstract
Narcissism and gender differences are very much emerging topics nowadays because of many
psychological and social perspectives. The focus of this study is to analyze the different
behaviors of the Facebook users. What kind of things they want to enter in their life? What type
of social identity they want to construct on these social websites especially on Facebook? The
aim is to observe also the different gender patterns and the narcissism behavior of men and
women in Pakistani society. This study was designed to find whether the Facebook variables are
associated to narcissism. Also, age and gender differences are studied with respect to narcissism
and Facebook variables. Firstly, the significant aspect in this study is dealt with the kind of
identity which both genders want to construct. Secondly, to investigate the degree of narcissistic
behavior between both genders. This study will also highlight that what kind of different choices
they make?
It also focuses on investigating the extent to which our social, cultural and linguistic behaviors
are being changed due to use of Facebook as it has drastically infiltrated our society and
language. For this study, 60 profiles were picked indiscriminately out of which 30 are male and
30 female or perhaps they showed themselves in this manner. This study aims to analyze the
narcissist behaviors, identity and different gender patterns among the youth of todays Pakistanis.
Since there is unlimited exposure to the internet and its influence in the current world is vast, this
study attempts to look into the issues of gender different choices and their narcissist attitude on
Facebook. It is hoped through this study, we could understand the personality and the behavior
of the young generation toward the Facebook medium.

94
A Sociolinguistic Study on Gender Stereotype Language used on
Social Media
Zunaira Zafar
Teacher at NICCAS Group of Colleges, Rahim Yar Khan
Sumera Mukhtar
Assistant Professor, Swedish College of Engineering & Technology, Rahim Yar Khan
Muhammad Arfan Lodhi
NCBA&E Multan

Abstract

This study is a sociolinguistic study of the gender stereotype language used on


social media. As Coulmes (1997) perceives sociolinguistics as an investigation of how social
structure influences the way people talk and how language varieties and patterns of use correlates
with social attributes such as class, sex and age. Lakoff (1975) believes that the distinction
between mens and womens language is a symptom of a problem in our culture, and not
primarily the problem itself. Gender roles furnish the material for gender stereotypes. The
distinctions exist on multiple levels and research shows that even on internet one is not a human
being rather a man or a woman.
The study was exploratory in nature and qualitative method was used to analyze data. The study
was conducted using two methods of instrumentation. For a two week period, posts were
collected off of three popular Social Networks (Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram) from 16
heavily active users .With this data, key words and language that inhibit gender roles and gender-
marked attitudes on these posts were analyzed. The finding of the study shows that linguistic and
cultural behavior of people is connected with social status as well, though they receive high
education but they didnt behave themselves when they talk on social media. Usually they break
into others conversations, they are not patient enough to finish their talk, they use rigid
sentences, they frequently use swear words and taboos.
This study has established the fact that the characteristic between male and female in ways of
interacting often leads to off beam notions, meanings and explanations given to certain
statements and gestures. It was also discovered that the differences between male female in the
aspects of turn taking, use of minimal responses, use of questions, shift between topics, loud and
aggressive arguments, often result in stereotype language. Thus through social media
stereotyping continues, and prejudice and discrimination are frequent consequences. This study
provides a gateway that women should be provided platforms and opportunities to prove
themselves in order to alter the stereotypical image portrayed by the social media.

Keywords: stereotype language, gender roles

References

Coulmas, F. (ed.) (1997). The Handbook of Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Blackwell

95
Lakoff, R. (1975). Language and Womens Place. New York: Harper&Row Publishers, Inc

CODE MIXING/SWITCHING
Code Mixing in Textbooks: Current Practice in Pakistan
Prof. Dr. Samina Amin Qadir
Vice Chancellor, Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi

Abstract
Processes of globalization and emergence of English as an international language have considerably
influenced many languages around the world, and Urdu, the national language of Pakistan, is no
exception in this regard. A significant result of the impact of English in Pakistan is its code mixing and
code switching with the national and local languages of Pakistan. Code mixing is frequent not only in
spoken discourse but also in the formal written discourse. This trend is also evident in the writing of
textbooks. Thus, the textbooks of various subjects that are written in Urdu contain a considerable
frequency of code mixed items. The present paper explores the textbooks of two subjects (Urdu and
Pakistan Studies) to examine code mixing used in them. The paper also provides insight into the
linguistic, socio-cultural and attitudinal implications of code mixing in the textbooks of Pakistani schools.
It is expected that the research would help to understand that Urdu is in a state of flux and in the present
times the phenomenon of code mixing is playing a vital role in redefining and restructuring both the lexes
and status of Urdu to the extent that this change is reflected in the formal sphere of writing textbooks.

Keywords: Code-mixing, code-switching, intra-sentential

96
A Socio-Pragmatic Code Switching and Code Mixing: Tools of creation of
Humour in Pakistani TV shows
Irfan Hussain
Lecturer in English, Government Postgraduate College, Jaranwala, Faisalabad
Hasan Abbas
Assistant Professor in English, Government Postgraduate College, Jaranwal, Faisalabad
PhD Scholar in Applied Linguistics, Government College University, Faisalabad

Abstract
This study aims to analyse the use of code switching and code mixing in Pakistani TV shows.
The code switching and code mixing have been observed in the bilingual media of Pakistan. For
many people, bilingualism and multilingualism are a fact of life and not a problem. Contact
between people speaking different languages has been a common phenomenon since ancient
times(Nortier, 2009). Code mixing and code switching are the terms widely used in the study of
bilingualism and multilingualism. Nilep (2006) writes, Search of the Linguistics and Language
Behavior Abstracts database in 2005 shows more than 1,800 articles on the subject published in
virtually every branch of linguistics. This study analysed the mixed use of languages including
Urdu, English and Punjabi in the creation of humour.The population of the study consists of
three TV shows incluiding Mzaq Rat (Dunya News), Hasb e Haal ( Dunya News) and
Khabarnaak (Geo News). The devised methodology, comprises of the five aspects of the
humorous use of the language of a bilingual society. These aspects of bilingual humour are; in
advertent humor, accent humour, malapropism, translation and markers. Oral examples have
been taken and transcribed into written form. This study brings out the significance of
bilingualism in production of the ideas of mind. Humour is one of the important elements
regarding creativity of mind that becomes more effective with the use of multiple languages.
The study concludes that code switching and code mixing are used as a vital tool of humour in
the TV shows of a bilingual society. The results suggest that the use of code switching and code
mixing have the potential for the creation of humour. This potential can be channelized, not only
to create healthy humour, but also to use it in other disciplines of life including teaching
pedagogy, entertainment and brain health etc.

Keywords: Bilingual Humour, Code Switching, Code Mixing,TV shows

References

Nortier, J. (2009). Types and Sources of Bilingual Data. The Blackwell Guide to Research
Methods in Bilingualism and Multilingualism. doi:10.1002/9781444301120.ch3
Nilep, C. (2006). Code Switching in Sociocultural Linguistics. Colorado Research in
Linguistics, 19(June), 122. Retrieved from
http://www.colorado.edu/linguistics/CRIL/Volume19_Issue1/paper_NILEP.pdf

97
Investigation into Linguistic Features of Code Switching: A Case Study of
English Language Teacher
Seema Laghari
Research Associate, University of Sindh, Jamshoro
Mphil Scholar, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro
Dr. Habibullah Pathan
Associate Professor and Director, English Language Development Centre, Mehran University of
Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro

Abstract
The aim behind this study is to investigate the Linguistic Features of Code Switching, done in
classroom while delivering lectures among the multilingual group of people. According to a
Sociolinguist Ronald Wardhaugh (1986) definition, that the term code can be used to refer to
any kind of system that two or more people employ for communication, Espinosa (1917) named
as speech mixture, in the speech of New Mexicans (cited by Ana Huerta- Macias and Elizabeth
Quintero, 2001). Code-Switching is composed by the coining of two words code and switch .
As we Pakistanis are Multilingual people we are habitual of using more than one language at a
time in our formal and informal conversations, that is the main reason that when we are teaching
in a classroom we often code switch, be that in different levels (Inter-sentential/Intra-sentential
code switching occur. The main purpose of this study is to contribute to a better understanding of
the code-switching phenomenon to have positive impacts upon teaching and learning process.
The study investigates the linguistic features of code- switching, that include intra-sentential
code-switching, inter-sentential code-switching and code-switching at word, phrase and clause
level, which are examined in both male and female university teachers lectures. Several findings
from Urdu/English code-switching corpus, collected from Mehran University will be presented
and analyzed. It is investigated that while making use of code-switching, there is a frequent use
of different linguistic features of code-switching between Urdu and English by university
teachers. It will be investigated that if the intra-sentential code- switching is the leading code-
switched area, and code-switching at word, clause, and phrase level, being a part of inter-
sentential code-switching, which are the successive areas On the other hand, the inter-sentential
code-switching will make how much of the percentage value of it. The research method for this
is qualitative, as the tool for data collection the naturalistic observation will be used. The results
will be acquired by using Antconc. corpus software.

Keywords: Code-switching, classroom interaction, bilingual, multilingual, intra-sentential code-


switching, inter-sentential code-switching

References

Aichun, L. (2003, april 24). Teacher Code Switching between English and Chinese in Englih as
foreign Language Classroom. Retrieved from -:
http://www.beinwaionline.com/tutor/2003collection/liuaichun.htm

98
Malika, l. (1994). sociolinguistics: A study of code switching . new delhi: anmol publication.
Mamokgethi Setati and Jill Adler . (2001). Incomplete Jouney: code switching and other
Language Practices in mathematics, science and English classroom in south africa.
wardaugh, R. (2005). an introduction to sociolinguistics. In r. Wardaugh, an introduction to
sociolinguistics. oxford: Blackwell Publishing.

99
Autistic Bilingualism: Impact of Additive & Subtractive Approaches

Irfan Abbas
Lecturer in English, Minhaj University, Lahore
PhD Scholar, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad
Dr. Nadeem Haider Bukhari
Professor and Dean, Faculty of Arts, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffaraba
Azhar Masood Khan
Senior School Teacher (SST)

Abstract
Bilingualism is considered to be an advantage not only for typically developing children but also
for children suffering from neurodevelopmental and language disorders. Autism is a complex
neurodevelopmental disorder which results in triad of impairments i.e. social communication,
social interaction & stereotypical behavior. The research has proved that bilingualism can help
these children in different ways. However, there has been less research in this area, particularly
there is scarcity of research on the comparative study evaluating the impact of immersion and
translation programs for teaching autists. Such a study is very much vital not only for the
betterment of these children but also in designing the overall educational language policy.
Present study is an attempt in this direction.
The researcher selected 24 autists of 8-11 years of age. Children were chosen from the autism
centers for children in Rawalpindi & Lahore. Half were taught through translation program and
half of them through immersion. The selected children had no significant differences in age of
onset, acquisition of first word, difficulties in communication & impairment in social interaction.
The data were collected through researchers observational notes, psychotherapists diary notes,
interviews with parents of ASDs and psychotherapist, & expressive and receptive language skill
tests.
The results showed that children had no significant difference in the overall language
development, however, it was observed that children taught through additive approach had
developed better skills in social interaction. The researcher highlighted the pedagogical
implications of the study and also gave recommendations for educational language policy.

Keywords: bilingualism, autism, additive, subtractive, language learning.

References

Ahmad, S. I. (2011). Issues of medium of instruction in Pakistan. International Journal of Social


Sciences and Education, 1(1), 66.
Bialystok, E., & Barac, R. (2012). Emerging bilingualism: Dissociating advantages for
metalinguistic awareness and executive control. Cognition, 122, 67-73.
Wray, A., & Bloomer, A. (2006). Projects in linguistics: A practical guide to researching
language (2nd ed.). London: Hodder Arnold.

100
Nehla, Nau or Nine --- When to Use What? Multilingual Literacy Practices of
Street Vendors
Sabiha Zunnorain
Lecturer, Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi.
Azka Khan
Lecturer, Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi.

Abstract

Literacy has been recognized as a basic human right and is considered a multifaceted skill that all
humans must accomplish in order to function successfully in day to day life. Barton (1998)
explains literacy as a set of social and linguistic practices that can be inferred from the literacy
events, which are mediated by written texts. Various multilingual literacies are associated with
different domains of life which are purposeful and embedded in broader social goals and cultural
practices. This research documents the multilingual literacy practices of street vendors,
conceptualizing literacy as a purposeful and situated use of language. The research examines the
overall context of the literacy events which allows a discussion on participants, activities,
settings, domains and resources (Barton, 2000). The study also provides an account of the
multilingual practices of the participants noted during their interaction with the customers and
the researcher. This research employs a descriptive-qualitative design. Observation and one-to-
one semi-structured interviews are used for data collection. Twelve street vendors are observed
and interviewed. The interviews are audio-recorded for a detailed analysis. Age group remains a
significant variable that differentiates the respondents of this study and provides a room for
discussion on changing literacy practices. The research concludes with a discussion on how these
multilingual literacy practices are patterned by social institutions and power hierarchies and what
makes certain literacies more dominant, visible and influential than others.

Keywords: Multilingual literacy practices, functional literacy, street vendors, situated social
practices, power hierarchies

101
LANGUAGE POLICY
Urdu as the Official Language of Pakistan: Challenges, Implications and
Prospects
Dr Muhammad Shaban Rafi
Assistant Professor and Head, Department of English Language and Literature, University of
Management and Technology, Lahore
Dr Nadia Anwar
Assistant Professor, Department of English Language and Literature, University of Management
and Technology, Lahore

Abstract

This study was conducted in the backdrop of verdict passed by the Supreme Court of Pakistan to
restore Urdu as the official language of Pakistan. The judgment (September, 2015) came at the
time when the people of Pakistan had lived with English as the primary language for official
communication in the social institutions for around seven decades. The researchers investigated
the challenges, implications and prospects that the decision of instituting Urdu as the official
language of Pakistan may raise and generate during its implementation. The data was elicited
from the articles published on the theme by the prominent writers in the daily English (Dawn,
The News, and The Express Tribune) and Urdu (Jang, Nawa-i-waqat and Khabrain) newspapers.
At the first stage, the opinions of the writers were analyzed to make an informed judgment about
the popular reception of the decision. At the second stage, a sample of 20 academics from
different fields of study was selected to record their opinions on the qualitative findings on a five
point scale questionnaire. The study not only reveals that English Newspapers depict linguistics
constraints (i.e., morphological and syntactic) for the successful functioning of the anglicized
Urdu language but also offers a conservative picture about the success of current initiatives by
the government bodies to translate the English text into the Urdu language. The exercise, if
materialized, may lead to further complications since the translation is often unable to capture
the social-cultural nuances intended by authors. The findings demonstrate that both Urdu
newspapers and majority of study respondents, due to their linguistic affiliation with the Urdu
language, support and by extension sponsor the Supreme Court decision perhaps without actually
looking into its possible implications. Following the data analysis, the study proposes a
monolingual approach for the official communication, which can be supplemented by translating
Urdu or/and decoded English language.

Keywords: Supreme Court; Urdu; English

102
English in Urdu Language Textbooks; Policy or No Policy?
Zobina Asghar
Lecturer, Government Postgraduate College (W), Mandi Bahauddin
PhD Scholar, Government College University, Faisalabad
Dr. Muhammad Asim Mahmood
Associate Professor and Head, Department of English, Government College University
Faisalabad
Samina Ali Asghar
Lecturer in English, University of Education, Faisalabad
PhD scholar, Government College University, Faisalabad

Abstract
This paper investigates the instances of borrowing and code-mixing in language textbooks. The
content analysis of three (grade 6-8) Urdu language textbooks, published by ThePunjab Text
Book board (PTB) and approved by the Punjab Curriculum authority according to national
curriculum 2006 and national textbook and learning materials policy 2007, has been done. The
Domain-wise categories of the English lexes present in these textbooks shows that education is
the most influenced field by English vocabulary. Based on the findings, this study raises many
questions i.e. why have Urdu words been replaced with English lexes in Urdu language
textbooks? What is the justification for giving English translation with Urdu words? What is the
need of giving translation questions in exercises? Finally, the study suggests the need of a careful
corpus and acquisition planning to provide standard Urdu in Urdu language textbooks.

Keywords: Corpus planning, borrowing, code switching, Urdu language Textbooks

References

Anwar, B. (2007). Urdu-English Code-Switching: The Use of Urdu phrases and Clauses In
Pakistani English (A Non-native Variety). ESP World (17).
Asghar, Z. M., & Mahmood, M. A. (2013). Urdu in anglicized World: A corpus based study.
International Journal of English and Literature , 4 (4), 134-140.
Byrd, P. (2001). "Textbooks: Evaluation for selection and analysis for implementation." In M. C.
Murcia (Ed.), Teaching English as a second or foreign language (pp. 415-427). Heinle, Cengage
Learning.
Holmes, J. (2000). An Introduction to Sociolinguistics (2nd ed.). Wellington: Longman.
Kim, E. (2006). Reasons and Motivations for Code-mixing and Code-switching. EFL, IV(1), 43-
61.

