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Frequency Response

Chapter 14
14.1 Introduction

The frequency response of a circuit is the


variation in its behavior with change in signal
frequency.

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14.2 Transfer Function

The transfer function H() of a circuit is the


frequency-dependent ratio of a phase output
Y() (an element voltage or current) to a
phasor input X() (source voltage or current).

Y ( )
H ( ) =
X( )

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Vo ( )
H ( ) = Voltage gain =
Vi ( )
I o ( )
H ( ) = Current gain =
I i ( )
Vo ( )
H ( ) = Transfer Impedance =
I i ( )
I o ( )
H ( ) = Transfer Adimittance =
Vi ( )

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N( )
H ( ) =
D( )

A zero, as a root of the numerator polynomial,


is a value that results in a zero value of the
function. A pole, as a root of the denominator
polynomial, is a value for which the function is
infinite.
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Example 14.1
For the RC circuit in Fig. 14.2(a), obtain the transfer
function Vo/Vs and its frequency response. Let vs =
Vm cost.

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Example 14.1
Vo 1 / j C 1
H ( ) = = =
Vs R + 1 / jC 1 + jRC
1 1
H= , = tan
1 + ( / 0 ) 2
0
where 0 = 1/RC.

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Example 14.1

Table 14.1 For Example 14.1


/0 H /0 H
0 1 0 10 0.1 -84
1 0.71 -45 20 0.05 -87
2 0.45 -63 100 0.01 -89
3 0.32 -72 0 -90
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Example 14.1

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Example 14.6
For the circuit in Fig. 14.6, calculus the gain
Io()/Ii() and its poles and zeros.

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Practice Problem 14.1
4 + j 2
I o ( ) = I i ( )
4 + j 2 + 1 / j 0.5
I o ( ) j 0.5 (4 + j 2 ) s ( s + 2)
= = 2 , s = j
I i ( ) 1 + j 2 + ( j ) 2
s + 2s + 1
The zero are at
s ( s + 2) = 0 z1 = 0, z2 = 2
The pole are at
s 2 + 2 s + 1 = 0 = ( s + 1) 2 = 0
Thus, there is a repeated pole (or souble pole) at p = 1.

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14.3 The Decibel Scale
P2
G = Number of bels = log10
P1

P2
GdB = 10 log10
P1
When P1 = P2, there us o change in power and the
pain is 0 dB.
If P2 = 2P1, the gain is GdB = 10 log10 2 3 dB
When P2 = 0.5P1, the gain is GdB = 10 log10 0.5 3 dB

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V2
GdB = 20 log10
V1
I2
GdB = 20 log10
I1

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14.4 Bode Plots

Bode plots are semilog plots of the magnitude


(in decibels) and phase (in degrees) of a
transfer function versus frequency.
H = H = He j
ln H = ln H + ln e j = ln H + j

H dB = 20 log10 H
K ( j ) 1 (1 + j / z1 )[1 + j 21 / k + ( j / k ) 2 ]
H ( ) =
(1 + j / p1 )[1 + j 2 2 / n + ( j / n ) 2 ]
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TABLE 14.3 Summary of Bode Straight-line
magnitude and phase plots

Factor Magnitude phase


K

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TABLE 14.3 Summary of Bode Straight-line
magnitude and phase plots

Factor Magnitude phase

( j ) N

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TABLE 14.3 Summary of Bode Straight-line
magnitude and phase plots

Factor Magnitude phase

1
( j ) N

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TABLE 14.3 Summary of Bode Straight-line
magnitude and phase plots

1 + j
N
Factor
z
Magnitude Phase

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TABLE 14.3 Summary of Bode Straight-line
magnitude and phase plots

1
Factor
(1 + j / p ) N
Magnitude Phase

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TABLE 14.3 Summary of Bode Straight-line
magnitude and phase plots

N
2 j j 2
1 + +
Factor n n

Magnitude Phase

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TABLE 14.3 Summary of Bode Straight-line
magnitude and phase plots

1
Factor
[1 + 2 j / k + ( j / k ) ]
2 N

Magnitude Phase

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Example 14.3
Construct the Bode plots for the transfer function.
200 j
H ( ) =
( j + 2)( j + 10)
Solution:

10 j
H ( ) =
(1 + j / 2)(1 + j / 10)
10 j
= (90 tan 1 / 2 tan 1 / 10)
1 + j / 2 1 + j / 10

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Example 14.3
The magnitude and phase are
j
H dB = 20 log10 10 + 20 log10 j 20 log10 1 +
2
j
20 log10 1 +
10
1 1
= 90 tan tan
2 10

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Example 14.3

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Example 14.4
Obtain the Bode plots for
j + 10
H ( ) =
j ( j + 5) 2
Solution:
0.4(1 + j / 10)
H ( ) =
j (1 + j / 5) 2
j j
H dB = 20 log10 0.4 + 20 log10 1 + 20 log10 j 40 log10 1 +
10 5
1 1
= 0 + tan 90 2 tan
10 5
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Example 14.4

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Example 14.4

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Example 14.5
Draw the Bode plots for
s +1
H( s) = 2
s + 60 s + 100
.

