11 Cellular Capacity Enhancement

HET452 Wireless Communications
HET718 Mobile and Personal Networks
System Design of Cellular

Networks (3)
Lecture eleven
Outline of Lecture
• Purpose of Lecture is to outline techniques used for
improving coverage and capacity in Cellular systems
• Cellular architecture modifications
• Frequency allocation schemes
HET452/HET718
4-2
Faculty of Information and Communication Technologies
Capacity Expansion Techniques for
Cellular Radio
• Four Methods
1. Buy more bandwidth
2. Modify cellular architecture
3. Modify frequency allocation scheme
4. Use a different modem and access technology
• We will consider modifications to the cellular
architecture (2) and modifications to the frequencey
allocation scheme (3) in this lecture
• Option 4 was covered in previous lectures

HET452/HET718
4-3
Modify Cellular Architecture
• Cell splitting
– Reduce radius of cell to increase frequency reuse
• Cell sectoring / Smart Antennae

– Reduce co-channel interference
• Repeaters
– Use retransmitters to cover areas subject to severe fading
HET452/HET718
4-4
Cell Splitting – A hierarchy of cells
• Can split cells into smaller cells
– Cells may be congested
– Cell may not have coverage in a particular area
• Urban canyons, indoors
• Hierarchy of cells
– Femtocells: metres
– Picocells: interiors of buildings with range in 10s of metres
– Micro cells: urban canyons. Range 100s of metres
– Macro cells: metropolitan areas. Range of kilometres
– Megacells: national coverage: Hundreds of kilometres
HET452/HET718
4-5
Cell Splitting to Minimize Congestion
• Where cells are congested, split the cell into two
smaller cells and allocate additional channels to it
• New smaller cell is midway between co-channel cells
A B C D
a
C D E F G
F G A B
HET452/HET718
4-6
Signal-Interference Ratio if all cells split
Let radius of cell A be R and the distance to each of its
neighbouring co-channel cells be Di . Then the minumum SIR
experienced by cell A is: R −n
SIRcellA = i
∑ i( )
0
−n
D
i =1
Now, the radius of cell a is R/2 and the distances to each of

its neighbouring co-channel cells are Di/2
Then the maximum SIR experienced by cell a is:
−n
 R
 
