LTE Basics Recap

LTE Basics Recap
Soc Classification level

1 Nokia Siemens Networks
Contents
LTE Introduction
LTE Architecture
Network Elements and Interfaces
Physical Layer Structure and Channels.

Frame Structure
DL Channels
UL Channels
LTE Layer Protocols
LTE UE Connection Management Overview

2 Nokia Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / Date
3GPP UMTS Evolution
LTE is the next step in mobile radio communications after HSPA

Evolution driven by data rate and latency requirements
WCDMA HSDPA/HSUPA HSPA + EUTRA (LTE)

384 kbps DL 14.4 Mbps peak DL 28 Mbps peak DL 100 Mbps peak DL
384 kbps UL 5.7 Mbps peak UL 11 Mbps peak UL 50 Mbps peak UL
RTT ~150 ms RTT <100/50 ms RTT < 30 ms (2ms TTI) RTT ~10 ms
CS/PS PS PS PS
UTRA evolution: WCDMA 5MHz UTRA Long Term Evolution:

up to 20 MHz BW
3GPP 3GPP Rel. 5/6 3GPP Rel. 7 3GPP Rel. 8

Rel.99/4
2003/4 2005/06 HSDPA 2008/09 2009/10

2007/08 HSUPA
E-UTRA: Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access
What is new in LTE?
New radio transmission schemes: Important for Radio Planning:
OFDMA in downlink Frequency Reuse 1
SC-FDMA in uplink No need for Frequency Planning
MIMO Multiple Antenna Technology Importance of interference control
No need to define neighbour lists
in LTE
New network architecture: flat
LTE requires Physical Layer Cell
architecture Identity planning (504 physical
More functionality in the base station layer cell IDs organised into 168
(eNodeB) groups of 3)
Focus on packet switched domain Additional areas need to be
planned like PRACH parameters,
PUCCH and PDCCH capacity
New radio protocol architecture: and UL Demodulation Reference
Complexity reduction Signal
Focus on shared channel operation, no
dedicated channels anymore

LTE in the World (24th March2011)
More information in the paper:
http://www.gsacom.com/downloads/pdf/GSA_Evolution_to_LTE_report_240311.php4
17 launched
networks

LTE Architecture
Network Elements and Interfaces

Network Architecture Evolution
HSPA Direct tunnel I-HSPA LTE

HSPA R6 HSPA R7 HSPA R7 LTE R8
GGSN GGSN GGSN S- GW + P-GW
SGSN SGSN SGSN MME
RNC RNC
Node B Evolved
Node B Node B +
(NB) Node B
(NB) RNC (eNB)
Functionality
Flat architecture: single network element in user User plane

plane in radio network and core network Control Plane

Evolved Packet System (EPS) Architecture -
Subsystems
Optimize for Packet Data (no circuit switched components)
The EPS architecture is made up of:
EPC: Evolved Packet Core, also referred as SAE by 3GPP (EPC official NSN naming!)
eUTRAN: Radio Access Network, also referred as LTE
EPS Architecture
LTE or eUTRAN EPC or SAE eUTRAN performs all

radio interface related
functions
EPC provides access to
external packet IP
networks and performs a
number of CN related
functions (e.g. QoS,
security, mobility and
terminal context
management) for idle
and active terminals

LTE/EPC Network Elements
Main references to architecture in 3GPP specs: TS23.401,TS23.402,TS36.300
Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN) Evolved Packet Core (EPC)

HSS
eNB
Mobility
Management
Entity Policy &
S6a Charging Rule
Function
MME S10
X2
Gx Rx
PCRF
S11
S1-U S5/S8 SGi

PDN
LTE-Uu Serving PDN
Evolved Node B
Gateway Gateway
(eNB)
LTE-UE
S-GW /P-GW
PDN: Packet Data Network HSS: Home Subscriber Server (part of IMS)
PCRF: Policy and Charging Rule Function
Evolved Node B (eNB)
eNB Main Functions