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Example 14.5

1 / 100(1 + j )
H ( ) =
1 + j 6 / 10 + ( j / 10) 2
j 6 2
H dB = 20 log10 100 + 20 log10 1 + j 20 log10 1 +
10 100
1 6 / 10
1
= 0 + tan tan
1 2
/ 100

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Example 14.5

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Example 14.5

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Example 14.6
Given the Bode plot in Fig. 14.19, obtain the
transfer function H().
Solution: 40 = 20 log10 K log10 K = 2
K = 102 = 100
100 j
H ( ) =
(1 + j / 1)(1 + j / 5)(1 + j / 20)
j104
=
( j + 1)( j + 5)( j + 20)
104 s
H(s) = , s = j
( s + 1)( s + 5)( s + 20)
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Example 14.6

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14.5 Series Resonance

Resonance is a condition in an RLC circuit in


which the capacitive and inductive reactances
are equal in magnitude, thereby resulting in a
purely resistive impedance.
Vs 1
Z = H ( ) = = + jL +
I j C

Z = R + j L
1

C
1
Im(Z) = L =0
C
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Fig 14.21

1 1
0 L = or 0 = rad/s
0C LC
1
Since 0 = Hz
2 LC

Vm
I= I =
R 2 + (L 1 / C ) 2
1 2
P( ) = I R
2
1 Vm2
P(0 ) =
2 R

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Vm
I= I =
R 2 + (L 1 / C ) 2
1 2
P( ) = I R
2
(Vm / 2 ) 2 Vm2
P(1 ) = P (2 ) = =
2R 4R

Hence, 1, 2 are called the half-power frequencies.

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2
1
R + L
2
= 2R
C
2
R R 1
1 = + +
2L 2L LC
2
R R 1
2 = + +
2L 2L LC
0 = 12
R
B = 2 1 =
L
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Fig 14.22

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Peak energy stored in the circuit
Q = 2
Energy dissipated by the circuit
in one period at resonance
1 LI 2
2f 0 L
Q = 2 1 2
2
=
2 I R (1 / f 0 )
R
1 0 L
Q= =
R 0CR
R 0
B= =
L Q

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The quality factor of a resonant circuit is the
ratio of its resonant frequency to its bandwidth.

B
1 0
2
B
2 0 +
2

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Example 14.7
In the circuit of Fig. 14.24, R = 2, L=1 mH, and C =
0.4 F. (a) Find the resonant frequency and the half-
power frequencies. (b) Calculus the quality fsctor and
bandwidth. (c) Determine the amplitude of the current
at 0, 1, and 2.

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Example 14.7
(a)
1 1
0 = = = 50 krad/s
LC 10 3 0.4 10 6
2
R R 1
1 = + +
2L 2L LC
2
= 3
+ (10 3 2
) + ( 50 10 3 2
)
2 10
= 1 + 1 + 2500 krad/s = 49 krad/s
2 = 1 + 1 + 2500 krad/s = 51 krad/s

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Example 14.7

(b) B = 2 1 = 2 krad/s
R 2
B = = 3 = 2 krad/s
L 10
0 L 50 103 10 3
Q= = = 2 krad/s
R 25
0 50 103
B= = = 2 krad/s
Q 25
B
Since Q > 10, 1 = 0 = 50 1 = 49 krad/s
2
B
1 = 0 + = 50 + 1 = 51 krad/s
2

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Example 14.7
(c) At =0
Vm 20
I= = = 10 A
R 2
At =1, 2
Vm 10
I= = = 7.071 A
2R 2

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14.6 Parallel Resonance

I 1 1
Y = H ( ) = = + jC +
V R jL
1
or Y = + j C
1

R L
1 1
C = 0 or 0 = rad/s
L LC
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ch14 Frequency Response 47
2
1 =
1
+
1 1
+
2 RC 2 RC LC
2
2 =
1
+
1 1
+
2 RC 2 RC LC
1
B = 2 1 =
RC
0 R
Q= = 0 RC =
B 0 L

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2
1 0
1 = 0 1+
2Q 2Q
2
1 0
2 = 0 1+ +
2Q 2Q

B B
1 0 , 2 0 +
2 2

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Table 14.4
Characteristic Series circuit Parallel circuit
Resonant 1 1
frequency, 0 LC LC
Quality factor, Q 0 L 1 R
or 0 RL
or
R 0 RL 0 L
Bandwidth, B 0 0
Q Q
2 2
Half-power 1 0 1 0
0 1 + 0 1+
frequencies, 1, 2 2Q 2Q 2Q 2Q
For Q 10, 1, 2 B 0
B
0
2 2
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14.7 Passive Filters

A filters is a circuit that is designed to pass


signals with desired frequencies and reject or
attenuate others.