103
Spanish Language Knowledge: A New Requirement for Spanish Nationality
Applicants
Mara Isabel Maldonado Garca
Assistant Professor and Incharge, Institute of Languages, University of the Punjab, Lahore

Abstract
The new Spanish nationality law requires a certain level of Spanish language knowledge for the
application of Spanish nationality. The law, on the Official State Bulletin (BOE-Boletin Oficial
del Estado) N. 167, Section I, Page 58,149 and which was drafted on the 14th of July, 2015, came
in effect on the 15th of October, 2015. The new regulation drafted the new requirements of the
immigrants to become Spanish citizens. The law was mainly targeted towards the descendants
of those Jewish people who were thrown out of Spain in 1492 in an effort of the Spanish
government to normalize relations. Nevertheless, all new applicants are somehow affected by it
since a minimum knowledge of Spanish language is required (level DELE A2 according to the
European Framework of languages) and a certain cultural and constitutional knowledge as well
to be measured by two specific exams; passing the DELE A2 or superior level and the CCSE
exam. These exams, according to the law, are to be administered by Instituto Cervantes, the
official Institute of teaching Spanish language of the Government of Spain. This paper aims to
study the new law and the repercussions and new effects the law is having on Instituto Cervantes
Centers in terms of enrollments as well as the effects on a specific group of immigrants
themselves; the immigrants from Pakistan.

Keywords: Language Policy in Spain, Spanish Language, Immigration Law, Instituto Cervantes

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LANGUAGE ENDANGERMENT
Languages in Danger of Death: Causes and Remedies

Dr. Muhammad Tariq Khan


Department of Management Sciences, University of Haripur, Pakistan

Abstract

Spoken language is the most intimate expression of identity and personality of the people, a
clearest expression and a valuable resource and carrier of their knowledge, wisdom, experiences,
freedom, culture and creative spirit accumulated throughout the history. Language also builds
the peoples collective consciousness and ambition and conveys the core values of the
community and spurns invention essential to strengthening the peoples aspirations. Language is
very closely related to mind because one thinks and conceptualizes, by means of language.
People feel that there is an integral link between their language and culture and believe that their
culture is expressed through their own language and cannot be adequately represented by any
other language. Because of this extreme need of language for mankind thousands of languages
have been invented. But it is the age of globalization referring increasing interconnectedness and
interdependence of the modern world. The flow of money and information has become quicker
than ever across countries. Goods and services produced in one part of the world are increasingly
available in all parts of the world. More recently the growth of electronic communication and the
internationalization of world financial markets have further speeded up the process. This
revolutionary development is also affecting the languages. Just one example: English is spoken
by less than 20 per cent of the worlds people, but 68 per cent of the Internets web-pages are in
English. So in this era of globalization many languages are dying and some are suffering from
danger of death. According to some research studies at least 10 languages disappear every year.
Linguists are very anxious about endangerment of languages, who, think that, the smaller
languages of the world are dying due to the standardization created by the modern state and the
corporate sector or their marginalization by dominant majority language speakers. If languages
are lost, people also lose their identity, cultural legacy and inherited knowledge, and
consequently when any community loses its language at the same time it often loses a great deal
of its cultural identity, heritage and treasure of knowledge accumulated during centuries. As
death of language causes loss of knowledge, experiences, traditions and culture so it is now a
matter of deep concerns for language scholars writers and researchers. This article is dedicated to
discuss, languages endangerment, its causes, consequences and its relationship with globalization
and internationalization, of business, economy and communication facilities.

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LANGUAGE AND THOUGHT
The Multiple Helix of Language and Thought

Anjum P. Saleemi
Professor in Linguistics, Riphah International University, Lahore

Abstract
Human language, as investigated by linguists of various stripes and persuasions, and indeed by
their many colleagues in other related disciplines, is well known to pose a formidable array of
problems. In terms of its inherent psychological robustness in the face of several seemingly
insurmountable hurdles, it appears to be eminently learnable under all sorts of diverse conditions,
and is readily usable even when the structures involved are very complex and deceptive, whether
the task in hand is production or comprehension. The latter, for instance, may require the
resolution of ubiquitous lexical and not infrequent structural ambiguities. The learning and use of
human language, it appears, exhibit a remarkable cognitive ease. It goes without saying that its
role in the sociological and anthropological fabric of society is indisputably seminal, a role that,
unfortunately, I can directly mention merely in passing in the interest of brevity of exposition of
the intended topic whose scope is patently wide enough as it is.
Our topic is no less than the overall architecture of the faculty of language, including those
aspects of the system of thought which are almost inextricably germane to language. The core of
all this, as should be obvious, is constituted by the internal formal (i.e., structural, in the broad
sense) and meaning-related mechanisms (again, rather broadly defined) of language. Linguistic
form has several intertwined levels or dimensions, but in this talk I primarily intend to focus on
morphology, syntax, semantics and pragmatics, generally abstracting away from the phonetic
and phonological aspects of form for the sake of simplicity. I propose to discuss the intricate
fashion in which the various levels of structure and meaning seem to be interconnected, and
outline a broad perspective of how the convoluted helix of language comprising multiple strands
hangs together. Further, boundary disputes within and between various academic disciplines
abound, as do various descriptive or analytical puzzles and theoretical viewpoints; naturally, the
various branches of linguistics are by no means exempt from such proprietary and analytical
divisiveness and uncertainty. My perspective could possibly also have the impact of rendering
this fragmented picture far less bothersome than it may be perceived to be by many.
One of the key issues appears to be the apparent paradox of autonomy and inseparability of form
and meaning, where the former predictably refers to phonetic, phonological, morphological and
syntactic structures, and the latter to meaning of several kinds, which spans across its following
often overlapping and intersecting components and aspects, or related pairs thereof (though not
necessarily dichotomous):
(a) the conceptual system and the mental lexicon;
(b) lexical and nonlexical;
(c) literal and nonliteral (i.e., including its figurative/metaphorical extensions);
(d) spontaneous, as opposed to prefabricated;
(e) literary in contrast with nonliterary;

106
(f) an inferential framework of cooperative and empathetic principles of communication, and the
accepted or attested modes of their violation;
(g) propositional and illocutionary (indirect as well as direct);
(h) intentional and unintentional; and
(i) the Language of Thought, and our background of common sense (which of course can be
extended to a highly sophisticated level of knowledge, as among scientists).
Note that many of the facets and types of meaning in the list above have to keep looping back to
(a), its beginning, particularly, the conceptual system, as they must, since, thoughts, intentional
or otherwise, and the other items listed before that, can be formulated only in terms of concepts.
Further add to this (j) the general dimension of time, which must cut across all of the above, and
the sum total that you obtain is a substantially accidental mixture of historical (diachronic) and
current (synchronic) facts of both form and meaning, a mixture that any language is bound to
consist of, clearly at the cost of grammatical consistency across the board. The absence of
consistency makes the twin tasks of description and analysis very difficult, with the result that
such explanations of these facts as do exist must necessarily be either relatively limited or
amorphous in scope if the linguist adopts a too strict mini-theoretical approach, or for that
matter an undisciplined meta-theoretical one.
In other words, what we have to deal with, if we eventually wish to pursue a good understanding
of the phenomena in question more or less holistically, as well as in detail, is a system
characterized by virtually unbounded complexity, boundaries that have to keep shifting, and
many other variable factors. Besides, and significantly, our scheme is not meant to be sequential
but parallel; consequently, the object of inquiry emerges as a massively twisted helix that,
regardless and undeterred, yields linear or nonlinear input or output for articulation and
comprehension, as the case may be; clearly, whats input for one of these two processes could of
course become output for the other, and vice versa, depending on which direction the system is
churning in. It should be pointed out explicitly that my reigning assumption throughout has been
that each of the various strands of the helix continually refers back and forth, to varying degrees,
in order to cross-check or (re)adjust its computations in accordance with whats going on
elsewhere.
Some people will obviously be critical of cutting such a broad swathe in demarcating our domain
of inquiry, and perhaps rightly so. So let me add that in my view a good deal of division of
labour and small-scale analysis are not only desirable but necessary. The problematic strategy is
one that encourages researchers to remain content with the study of small, ill-fitting, or
somewhat jumbled pieces of the huge jigsaw puzzle we have to try to put together, who dont
refer often enough to the larger map, and whose analysis lacks any attempts at synthesis. Time
permitting, I hope to be able to demonstrate sufficiently concretely and persuasively what Ive
outlined in the foregoing paragraphs with some linguistic examples. To my mind, at any rate, to
sketch out the large picture, as precisely and comprehensively as possible under the
circumstances (a sort of Linguistics 101 for experts, as it were!) is in itself an attempt that is
worth making at a gathering like this. Finally, it seems pertinent to reemphasize, in light of the
daunting complexity of the language-and-thought system as outlined above, that its a
stupendous wonder that such a system should work at all, or as smoothly as it evidently does!

107
The Bricolage and the Breakthroughs (still underway) in Modern Human
Digital (=Logical) Linguistic Communications
Kumon Kimiaki Tokumaru
Freelance Researcher, Japan

Abstract
Logics of Phonemes and Morae in Speech Sound Stream and Logics of Dichotomy and Dualism
equipped in (Mobile) Neurons Inside Cerebrospinal Fluid in Ventricular System Interact for
Unconscious Grammatical Processing and Constitute Meaning of Scientific Concepts (A
Molecular Bio-linguistic Approach with the emphasis on the importance of Orthography)
This talk aims to pay attention to the logical elements, namely phonemes, morae in speech
sound stream and orthography in writing. The logical sound elements of phonemes and
morae were acquired as the result of two stage evolutions in modern human speech sound
enabled by modern-human-unique Perpendicular and Isometric Vocal Tract. The evolutions
seem to have taken place in Middle Stone Age South Africa (72-66 ka, namely between Toba
Volcanic Eruption winter and Howiesons Poort Neolithic industries). Phonemes enabled to
create limitless number of words, and morae gave birth to grammatical syllables in speech sound
stream to be modulated automatically.
The orthography becomes crucially important and indispensable in the 20th century when the
natural sciences deal with invisible and uncountable materials/phenomena. It is necessary to
exploit scientific terms accurately and rigorously to assure the correctness of conceptual
operations. The orthography plays a critical role to distinguish sophisticated and subtle
difference in writing scientific concepts.
On the other hand, in-brain biological mechanism to process modern human digital (=logical)
linguistic information is based on bricolage of vertebrate or mammal central nervous system.
Neurons and mobile neurons (= immune cells) inside Ventricular System, Cerebrospinal Fluid
and Brainstem Auditory Nuclei are exploited and sometime converted to process complex and
very sophisticated modern human digital language.
The processing of grammatical syllables is made at the expense of sound localization function at
the brainstem auditory nuclei. Thus mother tongue audition is made monaurally.
The meaning of concepts are memories of sensory stimuli as well as logical operations among
neurons. It is necessary to distinguish daily concepts and (complex) logical concepts to
establish accurate meanings of concepts.
In order to fully exploit the genomes of modern human linguistic information, it is necessary to
implement Forward Error Correction (FEC) for Channel Coding Errors, errors in transmission
channel, and Source Coding Errors, incorrect or inaccurate meaning. The FEC in the information

108
theories should be referred to to establish effective error correction method for linguistic
information.

HISTORICAL LINGUISTICS
Historical Linguistics: Afro-Romanic and the origins of Ibero-Romance
languages
Prof. Dr. Francisco A. Marcos-Marn
Professor, Department of Modern Languages and Literatures, College of Liberal and Fine Arts,
The University of Texas at San Antonio, USA

Abstract
Little has been said about the use of Afro-Romanic variants by Berbers in al-Andalus, and the contact
among those variants and Ibero-Romance. This paper will try to present a summary of the state-of-the-art,
particularly from the linguistic and the Romance Philology perspectives. Questions to be considered are
of the following kind: How much do we know about the continuity of Latin in North-West Africa
between the 5th and the 10th centuries? How well do we know Afro-Romance? Could we determine some
basic linguistic features of Afro-Romanic and, if yes, which ones? Which data are consistent with the
presence of Berbers, Afro-Romanic speakers, in al-Andalus? To what extent Afro-Romanic may have
exerted an influence on Andalusi Romance? Which consequences this may have on our knowledge of
Iberian Romance languages? Some of the answers are startling and all of them imply a turn in what is
known about the origins of Ibero-Romance.

109
SOCIOLINGUISTICS
The changing state of the field of linguistics and priorities of different
linguistic studies in Pakistan
Dr. Elena Bashir,
Senior Lecturer, The Department of South Asian Languages and Civilizations, The University of
Chicago, Chicago, USA

Abstract
I see one of the functions of a keynote address as taking a broad view of the state of the art of a
given field, then moving to a specific focus on a particular theme or geographical area. In this
case, the general theme has been articulated by the conference organizers as aspects and
approaches in contemporary linguistic studies. The area of geographical focus is, of course,
Pakistan. Another function of a keynote address is, I think, to serve as a motivational tool for
students and young scholars. I hope my talk will do this.
In my address, I propose to address the following topics:
- The changing state of the field of linguistics in Pakistan recent progress
- Priorities for linguistics in Pakistan a balance between theoretical advances in the field and
the practical needs of the country
- Sub-fields already relatively well represented
sociolinguistics
English as a second language
computational linguistics
- Other sub-fields of particular immediate value to Pakistan which have as yet received relatively
less attention
- descriptive linguistics using a widely accepted, relatively theory-neutral approach such
as Dixons Basic Linguistic Theory, which requires skills in:
- phonology
- typology
- basic morphology and syntax
- historical linguistics
- lexicography

Reasons for focusing on these particular sub-fields to be discussed.

110
Soft Power of Punjabi: Language in the Domains of Pleasure
Tariq Rahman
Professor and Dean, Seeta Majeed School of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences, Beaconhouse
National University, Lahore

Abstract

Punjabi is the language of the powerful Punjabi majority community in Pakistan and a small but
very active minority in India. The argument of this paper is that, though not used in the domains
of power, Punjabi possesses soft power. It is used in the private domains of pleasure for
expressing solidarity, intimacy, bonhomie, fellow feeling and to represent the Punjabi
community in a good light. Because of its use in songs, jokes, movies and witty repartee the
language creates and sustains the image of the carefree, happy-go-lucky, fun loving, generous,
brave and magnanimous Punjabi in both Pakistan and India. This soft power is the main value of
the language for the Punjabi community not only in Pakistan but also in India where the
language gives access to the lower domains of power but only on a limited scale.

111
Revisiting Evolution and Spread of English Language: Critical Insights for
Contemporary Language Attitudes and Issues

Sajida Zaki
Professor & Chairperson, Humanities Department, NED University of Engineering and
Technology

Abstract
English Language has gained unprecedented prominence owing to globalization both as a
necessary precondition for and a consequence of this phenomenon. In fact the contemporary
spread of English language is largely ascribed to globalization. However, the earlier historical
spread of English language has been attributed to the two dispersals that not only transported but
transplanted the Early Modern English from 18th century onwards to the different corners of the
globe right from Americas to Australia. With the passage of time, through socio political
contacts, events and actions, English emerged as the worlds lingua franca with no other
language posing any threat to its current position and continuing expansion. This evolution and
expansion of English Language that span over ten centuries offer critical insights for individuals
interested in language studies especially those approaching it from applied or critical linguistics
domains. With respect to Pakistan, this area would perhaps offer the much-needed starting point
for analyzing the multilingual language landscape and for developing a more logical approach
towards languages - Urdu, English and all native/indigenous languages.
The evolution of English Language provides a framework for studying the developmental phases
of a language along with the problems it has to encounter and the conditions it must fulfill in
order to survive and grow. Linguistic variation manifested itself as English Language made
contact with other languages and people at different points in time over the last ten centuries.
The duration varied as the nature of contact changed from political to social to economic and so
on. English Language enjoyed period of prominence and prestige; and also endured serious
threats to its power, influence, status and even survival. It managed to remain politically,
economically, culturally, and academically vibrant that ultimately made it an attractive language
for such an extended time-frame to people across wide ranging contexts, cultures, and continents.
Considerable literature and research evidence indicate this phenomenal journey to be much more
than a historic coincidence and a result of hegemonic efforts alone.
This paper is organized around three sections based on the inductive reasoning paradigm used to
complete the study outlined in this paper. The first section presents an account capturing the
evolution and expansion of the English Language followed by the next section outlining factors
and conditions derived from this account and presented as a parallel to highlight specific
contextual issues and the linguistic, social and psychological underpinning governing these
issues. The final section of the paper concerns emerging implications for language professionals
for streamlining academic, social, and psychological aspects of the language landscape in
Pakistan. The scope of the paper is to present an alternative perception to the backcloth used for
individual and collective response towards languages.

112
My Baba is Doing Pooja: Media Tongue Replacing Mother Tongue

Dr Saiqa Imtiaz Asif


Professor, Department of English, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan

Abstract
Electronic media especially television channels are transforming the sociolinguistic scene all
over the world. In societies where there is substantial penetration of electronic media, this change
is more evident. Pakistan and India are arch rivals in South Asia. Despite this enmity the Indian
TV channels are very popular in Pakistan and vice versa. Among the cartoon channels usually
shown are the ones created in India or at least dubbed in Hindi. These channels are very popular
among children. Consequently, a new phenomenon has started cropping up in the form of Hindi
code switching in the speech of Pakistani young children. With the help of data collected from
Hindi dubbed cartoons, this paper will first discuss the kind of Hindi language these programmes
are presenting. Then it will present the data from the speech and interviews of children to discern
how far the Hindi language has penetrated in their common speech practices. The paper will also
discuss the response of the parents to this phenomenon. In the end I will reflect upon the
implications of the mixing of Hindi with Urdu and other languages by the young generation of a
country where Hindi is not acceptable as an identity symbol.

