NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

SMA4135

FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCES

DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED MATHEMATICS

DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS

Assignment 1* DUE DATE 14/10/16 Assignment 2 not starred DUE DATE 4/11/2016

Time : Y OU R hours

Answer All Questions as indicated .

A1. * Solve the system by elimination method

dx
= 2x + y + t (1)
dt
dx
= x + 2y + t2 . (2)
dt
[4]

A2. * It is given that f and g are both continuously differentiable such that

x = f (x, y),
y = g(x, y).

(a) Define
(i) an equilibrium point of the system of differential equations, [1]
(ii) the condition for the system to be asymptotically stable, [2]
(b) State, without proof, sufficient conditions for the linear stability of the
equilibrium point in (a)(i). [2]

A3. * Consider the system of differential equations


x = 4x + 2y,
y = x y.

page 1 of 5
 SMA4135

(a) Solve the system of differential equations and determine its stability nature. [5]
(b) Sketch the phase portrait of the linear system. [2]

A4. * Consider the system of differential equations


x = x(1 2x + y),
y = y(x + 1).

(a) Obtain all possible equilibrium points of the system. [2]

(b) Analyse the nature of the equilibrium points. [4]
(c) Sketch the phase diagram for the linearised system. [6]

A5. * Consider the system of differential equations


x = x + xy,
y = y + x2 .

(a) Obtain all possible equilibrium points of the system. [2]

(b) Analyse the nature of the equilibrium points. [4]
(c) Obtain and classify any manifolds on the non-zero positive fixed point. [5]
(d) For the fixed point in (c) above, write down the equations of the linearized system
and sketch the phase diagram for this new system. [5]

A6. (a) Define a fixed point of a discrete dynamical system xn+1 = f (xn ). [1]
(b) Write down the stability criteria for a fixed point x .

[2]
(c) Establish the nature of the fixed points of the growth model
1
xn+1 = (x3n + xn ).
2
[4]

A7. Consider the two competing species model which has the form

N1 = N1 (a1 b11 N1 b12 N2 ),
N2 = N2 (a2 b21 N1 b22 N2 ).

(a) Describe the terms and parameters of the model. [3]

(b) Find all the biologically feasible equilibrium points and distinguish between
them. [6]

page 2 of 5
 SMA4135

(c) Write dowm any conditions necessary for co-existence of the two species. [2]

A8. *

(a) Show whether the system below is a gradient system. If it is, obtain the gradient
function of the system

x = (1 + x y2)ex
y = 2yex .

[7]
(b) Consider the dynamical system x = f (x, y).
(i) Define a Lyapunov function for the dynamical system. [2]
(ii) State the Lyapunov Stability Theorem for the system. [3]
(c) The Lorenz equations are given by:

x = (y x),
y = x y xz,
z = z + xy,

where , and are positive parameters and x, y and z are real variables.
(i) Determine the equilibria of the Lorenz equations. [5]
(ii) Use the Lyapunov function
1
V = (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )
2
to obtain sufficient conditions on the parameters for the system to be globally
stable. [8]

A9. *

(a) Consider the dynamical system


x = f (x, y),
y = g(x, y).

(i) State and prove the Hamiltonian Theorem for the dynamical system. [2]
(ii) Given that f (x, y) = y + x2 y 2 and g(x, y) = x 2xy,
(a) show that the system is a Hamiltonian, [1]
(b) find its Hamiltonian function, [2]
(c) analyse the stability of the fixed points of this Hamiltonian system. [6]

page 3 of 5
 SMA4135

(b) Consider the Lotka-Volterra equations in the form


u = u(1 u + c1 v),
v = rv(1 + c2 u v),

where r is a positive constant.

(i) What determines the interaction between the populations? [1]
(ii) Write down the conditions for the different types of the interactions. [2]
(iii) Find the equilibrium points and analyse their existence for any given
values of c1 and c2 . [4]
(iv) Determine the possible asymptotically stability of the system for any
given values of c1 and c2 . [4]
(v) Show the regions of existence, stability and the types of interactions in the
c1 c2 plane. [3]

A10. (a) Consider the system

dx
= x x2 ,
dt
dy
= y.
dt
Investigate the bifurcation of the system. [7]
(b) An HIV dynamic model has after some time the following equations:

dT
= T V dT
dt
dT
= T V T
dt
dV
= kT uV,
dt
where T is the population of uninfected CD4+ cells, T is the population
of infected CD4+ cells, V free virus particles, CD4+ cells are produced at a
rate and die at a rate d, k rate at which infected cells produce free virus
particles,infected cells die at a rate , and free virus are removed at arate u.
(i) Write down the assumptions of the model. [3]
(ii) Find the equilibrium points and find out when they exist. [6]
(iii) Show that the disease-free equilibrium is stable when R0 < 1 and unstable
when R0 > 1. [5]
(iv) Discus the various ways the epidemic is being controlled. [4]

page 4 of 5
 SMA4135

A11. An epidemiological model has after some time the following equations:
dS
= N SI S
dt
dI
= SI ( + + )I
dt
dR
= I R,
dt
where N is the total population, S is the number of susceptible individuals, I is the
number of infected individuals and R is the number of recoveries.

(a) Write down the assumptions of the model. [3]

(b) Find the equilibrium points and classify them, writing down the conditions for
their existence. [7]
N
(c) Hence show that R0 = ++
. [2]
(d) Show that the disease-free equilibrium point is locally asymptotically stable when
R0 < 1. [7]
(e) Determine the nature of the endemic equilibrium point. [6]

END OF QUESTION PAPER

page 5 of 5