SIRcella = i   −n =
2 (R )−n = SIRcellA
i0
 Di  ( )
∑ ∑ i
0
−n
  D
i =1  2  i =1
HET452/HET718
4-7
Partial upgrade
• Split cells one at a time, as load grows
– Don’t halve all Di
• How can we retain SIR at previous levels?
– Reduce power
• Microcell becomes very small
– Aim microcell antenna down, to reduce range
– Use different channels in cells A and a
• Channels in old cell broken down into two groups
• A separate group allocated to each of cells A and a
HET452/HET718
4-8
Overlaid Cells Concept
• Using different frequencies within different sized cells
is called the ‘overlaid cells concept’
• It can be generalized to the hierarchy of cells listed
earlier.
• Generally, allocate frequencies from the larger cell to
mobile stations that are moving rapidly and
frequencies from the smaller cells to mobile stations
moving more slowly. This minimizes the number of
handovers experienced by the mobile station.
HET452/HET718
4-9
Reuse Partitioning with Overlaid Micro
Cells
• Channels are divided among a larger
macrocell and a smaller microcell
entirely contained within the larger
cell
• Channels allocated to the smaller
cells have a smaller radius than the
larger cells they can use a smaller
co-channel reuse distance than the
overlay cell
• Typically the macrocell will be in a
cluster of 7 cells while the microcell
will be in a cluster of 3
HET452/HET718
4-10
Cell Sectoring
• SIR is proportional to the cell reuse ratio D/R
• Cell splitting reduces R and D so increasing the
number of channels per unit area
• Cell Sectoring increases SIR so that the cluster size
can be reduced
• Makes use of directional antennae to increase the
SIR
HET452/HET718
4-11
Cell Sectoring
• Replace single omni-directional antenna at the base
station by several directional antennae
• Channels used by the base station are broken into
separate groups and are used only within a particular
sector
o o
• Usually broken into three 120 sectors or six 60
sectors 1
1 2
2 3 6 3
5 4
HET452/HET718
4-12
Cell Sectoring and SIR
• Sectoring improves SIR by reducing the interference
contribution from other cells
o
• For cluster size 7, where SIR is 17dB, 120 sectoring
improves SIR to 24 dB, enabling reduction in cluster
size
HET452/HET718
4-13
Cell Sectoring and SIR
A B C D
o
120 Sectors,
A B C D E F G
seven cell clusters
C D E F G A B
Interference at cell
A is now only from F G A
m
B C D
two other cells
instead of six A B C F G
C D E FF G A B
F G A B
HET452/HET718
4-14
Approximation of Worst Case SIR for first
tier of co-channel cells (N=7)
B
•Radius of cell is R
•Distance between B
D
centre of cells is D
D+R B
•Approximate distances
shown on diagram B D–R
•Worst case is when D+R M
Mobile Station at edge B
of cell D–R
•Cochannel interference D B
from two cells D + R
distance B
HET452/HET718
4-15
Approximation of Worst Case SIR for first
tier of co-channel cells (N=7)
o
• For 120 sectors:
R −n 1
SIR = =
2( D + R ) − n 2(Q + 1) − n
o
• For 60 sectors:
R −n 1
SIR = =
( D + R ) − n (Q + 1) − n
HET452/HET718
4-16
Sectoring Problem
• Calculate the SIR (forward channel) for cluster size 7
where 60 degree sectoring is used. Assume a path
loss constant n = 4
• Repeat for n = 3
• Comments?
• Some useful formulae
−n
R 1
SIR = −n
= −n
( D + R) (Q + 1)
D
Q = = 3N
R
HET452/HET718
4-17
Sectoring Penalties
• Sectoring improves SIR but with some costs
– Additional antennas at each base station
– Handovers between sectors
• Usually done by the base station
– Loss of trunking efficiency
• Main disadvantage of sectoring
• Radio channels are allocated to each antenna.
• This breaks up the available pool of channels so decreasing
trunking efficiency
• Sectoring doesn’t help with reverse channel SIR
– Other techniques needed
• Power control main one HET452/HET718
4-18
Sectoring and Trunking Example
Consider a system where the average call lasts 2 minutes and the
probability of blocking is to be no more than 1%.
If there are 395 channels in a 7 cell reuse system then there will
be 57 channels per cell. Assuming blocked calls are cleared
(Erlang B) then this system can handle 1326 calls per hour.
Now consider 120 degree sectoring. Now there are only 19

channels per antenna sector. Using Erlang B, each sector can
handle 336 calls per hour. Since each cell contains three sectors,
the system can now handle only 1008 calls per hour. A 24%
decrease in call handling capacity!
HET452/HET718
4-19
Sectoring and Trunking Example
If capacity decreases per BS by 24%, why use sectoring?
It allows more frequency reuse (since less interference):

Replace 7-cell reuse by 4-cell reuse  75% increase in capacity.
Overall effect:
(1 – 0.24) (1 + 0.75) = 1.33. 33% INCREASE in capacity.
(Actually, overall benefit is greater, since more frequency reuse

also helps trunking efficiency.)
HET452/HET718
4-20
Smart Antennas
• Smart Antennae take the idea of a microcell to its
logical limit
• Base station directs a narrow beam towards a mobile
station
• Enables very high frequency reuse
• Known as Space Division Multiple Access
HET452/HET718
4-21
Smart Antennas
• Forms a different
beam for each
subscriber
• Minimizes
interference
between beams
HET452/HET718
4-22
Repeaters
• Radio retransmitters connected to a base station
• Used to provide coverage in hard-to-reach areas
– Valleys, buildings, tunnels
• Can be thought of as a distributed antenna
• Repeaters connected to base station through
microwave, coaxial or fibre optic cable
HET452/HET718
4-23
Example of use of a Repeater
Base station unable to cover a difficult area
because of a valley.
Solution is to install a repeater attached to the

same base station
Base Station Additional Base

Coverage Station Coverage
with a Repeater
X R
HET452/HET718
4-24
Summary of Cell Architecture
Modifications
• Cell Splitting
• Cell Sectoring
• Smart antennae
• Repeaters
HET452/HET718
4-25
Problem on Cell Splitting
2
1 5
4 1
3 7
6 3
•How might you arrange the frequency allocation