113
Relationship between Functional Literacy in English & Financial Inclusion in
Pakistan
Dr. Habibullah Pathan
Associate Professor and Director, English Language and Development Centre, Mehran
University of Engineering & Technology, Jamshoro

Abstract
This paper argues that the lower functional literacy in languages used by financial sector of the
country has adverse consequences for the development of the country.
Unfortunately, the literacy rate in Pakistan is low. The Economic Survey (2014-15) reports 58%
literacy rate of Pakistan as compared to 60% in 2012-13 which is in clash with UNESCOs target
88% to be achieved by 2015. The economic survey (2014-15) reports 56% literacy rate in Sindh
province which goes below 50% in the rural areas. Moreover, while looking at the operational
definition of literacy as per UNESCO literacy is the ability to identify, understand, interpret,
create, communicate, compute and use printed and written materials associated with varying
contexts, the statistics in interior Sindh may lower than it is reported. Given such conditions, the
people in interior Sindh in particular and Pakistan in general have very little access to banking
services, mobile banking and ATM services. Due to lower literacy rate, they are not able to avail
these facilities. It is, thus, necessary to educate them and enable them to read, understand and
write in their mother tongue as well as in English language which dominates the banking
throughout the world including Pakistan. The higher functional literacy in language used by
banking sector in Pakistan is likely to contribute in elevating national economy which according
to IMF world Economic Outlook (2015) can be among world top 25 economies by 2025.

Keywords: Functional Literacy, Financial Inclusion, Banking services, National Economy,

114
English as Medium of Instruction at Primary Level in Punjab
Dr. Khuda Bakhsh
Assistant Professor, Department of Education, Government College University, Faisalabad

Abstract
The study was designed to explore how well teaching of Mathematics and General Science in
English is effective at primary level in Punjab. A sample of five thousands Primary School
Teachers PST participated in the study. The researcher developed a questionnaire for the teachers
to see the level of effectiveness for teaching the recommended subjects in English language. The
collected data was entered into SPSS and the results were found using descriptive statistics. The
findings revealed that teaching of Math and General Science to primary students in English is
highly potent and effective.

Keywords: English, medium of instruction, primary school teacher, Mathematics, General


Science

115
Honorifics: A Dying Tradition of Urdu Language
Khalid Mahmood
Mphil Scholar in Applied Linguistics, Department of English Language and Literature (DELL),
School of Social Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore
Lubna Khan
Mphil Scholar in Applied Linguistics, Department of English Language and Literature (DELL),
School of Social Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore
Ahmed Bilal Khan
Mphil Scholar in Applied Linguistics, Department of English Language and Literature (DELL),
School of Social Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore
Yasir Arbab
Mphil Scholar in Applied Linguistics, Department of English Language and Literature (DELL),
School of Social Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore

Abstract
Language is the strongest pillar of identity for a nation. Language is not only the means of
communication but it also transmits the culture and traditions of the speech community. Urdu is
a national language of Pakistan. In addition, Urdu has also attained the status of official language
of the country through a verdict of Supreme Court of Pakistan in September 2015. However, due
to penetration of English language and culture in our society, the traditions attached with Urdu
language are fading out in urban areas. The purpose of this poster presentation is to explore the
dying out tradition of honorifics in Urdu language in the context of wedding invitation cards
especially in the urban areas of Pakistan. Urdu honorifics are honorific titles or appendices to
names, covering formal and informal social, commercial, and religious relationships. These may
take the form of prefixes, suffixes or replacements. For example Noor-e-Chasham, Barkhurdar
(Son), Noor-e-Chashmi, Dukhtar-e-Nek-Akhtar (Daughter), Azeezam (Brother), Azeeza (Sister),
Mukarami, Muhtram Janab (Mr. or Sir) and Begum Sahiba (Mrs. or Madam) etc. The honorifics
are not only sweet and attractive words but also a source of politeness and love among relations.
To explore the phenomena, fifty wedding invitation cards (twenty five cards each of Urdu and
English languages) were collected. However, in poster, only six wedding invitation cards (three
cards each of Urdu and English languages) will be displayed. Document analysis method was
applied to analyse the honorifics in both Urdu and English languages. The analysis has shown
the rich treasure of honorifics in Urdu language as compared to English reflected on wedding
invitation cards. Urdu language has a vast vocabulary of honorifics to be used for a single
relation with different words. However, on the other hand, English language has limited
storehouse of honorifics. To support this notion, honorifics found and analysed from fifty
wedding invitation cards (twenty five each of Urdu and English languages) have been compared
and quantified. Use of these polite words and gestures are need of the hour to bridge the gap of
social relations and culminate extremism and terrorism from society. This will also connect our
present day generations with the harmonious traditions of Urdu language. The study concludes
by triggering the policy makers, educationists and community members to promote Urdu
language and all its connected traditions like honorifics which are a source of respect and
honour.

116
Keywords: Honorifics, politeness, dying traditions, wedding invitation cards

References

Agha, A. (1994a). Honorifics. Annual Review of Anthropology, 23(1994), 277 302.


Kousar, S. (2015). Politeness Orientation in Social Hierarchies in Urdu. International
Journal of Society, Culture & Language, 3(2015), 85-96.
Kumari, N. & Reddy, S. D. (2012). (In)directness of Requesting in Hindi. SKY Journal of
Linguistics, 25(2012), 125149.

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COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS
Bidirectional Roman-Arabic Script Transliteration for Urdu Language
Aneeta Niazi
Research Officer, Center for Language Engineering (CLE), Alkhawarizmi Institute of Computer
Science (KICS), University of Engineering and Technology (UET), Lahore.

Abstract
Machine transliteration is the process of converting one script to another, on the basis of similar
pronunciation of alphabets (Transliteration, 2016). Urdu is an under-resourced language, that is
written in Arabic script as a standard (Humayoun, Nawab, Uzair, Aslam, & Farzand, 2016).
Most of the text based IT applications such as mobile sms, websites, internet chat, blogs etc. used
by Urdu speakers use Roman script as default, and almost non-significant support is available for
Arabic script (Ahmed, 2009). Moreover, desktop computers, laptops, mobile phones etc.
generally have QWERTY keyboards that use Roman alphabets, which makes it difficult to write
in other scripts. Although, support for writing Urdu in Arabic script is available for text based
applications, but as Roman script is more readily available and users are less familiar with Urdu
keyboards, writing Urdu in Roman script is found convenient by the users for informal
communications. For the provision of localized language content for the community of Urdu
speakers, and for the development of information retrieval applications, a bidirectional Roman-
Arabic script transliteration system is of vital importance. Unlike Arabic script, Roman-Urdu
does not have standard spellings for Urdu words. An Urdu word can be spelled in many different
ways in Roman, based on the phonetic similarity of Roman and Arabic alphabets. On the basis
of phonological equivalence, there are cases of one-to-many mapping between Roman and
Arabic alphabets. Moreover, there is no one-to-one mapping between Roman and Arabic
alphabets for vowel sounds. Such mapping issues make the transliteration between the two
scripts a very challenging problem. As Roman-Urdu is written by intuition, most of the
rules applied for Roman to Arabic script transliteration are different from Arabic to
Roman transliteration, and cannot be applied in reverse direction. A high frequency word list of
3287 words has been used in order to ensure an accurate output. A new set of mapping rules has
been presented in order to improve Roman to Arabic script transliteration. The testing results of
the presented system have shown 87.141% accuracy for Roman to Arabic script and 92.895%
accuracy for Arabic to Roman script transliteration.

Keywords: Roman-Arabic transliteration, bidirectional transliteration, English-Urdu


transliteration

References

Ahmed, T. (2009). Roman to Urdu Transliteration Using Word List. Conference on Language
and Technology. Lahore, Pakistan.

118
Humayoun, M., Nawab, R. M., Uzair, M., Aslam, S., & Farzand, O. (2016). Urdu Summary
Corpus. The International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2016),
(pp. 796-800). Portoro , Solvenia.
Transliteration. (2016, July 2). Retrieved from Wikipedia:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transliteration

119
Grammatical Functions as Functional Tags in Urdu Treebank
Dr. Tafseer Ahmed Khan
Assistant Professor, DSU, Karachi
Almas Ashraf
Lecturer in English, Government Karachi College for Women, Karachi
Shazia Mushtaque
MS Scholar, NED-UET, Karachi
Munir Masih
MS Scholar, NED-UET, Karachi
Alia Farooqui
MS Scholar, NED-UET, Karachi
Alaina Khan
MS Scholar, NED-UET, Karachi

Abstract
The paper presents the grammatical functions annotated as function tag in Urdu Treebank project. The
goal of Urdu treebank project is to annotate 5000 sentences of using penn treebank (Marcus et al. 1993)
like phrase structured annotation. Currently 1500 sentences are annotated. There are three layers of
annotation (syntactic phrase, grammatical function and semantic role) are on phrase tag labels. An
example of Urdu annotated sentence is given below.

(S (PPSUBJ:A0 laRkI nE)


(NPOBJ:A1 ye/PDM
(ADJP buhat/ADV acHHI/ADJ) kitAb/NN)
(VC paRHI/VB) )

The main phrase tags PP (postpositional phrase), NP (noun phrase), ADJP (adjective phrase) and VC
(verbal complex) etc. are for syntactic phrases. We term the syntactic phrase tags as the first layer of
annotation. The second layer comes after hyphen () and represents the grammatical function (SUBJect
and OBJect etc.) of the constituents. The third layer, separated by colon, will be implemented in future
work and consists of semantic roles (A0 and A1 etc.). We chose Hindi/Urdu Propbank (Vaidya 2011)
roles.

This paper focuses on the grammatical roles (the second layer) used in the annotation. We are inspired by
grammatical functions of Lexical Functional Grammar (Butt et al. 2003). The grammatical functions used
are SUBJect, OBJect, OBLique, ADJunct, PreDicate Link and Part Of Function). The last one (POF)
comes from Hindi/Urdu propbank and is used with nouns and adjectives of noun/adjective+verb complex
predicates. The paper presents examples of Urdu specific (or south asia specific) issues (e.g. complex
predicates, case marking, noncanonical second argument and complex predicates etc.) and their
modeling/representation through the above described grammatical functions.

120
Prospects of Machine Translation for Pairs of Pakistani Languages
Dr. Ghulam Raza
Assistant Professor, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Islamabad

Abstract
Pakistan is a diverse country ethnically, culturally and linguistically. More than sixty languages
(Rahman, 2004) from the Indo-Aryan, Indo-Iranian and Dravidian families are spoken in the
country. The major Indo-Aryan languages spoken in Pakistan are Punjabi, Saraiki, Sindhi and
Urdu. People of the communities speaking these languages as their mother tongues sum up to
more than 75% population of the country. Structurally these languages are very close to each
other and share a great portion of lexicon. Some pairs among them are mutually intelligible to
much extent and others to some extent. Having machine translation (MT) systems for such
languages would help the three fourth of Pakistani people with different linguistic backgrounds
to understand each others culture and literary tradition in a better way. In the recent past MT
systems for many closely related language pairs (Hajic, 1987; Scannell, 2006; Tantung, Adali &
Oflazer, 2007) have been developed. This paper aims to investigate the opportunities and
problems to be faced in developing the MT systems for such language pairs of Pakistan. Saraiki-
Urdu language pair would be taken as a test case and the orthographical, lexical, morphological
and structural similarities and differences between the two languages would be explored in the
purview of the benefits and challenges they could pose in developing the transfer-based MT
system of these languages. A transfer-based MT system for such languages is proposed due to
not having enough linguistic resources, so far, to go for other approaches of machine translation
needing huge amount of monolingual and/or multilingual corpora (Brown, Cocke, Della Pietra,
Della Pietra, Jelinek, Lafferty, Mercer & Roossin, 1990).

Key words: Machine translation, Closely-related languages, Indo-Aryan languages

References

Brown, P. F., Cocke, J., Della Pietra, S. A., Della Pietra, V. J., Jelinek, F., Lafferty, J. D.,
Mercer, L. R., & Roossin, P. S. (1990). A statistical approach to machine translation.
Computational Linguistics, 16(2), 7985.
Hajic, J. (1987). Ruslan: An MT system between closely related languages. in proc. 3rd
Conference of The European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 113
117.
Rahman, T. (2004). Language Policy and Localization in Pakistan: Proposal for a Paradigmatic
Shift. Crossing the Digital Divide, SCALLA Conference on Computational Linguistics.
Scannell, K. P. (2006). Machine Translation for Closely Related language Pair, in proc.
Workshop on Strategies for developing machine translation for minority languages at LREC
2006, Genoa, Italy.
Tantug, A. C., Adali, E., & Oflazer, K. (2007). Machine translation between turkic languages. in
proc. ACL 2007, Companion Volume, The Association for Computer Linguistics.

121
LANGUAGE TEACHING
Communicative Competence: An Analysis of the Secondary School English
Textbook
Sadia Shad
Lecturer in English, University of Education, Township Campus, Lahore

Abstract
Today the new goal of ELT is to produce learners who can communicate successfully in English
even if they are not able to imitate the native speakers. So the aim is no more to teach students
the importance of being accurate in terms of grammar, pronunciations etc. while communicating
in the target language, but to use it appropriately and competently. Thus, the new goal in the field
of English Language Teaching is to attain Communicative Competence that includes four
subfields i.e. Linguistic (grammatical) Competence, Sociolinguistic Competence, Discourse
Competence and Strategic Competence. In order to make students communicatively competent,
it is need of the hour to integrate the components of communicative competence into the
curriculum especially in a setting like Pakistan, where English is taught as a second language.
This study aims to present an in-depth analysis of the English Textbook for grade 9 prescribed by
Punjab Textbook Board, in terms of its relevance to the integration of four major components of
Communicative Competence; linguistic (grammatical), sociolinguistic, discourse and strategic
competence. Another purpose is to analyze the potential of the investigated textbook activities
for developing Communicative Competence and to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the
content in terms of its relevance with the features of Communicative Competence. The study
also aims to formulate recommendations for improving or revising the existing textbook to
enhance its potential for developing Communicative Competence. The results and analysis of the
activities of the English textbook clearly show that majority of the activities are attempting to
develop students' grammatical competence. The textbook activities heavily rely on grammar-
oriented materials which make the 'linguistic/grammatical competence' the most commonly
referred practice. Discourse competence remains second most incorporated component.
Sociolinguistic and Strategic competence are comparatively neglected areas and can be improved
by integrating activities about real life language use which help students to negotiate the meaning
on their own and participate in real life communicative events. A more balanced amalgamation
of all the four competences should be integrated into the textbook activities. More
communicative activities and real life tasks should be taken into consideration. Moreover,
detailed guidelines and instructions about these competences should also be included in the
textbook.

Keywords: communicative competence; components of communicative competence; outcomes


of ELT; global trend in ELT; textbook analysis

References

Bagaric, V, (2007). Defining Communicative Competence. Metodika, 8 (1), 94-103

122
Canale, M., & Swain, M. (1980). Theoretical bases of communicative approaches to second
language teaching and testing. Applied Linguistics, 1, 1-47
Canale, M. (1983). from Communicative Competence to Communicative Language pedagogy. In
Richards, J. C., & Schmidt, R. W. (Eds.), Language and Communication, 2-27. London,
Longman
Hymes, D.H. (1972). On Communicative Competence. In: J.B. Pride and J. Holmes (eds)
Sociolinguistics, Selected Readings (pp 269-293). Harmondsworth: penguin,
Savignon. J. S. "Communicative Language Teaching for the twenty first century" In. Celce-
Murcia, M. (Ed). (2001). Teaching English as a Second or Foreign Language (pp 13-27). Heinle
& Heinle, United States of America.

123
A study of Sociolinguistic Issues faced by Pakistani English Graduates in
United Kingdom
Quratulan
Mphil Scholar, The University of Lahore

Abstract
This paper was an exploration of the problems and issues faced by the Pakistani students who are
getting higher education at international universities especially in the universities of United
Kingdom. It has been said that since 1997 the number of international students has increased
(Taylor, 2005). These problems have been responsible for poor educational results of the
international learners. Background of learner having two types of schools medium of teaching;
English and Urdu medium. According to Sutton and Galloway (Galloway, 2000) students and
teachers efforts matter in both schools for higher studies. Non-English speaking background,
new linguistic exposures and differences of dialects hinder the proper and rapid regulation and
linguistic displacements etc. are some other issues. Cultural drift keeps students from swift
adjustment and these changes have deep influence on higher studies at international universities
(Nasir, 2011). Similarly task-based language teaching should be included in teaching curriculum
(Freire, 2009). Some minor problems are also there including accommodation, halal food,
psychological problems such as homesickness, anxiety, adjustment and marginalization issues in
new environment etc. The present study was conducted and demonstrated in public universities
in United Kingdom to dig out the crucial issues of students facing at the moment. Keeping in
view the vastness of the topic the researcher decided to use the exploratory research which
helped to peep into the problems and difficulties of the Pakistani students. A structured
questionnaire was postulated for the collection of data. For data analysis statistical software was
applied. Conclusively the results showed that the double standards of teaching medium in
Pakistan had very strong impact on the higher studies. Students faced marginalized due to the
lack of vocabulary and confidence. Task-based language teaching has been proved to be one of
the best teaching techniques and methods. Similarly cultural differences created difficulties
regarding international studies and coping up with the new environment. On the other hand
students faced some indigenous psychological issues which hinder their ways of achieving goals.
This study helped new students who are planning to go for higher studies at international
universities to make strategies to meet new challenges.

Keywords: International students, background schooling, cultural drift, teaching methods

References

Freire, P. (2009). Pedagogy of the oppressed: In D. Filnders & S. Thornton (Eds). The
curriculum studies reader , 147-154.
Galloway, J. P. (2000). College success of students from three high schools settings. Journal of
Research and Development in Education. Vol 33(3), Athens, Georgia .
Nasir, M. (2011). Correlation of emotional intelligence with demographic characteristics.
Academic achievement and cultural adjustment of the students of International Iiui
(PhD).International Islamic University, Islamabad .
Taylor, J. A. (2005). Poverty and Student Achievement. Multicultural Education , 53-55.