Inter-cell RRM: HO, load balancing between cells Only network element defined as
part of eUTRAN
Dynamic Resource Allocation (Scheduler)
Replaces the old Node B / RNC
Radio Admission Control combination from 3G.
User Data Routing to the S-GW/ P-GW Provides all radio management
Transmission of Paging Msg coming from MME functions
Transmission of Broadcast Info (e.g. System info, To enable efficient inter-cell radio
MBMS) management for cells not attached
to the same eNB, there is a inter-
Radio Bearer Control: setup , modifications and eNB interface X2 specified. It will
release of Radio Resources
allow to coordinate inter-eNB
IP Header Compression/ de-compression handovers without direct involvement
of EPC during this process.
Connection Mgt. Control: UE State Management,
MME-UE Connection
MME Selection at Attach of the UE
eNode B Meas. collection and evaluation

EPC Network Elements (1/2)
MME: Mobility Management Entity
Pure signalling entity inside the EPC:
Signalling coordination for EPS bearer setup/release
Subscriber attach/detach
Tracking area updates
Roaming Control
Trigger and distribution of paging messages to UE
Radio security control
Authentication, integrity protection
Serving Gateway
Manages the user data in the EPC
Receives packet data from the eNodeB and sends packet data to it
S1-MME MME
S6a HSS
eNB S11
S1-U Serving
Gateway
EPC Network Elements (2/2)
Packet Data Network Gateway
Connection between EPC and a number of external data networks (comparable
to GGSN in 2G/3G networks)
IP Address Allocation for UE S7 Rx+
MME
Packet Routing/Forwarding between S6a
HSS
PCRF
Serving GW and external Data Network S11

S5/S8 SGi
Packet screening (firewall functionality) PDN
Serving PDN
Gateway Gateway
Policy and Charging Rule Function

Quality of Service (QoS) negotiation with the external PDN
Charging Policy: How packets should be accounted
HSS: Home Subscriber Server

Permanent and central subscriber database
Stores mobility and service data for every subscriber
Contains AuC (authentication center) functionality
LTE Radio Interface and the X2 Interface
(E)-RRC User PDUs .. User PDUs LTE-Uu interface

PDCP
Air interface of LTE
RLC
Based on OFDMA in DL and SC-FDMA in
TS 36.300
UL
MAC
eNB
FDD and TDD duplex methods
LTE-L1 (FDD/TDD-OFDMA/SC-FDMA)
Scalable bandwidth 1.4MHz to currently
20 MHz
LTE-Uu
X2 interface
X2-UP
(User Plane) Inter eNB interface
X2-CP
(Control Plane) X2AP: special signalling protocol
User PDUs
Functionalities:
TS 36.423 X2-AP GTP-U
X2 In inter- eNB HO to facilitate handover
SCTP UDP
TS 36.422
TS 36.424 and provide data forwarding.
IP IP
In RRM to provide e.g. load information
TS 36.421 L1/L2 L1/L2 TS 36.421 to neighbouring eNBs to facilitate
interference management
Logical interface: It does not need direct
TS 36.420 site-to-site connection
[currently also in TS 36.300 20]
eNB
S1-MME & S1-U Interfaces
S1-MME
S1 interface is divided into two parts: (Control Plane)
NAS Protocols
MME
S1-MME interface TS 36.413 S1-AP
Control interface between eNB and TS 36.412 SCTP
MME IP
eNB
S1AP:S1 Application Protocol L1/L2 TS 36.411
MME and UE will exchange non- S1-U

(User Plane)
access stratum signaling via eNB User PDUs
through this interface (i.e.
GTP-U Serving
authentication, tracking area updates) TS 36.414 Gateway
UDP
IP
S1-U interface TS 36.411 L1/L2
User plane interface between eNB and
serving gateway
TS 36.410
Pure user data interface (U=User plane) [currently in TS 36.300 19]

Physical Layer Structure and Channels

Introduction
It provides the basic bit transmission functionality over air
LTE physical layer based on OFDMA downlink and SC-FDMA in uplink direction
This is the same for both FDD and TDD mode of operation
No need of RNC like functional element

Everything radio related can be terminated in the eNodeB
System is reuse 1, single frequency network operation is feasible

No frequency planning required
There are no dedicated physical (neither transport) channels anymore, as all

resource mapping is dynamically driven by the scheduler

Frame Structure (FDD)
FDD Frame structure (also called Type 1 Frame) is common to both uplink and
downlink.
Divided into 20 x 0.5ms slots
Structure has been designed to facilitate short round trip time
- Frame duration =10 ms (same as UMTS)
- FDD: 10 ms radio frame for UL and 10 ms radio frame for DL
- Radio frame includes 10 subframes
- 1 Subframe represents a Transmission Time Interval (TTI)
0.5 ms slot - Each subframes includes two slots
sy0 sy1 sy2 sy3 sy4 sy5 sy6
- 1 slot = 7 (normal CP) or 6 symbols (extended CP)
10 ms frame
s0 s1 s2 s3 s4 s5 s6 s7 .. s18 s19
SF: SubFrame
s: slot
0.5 ms slot
Sy: symbol
SF0 SF1 SF2 SF3 .. SF9

