University of Florida Finite Elements in Civil Engineering (CES 5116) Fall 2017 Consolazio

Assignment 2: Rishabh Lala

(Assigned Sat., Sep. 2 2017; Due Mon., Sep. 11, 2017, 5:00 pm)

Problem 1) For this problem use hand integration and

show all work. The 2-node truss element shown in Fig. 1
is subjected to an arbitrary distributed axial load that has q(x)
the form:
qi
q(x) = q i + a1x + a 2 x 2
1 2
L
where q(x) has units of force/length. Derive the
consistent nodal load vector {f } for this combination of
Figure 1
element and load. The vector {f } should be expressed
in terms of qi, a1, a2, and L.

For problems 2 and 3 below: You may use calculation software such as MathCad or Matlab. The length of the axial bar is
L=150 in. The cross-sectional area is a constant value A=1.5 in^2. The structure is homogeneous and is made from
aluminum with an elastic modulus of E=10000 ksi. The variation of distributed axial load is q(x) = q i + a1x + a 2 x 2 .

Problem 2) Use a numerical model consisting of a single

2-node truss element (Fig. 2). For this element, qi=0
kip/in, a1=0.0075 kip/in^2, and a2= 0.000025 kip/in^3.
q(x)
a) Using the expressions developed in Problem 1,
compute the load vector {f}. Next, using Gauss 1 2
quadrature, compute {f}. Compare the two {f} x 1
vectors.
b) Solve for the displacement at x=L
L
c) Plot the exact axial stress and the FEA axial stress
from x=0 to x=L Figure 2
d) Verify your result by performing an ADINA analysis
e) Comment on your results.

Problem 3) Use a numerical model consisting of two

2-node truss elements (Fig. 3). For element [1], qi=0
kip/in, a1=0.0075 kip/in^2, and a2= 0.000025 kip/in^3. q(x)
For element [2], qi=0.421875 kip/in, a1=0.00375
kip/in^2, and a2= 0.000025 kip/in^3.
1 2 3
x
a) Using the expressions developed in Problem 1, 1 2

compute load vectors {f} for elements [1] and [2].

b) Solve for the displacements at x=L/2 and x=L L/2 L/2
c) Plot the exact axial stress and the FEA axial stress
from x=0 to x=L
d) Verify your result by performing an ADINA analysis Figure 3
e) Comment on your results.
CES:5116
Rishabh Lala

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Assignment #2 Due: Sep 14,2017; 5:00 pm Rishabh Lala

Assumption: Loading is along x direction

L := 150 in
2
A := 1.5 in

E := 10000 ksi

a1 := -0.0075 ksi

k
a2 := -0.000025
3
in
qi := 0

Expression developed in the previous problem:

L 2 3
L L
qi + a1 + a2
2 6 12 -35.156
fvec := = kip Load Vector, negative sign shows load acting
2 3 -77.344
L L
qi + a1 + a2 L
downwards
2 3 4

Using Gauss Quadrature

2
f ( x) := qi + a1 x + a2 x

f ( L) = -1.688

Use 2 point Gause Quadrature Rule, since the polynomial is less than third order
n := 2 2 n - 1 = 3

xf := L = 150 xi := 0

Form a function that maps from coordinates to x coordinates

( xf + xi) ( xf - xi)
tox ( ) := +
2 2

CES6108: Structural Dynamics, Spring 2017 1/14

Assignment #2 Due: Sep 14,2017; 5:00 pm Rishabh Lala

( xf + xi)
xm := = 75 midpoint of x range
2

:= 0
midpoint of range
( xf - xi)
xr := = 75
1 - ( -1 ) ratio of x and ranges

Check the mapping

check := -1 tox ( check) = 0
check := 1 tox ( check) = 150

Map the integration points from coordinates to x coordinates

-1 1
1 := = -0.577 2 := = 0.577
3 3

x1 := tox ( 1 ) = 31.699 x2 := tox ( 2 ) = 118.301

Evaluate (sample) the function fx at the mapped integration points:

F := f ( x1) = -0.263 F := f ( x2) = -1.237

1 2

Map integration points from the domain [-1, +1]:

Weightages:
w := 1 w := w = 1
1 2 1

:= 1 = -0.577 := 2 = 0.577
1 2

n 150
2
RxGauss := xr
( w F
p p ) = -112.5 Rxexact :=

0
qi + a1 x + a2 x dx = -112.5
along x direction
p =1

RxFEA := fvec + fvec = -112.5

1 2 kip

Comparison:
-35.156 Using Expression from problem I
fvec =
-77.344

( )
fgauss := xr w F = -19.715
1 1 1
fgauss := xr w F = -92.785
2 2 2

Rx := RxFEA
ftot := Rx

CES6108: Structural Dynamics, Spring 2017 2/14

Assignment #2 Due: Sep 14,2017; 5:00 pm Rishabh Lala

II) Displacement at x=L

Exact Result:
x
2
Rx - qi + a1 x + a2 x dx

0
exact( x) :=
A

FEA Displacement
E
K := A = 100 kip
L

d := K
-1
fvec =
-0.352
in
-0.773

s := K d =
-35.156
kip
-77.344

Stress from FEA

kip
FEA := s = -51.563
2
A 2 in

n := 11

i := 1 .. n
L
x := (i - 1)
i n-1

- 20
exact( xi)

FEA - 40

- 60

- 80
0 50 100 150
xi , xi

d) Results Verification from ADINAAnalysis:

along x direction

CES6108: Structural Dynamics, Spring 2017 3/14

Assignment #2 Due: Sep 14,2017; 5:00 pm Rishabh Lala

along x direction

ADINA results matches with the manual FEA analysis results.

e) Comment on Results:

-> Exact stress varies linearly while FEA stresses are constant wrt the length of the element.
-> FEA is an approximation and therefore, FEA stresses are not exact.
-> FEA distributes constant forces on the nodes. Therefore, more nodes are required to improve the stress
evaluation accuracy.

ORIGIN 1

Nodal Coordinates:

x1 := 0 in

x2 := 75 in

x3 := 150 in

ngdof := 2 Movement possible only along roller in the direction of loads in 2D

system
ID Vectors for each element
T
ID1 := ( 0 2 )
T
ID2 := ( 2 1 )

CES6108: Structural Dynamics, Spring 2017 4/14

Assignment #2 Due: Sep 14,2017; 5:00 pm Rishabh Lala

Element Matrix
1 -1
A E

formElemStiff ( A , E , L) :=
L -1 1

Define Functions that form element load vectors:

L 2 3
L L
qi + a1 + a2
2 6 12
formElemLoadRamp( qi , L) := Expression from problem I
2 3
qi L + a1 L + a2 L
2 3 4

-7.91
f1 := formElemLoadRamp( 0 , 75) = kip
-16.699

150

f2 :=

1 -

x
( 2 )
qi + a1 x + a2 x dx = -18.896 kip Concept from problem I
1
L
75

150

f2 :=
2
x
L
( 2 )
qi + a1 x + a2 x dx = -68.994 kip

75
A) Element Local Load Vectors

-7.91
f1 =
-18.896
f2 =
-16.699 -68.994

formElemLoadRamp( 0 ) = (Unitless) [Unitless]

Form element stiffness matrices and load vectors ...

L 200 -200
k1 := formElemStiff A , E , =
2 -200 200

k2 := k1

CES6108: Structural Dynamics, Spring 2017 5/14

Assignment #2 Due: Sep 14,2017; 5:00 pm Rishabh Lala

Form global matrices and solve for displacement DOF

Define a function that assembles an element stiffness matrix into the global stiffness using an identification vector
(ID) ..
addStiff ( K , k, ID) := for ie 1 .. rows( k)
for je 1 .. cols( k)
if ID 0 ID 0
ie je
ig ID
ie
jg ID
je
K K +k
ig , jg ig , jg ie , je
return K