124
Use of Politeness Strategies by the Teachers of Karachi University: a gender-
based study
Shumaila Shafket Ali
Assistant Professor, Department of English, University of Karachi

Abstract
Politeness in discourse is the desired goal in every culture but the notion of politeness varies
from one culture to the other. What is perceived to be polite to one group may not necessarily be
perceived as polite by the other, which reinforces the notion of linguistic relativity that actually
shapes our world view. Communication between male and female being one of the forms of
cross-cultural communication, the notion and the use of politeness can also vary across gender.
The current study aims to locate gender differences in the use of politeness strategies employed
by the teachers of the University of Karachi. Rooted in Qualitative paradigm, case study design
was employed by focusing exclusively on the teachers of the Faculty of Science and Social
Sciences. The data for the study were gathered from the teachers of both the faculties using
convenient sampling technique. The data were based on 30 teachers responses to the Discourse
Completion Task (DCT) which was designed keeping in mind commonly occurring classroom
situations at the University of Karachi. In order to cross-check the validity of the teachers
responses on the Discourse Completion Task, some teachers classes were also observed. The
data gathered for this study were analyzed using not only the Politeness Principle presented by
Leech (1983) or the Politeness theory proposed by Brown and Levinson (1987), but the teachers
responses to the situations given in the DCT were also evaluated in the light of the post-modern
theories of politeness (Holmes, 2005; Mills, 2003; Terkourafi, 2005) to see if any gender
differences exist in the degree and nature of politeness or impoliteness in the classroom
discourse. The findings of the study reveal obvious gender differences in the use of politeness
strategies irrespective of the teachers age, designation and the subject they teach. The results of
the study further strengthen the notion of gender performativity implying that gender does not
exist in itself rather we perform it through our discourse and this performance in some cases is
not even affected by our age and position in society. The results of this study carry the
implication that gender identity is as strongly reflected through our discourse as it is reflected
through our appearance.
Keywords: politeness, impoliteness, gender, cross-cultural communication.
References
Brown, P., & Levinson, S. (1987). Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Holmes, J. (2005). Politeness and postmodernism: an appropriate approach to the analysis of
language and gender? Journal of Sociolinguistics, 9(1), 108-117.
Leech, G N. (1983). Principles of Pragmatics. London: Longman.
Mills, S. (2003). Gender and Politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Terkourafi, M. (2005). Beyond the micro-level in politeness research. Journal of Politeness
Research, 1(2), 237-262.

125
Summative Assessment Practices for Undergraduate EAP Courses: An
Exploratory Study
Almas Ashraf
Lecturer in English, Government Karachi College for Women, Karachi
Dr. Sajida Zaki
Professor and Chairperson, Department of Humanities, NED-UET, Karachi
Samreen Humayun
Assistant Professor, Jinnah University for Women, Karachi

Abstract
Language assessment in Pakistan is significant at undergraduate level since it carries influential
consequences for the learners. However, it has been observed that the assessment of language
courses in higher education institutes does not reflect the learners language abilities truly.
Therefore, it is imperative to examine the contemporary summative assessment practices to have
confidence in their validity and reliability. In order to address this issue, this empirical paper
aimed at exploring the language assessment practices carried out by ELTs for EAP courses at
undergraduate level. Thirty question papers, set for EAP summative assessment, were collected
from several public and private universities of Karachi. The collected exam papers were
analyzed through content analysis. Ethical procedures were followed to ensure confidentiality
and anonymity of the teachers and institutions during data collection and particularly at data
analysis stage. The findings revealed that the contemporary summative assessment practices for
EAP courses suffer from a number of weaknesses. It also implies that the existing assessment
practices have failed to address the changing needs and to keep pace with the development in
language assessment itself.

Keywords: language assessment practices; summative assessment; EAP courses.

References

Alderson, J. C., & Banerjee, J. (2001). Language testing and assessment (Part I). Language
Teaching , 34, 213-236.
Fulcher, G., & Davidson, F. (2007). Language testing and assessment: An advanced resource
book. New York: Routledge.
Green, A. (2014). Exploring language assessment and testing: Language in action. Oxon:
Routledge.
Pizorn, K. & Huhta, A. (2016). Assessment in educational settings. In Tsagari, D. & Banerjee, J.
(Eds.) Handbook of Second Language Assessment (pp. 239-254). New York: Muton De Gruyter.

126
The Importance of CALL in Enhancing Language Skills in a Distance
Learning Class Room As Compared To a Traditional Class Room
Rehana Yasmin Anjum
Assistant Professor in English, Government College for Women University, Sialkot
PhD Scholar, UMT, Lahore

Abstract
The computer has revolutionized all walks of life. In this technologically advanced world of 4G,
distance learning has become manna in the wilderness, especially for those who want to improve
their qualification but cannot due to lack of institutions in the area. The CALL, Computer
Assisted Language Learning, environment offers a rare opportunity to the distance learners to
overcome the hampering factor of physical presence of the teachers. It has received a cold
response from pedagogical elite who consider it an additional drag on the economy of the
country. They favour a status quo in the form of the traditional teaching styles, both in Distance
and traditional educational systems. This paper compares the multifarious utility of CALL in
both classrooms. This study will be from administration, teachers and students perspective it
aims at analysing the role of technology and mobile phones in the classroom for language skills
learning purpose in particular. Population is the students and teachers of BS and MS programs,
Dip TEFL and Masters TEFL. The sample is students and teachers at GCWU, Sialkot and from
AIOU. It was observed that students of AIOU find thesis writing a herculian task in the absence
of proper knowledge as well as training in computer oriented resources development. They are
students of distant areas who have no access to libraries in their local areas. CALL provides
manna in wilderness to such students. CIPP model of evaluation developed by Stufflebeam
(2000) is used as a methodology. This model offers a complete opportunity of a contextual
analysis of any situation which helps in the decision making process. Data is collected through a
questionnaire and interview survey. Triangulation is done through participant observation as a
teacher as well as a student of both systems simultaneously .The content analysis is also done of
the two system's syllabi and results. The results show that it is a very promising area yet to be
explored in Pakistani scenario. The benefits are for those students and teachers who are computer
literate. This can be used as a prospective alternative of printed text provided training
opportunities are available to the participants. The current study showed the interest of both
students and teachers in distance learning education along with traditional education. It will help
teachers in promoting the use of technology in the classroom.

Keywords: CALL, CIPP Model, Distance learning, Technology oriented pedagogy

References

Blake, R. (2012). Brave New Digital Classroom (2nd Edition). Washington, DC:
GeorgetownUniversityPress.
Delcloque, P. (2000) History of CALL: http://www.ict4lt.org/en/History_of_CALL.pdf
de Szendeffy J. (2005) A practical guide to using computers in language teaching, Ann Arbor:
UniversityofMichiganPress.
Egbert, J. & Petrie G. (eds) (2006). CALL Research Perspectives. Mahwah NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

127
Diphthongs And Triphthongs Difficult Glides To Grasp
For The Students Of M. A. English
Muhammad Abdul Qayyum
Mphil Scholar, The University of Lahore, Gujrat Campus
Abstract
English, in Pakistan, is taught as a compulsory language and is also considered as a mark of
modernity and style. It is a bitter reality that most of our students of M. A. English are unable to
speak correct English and majority of them aspire to become teachers. It is alarming that these
students despite being aware of the significance of correct pronunciation are least interested in
practising different sounds of English. The learning of true pronunciation of diphthongs and
triphthongs becomes difficult for the learners of English when they start learning these sounds
after acquiring and using L1 during the initial years of their life. Learning correct spoken English
is difficult.
The broad spectrum of this study is to remove fallacious concepts about diphthongs and
triphthongs and to highlight their true pronunciation for the students of M. A. English. One of the
most common pronunciation mistakes that is made by majority of the learners of English is the
production of pure vowel where a diphthong or a triphthong should be pronounced. The most
important thing to remember about all the diphthongs is that the first part is much longer and
stronger than the second part; e.g., as in the words eye and I consist of a diphthong i.e. +,
and as the glide to happens, the loudness of the sound decreases. The most complex English
sounds of the vowel type are the triphthongs. A triphthong is a glide from one vowel to another
and then to a third, all produced rapidly and without interruption. For example the word hour
begins with a vowel goes on to a glide i.e., then ends with a mid-central vowel (schwa ). We
represent hour //. This presentation highlights such crucial issues in a concise, practical
way.
The findings of the research highlight the importance of correct pronunciation of diphthongs and
triphthongs. For instance, majority of the students are not sure about their true concepts of
diphthongal and triphthongal glides and they also do not improve them. They seldom consult the
dictionary to check and confirm the pronunciation of these gliding sounds. The researcher, at the
end of his research, also gives some remedial measures for the removal of such fallacious
concepts. The greatest key to success is self-motivation. They need both instrumental motivation
and integrated motivation. They must implement their learning in their practical life through
consulting the dictionary.

Keywords: Diphthongs, Triphthongs, Difficult, Glides

References

Abdul, M. [Qayyum]. (2006). Diphthongs and Triphthongs An Achilles Heel for the Students of
M.A. English at Sialkot, (Unpublished Masters Thesis). Allama Iqbal Open University,
Islamabad, Pakistan
Roach, Peter. (1988). Long Vowels, diphthongs and triphthongs. English Phonetics and
Phonology A Practical Course (pp. 19 & 22). Cambridge. Cambridge University Press.

128
Usage and Implementation of Feedback Strategies on Errors in Second
Language Writing at Under-Graduate Level

Sara Ghazanfar Khan


Lecturer, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Lahore

Abstract

The present study focuses on feedback strategies employed by the teachers in the teaching of
second language writing at the undergraduate level. Writings skills are an inseparable part of the
language learning process and therefore elevating the significance of adopting effective means to
teach the skill. Henceforth, lays significance on the fact of employing effective feedback
strategies for the evaluation of learners errors. The study aims at investigating teachers
thoughts and perception towards the implementation of feedback strategies. The study focuses on
the significance of teacher feedback in second language writing. In addition to this, the research
will also take into account the teachers preferences for the types of feedback provided. It
explores the implementation of various feedback strategies employed by the teachers.
Additionally, the outcomes of the study also illuminate the importance of implementing effective
feedback strategies in ELT writing courses. For the purpose of the study, an interview survey
was conducted among ten teachers related to ELT writing course at under-graduate level;
employing an open-ended questionnaire as a tool for investigating and exploring the variety of
feedback types used by the teachers. Additionally the study also reveals the teachers preference
and partiality attributed to a particular type (feedback). The interviews were tape recorded and
were then further analyzed and converted to text transcripts. Each interview was listened to and
reflected particularly. Furthermore, the typology of written corrective feedback illustrated and
presented in the results show that teachers in this study are well aware of the importance of the
feedback which they provide on students writings. Moreover, the results also show that teachers
prefer teacher feedback (teacher correction, teacher correction with comments, error
identification, commentary, teacher-student conferencing) to non-teacher feedback (peer
correction and self-correction). The results suggest the significance of integrating teacher
feedback in teaching writing skills and which ultimately is reflected through improved students
writings in the course of time. Furthermore, the study inculcates the second language teachers to
monitor learners errors in a way that augments their writing abilities. Lastly, the study
emphasizes on the fact that feedback when employed significantly as a teaching learning process
proves to be a catalyst in the language learning process.

Keywords: Written Corrective Feedback, teacher feedback, non-teacher feedback, errors.

References

Cardelle, M &Corno, L. (1981). Effects on Second Language Learning of Variations in Written


Feedback on Homework Assignments, TESOL Quarterly, 15, 251-261.
Caroll, S., &Swain, M (1993). Explicit and implicit negative feedback: An empirical study of the
learining of linguistic generalizations. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 15, 357-386.

129
Cordor, S. (1967). The significance of learners' errors. International Review of Applied
Linguistics, 5, 161-167.
Cordor, S. (1980). Error Analysis and Interlanguage. Oxford: OUP.
Cumming, A. (1985). Responding to the writing of ESL students. In M. Magiuire & A. Pare
(Eds.), Patterns of development (pp. 58-75). Ottawa: Canadian Council of teachers of English.

130
The Role of Sufficient Input and Age in the Acquisition of Second Language:
The Case of Parameters
Azhar Pervaiz
Assistant Professor, University of Sargodha, Sargodha

Abstract
Acquisition of the English article system by the second language (L2) learners is a difficult task
especially, for the learners of articleless languages. The present research highlights the features
and possible hurdles in acquiring the English article system by Urdu L1 speakers in Pakistan
with reference to age and sufficient input. Unlike English, Urdu is an articleless language. So, it
becomes difficult to acquire and match the features which are not found in the mother tongue and
the learners have to rely upon the semantic universals in the Universal Grammar (UG). Ionin, Ko
and Wexler (2004) proposed the Article Choice Parameter (ACP) and Fluctuation Hypothesis
(FH) according to which L2 learners have full access to UG principles and parameter-settings.
They fluctuate between the parameters of specificity and definiteness until the sufficient input
leads them to set this parameter to the appropriate value. In order to see how Urdu L1 Speakers
acquire English article, a fill-in-the-article test was administered to the L2 learners who were
divided into three groups i.e. Matric, BS, and MA groups according to their age and years of
exposure to the English language. The data from the respondents were further processed by using
one way ANOVA, Post Hoc and Tukey tests and the results were drawn to show that the
coefficients of age and years of exposure are highly significant which cause to increase the
accuracy rate of the respondents. Regression results showed that age is a significant contributor
in determining accuracy rate as all the p-values show significant coefficients. Results of type
wise regression models show that accuracy rate approximately increases by 0.03 percent for each
extra year of age. The data further support the view that there is a role of age and sufficient input
in the acquisition of second language.

Keywords: Age, Input, Parameters, Fluctuation, Universal Grammar

References

Ko, H. (2004). Semantic Features in UG: Perspectives from L2-English Article Choice. 1-27.

131
Propagation of Culture through ELT Pedagogy: A Study of L2 Teachers perceptions at
Government and Private Schools, Sindh Pakistan

Syed Waqar Ali Shah


MS Scholars, English Language Development Center, Mehran University of Engineering & Technology Jamshoro
Dr. Habibullah Pathan
Associate Professor and Director, English Language Development Center, Mehran University of Engineering &
Technology Jamshoro
Syed Hyder Raza Shah
MS Scholars, English Language Development Center, Mehran University of Engineering & Technology Jamshoro

Abstract
English language teaching is generally viewed uncritically without considering the political and
ideological factors involved in it. Most teachers equate language teaching activity with mere
transmission of grammar rules taught through prescribed course books for teaching the target
language. This attitude towards language teaching positions English as devoid of any agenda
carried in L2 context. This paper attempts to investigate L2 teachers perceptions about English
language course books and practices at government and private schools in Sindh Pakistan. The
study is qualitative in nature. The semi-structured interviews were conducted from English
language teachers (n=10) five from elite private schools and five from government higher
secondary schools using purposive sampling. The data was analyzed using content analysis. The
findings of the study indicate that English language teaching is not a passive activity. ELT
classes are used as sites for propagating local and foreign culture. In case of state-run schools,
English promotes national culture, values and ideologies where as in private schools, English is
used as a tool to westernize L2 learners by providing them with secular and liberal worldview.
The study suggests that the elements of socialization through English in both contexts need to be
balanced and language teaching should not be ideologically-driven activity. Instead, it should
aim to develop critical thinking skills among L2 learners through neutral course contents.

Keywords: English Language Teaching, Politics, Ideology, L2 Teachers, Sindh

132
Effect of Cooperative Learning on Student Achievement in English
Comprehension at Secondary Level

Saira Akram
Mphil Scholar in Linguistics, ISP, Multan

Dr Muzaffar Qadir Bhatti


Visiting lecturer, ISP, Multan

Abstract

One of the major problems of Pakistani school going students in learning English language is their lack of
ability to comprehend the language. Unfortunately, a large number of students fail to pass the high stake
tests as these students are not provided with sufficient background of comprehension strategies of
learning English language. The purpose of this study was to fill this gap and teach students different
reading strategies which are highly effective in increasing students comprehension of the language and
which have successfully been implemented in various countries whose first language is not English. In
this experimental study, two groups of 9th graders in a public high school in Punjab, each comprised 30,
were randomly selected for the experiment. A pretest-posttest control group design was used for this
study. Two teachers having same qualification (in English language) were randomly assigned to each
group. Three unseen comprehension passages were given to both groups as pretest in which both groups
performed in a similar way. Findings and results revealed that there was no significance difference
between the two groups in pretest while there was significant difference in posttest as experimental group
performed better than control group.so cooperative learning proved better instructional strategy for the
improvement of English comprehension.