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Fig 14.30

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Table 14.5

Type of Filters H(0) )


H( c) or H(
H( 0)

Lowpass 1 0 1/ 2

Highpass 0 1 1/ 2

Bandpass 0 0 1

Bandstop 1 1 0

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14.7.1 Lowpass Filter

Vo 1 / jC
H ( ) = =
Vi R + 1 / jC
1
H ( ) =
1 + jRC
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Lowpass Filter
1 1
H (c ) = =
1 + c R C
2 2 2
2
1
or c =
RC
A lowpass filter is
designed to pass only
frequencies from dc
up to the cutoff
frequency c.

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14.7.2 Highpass Filter

Vo R
H ( ) = =
Vi R + 1 / jC
jRC
H ( ) =
1 + jRC
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Highpass Filter

1
c =
RC

A highpass filter is
designed to pass all
frequencies above its
cutoff frequency c.

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14.7.3 Bandpass Filter

Vo R
H ( ) = =
Vi R + j (L 1 / C )

1
0 =
RC
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Bandpass Filter

A bandpass filter is designed to pass all


frequencies within a band of frequencies, 1 <
< 2.

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14.7.4 Bandstop Filter

Vo j (L 1 / C )
H ( ) = =
Vi R + j (L 1 / C )
1
0 =
RC
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Bandstop Filter

A bandstop filter is designed to stop or


eliminate all frequencies within a band of
frequencies, 1 < < 2.

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Example 14.10
Determine what type of filter is shown in Fig. 14.39.
Calculus the corner or cutoff frequency. Take R = 2
k, L = 2 H, and C = 2 F.

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Example 14.10
Vo R 1 / sC
H( s) = = , s = j
Vi sL + R 1 / sC '
But
1 R / sC R
R = =
sC R + 1 / sC 1 + sRC
R /(1 + sRC ) R
H( s) = = 2 , s = j
sL + R /(1 + sRC ) s RLC + sL + R '
or
R
H ( ) =
2 RLC + jL + R
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Example 14.10
Since H(0) = 1 and H()=0,
R
H=
( R 2 RLC ) 2 + jL + R
c L
2 2
1
H = =
2 R 2 2
or 2 = (1 c LC ) +
2 ( R RLC ) + c L
2 2 2 2
R
2 = (1 c2 4 106 ) 2 + (c103 ) 2
2 = (1 4c2 ) 2 + c2 or 16c4 7c2 1 = 0
c2 = 0.5509 and 0.1134
c = 0.742 krad/s = 742 rad/s
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14.8 Active Filters
14.8.1 First-Order Lowpass Filter

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Fig 14.42

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66
Vo Zf
H ( ) = =
V1 Zi
where Zi = Ri and
1 R f / jC f Rf
Z f = Rf = =
j C f R f + 1 / j C f 1 + j C f R f
Therefore
Rf 1
H ( ) =
Ri 1 + jC f R f
1
c =
Rf C f
ch14 Frequency Response 67
14.8.2 First-Order Highpass Filter

Vo Zf
H ( ) = =
V1 Zi
where Zi = Ri + 1 / jCi and Z f = R f
Rf jCi R f
H ( ) = =
Ri + 1 / jCi 1 + jCi Ri
1
c =
RiCi

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Fig 14.43

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14.8.3 Bandpass Filter

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Fig 14.48

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14.8.4 Bandreject (or Notch) Filter

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Fig 14.47

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14.9 Scaling
14.9.1 Magnitude Scaling
Magnitude scaling is the process of increasing
all impedances in a network by a factor, the
frequency response remaining unchanged.

1
Z R = R, Z L = jL, ZC =
jC
ZR = K m Z R = K m R, ZL = K m Z L = jK m L,
1
ZC = K m ZC =
jC / K m

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R = K m R, L = K m L,
C
C = , =
Km

1 1 1
0 = = = = 0
LC K m LC / K m LC

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14.9.2 Frequency Scaling

Frequency scaling is the process of shifting


the frequency response of a network up or
down the frequency axis while leaving the
impedance the same.
L
Z L = j (K f ) L = jL L =
Kf
1 1 C
ZC = = C =
j (K f )C jC Kf

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L
R = R, L =
Kf
C
C = , = K f
Kf

1 1 Kf
0 = = = = K f 0
LC ( L / K f )(C / K f ) LC
B = K f B

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14.9.3 Magnitude and Frequency
Scaling

Km
R = K m R, L = L
Kf
1
C = C , = K f
Km K f

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Example 14.14
A fourth-order Butterworth lowpass filters is shown
in Fig. 14.48(a). The filters is designed such that the
cutoff frequency c = 1 rad/s. Scale the circuit for a
cutoff frequency of 50 kHz using 10-k resistors.

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Example 14.14
c 100 103 R 10 10 3
Kf = = = 105 , K m = = = 104
c 1 R 1
Km 104
L1 = L1 = (1.848) = 58.82 mH
Kf 10 5

Km 104
L2 = L2 = (0.765) = 24.35 mH
Kf 10 5

C1 0.765
C1 = = = 243.5 pF
K m K f 10 9

C2 1.848
C2 = = = 588.2 pF
K m K f 10 9
ch14 Frequency Response 80

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