in the split cells above?
HET452/HET718
4-26
Alternative Frequency Allocation
Schemes
• Channel allocation is straightforward when traffic is
uniform.
– When it isn’t, it can be very complicated.
• Fixed Channel Allocation
• Centralized Dynamic Channel Allocation
• Distributed Dynamic Channel Allocation
HET452/HET718
4-27
Fixed Channel Allocation
• Predetermined number of channels allocated to each
cell
• No transfer or borrowing between cells
• Eg GSM with cluster size of 4
– [1, 5, … , 121] for first set of cells
– [2, 6, … , 122] for second set of cells
– [3, 7, … , 123] for third set of cells
– [4, 8, … , 124] for third set of cells
HET452/HET718
4-28
Advantages and Disadvantages of Fixed
Channel Allocation
• Advantages
– Easy to implement
– Works well if traffic in network is uniform and remains
constant with time
• Disadvantages
– Wasteful if traffic is not uniform
• Some cells have unacceptable blocking because all channels
used while other cells have unused channels
– Doesn’t cater for traffic that varies with time
• Cells on the central business district will have high traffic rates
during the day, but low rates in the evening and at weekends
HET452/HET718
4-29
Channel Borrowing
• Short term allocation of borrowed channels to cells
• Allocate unused channels in one cell to another cell
with no available channels
• Channels can be borrowed by a neighbour if it is not
in use in any of its co-channel cells
• The channel in the co-channel cells is locked until the
channel is returned
HET452/HET718
4-30
Channel Borrowing
Cell D is congested A B
Channel is E
A B C D
borrowed from G
C D E F G A B
Affected cells
(locked channels)
F G A B C D E
A B C D F F G
C D E F G
F G
HET452/HET718
4-31
Dynamic Channel Allocation
• No fixed assignment of channels to cells
• All available channels are part of a ‘pool’ that are
allocated to cells as needed
• Allocation of channels needs to consider the effect of
channel allocation on SIR
– Cannot allocate a channel if it will reduce SIR for other
cells below an acceptable level
• Places big demands on MSC to manage channel
allocation
HET452/HET718
4-32
Dynamic Channel Allocation
• Two approaches
– Centralised Allocation
• Allocation decisions made by MSC
• Mobile Switching Centre allocates all channels based on
information from all attached base stations regarding signal
strength
– Decentralised Allocation
• Allocation decisions made by Base Station
• Base station measures interference on all channels not yet
allocated and chooses the one with least interference
• Slightly like modern “cognitive radio” techniques
HET452/HET718
4-33
Dynamic Allocation
• Centralised
– Very efficient usage of channels
– But a high signalling overhead
– Single point of failure has robustness consequences
• Decentralised
– Less efficient
– But more robust since no single point of failure
– Smaller signalling overhead
HET452/HET718
4-34
Summary of Frequency Allocation
Schemes
Attribute Fixed Channel Allocation Dynamic Channel Allocation
Flexibility in channel allocation Low High
Reusability of channels Maximum Limited
Temporal and spatial changes Very sensitive Insensitive
Grade of service Fluctuating Stable
Radio equipment Covers only the channels Has to cover all channels that could
allocated to the cell be assigned to the cell
Computational effort Low High
Call setup delay Low High
Implementation complexity Low High
Frequency planning Complex None
Sigalling load Low High
Control Centralised Centralised or decentralised
HET452/HET718
4-35
Summary
• Techniques for improving capacity of a cellular
system
• Cell based
– Cell splitting
– Cell sectoring
– Repeaters
– Microcells
• Frequency Allocation Schemes
– Fixed and decentralised
HET452/HET718
4-36

11 Cellular Capacity Enhancement

Încărcat de

Informații document

Descriere originală:

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

11 Cellular Capacity Enhancement

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

HET452 Wireless Communications

HET718 Mobile and Personal Networks

System Design of Cellular

• Option 4 was covered in previous lectures

• Cell sectoring / Smart Antennae

Now, the radius of cell a is R/2 and the distances to each of

Now consider 120 degree sectoring. Now there are only 19

It allows more frequency reuse (since less interference):

(Actually, overall benefit is greater, since more frequency reuse

Solution is to install a repeater attached to the

Base Station Additional Base

•How might you arrange the frequency allocation

S-ar putea să vă placă și