Keywords: comprehension strategies, reading, writing, cooperative learning, STAD

133
Problems & Challenges in learning Speaking Skills: L2 Learners Perceptions
at a Public Sector University, Sindh Pakistan
Rukhsana Soomro
MS Scholar, English Language Development Center, Mehran University of Engineering & Technology, Jamshoro
Sindh Pakistan
Dr. Natasha Memon
Assistant Professor, English Language Development Center, Mehran University of Engineering & Technology,
Jamshoro Sindh
Syed Waqar Ali Shah
MS Scholar, English Language Development Center, Mehran University of Engineering & Technology, Jamshoro
Sindh Pakistan

Abstract
Teaching speaking skills in large class is a serious challenge for most teachers in the world. The
situation is rather worse when it comes to underdeveloped countries like Pakistan where the
course and class size are not in favor of enabling L2 learners to speak English language more
effectively. This paper aims to investigate the problems faced by L2 learners while learning
speaking skills at a public sector University of Sindh Pakistan. The study is qualitative in nature.
The study used semi structured interviews and classroom observation as data collection tools.
The participants were selected using purposive sampling. The interview data was analyzed using
content analysis and classroom observation has been analyzed by reflecting on field notes. The
study found that students in large ESL class do not get enough opportunities to practice their
speaking skills in class. The teacher is able to bring forward a little number of students who are
in action zone. This study also found that the course contents of English subject dont spare more
lectures on speaking skills. The study suggests that English in large class must adopt
communicative approach to develop speaking skills of the students at a University level and
engage all of them in interactive tasks of speaking skills. Moreover, the study recommends that
remedial course of English at a University level should spare more lectures on speaking skills to
help learners for developing their communicative competence.

Keywords: Large Class, Speaking Skills, Problems, L2 learners

134
Students Perceptions of Code Switching in EFL Classrooms
Syeda Hiraa Kazmi
Lecturer in English, University of Education, Lahore
Sidra Shafi
Lecturer in English, University of Education Lahore

Abstract
Recent years have seen an increase in the use of code switching by language instructors in EFL
classrooms in Pakistan. Code switching is the use of two or more languages in one speech
exchange by bilingual or multilingual speakers (Bailey, 1999). Code- switching perform various
functions in its naturally occurring context. Speakers code switch to manipulate or influence or
define situation as they wish, and to convey nuances of meaning and personal intention (Sert,
2005). While some teachers perceive it a hindrance in teaching L2, many consider it a useful
strategy to attract and retain students attention in improving their knowledge of the target
language. The common perception is that the use of a familiar language triggers a better
understanding of the target language. Evans (2009) illustrated that those learners who are not
assured about the correct usage of the TL, feel hesitant using the L2. Code switching often arms
them with the necessary equipment for a confident handling of an unfamiliar language. Studies
have been conducted in Pakistan about why and how language teachers code switch, however,
not much has been written on how students perceive code switching.
The present study aims at finding the perception of students regarding code switching by their
teachers in EFL classrooms. It was carried out with 35 students of B.Ed Hons. in English
Language classrooms at University of Education, Lahore. The participants were selected through
random sampling technique. Data was collected through questionnaire consisting 20 items. The
findings revealed that the pupils have remarkably low proficiency in learning L2 and they show a
generally positive attitude towards code switching. The use of code switching by teachers in
classroom helps them to learn the subject content successfully. It further suggests that the low
proficiency learners benefits from L1 usage to clarify their concepts of subject content. Code
Switching is an effective tool in classrooms to make students learn new words, phrases or terms
feeling that the knowledge of L1 is significant and it is a part of learning in a different
environment. It fosters learning and triggers humor to facilitate students with low proficiency
level in L2.

Keywords: code switching, EFL, Bilingual, perceptions

References

Evans, M. (2009). Using stimulated recall to investigate pupils thinking about online bilingual
communication: code-switching and pronominal address in L2 French. British Educational
Research Journal, 35, 469-485.

135
ALENEZI A.A. (2010). students language attitude towards using code-switching as a medium
of instruction in the college of health sciences: an exploratory study ; ARECLS, 2010, Vol.7, 1-
22.
Simasiku, L., Kasanda, C.,& Smit, T. (2015) Can Code Switching Enhance Learners Academic
Achievement? English Language Teaching, 8 (2), 70-77.
Greggio, S. and Gil, G. (2007). Teachers and learners use of code-switching in the English as a
foreign language classroom: a qualitative study. Linguagem and Ensino. 10 (2) 371-393.
Retrieved from http://rle.ucpel.tche.br/php/edicoes/v10n2/02Greegio%20e%20Gil.pdf on July 5,
2014.

136
Generic Structure of the Statement of Problem Sections of Ph.D. Theses in
Social Sciences

Samina Ali Asghar


Lecturer, University of Education, Faisalabad
PhD scholar, Government College University, Faisalabad
Dr. Muhammad Asim Mahmood
Associate Professor and Head, Department of English, Government College University
Faisalabad
Zobina Asghar
Lecturer, Government Postgraduate College (W), Mandi Baha-ud-Din
PhD scholar, Government College University, Faisalabad

Abstract
This study aims to investigate the generic structure of the statement of the problem section of
Ph.D. theses in the field of social sciences in Pakistani context. Main purpose of the study is to
identify organizational pattern and frequency of move in this genre within the field of social
sciences. A statement of the problem is a foundation upon which building of research is
constructed. Successful problem statement requires the knowledge of communicative functions
of the texts. Data comprises thirty theses collected from HEC Website. This study adapted the
modified model of Swales (1990) applied by Jalilifar, Firuzmand and Roshani (2011) in their
study. Findings revealed that move three i.e. occupying a niche was the most widely used move.
Step of announcing the present research was considered obligatory by almost all the researchers.
Less than half of the data presented the steps of making topic generalization, stating the
problem/need and outlining the purpose whereas all other steps in three moves were rarely used
by researchers in their theses. The findings of the study have pedagogical implications for
instructors to highlight the generic importance of statement of the problem and help learners to
improve structure of this genre.

Keywords: Ph.D. Theses, statement of the problem, Move, Steps.

References

Jalilifar A. R. et al (2011). Genre analysis of problem statement sections of MA proposals and


theses in Applied Linguistics. Language, Society and Culture, 33: 85-93.
Jalilifar A. R. et al (2011). Genre analysis of problem statement sections of MA proposals and
theses in Applied Linguistics. Language, Society and Culture, 33: 85-93.
Kazeem, K.O. (2014). An Exploration of the Generic Structures of Problem Statements in
Research Article Abstracts. Research on Hymainities and Social Sciences,4 (15) 70-80.

137
Swales, J. M. (1990). Genre analysis: English in academic and research settings. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press

To Improve Interpretative Skills of Students Seeking Private Tuitions: A


Case Study M.A English
Misbah Amjad,
Mphil Scholar, Kinnaird College for Women, Lahore

Abstract
The present study attempted to apply a practical teaching methodology based on Pedagogic
Stylistic Approach for the teaching of poetry to Private Students of M.A English in Pakistan. It is
evident that a private candidate at post graduate level is not taught stylistics as a subject as it is
not included in curriculum for Private Candidates. No doubt teaching and learning cant acquire
optimum results unless there is a precise, systematic analysis of poetic language (vocabulary,
grammar, phonology).
The aim of this paper is to brush up interpretative skills of private students to infer meanings of
the poetic language. Moreover, it develops and multiplies critical abilities in students. Moreover,
it emphasizes the role of poetry in speeding up comprehension at university levels. This research
focuses on the relevance of stylistics approach for the teaching of English poetry. This research
adopts the method used by Leech and Short in their book Style in Fiction to analyze and teach
poetry with stylistic approach.
The findings of this study proved stylistic approach as a practical teaching methodology for
poetry. The findings of this study also clearly showed that Experimental group was able to
understand and interpret poetic language in a better way when stylistic approach was applied on
them. Stylistic approach was also found as effective tool for teachers and students to explore
distinctive features of poetic language and interpret poems systematically. This study would be
helpful as criteria for teaching poetry. Furthermore, this would be helpful for other researchers to
apply other Linguistics knowledge on Private candidates, either.

Keywords: Stylistics Approach, Distinctive features of poetic language, English Poetry


Teaching, Private Student, Interpretative Skills

References

Kellem, H. (2009). Enhlish Teaching Forum. Retrieved 3, 12. (2011).


Leach, G. N. (1969). A Linguistic Guide to English Poetry. Longman London & New York.
Leech, G.N., & Short, M. H. (1981). Style in fiction: A linguistic introduction to English
fictional prose. New York: Longman.
Leech, G.N. (1985). Stylistics. T.A van Dijk (ed.). In Discourse and Literature.
Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins Publishing Company.

138
Timucin, M. (2003). Teaching Poetry in the Turkish EFL Context. In G. Subramaniam,, and M.
Edwin (Eds.), Teaching of Literature in ESL/EFL Contexts (pp: 174-182). Kuala Lumpur:
Sasbadi-Melta ELT Press.
Widdowson, H.G. (1975). Stylistics and the Teaching of Literature. London: Longman.
Widdowson, H.G. (1992). Practical Stylistics: An Approach to Poetry. Oxford:
OxfordUniversity Press.
Widdowson, H. G. (1983). Language Purpose and Language Use. London: Oxford University
Press.
Widdowson, H.G. (1984). The deviant language of poetry. In Explorations in Applied
Linguistics.London: Longman.

139
A Descriptive Study of Formative and Summative Assessment Strategies Used
by Pakistani ESL Teachers

Anila Iram
Lecturer in English Linguistics, Lahore Leads University, Lahore

Abstract
Teaching of English Language is an immensely increasing field in Pakistan and the attainment of
language skills is viewed in terms of communicative abilities of the language learners. Keeping
this in view, the assessment strategies used by Pakistani English language instructors, have to be
in alignment with the latest language assessment trends and the learning outcomes of the
students. Mainly these assessment strategies are classified in two categories i.e. formative and
summative assessment. Formative Assessment is part of the instructional process. When
incorporated into classroom practice, it provides the information needed to adjust teaching and
learning while they are happening. Therefore, it helps the teachers in modifying their
instructional methods for the improvement of the learners on regular basis. Conversely,
summative assessment is done at the end of a term, semester or an academic year with an aim of
measuring the cumulative performance of the learners. Summative Assessments are given
periodically to determine at a particular point in time what students know and do not know
(Garrison and Ehringhaus, 2007). It is grade oriented and does not effectively contribute in
evaluating learners language proficiency. Considering this outlook, the present study explores if
Pakistani ESL teachers use formative assessment or the traditional summative to assess English
language proficiency of the learners. The study is exploratory in nature. The target population
was the ESL teachers form various universities and the samples size was 50 respondents from
both the genders. The data was collected through semi structured interviews. The study ends with
the exploration that the majority of Pakistani ESL teachers use summative assessment strategies
either due to a deficient knowledge of language assessment strategies or insufficient language
teaching methodologies. Knowing the assessment strategies used in ESL classes, is important not
only to enhance the awareness of the ESL practitioners on one hand, but to aid them in
modifying their current assessment techniques on the other hand. The study also suggested some
formative assessment strategies which can be incorporated quite fittingly into the instructional
plan of Pakistani ESL teachers.

Keywords: Assessment, summative assessment, formative assessment, English language


Teaching

References

Garrison, C., & Ehringhaus, M. (2007). Formative and summative assessments in the classroom.

140
Investigating Teaching Speaking Skills through A. V. Aids for ESL Learners

Muhammad Safdar Bhatti


TEFL Coordinator, AIOU, Bahawalpur

Abstract

Language is a set of tools which we use to express ourselves. It is the basic need of human
beings. It is a living organism: it is born, it lives and dies. The value and importance of English
has been established and accepted in the world today. In Pakistan, we need this language to
fulfill our basic requirements to get proper status in the world. Present study is an investigation
in the field of teaching speaking skills through A.V. Aids. Recently A.V. Aids are being used
frequently in the classrooms to make the teaching learning process easy, attractive and
interesting. Basically sense of vision plays an important role in our understanding of the world
and the context in which we live in (Sless, 1981). At the same time when trends are changing on
daily basis, there are some Govt. institutes which are still following the traditional methods of
teaching speaking skills. So in the present study, the focus is on this matter whether the use of
A.V. Aids can be beneficial in bringing a positive change in the teaching learning process of
speaking skills for the ESL learners. So the current study investigates the use of A.V. Aids in
classrooms and its drastic effects on teaching speaking skills to the teen age ESL learners.
Foci of the research had remained towards the common problems of the students and the teachers
while practicing speaking skills. Two hundred students and fifty teachers participated in this
study as ESL learners. Observation and questionnaire were used as a tool to collect the data from
the respondents. The findings of the study proved that A.V. Aids have significant effects on
speaking skills of ESL learners. The researchers conclusion with suggestions and
recommendations were also summed up at the end of the study.

Keywords: Language, Speaking Skills, A.V. Aids, Listening Skills and Investigation.

141
Quality Improvement of ESP in Mechanical Engineering Program in Pakistan

Amber Nasreen Anjum


Adjunct Faculty, IOBM-Institute of Business Management
Fareeda Ibad
Associate Professor & Senior Fellow, Department of Communication Skills & Languages
Institute of Business Management, Karachi
Farhana Qadri
NED University of Engineering &Technology

Abstract
The study is focused to address the focal issue of the recent decade about English language
requirement and its need based teaching in the domain of Mechanical engineering studies in
Pakistan. The motive is upgrading current curriculum of ESP for mechanical engineering, and
providing solution-oriented research study to bridge between communicative needs and teaching
practices in Pakistan. The paper reports the following concerns: (1) what are real communicative
needs and skills to be worked on for a mechanical engineering student? (2) The evaluation of
ESP curricula in 02 mainstream mechanical engineering universities of Pakistan: 1. NED
University of Engineering & Technology, 2. UET Lahore (3) How currently implemented ESP
syllabus for mechanical engineering program in Pakistan can be improved? The discussion is
followed by a commentary of external reviewers the ELTs and professional engineers (with
more than ten years of experience) across the globe on the findings of the paper.

Keywords: ESP Curriculum, ESP for Mechanical Engineering, Upgrading ESP Curriculum,
communicative needs and skills for engineers, ESP for Engineering in Pakistan

References

Hossain, M. J. (2013, july ). ESP Needs Analysis for Engineering Students: A Learner Centered
Approach. Journal of PU, Part: B.
T. Dudley-Evans and M.J. St. John, Developments in ESP: A Multidisciplinary Approach,
Cambridge: Cambridge U. P., 1998.

142
Studying Impact of ELT Teachers Perceptions and Behaviours about
Phonological Awareness on the Performance of Students

Farah Saeed
TEFL Tutor, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad
Lecturer, Dr. AQ Khan College of Science and Technology, Phase 8, Bahria Town, Rawalpindi

ABSTRACT

The present research study, confirming principally survey research design, is basically aimed at
the diagnostic analysis of the current ELT situation that is mostly prevailed in our English
language classrooms at primary level, concerning students performance in primary literacy and
oral skills; which has laid its foundation seeds particularly in perceptions and behaviors,
regarding Phonological Awareness (PA), of our ELT teachers. Most of the previous literacy
research studies, over the past two decades, kept their concerned focus upon Phonemic or
Phonological Awareness: both of the terms mostly intertwined as well as confused with each
other. However, the present study scrutinized the part and parcel relationship of oral and literacy
progression with that of PA which can be defined as an individuals metalinguistic ability to
analyze sounds and sound structures of words; thus PA is an umbrella term encompassing
various language skills including phonemic awareness - an ability to manipulate individual
sounds or phonemes of a given language. And the learning of PA skills, by students at primary
level, can bring about improvements in enhancing their reading/literacy and oral skills, while
making it almost impossible without having ELT teachers adept in PA. Henceforth, the current
study was designed to investigate a breach in ELT teachers perceptions and their practical
implementation of PA in their classroom practices. The sample of the study was randomly
chosen ten teachers from the two anonymous schools, of Rawalpindi District; and successively
their knowledge and skills of PA were detected through the research tools of questionnaire and
interview of ELT teachers. After having thus collected the data, it was analyzed quantitatively,
through statistical tools; the results indicated although the teachers professed the significant
importance of PA yet most of them were not reflecting it in their classroom behaviors. At the
end of the research study some of the recommendations were put forward like the in-service
teachers must be provided with the training courses in PA instruction so as to expand literacy and
oral abilities of our students, at primary level, in an effectual way, which in turn would be
beneficial for them even in earlier and later school years of learning the English language.
Furthermore, some more research studies must be conducted, in the same field, in order to
amplify the gamut of systematic findings of the relevant sphere of English language teaching.

Keywords: Phonological Awareness, development of oral and literacy skills, ELT Teachers
perceptions and behaviors.

143
References

Gillon, G. (2004). Phonological awareness: From research to practice. New York: Guilford
Press.
Goswami, U. (2000). Phonological and Lexical Processes. In D. P. Pearson (Ed.), Handbook of
Reading Research. (Vol. 3, pp. 251-258). Mahwah, N. J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Lonigan, W. (2007). Comparing teachers literacy-related knowledge to their states standards
for reading. Reading Psychology, 20, 236-265.
doi:10.1080/027027/10801982258
McGill-Franzen, A. (2006). Kindergarten Literacy: Matching assessment and instruction. NY:
Scholastic.
Schuele, M. C., & Boudreau, D. (2008). Phonological awareness intervention: Beyond the
basics. Language, Speech and Hearing Services in Schools, 39, 3-20.

144
The Eclectic Method: A Revolution in English Language Teaching in Higher
Secondary Institutions
Sarwat Shaheen Qureshi
MS Scholar in English Linguistics, Mehran University of Engineering & Technology, Jamshoro
Qurat-ul-Ain Mirza
Assistant Professor, English Language Development Center, Mehran University of Engineering
& Technology, Jamshoro

Abstract
The twentieth century saw a revolution in teaching and learning of the English language in the
classrooms. Prior to this, the teachers relied only on a single method of teaching either it was
grammar translation method or direct method etc. The introduction of eclectic method has
change the learning environment of classrooms all around the world. The present paper aims to
compare and contrast various teaching methods with this innovative approach and weigh the pros
and cons. Being a lecturer in a public sector college, I have tried to adapt the eclectic method of
teaching language to my students. The students role and various strategies employed by the
teacher are debated in the paper.