1 ms sub-frame
Normal and Extended Cyclic Prefix
7 2048 Ts Cyclic Prefix

Ts = 1/30720 ms + 6 144 Ts
+ 1 160 Ts Main Body
15360 Ts = 0.5 ms
Normal Cyclic Prefix
160 Ts 144 Ts 144 Ts 144 Ts 144 Ts 144 Ts 144 Ts
2048 Ts 2048 Ts 2048 Ts 2048 Ts 2048 Ts 2048 Ts 2048 Ts
Cyclic Prefix
6 2048 Ts
Ts = 1/30720 ms + 6 512 Ts Main Body
15360 Ts = 0.5 ms
Extended Cyclic Prefix
512 Ts 512 Ts 512 Ts 512 Ts 512 Ts 512 Ts
2048 Ts 2048 Ts 2048 Ts 2048 Ts 2048 Ts 2048 Ts

1 sec
Ts =
Subcarrier spacing * max FFT size
Resource Block
Physical Resource Block or Resource Block (PRB or RB):
12 subcarriers in frequency domain (180kHz) x 1 slot period in time domain (0.5ms)
Capacity allocation is based on Resource

Subcarrier 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Blocks
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Note: Although 3GPP definition of RB
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 refers to 0.5ms, in some cases it is
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
possible to find that RB refers to 12
180 KHz
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 subcarriers in frequency domain and 1ms

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 in time domain. In particular, since the
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 scheduler in the eNodeB works on TTI
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
basis (1ms) RBs are considered to last
1ms in time domain. They can also be
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
known as scheduling resource blocks
Subcarrier 12 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
1 slot 1 slot
Resource
1 ms subframe Element

Resource Element
Theoretical minimum capacity allocation unit

Equivalent to one subcarrier x one symbol period
72 or 84 Resource Elements per Resource Block
Each Resource Element can accommodate 1 modulation symbol, e.g. 2
bits for QPSK, 4 bits for 16QAM and 6 bits for 64 QAM
Modulation symbol rate per Resource Block is 144 ksps (extended CP) or
168 ksps (normal CP)
Case 1: Normal Cyclic Prefix, 84 RE Case 2: Extended Cyclic Prefix, 72 RE

12 subcarriers = 180 kHz
12 subcarriers = 180 kHz

Frequency Domain
7 symbols = 0.5 ms 6 symbols = 0.5 ms

Resource Element
Time Domain Time Domain
Downlink Physical Signals and Channels
Downlink Physical Signals

Reference Signals
Synchronisation Signals
Downlink Physical Channels

Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH)
Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)
Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH)
Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH)
Physical Hybrid-ARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH)
Physical Multicast Channel (PMCH)

DL Physical Channels
There are no dedicated channels in LTE, neither in UL nor DL
PBCH:
To broadcast the MIB (Master Information
Block), RACH parameters
PDSCH:
Carries user data, paging data, SIBs (cell
status, cell IDs, allowed services)
PMCH:
For multicast traffic as MBMS services
PHICH:
Carries H-ARQ Ack/Nack messages from eNB
to UE in response to UL transmission
PCFICH:
Carries details of PDCCH format (e.g.# of symbols)
PDCCH:
Carries the DCI (DL control information): schedule uplink resources on the PUSCH or
downlink resources on the PDSCH. Alternatively, DCI transmits TPC commands for UL

Reference Signals: OFDMA Channel Estimation
Channel estimation in LTE is based on reference signals (like CPICH functionality

in WCDMA)
Reference signals position in time domain is fixed (0 and 4 for Type 1 Frame)
whereas in frequency domain it depends on the Cell ID
In case more than one antenna is used (e.g. MIMO) the Resource elements
allocated to reference signals on one antenna are DTX on the other antennas
Reference signals are modulated to identify the cell to which they belong.
0 symbols 6 0 symbols 6
subcarriers
subcarriers
Antenna 1 Antenna 2