addLoad( F , f , ID) := for ie 1 .. length( f )

if ID 0
ie
ig ID
ie
F F +f
ig ig ie
return F

i := 1 .. ngdof

j := 1 .. ngdof Initialize Global Load Vector

K := 0 F := 0
i, j i

K :=
0 0

0 0

(
K := addStiff K , k1 , ID1 ) (
F := addLoad F , f1 , ID1 )
K := addStiff ( K , k2 , ID2 ) (
F := addLoad F , f2 , ID2 )
200 -200
K= F=
-68.994
central support 2
-200 400
1 -35.596
right support
B) Solve the global static equilibrium equation for global displacements ...
-1 -0.868 2
in central support
D := K F =
-0.523 1 right support

Varification Using Statics

Rx := F + F + f1 = -112.5
1 2
kip
1

CES6108: Structural Dynamics, Spring 2017 6/14

Assignment #2 Due: Sep 14,2017; 5:00 pm Rishabh Lala

Normal (axial) force in each zone (from statics) ...

x2

N2( x2) := Rx -

(qi + a1x + a2x2) dx Element I
0

x3

N3( x3) := Rx -

(qi + a1x + a2x2) dx Element II
x2

Exact displacements corresponding to the global DOF locations in the FEA model ...

L
2

N2( x2) dx2

0
Dexact2 := = -0.523 2
A E Right support

L

N3( x3) dx3
L

2
Dexact1 := + Dexact2 = -0.896 1 Central support
A E

c) Plot the exact axial stress and the FEA axial stress from x=0 to x=L

II) Displacement at x=L

Exact Result:

x
2
Rx - qi + a1 x + a2 x dx

exact( x) :=
0
A

FEA Displacement

n := 11

i := 1 .. n

L
x := (i - 1)
i n-1

CES6108: Structural Dynamics, Spring 2017 7/14

Assignment #2 Due: Sep 14,2017; 5:00 pm Rishabh Lala

Exact Axial Stresses

0

- 20

exact( xi)- 40

- 60

- 80
0 50 100 150
xi

Recover FEA element forces and stresses

Define a function that extracts element displacements (d) from the global displacements using element identification
vector:

formElemDisp( D , ID) := for ie 1 .. length ( ID)

if ID 0
ie
ig ID
ie
d D
ie ig
d 0 otherwise
ie
return d

Extract element displacement for each element:

0
1 ( )
d := formElemDisp D , ID1 =
-0.523
in
Central Support

-0.523
2 ( )
d := formElemDisp D , ID2 =
-0.868
in Right corner support

Recover element forces:

104.59
s1 := k1 d =
1 -104.59
kip

68.994
s2 := k2 d =
2 -68.994
kip

CES6108: Structural Dynamics, Spring 2017 8/14

Assignment #2 Due: Sep 14,2017; 5:00 pm Rishabh Lala

Recover Element Forces

Index of force entry that will produce the sign convention + compression and - tension
idx := 2

s1
idx
:= = -69.727 ksi
1 A

s2
idx ksi
:= = -45.996
2 A

L
2
x1 :=
i
( i - 1) Length of first element divided into n-1 segments
n-1

C) Exact vs FEA Axial Stresses

0

- 20
exact( xi)

1
- 40
2
- 60

- 80
0 50 100 150
xi , x1i , 75+ x1i

D) Result Verification using ADINA analysis:

along x direction

ADINA results (stresses and displacements) matches with the results of manual FEA analysis.

CES6108: Structural Dynamics, Spring 2017 9/14

Assignment #2 Due: Sep 14,2017; 5:00 pm Rishabh Lala

E) Comments:
1) The stresses and displacements from manual FEA analysis and ADINA FEA analysis are the same.
2) The exact displacement differ from the FEA displacements by 3.22% and so the exact stresses at the nodes
differ from the FEA stresses.
3) FEA is an approximation of the quadratic stresses, as it shows constant stresses at the nodal region.

CES6108: Structural Dynamics, Spring 2017 10/14