Keywords: language teaching, eclectic method, students role.

145
Language Engineering and Learning Design for FLE

Dr. Saleha Nazeer


Head, Department of French, University of the Punjab, Lahore
Iram Iqbal
Head, Department of French, Sicas School Systems, Lahore

Abstract
This research aims to study the development of basic competencies in language learning and the
implementation of related pedagogy for the learners of FLE - French as a foreign language. The
four basic competencies consist of written and oral comprehension, and written and oral
expression. The central hypothesis focuses upon the scheme of studies and lesson plans and
evaluates and questions, in the first phase, the efficacy of the existing pedagogical scheme, while
in the second phase, it elaborates and suggests an alternate model of foreign language acquisition
vis--vis the needs of the learners and the mutual objectives to be achieved through this teaching-
learning process. Through a qualitative approach, the linguistic, sociolinguistic and psycho
affective factors are determined for the learners of FLE, levels A1 and A2 of DELF. The
research sample comprises of adult Pakistani learners of FLE seeking to learn French in a
university or a college environment. In view of the analysis of the teaching-learning process of
FLE and the varying needs of the language learners, the major dysfunctions are identified and
evaluated in achieving the desired result and in attaining the required objectives. On the basis of
these malfunctions affecting the language engineering of FLE, an alternate design is suggested
for a better integration of the teaching-learning process and to respond more acutely towards
establishing a better adapted learning design for FLE.

Keywords: FLE; linguistics; French; language competencies; language engineering

References

Christine Guyot-Clment , 2007, Enseigner le FLE, Pratiques de la classe, Paris, Belin -


Fabrice Barthelemy , 2011 Professeur de FLE Paris, Hachette.
P. Bertocchini 2009, Manuel de Formation Pratique Pour Le Professeur de Fle Paris, Belin
Council of Europe , 2011 Common European Framework of Reference for Languages:
Learning, Teaching, Assessment . Paris Hachette

146
An Investigation of Rural and Urban Students Motivation for Learning English at
Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro

Syed Hyder Raza Shah


Research Assistant, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Shaheed Benazirabad
Quratulain Mirza
Assistant Professor at Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro
Waqar Ali Shah
MS Applied Linguistics Scholar at Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro

Abstract
English is the most valuable language in higher education of Pakistan. It is a medium of
communication as well as instruction in all universities of Pakistan (Rehman, 2002). The present
study is conducted at Mehran University of Engineering and Technology (MUET), Jamshoro in
which English is taught as a compulsory subject to all the engineering disciplines. The study
aims at investigating the rural and urban students motivation for learning English. Gardner
(1985) says that motivation energises learners to learn a second or foreign language. The
paradigm of the current study is quantitative. It adapted questionnaire from Attitude/Motivational
Test Battery (AMTB) to explore any significant difference between the rural and urban students
motivation. A pilot study was also conducted in order to overcome on any shortcomings timely.
The sample size of the main study was 300 engineering students of MUET, Jamshoro (150=
Rural and 150= Urban) and the data was analysed through SPSS version 20 th. The results
revealed that the engineering university students are more instrumentally (practical benefits)
motivated for learning English (M=14.5). The study found that the urban students are more
integratively (positive attitude towards L2 communality or culture) motivated (M= 13.7) than
rural students (M=12.9) whereas the rural students are more instrumentally motivated to learn
English (M=14.8). An independent sample t-test indicated that there is significant difference
between the rural and urban students in integrative and instrumental motivation for learning
English.

Keywords: Instrumental and Integrative L2 Motivation, Learning English, Rural and Urban
Engineering University Students.

147
Impact of using ESL Game Boards and Digital Games on teaching productive
skills at elementary level

Muhammad Arfan Lodhi


Lecturer, Punjab Higher Education Department, Multan
Saira Bano
Mphil Schoalr, NCBA&E, Lahore

Abstract
In todays world one cannot refute the importance and usefulness of games. Massive increase in
the use of gamification in teaching and learning process, and incorporating new technologies,
such as internet, cell phones in gamification have changed the way of teaching and learning
foreign languages. The study was carried out to know the effectiveness of using games in ESL
class and furthered explored how games motivate and engage students to get language
proficiency skills. Two most distinguished games of English language office, U.S. State
Department i.e. Activate and Trace Effect were used to teach English language to 8th grade
students for four weeks in single case experimental research design. 40 students were selected by
using one-stage cluster sampling technique while 20 teachers were selected by using convenient
sample techniques including 10 male and 10 female. Pre test and post test was conducted with
four weeks intensive treatment of teaching through board games and digital games. The findings
of the obtained data through tests and questionnaires revealed that there was significant
improvement in the post-test grades of ESL students as compared to their performance in the
pre-test. Games motivated students to learn quickly and also proved helpful in reducing anxiety
and peer pressure. Data obtained from students and teachers further indicated that gamification
can be used as effective teaching strategy in ESL classroom as it activated both parts of brain
hemisphere and helped learners in constructing their knowledge and using it for interactional
purpose as evidence given by Vygotskys ZPD activation and Deweys Spiral path scaffolding
technique.

Keywords: Gamification, Constructivism, ESL learning, Learners motivation and satisfaction

148
Across- Cultural Study of Communication Strategies: Yemeni and Pakistani
Learners as a Case Study

Moustafa Al-Hamzi
PhD Scholar, University of Peshawar, Peshawar

Abstract

This cross-cultural study explores the nature of response strategies to some particular situations
in Yemeni and Pakistani societies from a pragmatic point of view. It attempts to systemize the
various strategies used for the purpose of responding in both societies; and to highlight the socio-
pragmatic constraints governing their use. The subjects of the study consist of forty male and
female Pakistani and Yemeni learners of English. In order to elicit data for the study, the subjects
were given a discourse completion test (DCT) which consists of five situations in which the
participants picture themselves to be in the real situation and write a response from them. This
study has revealed that Pakistani and Yemeni polite language system places emphasis on
utilizing human relationships rather than minimizing imposition. Therefore, positive politeness
predominates in Pakistani and Yemeni data and is the strongest and most persistent finding in
Pakistani and Yemeni conversational usage. The study proved that there were similarities
between Yemeni and Pakistani cultures in the response strategies used by the participants.

149
Teachers' Perceptions about ELT and the existing examination system in
Pakistan

Rai Zahoor Ahmed


Lecturer in English, CIIT, Vehari

Abstract
The current study examined the opinions of practicing teachers of English language in Pakistan.
Teachers are one of the premium stakeholders in any language teaching and learning scenario.
But the existing language pedagogy in Pakistan does not exhibit sufficient concerns about the
ELT practitioners. According to the British Council survey conducted in 2013, Pakistani
education in general and language education system in particular is the least developed among
the developing countries as 94% of the practicing teachers were found unable to impart language
teaching at an internationally accredited standard. The present study determined the views of the
practicing English language teachers and their perceptions about the prescribed syllabus along
with the existing examination system in Pakistan. That is what actually happens inside the
language teaching classrooms? Most of the teachers elaborated their unsatisfactorily experiences
and the reasons to innovate the ELT as well as the traditional examinations system in Pakistan.
The study concluded with the pragmatic recommendations and suggestions to uplift the existent
downfall of the English Language Teaching in Pakistan to meet the globally acknowledged as
well as recognized ELT systems.

Keywords: ELT, Language pedagogy, ELT practitioners, innovation in Pakistani


language teaching system

150
Impact of High-stakes English language exams in the developing country of
Pakistan
Dr. Natasha Memon
Assistant Professor, MUET, Jamshoro
Dr. Sumera Umrani
Assistant Professor, Institute of English Language and Literature, University of Sindh, Jamshoro

Abstract
This study examines the impact of the high-stakes International English Language Testing
System (IELTS) across different stakeholders in Pakistan. In Pakistan, as elsewhere, IELTS has
assumed great significance on account of its gate-keeping function in emigration, higher
education abroad and professional registration. Demand and candidature grow daily. However,
specific conditions that pertain in Pakistan, mainly political instability, and major disparities in
wealth and development, have a particular effect on the role of IELTS in the country.
The current impact study employs a concurrent embedded mixed methods design to assess the
impact. A preliminary survey of 20 IELTS preparation institutes was conducted, followed by an
in-depth qualitative study of two IELTS preparation centres. The qualitative study employs
classroom observations, semi-structured interviews with teachers (N=2), informal conversational
interviews with test-preparers (N=20), and pre- and post-study testing to assess the efficacy of
IELTS preparation.
The initial survey of the private English Language Teaching industry in Pakistan showed a
radical expansion of IELTS preparation courses. Yet the in-depth study of two specific centres
showed that the courses are not effective in improving the scores of students. The test preparers
have high expectations from the course regarding improvement of their English proficiency
which are generally not met. I argue that because public education is not meeting thedemand
for English, IELTS is now perceived as a route of English education and general certification,
and a badge of middle class status if not actual material gain.

151
Problems Faced by Primary Schools Teachers in adopting Student-Centered
Methods for English Language learning in Public Schools of Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa
Zia ur Rahman
Mphil Scholar in English, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Sheringal, Dir Upper
Dr. Mia Shah Bacha
Head, Department of English Language and Literature, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University,
Sheringal, Dir Upper

Abstract
English is a compulsory subject in the public schools of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and is taught from
grade 1.It is also a gateway to learning other subjects as they are now in English Language. The
new course is enriched with many activities for the students if it is taught with the help of the
provided lesson plan. Unfortunately majority of the teachers at primary level make use of the
traditional teacher-centered methodologies of learning where students are not engaged in the
learning process. Most of the times the teacher explains everything and students remain passive
and there is no or rare use of the lesson plan. This qualitative research highlights the problems
faced by primary schools teachers in adopting the lesson plan and use of student centered
methodologies of teaching. The population of this study consist of 90 primary school teachers
who teach English to differed classes at primary level in the public sector schools in District Dir
Lower. Their responses were recorded through an interview consisting of ten questions. The
result indicated that the major barriers in this shift from Teacher-centered methodologies to
Learner-Centered included the lack of proper trainings, understanding the contents and
procedures of activities, non-availability of the resources, and time for preparation. So it is
recommended that proper trainings and availability of the teaching resources are mandatory for
this shift to Learner- Centered Methodologies and achieving the objectives as stated in the
beginning of lesson plans.

Keywords: English Course, Primary Level, Learner Centered Approach, Lesson Plan, Public
Schools

152
Gendered English Language Learning Experiences in Pakistan
Dr. Sumera Umrani
Assistant Professor, Institute of English Language and Literature, University of Sindh, Jamshoro
Dr. Natasha Memon
Assistant Professor, MUET, Jamshoro

Abstract
English language learning is an extensive and mostly a rewarding exercise in Pakistan. However,
there is much more which has not been explored in the field of Second Language Learning (SLL)
within this context. The construct of identity has gained greater momentum in SLL in last two
decades or so. In the broader domain of identity and language learning research the issue of
gender identity has been instrumental in developing particular language learning experiences,
opportunities and outcomes which subsequently help in constructing language learner identities.
In recent years researchers have challenged fixed gender positions and have witnessed the
emergence of a less unified model which adopts a more poststructuralist approach in gender and
language studies (Kubota, 2003). The current study following structuralist and poststructuralist
perspectives of gender identity explores how learners gender orientations played roles in their
language learning processes and how far their assigned and imposed gendered roles influenced
their English language learning journeys in Pakistan. The findings gathered from qualitative data
using interviews and diaries portray how both male and female learners (15 participants in total)
experienced gendered agency and gendered positioning while actively interacting with their
English language learning processes in formal (university, tuition centres) and informal (home,
social circles) set ups. However, due to contextual peculiarities and conventions male learners
were usually facilitated on account of their gendered agency whereas female participants
gendered experiences were found to be demotivating and discouraging due to their presumed and
imposed roles in their families and the society at large.

153
Investigating Washback at Secondary Schools Annual Examination, Sindh Pakistan

Shoukat Ali Lohar


Assistant Professor, English Language Development Center, Mehran University of Engineering
& Technology, Jamshoro
Quratulain Mirza
Assistant Professor, English Language Development Center, Mehran University of Engineering
& Technology, Jamshoro
Syed Waqar Ali Shah
MS Scholar, English Language Development Center, Mehran University of Engineering &
Technology, Jamshoro

Abstract
Testing & evaluation play very major role in academic career of the students. The tests
determines the success and failure which in turn help decide either to promote or demote a
student up to university education. With current spirits in the field of language assessment, the
present study aims to investigate the impact of testing on studentstechnically known as
washback. The study uses qualitative paradigm to address the issue. The semi-structured
interviews have been used in the present study. The participants (n=10) were recruited from one
of the state run secondary schools, Sindh. The interview data was analyzed using thematic
analysis. In government sector Pakistan, there is very little washback on students. The study
found that the paper format and the content of the paper being too easy do not produce washback
at all. The content which is included in annual examinations at secondary level is very easy as it
covers a few questions from the prescribed textbook and some basic grammar items. Besides this
factor, the cheating culture in Sindh produces no anxiety among students about examinations.
The students use hand notes, modern technology, and other sources to solve their English papers.
The study suggests and recommends that the ministry of Education, Sindh needs to take steps to
abolish copy culture during examinations. Besides, there is a need to modify paper format which
may ensure creativity and critical thinking skills on students part.

Keywords: Second Language, Examination, Washback, Sindh

154
Exploring the Differences of Motivational Factors in Learning English as a Second
Language of Under-Graduate Students in Pakistan: A descriptive study

Naima Batool
Teaching Assistant, Department of English, University of Sargodha
Azhar Pervaiz
Assistant Professor, Department of English, University of Sargodha
Sana Ghaffar
Teacher, Blumen Garten School, Sargodha

Abstract

The present study aims to figure out the contextual and individual factors influencing the
learning of English as a second language. It further attempts to explore the factors which are
found in the environment to contribute and make the ESL (English as a second language)
learning different at gender level. This study supports the Gardners (1895) argument that there
lies a difference in the learning of a language on gender level and supports its argument by
seeking inspiration from Kissau (2006), who explores the differences in motivation for learning
of the second language on gender level. The study is conducted on the students of undergraduate
level belonging to the age group of 18 to 21, who are in contact with the English language,
considering it a global language. The participants selected in this study are from the diverse
socio-cultural background which contributes an important point that motivation level in an
individual is context specific. Through a quantitative study a questionnaire was administered to
the seventy eight (78) undergraduate participants of equal gender. In this study, the questionnaire
addressed those questions which tend to explore the intrinsic and extrinsic motivation of the
participants. The present study in this paper also addresses the perception of the students behind
studying English language. Furthermore, the results show that learning a second language is
highly context specific and individually dependent phenomenon. Moreover, male students are
more extrinsically motivated than females by their parents, teachers and friends. The study also
reveals that search for a good career and to achieve high goals are the context specific
phenomena which are responsible for the extrinsic motivation of male members in the context of
Pakistan. Contrary to it, females are intrinsically motivated to learn English language for getting
more prestige, elevated status and want to be recognized internationally. Thus, the research is
significant in pointing out all those factors which contribute to the micro and macro level of
learning and influence the motivation level of two different genders in the context of Pakistan.

Keywords: Motivation, gender, English as a second language, learning

References

Gardner, R. C. (1985). Social psychology and second language learning: The role of attitudes
and motivation. Arnold.

155
Kissau, S. (2006). Gender differences in second language motivation: An investigation of micro-
and macro-level influences. Canadian Journal of Applied Linguistics/Revue canadienne de
linguistique applique, 9(1), 73-96.
Role of blended learning for attaining writing proficiency skill at graduate
level

Khadija Khadim
Mphil Scholar, ISP, Multan
Muhammad Arfan Lodhi
Lecturer, Punjab Higher Education Department, Multan
Komal Khan
Mphil Scholar, ISP, Multan
Umi-e-Kulsoom
Mphil Scholar, ISP, Multan

Abstract

Creating an interest in the mind of learners is the credit of a teacher. As, traditional
methodologies do not help a lot in attaining proficiency in writing skill which is considered as
most complex and intricate one among four skills. Actually, writing itself is the carbon copy or
print form of learners mind. Most of the students at graduate level face problems in their
assignment writing and written examination. This paper aimed at investigating the role of
blended learning-an innovative teaching methodology which proposes supple teaching
environment for learners at higher level. Students can fully be in touch with their instructors and
classmates through online courses as well. In this regard, teacher has the flexibility of adapting -
editing the course materials. Asynchronous approach to blended learning as a powerful teaching
strategy supports in writing skill. Blending learning proves to be effective in achieving writing
abilities in making them to learn how to write competently. This study is qualitative in nature
while probing into how learners face writing challenges and it undergoes to better understanding
of writings, ability to communicate their innovative ideas in their writings, proficiency over
standard written English and to be habitual to edit, revise and rewrite for improving. This study
will be goad a number of ideas for future research studies.

Keywords: Blended learning, asynchronous approach, Proficiency in writing skill,


innovative methodology, English language strategy

References

Adas, D. & Bakir, A. (2013). Writing Difficulties and New Solutions: Blended Learning as an
Approach to Improve Writing Abilities. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science
Boyle, T., Bradley, C., Chalk, P., Jones, R., & Pickard, P. (2003, October).Using Blended
Learning to Improve Student Success Rates in Learning to Program. Journal of Educational
Media

156
Distractions: A major Factor Responsible for Short Attention Span during
University Lectures

Syrah Naseem
Mphil Scholar in Applied Linguistics, Kinnaird College for Women, Lahore
Iram Sagheer
Mphil Scholar in Applied Linguistics, Kinnaird College for Women, Lahore

Abstract

The main focus of the paper is to explore the degree of attention caused by distractions in
classroom lectures and to highlight the manageable and unmanageable factors responsible for
short attention span. Lecturing is often viewed as an example of passive learning in which
students engage in listening and have to keep themselves attentive, attention is the behavioural
and cognitive process of selectively and consciously concentrating on a discrete aspect of
information and attention span is the amount of concentrated time one can spend on a task
without becoming distracted. The foremost reason is distraction and one form of distraction is
manageable factors and the other one is unmanageable factors. Distraction is a devastating force
that prevents someone from giving full attention to an ongoing activity due to hyperactivity,
frenzy, depression, emotional imbalance, inefficiency or incompetency of the teacher,
psychological issue, poor health condition, inefficiency or incompetency of the teacher, or the
great intensity, novelty or attractiveness of something other than the object of attention and other
environmental factors like poor class room conditions, and extreme weather changes.
Distractions come from both external sources, and internal sources. Students interest and
understanding is another is another cause of attention span during lecture. And the third reason
that may cause the attention lapse is teaching methodology on the part of teachers. Teachers and
their teaching methodologies can sustain the attention of students during lectures and remain
them focus till the end of the lecture.
To collect data, probability sampling of 20 male students and 20 female students of bachelors has
been done to collect the data. Results have proved that those factors which are manageable are
usage of electronic gadgets, teachers incomprehensible accent, continuous external noise, mood
swings, classroom noise level, repetition in teaching methodology, lack of interest in a particular
subject, long lectures, classroom temperature and to a lower extent, bright light and day
dreaming are also considered as manageable. Whereas the most common factor that distracts
their concentration and responsible for short span of time are usage of electronic devices, mood,
emotional issues, lack of interest in a particular subject and long lectures. Recommendations for
managing distraction in the classroom are provided. Teaching methods for increasing student
interest and understanding are also discussed, with a focus on lengthening student attention span.

Keywords: Distraction, Manageable factors, Unmanageable factors.

References

157
Benjamin, L .T., Jr . (2002). Lecturing in S.F . Davis & W . Buskist (Eds), The teaching of
psychology: Essay in honor of Wilret J. Mckeachie and Chaeles L. Brewer ( pp. 57 _ 67).
Mahwah, NJ: Lwarence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Hartley, J. & Davies, I. K. (1978). A critical review Programmed learning and Educational
Technology, 15, 207 _ 224.
Pashler , H. E. (1998). The psychology of attention. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

158
Collaborative Writing-Speaking Enhancer

Mehar Almas Khan


Mphil Scholar in English Linguistics, University of Karachi

Abstract

Abstract: Speaking has been a neglected area at academic level in Pakistan; however, globally it
is given equal importance. In our education system, students are made to focus at reading and
writing but hardly at speaking. Therefore, most students fail to speak English confidently while
giving presentation or exchanging ideas. Hence, language centers have gained much popularity
to fulfil students desire for learning speaking skills. This action research aimed to find out if
speaking can be enhanced through group writing tasks. The research was conducted under
Qualitative paradigm for which purposive sampling was employed. There were 18 students with
the proficiency of Pre-Intermediate level in a language center. The learners were under
supervision of two language instructors, who were already acknowledged about the research to
maintain ethical consideration. The cycle of the action research lasted for 14-days. The first few
days were used for making rapport and to analyze students interest level for designing tasks. A
total of 10 writing tasks were provided in ten session which developed speaking as well as
collaborative learning skills among the students. The results show us passive speakers
participated due to constant engagement is collaborative tasks therefore, they gained confidence
of speaking English amongst everyone. Their daily group presentation helped each learner
enhancing speaking. However, there was little focus on improving writing was provided as
improvement of speaking was the target. Classroom activities, discussion, feedback with critical
friend were used as a supplementary tool for analyzing data.

Keywords: group learning, collaborative writing, speaking skills, diffident and confident
learners, passive speakers, presentation skills

159
A study of second language anxiety in Pakistani learners of English

Tooba Sahar
Lecturer, Cadet College, Ormara
Mphil Scholar in Applied Linguistics, UMT, Lahore

Abstract

This study reports English language anxiety experience of Pakistani learners both inside and
outside the classrooms context. It also focuses on the relationship of English language anxiety
and learners variables named gender, exposure to English and second language motivations. In
Pakistan, researches on language anxiety are needed to understand how language anxiety works
and how it can hamper the performance of students both academically and non-academically.
Data were collected through the administration of a detailed questionnaire comprising of 64
questions. Participants responded the questionnaire on a 1-5 Likert scale. A total of 90 students
who were enrolled on English programs at 5 different institutes of southern Punjab, Pakistan
participated in this study. The data were analysed using a range of statistical methods for
example, descriptive statistics, T tests and correlational analysis. The data analysed elaborated
the role of anxiety in learning and using English both inside and outside classroom. Analysis of
the data revealed a significant correlation between classroom anxiety and outside classroom
anxiety. It also found that language anxiety is significantly correlated with second language
motivations and exposure to second language. Moreover, a significant gender difference in terms
of second language anxiety was also found in the present research. This study extends the
current language anxiety research in Pakistan because it provides an insight on language anxiety
experience of Pakistani learners by focusing on both classroom based anxiety and anxiety out of
class. It also contributes to the existing literature in Pakistan by documenting the relationship of
language anxiety with gender, exposure to English language and English language motivations.

160
Psycholinguistics
Slow Language Learning by Dyslexic Children: The Co-relation of Working
Memory
Samrina Sana
Teaching Assistant, Department of English, University of Sargodha, Sargodha
Azhar Pervaiz
Assistant Professor, Department of English, University of Sargodha, Sargodha

Abstract
This paper aims to highlight the relation between dyslexia and working memory of the language
learners. Further, it explores certain ways by which dyslexia can be measured at a very early
stage of the learners. It reveals the differences in the academic performance of Dyslexic (DC)
and Non-Dyslexic Children (NDC). The framework is inquired through the use of working
memory of the learners. Any impairment or brain damage in the left hemisphere of the childrens
brain causes them to be called as Dyslexic children (DC). This agitates their capabilities to
decode the provided information accurately and it results in malfunctioning of cerebral cortex
failing to perceive the appropriate codes. To investigate these aspects, a sample of 40 learners of
English language was taken and was divided into experimental and controlled groups
respectively. They were tested through Automated Working Memory Assessment (AWMA) and
the results were matched to draw a comparison between both the groups. This study was based
on formulation of two hypotheses. The first one stated that Dyslexic Children will show a clear
cut difference in their verbal short term memory and working memory when compared with that
of the controlled group whereas the second hypothesis focuses on the troubles and dissimilarities
of visuospatial short term memory and working memory of both the groups. The responses of the
respondents were analyzed through the statistical software i.e. SPSS and the results show that
DC as incapable of perceiving the actual data and fail to answer appropriately. They perform
poorer leading to score lower than the NDC. The findings of the paper have great implication in
the present day researches to diagnose the impairments in the brain at early stages of learning
and this further helps us devise new learning strategies for the DC.

Keywords: Dyslexic Children, Working memory, Automated working memory assessment

161
PAKLEX 2016

162
PakLex: The linguistic forum to pioneer lexicographical and concomitant activities in
Pakistan

Dr. Zafar Iqbal


Professor and Dean, Faculty of Language, ICBS, Lahore

Abstract
Lexicography-the art and science of compiling all kind of reference works as understood in its
general parlance, is one of the most popular areas of studies and research in almost all
departments of modern language sciences in the contemporary world. Being essentially an
interdisciplinary field in its basic orientation, lexicography pursues its activities both theoretical
as well as applied drawing on insight from such diverse fields as lexicology, computational,
corpus-, socio-, descriptive and applied linguistics. Thus, the contours of the finished products of
lexicography are broadly shaped by contributions made by various fields of knowledge equally
significant to study and research for a better interdisciplinary work in lexicography. In view of
the rapid growth of this field, of course, due to its practical benefits for all concerned, the field
per se has witnessed an unprecedented popularity as amply reflected in the various international
centers working in the field in their respective regions. The Dictionary Society of America
(DSNA), Euralex, Asialex, Afrilex, Australex in different continents are an example of it, in
addition to other national enterprises operating enthusiastically in China, India, Japan and Iran
progressing with leaps and bounds. Taking into consideration this national and international
appreciation of this field at such a great scale an effort has also been made in this part of the
world to do substantial work in lexicography and the allied fields in the form of Paklex (Pakistan
Association of Lexicography) initially with its headquarters at the ICBS (Imperial College of
Business Studies) due, off course, to the required encouragement given by this institution of
higher learning. The aim of this research paper is to highlight the form and function, vision and
mission of this forum to promote study and research in the field of lexicography and all other
related fields by focusing on all the local languages of this region and their relevant pairs from
other parts of the world.

Keywords: Lexicography, lexicology, PakLex, AsiaLex

163
Making Dictionaries Through the Use of Computers
Dr. Lourdes Garca-Macho Alonso de Santamara
Professor, Departmetn of Spanish Language and General Linguistics, National University of
Distance Education, Spain

Abstract
The arrival of the computer in the field of linguistics has led quickly to a methodological renewal
in the system of research and manipulation of linguistic data and opens a new perspective for
studies on language. The aspect highlighted in this work is the compilation of dictionaries. I
would observe the IT aspects, construction methodology, criteria that constitutes the linguistic
basis of the corpus composition, the problems concerning the election of the inputs, stemming
and last automatic instruments to optimize the work. Today the development of a dictionary
requires a rational organization, in the sense of having all the necessary computer equipment,
appropriate software, a team of specialized people with expertise in areas such as medicine, law,
mathematics, literature, linguistics, etc. In our case the navigation-, and making a preliminary
plan. There is no doubt that at the beginning of this century, without the help of a computer a
dictionary cannot be composed, but it cannot be forgotten that without intelligent men,
computers would never make a lexicographical work. In this paper we will discuss the
procedures of making a navigation dictionary of the XVI century through computers.

164
Vocabulary Bank for English Text Books in Major Pakistani Languages
Shahida Parveen
Lecturer in English, Government College for Women University, Sialkot
Rehana Yasmin Anjum
Assistant Professor in English, Government College for Women University, Sialkot

Abstract
Education is the backbone of any nation. It is a powerful tool to bring positive change and set a
direction for the people. Unfortunately our statesmen and policy makers have induced an ever
increasing inferiority complex in the minds of people. The culture and languages are the heritage
and identity of any nation. Pakistan is a rich country with her diverse culture and multi
languages. It is very distressing observation that Pakistani nation is divided on the basis of
indigenous languages. The speaker of these Pakistani lamguages does not use them confidently
as they are not upto the so called standard of elites. English is still enjoying the status of elites
language despite the announcement of Government in 2015, that Urdu will be the sole official
language of Pakistan. Other than Urdu and English, the major languages spoken in Pakistan are
Punjabi, Pashto, Sindhi, Saraiki, Urdu and Balochi. Selinkers theory of interlanguage has been
used as the theoretical background of the work. The purpose of this study is to form a vocabulary
bank in all major languages of Pakistan for the English text books. The data will be collected
from the English text books. The sample will be the text books of English at primary level, of
class one to five. A vocabulary bank will be developed in for the content words Urdu, Punjabi,
Pashto, Sindhi, Saraiki, and Balochi. The lexical resources will be provided at the end of every
chapter. It will develop the understanding of the beginners with the new vocabulary in target
language along with the urdu and their native languages. The data will be presented in tabulation
form. The Impact of this word bank will be studied. The study has followed an experimental
design. This will bring solidarity among the Pakistani nation along with the awareness of diverse
literature. This will develop understanding and first hand awareness of the content. The results
have shown a better understanding of the content words and their usage, by the students as a
result of this word bank.
Keywords: Selinkers theory, Lexical categorization, Word bank, Interlanguage, Content words,
experimental design.
References

Hussain, S. (2008). Resources for Urdu Language Processing. Paper presented at the IJCNLP.
Ijaz, M., & Hussain, S. (2007). Corpus based Urdu lexicon development. Paper presented at the
the Proceedings of Conference on Language Technology (CLT07), University of
Peshawar, Pakistan.

165
Rahman, T. (2006). Language policy, multilingualism and language vitality in Pakistan. Trends in
linguistics studies and monographs, 175, 73.
Valitutti, A., Strapparava, C., & Stock, O. (2004). Developing affective lexical resources.
PsychNology Journal, 2(1), 61-83.
Zafar, A., Mahmood, A., Abdullah, F., Zahid, S., Hussain, S., & Mustafa, A. (2012). Developing
urdu wordnet using the merge approach. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the
Conference on Language and Technology.
Prothetic and Anaptyctic Patterns in English Loanwords in Urdu

Shahzad Ahmad
Assistant Professor, Department of English Language and Literature, University of Management
and Technology, Lahore

Abstract
Urdu is largely a borrowing language. It has borrowed thousands of words from English, besides
a host of other languages. While incorporating loans, Urdu uses a number of strategies or
loanword adaptations. They might range from native vowel alternations to consonantal
adjustments (addition or deletion) within the loan. Urdu phonology applies its rules to the surface
form of the loanwords of English. Loanword phonology is a rich area for linguistic investigation,
yet very little is known with a special reference to English loanwords in Urdu. This qualitative,
exploratory study aims to investigate the various phonological factors which are at work in the
cross-linguistic incorporation of English loans in Urdu. It has been observed that in a variety of
epenthetic processes, prosthesis (addition of a vowel to the beginning of a word) and anaptyxis
(insertion of a vowel between two consonants) are mostly pervasive in Urdu.

166
Antonymic Evaluation of Quranic Verses
Ayesha Saddiqa
Assistant Professor, Government Postgraduate College for Women, Samanabad, Lahore
Mphil Scholar in Applied Linguistics, University of Management & Technology, Lahore
Shaheen Mubarik
M.Phil Scholar in Applied Linguistics, University of Management & Technology, Lahore
Zainab Asghar
Mphil Scholar in Applied Linguistics, University of Management & Technology, Lahore

Abstract
Owing to the dependent nature of words, their true meaning can be accessed only by looking at
their relationship with other words. Lexical-semantic relationships hold an important position in
forming highly structured system of language including the lexicon, thesauri, taxonomies etc.
Antonymy, among these categories, is considered one of the most significant lexical-semantic-
relations. Although, much has been discussed and debated about the types and classification of
antonyms, this paper aims to bring to the fore the significant role antonymy plays in the meaning
making process. The focus is on the antonymic evaluation of Quranic verses to explore the
use of antonyms in the text; how antonyms are used to help generate meaning of words and
concepts through conventional binary constructs like day and night, heaven and earth, etc; to
explain abstract ideas such as jaza and saza; to create rhetorical effects; to enhance meaning and
originality of ideas as in the depiction and portrayal of hell and heaven; and to convey a strong
sense of comparison, e.g. between right and wrong. The text-corpus method is used. The data has
been manually gathered from the Part 30 of the Holy Quran (Quran-e-Karim, English Translation
by Justice Mufti Taqi Usmani). The multipurpose use of antonyms will be highlighted by
quoting numerous verses from Quran.
The Holy Quran has been chosen for antonymic evaluation as Allah Almighty says: This Quran
is a book of Guidance and warning to people. So whoever wants take the guidance from it. The
pages are of honoured text. Purified and highly exalted (Surah Abas, 80: 11-14). Being a holy
text timelessly honoured,.. purified and highly exalted the Quran is an ideal choice for the
purpose of antonymic study. Although some aspects of language and grammar have already been
studied with reference to the Holy Quran, special focus on the investigation of antonymy is
triggered by the following verse: And we show him two different ways (good or bad) (Surah Al-
Balad: 90: 10). This polarity is evident in the whole text and the findings produce two sets of
antonyms, where most of the antonyms, binary in nature, revolve around or complement with the
concept of good or bad, believers/ disbelievers, righteous/ rebellious, innocent/ sinners, virtue/
vice, right handed/ left-handed, rewarded/ punished, fresh faces/ down-cast faces, paradise/ hell,

167
gushing springs/ hot boiling water, honored/ humiliated etc. This would be real contribution to
knowledge as to my knowledge no work has been done so far to outline the use of antonymy in
the Holy Quran from linguistic perspective.

Keywords: Antonymy, lexical-semantic relationship, conventional binary constructs

References
Gao, C. & Zheng, Q. (2014). A Linguistic study of antonymy in English Texts. Journal of
Language Teaching and Research, 5(1), 234-238, Finland: Academy Publisher. ISSN 1798-4769
Murphy, M. Lynne. (2003). Semantic Relations and the Lexicon. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge.
Panther, Klaus-Uwe & Thornburg, Linda. (2012). Antonymy in language structure and use. In
Mario Brdar, Milena ic Fuchs & Ida Raffaelli (eds.), Cognitive linguistics: Between
universality and variation. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars.
Paradis, Carita & Caroline Willners. (2011). Antonymy: From convention to meaning-making.
Review of Cognitive Linguistics, 9(2), 367391.
The Holy Quran. Translted by Syed Faiz Omar (2002). Lahore: Chawla Corporation

168
Innovative Lexico-grammatical Features of Pakistan English Newspapers
Dr. Behzad Anwar
Assistant Professor in English, University of Gujrat, Gujrat
Tabassum Iqbal
Lecturer, University of Gujrat, Gujrat

Abstract
The prime focus of this paper is to explore the unique lexico-grammatical features of Pakistani
journalistic English. By using the corpus of Pakistani English newspaper, some innovative
features of Pakistani Englishs have been discussed. Little attention has been given to this
important aspect of Pakistani English which is developing parallel with other non-native varieties
of English. This paper suggests that when English is used in non-native context, it diffuses and
internationalizes, acculturates and indigenizes, and adapts and diversifies (Honna 2003). This
brief paper, however, lacking spoken data advocates more studies on exploring the unique
features of Pakistani English in different genres.

Keywords: Pakistani English, Newspaper Corpus, Lexico-grammatical features.

169
Recognizing Urdu Compound Words
Abdul Jabbar
MS Scholar in Computer Science, ISP, Multan
Sajid Iqbal
Assistant Professor in Computer Science, BZU, Multan

Abstract
Compounding is a device to invent new words in Urdu language. In this paper, we discuss two
types of compound words, first that is created by affix word such as and
second that is created by Mohmil words such as and . Such compound words
are constantly invented in Urdu language; it is impossible to list them in Urdu lexicon and also
difficult to identify the boundary of such compound words. In this article, we generate the first
Urdu Affix Words List (UAWL) and Urdu Mohmil word patterns both are used to coin
compound words. The criteria for the selection of affix word are the frequency of the affix word
and head word must belong to Urdu lexicon. The corpus, we study consists of five Urdu
grammar books, 149466 Urdu words and 100 news articles from BBC Urdu and Dawn
newspaper. The UAWL and Urdu Mohmil word pattern may provide a good level of confidence
to develop Urdu Natural Language Processing (UNLP) applications such as word segmentation,
phrase chunking, parts of speech tagging and machine translation.

Keywords: Urdu, Affix words, Mohmil words, compound words, Urdu corpus

170
PAITS 2016

171
Translation Studies as an Emerging Field of Research: Scope and Challenges
Dr. Raja Nasim Akhtar
Professor and Dean, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Head, Department of English,
Foundation University, Rawalpindi

Abstract

172
Bilingualism and Translation: the Role of Culture
Dr. Kaleem Raza Khan
Professor and Dean, Faculty of Economics and Management Sciences, Head, Depatment of
Management Sciences and Humanities, DHA Suffa University, Karachi

Abstract
It is usually presumed that knowledge of two languages makes the user a good translator. A
close study of some translations reveals that morphological (word structures: bird> parinda),
syntactic (sentence structures: SVO [He kicked the ball]>SOV [us ne geind ko Thokar lagaai],
and semantic (pride>Ghuruur or faxr) competence is not enough to produce good translation.
There are other factors that are beyond these linguistic levels, such as pragmatics (roughly the
context in which something is said and the communication goals that have to be achieved
through that) and culture of the people who use the two languages in question. The English noun
hair is singular and mass and its Urdu equivalent baal is singular countable. So the English
utterance My hair is long will be translated as mere baal lambe he~. This is the tiny visible
tip of the iceberg that is known as translation. There are cultural items, such as names of dishes,
relations, objects, ideas and concepts which are notoriously difficult to translate. Uncle can be
chacha, taaya, phuupha, xaalu or maamuu~. A number of examples and problems associated
with them will be discussed in the paper.

173
Essence Matters: Components of Translation Competence as a Tool to Advance
Translation & Interpreting Studies in Pakistan

Dr. Inam ul Haq Ghazi


Assistant Professor and Chairman, Department of Translation & Interpretation, Faculty of
Arabic, International Islamic University, Islamabad

Abstract
Translation (Capital T in this presentation covers both translation & interpreting) as an academic
discipline is relatively recent, although emerging, area in Pakistan. There should be a
multifaceted & multi-pronged approach to establish & consolidate this discipline in our country.
However, the priority zones should also be set. One of these high priority zones-in my opinion-
is the pedagogical, educational & training concerns where no or little research based indigenous
initiatives have been taken.
The proposed presentation sets out to analyze the knowledge and technical skills required to
create competent & proficient Translators in Pakistan. Many Western scholars such as Kelly,
Kiraly, Hansen, Schffner and Gile have provided theoretical & practical mass of knowledge that
can be used as a base for discussing the components of Translation components; knowledge of
passive & active working languages, Trans-linguistic, extra-linguistic knowledge, relevant
thematic knowledge, declarative knowledge (e.g. knowledge about the Translation market,
clients, behavioral norms, information sources etc.) and Procedural knowledge (such as fidelity
norms, techniques for ad hoc Knowledge acquisition, problem-solving, and technical skills
required for specialized forms of translation) are few basic areas of Translation Competence.
This presentation aims at putting the existing research work on the subject in Pakistani context
with the purpose to contribute towards taking concrete academic actions that may lead to the
sound progress of Translation & Translation Studies in our country.

Keywords: T&I pedagogy, Translation industry, quality of Translation in Pakistan

174
Ambiguities (Structural & Semantic) in the Translation of Quran and Ways
to Avoid Them:Examples from English Translations of Quran

Dr. Shair Ali Khan


Assistant Professor, Department of Translation & Interpretation, Faculty of Arabic, International
Islamic University, Islamabad

Abstract

Human has the ability to produce a variety of words in a variety of styles with a variety of speech
tools that imprint a strange kind of cognitive, semantic influence over the minds of listeners. The
complex linguistic structure ever put the readers in an ambiguous cognitive whirl from which the
commentators, scholars and translators play their role to pulled out the readers from this
semantic ocean. Quran is the book whose texture is the original revealed divine text,
characterized with the most complex and most sensitive, semantically syntactically over loaded
textual features. It is an immortal, inimitable linguistic miracle on earth beyond human faculty to
create a single word like it. In Quranic discourse translation there are two major kinds of
ambiguities along with their sub-kinds; they are structural ambiguities and semantic ambiguities.
These ambiguities often put the translator at risk of wrong rendering of the holy sensitive text
which the translators must avoid by equipping themselves with all the necessary skills,
knowledge and spirituality. For example the word ( )so many time used in Quran in the
meaning of Doomsday but its first meaning is hour which the translators like Pickthall
(1969:318) has taken in ( Q 20:15 ) Lo! The Hour is surely coming and in (Q 40: 59) Lo!
The Hour is surely coming. Whereas structural ambiguities are in abundance for which the
translator must be a top level of Arabic linguist along with the equivalent linguistic knowledge of
the target language.The paper deals with all such verses containing structural and semantic
ambiguities and finding out the ways to avoid from all these ambiguities for the safe and faithful
rendering of the source sacred divine text.

Keywords: Semantic, ambiguities, translation, structure

References

Abdel Haleem, Muhammed. 1999 Understanding the Quran: Themes & Styles
Abdul-Raof, Hussein. 2001. Qur'an Translation: Discourse, Texture and Exegesis. Routledge.
F. Arbuthnot. 1885 .The Construction of the Bible and the Koran, London
Neal Robinson. 2004. Discovering the Quran: A Contemporary Approach to a Veiled Text,
Georgetown University Press,.
Stephen S. Bilynskyj. 1982. God, Nature

175
English-Arabic Translation In Pakistan: Scope And Activities
Jamil Akhtar
Lecturer, University of Gujrat, Gujrat

Abstract
The field of Translation, no doubt, is as old as human beings are. But, according to Susan
Bassnett,1 Translation Studies, as a new academic discipline, was born in the late 1970s.2
Translation-related scope and its activities from and into Arabic have expanded in the last few
years. Some Pakistani universities, alongside an expanding Arabic translation market which
include various private institutions and many think-tanks, are launching Arabic translation
programmes at undergraduate and postgraduate levels. Many students are, at high level, showing
their interest to learn such kind of translation studies. The questions, hence, arise what is the
scope of English-Arabic translation studies in Pakistan? Which universities, in Pakistan, are
providing such services? Do university-based English-Arabic translation courses enable students
to be fruitful for society? Where the translation centers are located in different cities of Pakistan?
And which one is considered the main translation market in Pakistan? What kind of services
these translation centers are providing? Who, in major cities of Pakistan such as Islamabad,
Peshawar, Karachi and Lahore, are the national and international pioneers of this field? What are
their daily activities in this regard? This paper will discuss and answer all such questions. This
paper will lead students and experts to various fields of translation in Pakistan. The present paper
aims to highlight the problematic area faced by students type translators at initial stage in regard
to their respective field of English-Arabic translation. This paper will explain that the technical
translation, in addition to the general language competency, requires special expertise in the
relevant discipline.
The importance of the findings of this research lies not only in shedding more light on the scope
of Arabic translation in Pakistan, but also in helping to study the activities of some pioneers in
this field.

Keywords: Translation Scope, Translation Activities, English-Arabic Translation

References
Bassnett, Susan, (2002). Translation studies. London: Routledge Taylor &
Francis Group; El-Farahaty, Hanem, (2015). Arabic-English-Arabic legal translation. New
York, NY: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group

1 Susan Bassnett is Professor of Comparative Literary Studies in Translation, the Centre for Comparative Cultural
Studies at the University of Warwick.
2 Bassnett, Susan, (2002). Translation studies. London: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group

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Translation Strategies & the Problem of Untranslatable in Path of The Rose:
Sufi Creed of Love by Lala Rukh Shaukat

Ghazala Tabassum
Associate Professor in English, University of Gujrat, Rawalpindi Sub Campus

Abstract
Path of the Rose; Sufi Creed of Love published by Ferozsons, Lahore in 2015 is an interpretive
translation in English of Punjabi Sufi poetry by Lala Rukh Shaukat. She claims in the preface to
undertake this literary pursuit of translating Punjabi Sufi poetry into English to bring forward a
message of sanity, peace and realization of eternal truth in times of ideological, social and racial
conflicts and extremism. The writers main concern is to capture the true essence of divine love
and purity of being as the main theme of Punjabi Sufi poetry metaphorically presented as path of
the rose. She works within binaries of literal and loose (free) translation methods and makes use
of syntactic, semantic and pragmatic strategies bringing in her own additions, omissions and
elaborations where ever she feels it a requisition to maintain the coherent meaning. Thus she
works within translation shifts, a technical term used for small but meaningful changes that
occur in a translation process, i.e. from the SL to the TL (Catford, 2000). Jean-Paul Vinay and
Jean Darbelnet (1958) developed Catfords concept of translation shift into a comprehensive
taxonomy of translation shifts in translation procedures, which I have used both as the method
and critical frame work in this study.
A careful and parallel reading of the source and target texts highlights certain aesthetic and
cultural lacunas and inaccuracies/ambiguities in target text resulting in the loss/ distortion of
evocative radius of source text. This paper focuses on studying the strategies of translation Lala
Rukh Shaukat employs in her book and how far these strategies work towards the coveted aim of
conveying the original brilliance and beauty of Sufi poetry by applying Vinay and Darbelnets
(1958/2000) taxonomy of translation procedures. Though the whole book carries such lacunas
and inaccuracies/ambiguities in translation of all five poets the translator has selected, the scope
of this study does not allow critical debate on the whole of the book. Therefore I have delimited
my study and focused on Bulle Shahs poems for my critical stance.

Keywords: literal and free translation, strategies and procedures of translation, translatable and
untranslatable.

References

Bakker, M., Koster, C. & van Leuven-Zwart, K. (1998). Shifts of Translation. In

177
M.Baker (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Translation Studies. London: Routledge.
Gentzler, Edwin. (1993). Contemporary Translation Theories. New York: Routledge.
Vinay, J.-P., & Darbelnet, J. (1958/2000). A Methodology for Translation. [An excerpt
from Comparative Stylistics of French and English: A Methodology for Translation,
trans. and eds. J. C. Sager & M.-J. Hamel, Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1995,
first published in 1958 as Stylistique compare du franais et de langlais. Mthode
de traduction] In L. Venuti (Ed.), The Translation Studies Reader (pp. 8493).
Lon Berndt, T. J. (2002). Friendship quality and social development.Current Directions in
Psychological Science, 11, 7-10.don: Routledge.

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Transformation of Meaning in Translation
Dr. Aalia Sohail Khan
Principal, Government Post Graduate College for Women, 6th Road Satellite Town, Rawalpindi

Abstract
Translation is transferal of meaning from one language to another. As language is at all times
culture specific, no two languages are precisely alike. There are always irreducible variances
between two languages and two cultures. Transparency in languages and translation is
impossible, as language by its very nature is inseparably intertwined with culture. Therefore, in
translating from Punjabi into English, translator is from the beginning confronted by the problem
of transferring meaning at two incommensurable levels: linguistic and cultural. In this paper, I
wish to demonstrate linguistic, conceptual and cultural lacuna that make it difficult and at times
impossible to reconstitute and transfer meaning in translation. Philosophers of language, linguists
and theorists of translation have recognized the existence of lacunae, voids, in all languages.
There are opaque, resistant gaps in every language that resist empathic identification. Attempts
are made by translators to find corresponding words and concepts in target language so that the
overall impression is the same for source and target language. Language as a social phenomenon
derives its meaning from a context and is always culture-specific, therefore translation from the
source-text to the target-text does not simply transfer meaning, it transforms it; at times there is
also loss of original meaning. There are different translation strategies, procedures such as
borrowing, deculturalisation, foreignisation, cultural equivalents, functional equivalents,
synonyms, which are used for sentences and smaller units of language. This paper will explore
how the key Sufi concepts of Alif, Ishq and Murshid lose their original meaning when translation
in English domesticates, decultarlises, borrows, adds, omits or shifts certain key terms in Sultan
Bahoos Punjabi Sufi poetry. As there is divergence in the Punjabi and English culture, the world
view of the religions of Christianity and Islam, East and West, it is found that not only there are
no exact lexical or structural parallels between Punjabi and English languages, there are also no
conceptual and cultural parallels. A translator has many choices, alternatives before him he can
omit, add paraphrase, explicate, condense, shift however the choice should always arise from
contextual factors.

Keywords: Punjabi Sufi Poetry, meaning, lacuna, language, culture

Bibliography
Lings, M. (1983). What is sufism? Lahore: Suhail Academy.
Newmark, P. (1988). A textbook of translation. London: Prentice-Hall International.

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Riccardi, A. (2003). Translation studies: Perspectives on an emerging discipline. Cambridge
University Press.
Toury, G. (1987). Translation across cultures. New Delhi: Bahria Publications.
Venuti, L. (Ed.). (2000). The translation studies reader. London and New York: Routledge.

A Descriptive-Contrastive Analysis of Idioms Translated from Urdu into


English: English Translations of Mantos Toba Tek Singh as a case in point
Muhammad Salman Riaz
PhD Scholar, Centre for Translation Studies, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
Muhammad Abid Ali Khan
Department of English, Government High School for Boys, Chechian, Gujrat

Abstract
Idioms are one of the major types of linguistic barriers a translator faces, especially when
translating a literary text. As translation is a decision-making activity, translators have to make
decisions as to which strategy they should adopt while translating an idiom. The current study,
working within a descriptive and contrastive linguistics framework and drawing on Bakers
(1992), Newmarks (1988), and Strakienes (2009) typologies of idiom translation strategies,
compares four English translations of Saadat Hasan Mantos famous Urdu short story Toba Tek
Singh. The aim is to first identify the strategies used by the translators to deal with the source
text idioms. This is then followed by concentrating on each translators set of strategies to
discover his or her general approach (in terms of its being source text or target text oriented)
towards translating the source text idioms. The study finally discusses the effect of translating
idioms literally, focusing on the question whether or not the technique harms the meaning of the
idiom, and if it does so, to what extent. The study is pioneering in nature, in that it is the first in-
depth, systematic study of Urdu idioms translated into English. This area of research is quite
under-researched with reference to Urdu-English translation, and it is hoped that the present
study will help to not only fill the gap, but also inspire future researches in the area.

References

Baker, Mona. (1992). In other Words: A Coursebook on Translation. London & New York:
Routledge.
Newmark, Peter. (1988). A Textbook in Translation. New York & London: Prentice Hall.
Strakiene, Margarita. (2009). Analysis of Idiom Translation Strategies from English into

180
Translation Quality Assessment of The death of Sheherzad
Shaigan Sohail
Mphil Scholar in Applied Linguistics, Government College for Women University, Sialkot
Rehana Yasmin Anjum
Assistant Professor in English, Government College for Women University, Sialkot
PhD Scholar, University of Management and Technology, Lahore

Abstract

A translation study is a recent development as a separate branch of study creating an immense


opportunity in the field of research. In the earlier days, translation is considered secondary to the
creative writing, but since 1980s it has been developed and gained the status as a reputed field
of investigation. Hence it becomes necessary to explore the area of translation especially the
problem of equivalence in translation. Present study is an attempt to find out the problem of
equivalence at textual and cultural level in translating ST from Urdu to English version. The aim
of this study is to find out textual equivalence and cultural equivalence by applying Houses
model of translation quality assessment to trace the theoretical aspects that are followed by TT
with ST. For this study two texts are selected one in Urdu (ST) and the other is its translation in
English (TT) and for sampling few chunks from short stories have been selected. A collection of
short stories Sheherzad kay naam written by Intizar Hussain an eminent Pakistani writer and
its English version The death of Sheherzad translated by Rakhshanda Jalil are taken into
consideration for the analysis.

Keywords: Translation, Equivalence, Textual Equivalence, Cultural Equivalence, Houses


model

References

Hussain, I. (2014). The Death of Sheherzad (R.Jalil,Trans.). Noida, Uttar Pardesh, India:
Harpercollins publishers
Hussain, I. (2002). Sheharzad kay Naam. Lahore, Pakistan: Sang e Meel publishers
House, J. (1997). Translation Quality Assessment. A Model Revisited. Tubingen: Gunter Narr
Verlag Tuberingen

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