Synchronization Signals allocation (DL)
Synchronization signals:
Transmitted during the 1st and 11th slots

within a radio frame
Occupy the central 62 Subcarriers (around

the DC subcarrier) to facilitate the cell
search
5 Subcarriers above and 5 Subcarriers

below the synch. Signals are reserved and
transmitted as DTx
Synchronisation Signal can indicate 504

(168 x 3) CellID different values and from
those one can determine the location of cell
specific reference symbols

Mapping of DL Physical Channels (I)
PBCH:
Occupies the central 72 subcarriers across 4 symbols
Transmitted during second slot of each 10 ms radio frame on
all antennas RB
PCFICH:
Can be transmitted during the first 3 symbols of
each TTI
Occupies up to 16 RE per TTI
PHICH:
Normal CP: Tx during 1st symbol of each TTI
Extended CP: Tx during first 3 symbols of each TTI
PDCCH:
Occupies the RE left from PCFICH and PHICH within the first 3
symbols of each TTI
Minimum number of symbols are occupied. If PDCCH data is
small then it only occupies the 1st symbol
PDSCH:
Is allocated the RE not used by signals or other physical
channels

Mapping of DL Physical Channels (II)
PBCH, PCFICH, PDCCH and PHICH physical channels
also occupy symbols and represent an overhead
PDSCH physical channel used to transfer application data has access
to whatever is left over
PBCH PCFICH PDCCH PHICH
20 slots = 10 subframes = 10 ms = 10 TTI
72 subcarriers
(1.4MHz)
Control information TTI

at start of every TTI PDSCH
26 Nokia Siemens Networks
Uplink Physical Signals and Channels
Uplink Physical Signals

Demodulation Signals:
Used for channel estimation in the eNodeB receiver to demodulate control and
data channels
Located in the 4th symbol (normal CP) of each slot and spans the same bandwidth
as the allocated uplink data
Sounding Reference Signals:
Provides uplink channel quality estimation as basis for the UL scheduling decisions
-> similar in use as the CQI in DL
Sent in different parts of the bandwidth where no uplink data transmission is
available.
Not part of first NSNs implementations (UL channel aware scheduler in RL40)
Uplink Physical Channels

Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)
Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)
Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)

UL Physical Channels
PUSCH: Physical Uplink Shared Channel Logical

CCCH DCCH DTCH
Intended for the user data (carries traffic for
RLC
multiple UEs)
PUCCH: Physical Uplink Control Channel
Carries H-ARQ Ack/Nack indications, uplink RACH Transport
scheduling request, CQIs and MIMO feedback
MAC
If control data is sent when traffic data is being UL-SCH
transmitted, UE multiplexes both streams

together
PHYS.
If there is only control data to be sent the UE
uses Resources Elements at the edges of the PRACH
channel with higher power PUSCH PUCCH
PRACH: Physical Random Access Channel

For Random Access attempts. PDCCH indicates the Resource elements for
PRACH use
PBCH contains a list of allowed preambles (max. 64 per cell in Type 1 frame)
and the required length of the preamble

Uplink Subframe Structure (PUSCH)
Frame Structure Similar to DL: 10 ms frame consisting in 20 slots of 0.5ms
1 slot carries 7 SC-FDMA symbols in case of Normal CP and 6 SC-FDMA
symbols if Extended CP.
Symbol 3 in each slot carries the uplink Reference Signal (normal CP) for
channel Demodulation, remaining 6 symbols are available for traffic and
control data
Momentary data rate (controlled by the eNodeB scheduler) depends on the
allocated transmission bandwidth (and CP length)
E.g. Double data rate implies the transmission bandwidth duplicates
Demodulation Reference Signal UL TTI =1ms (as in downlink)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Normal CP slot
10 ms frame
s0 s1 s2 s3 s4 s5 s6 s7 .. s18 s19
0.5 ms slot
SF0 SF1 SF2 SF3 .. SF9

Uplink Resource Block
Reference Symbols
Resource Elements
for Control and
Data symbols
RESOURCE BLOCK
Reference Symbols
N x 12 Subcarriers
Modulation Time Domain

symbols Signal
after FFT Generation
(IFFT)
0.5 ms slot

Resource Block: 12
subcarriers in frequency
Normal CP (7 symbols)
domain, 1 slot in time
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 SC-FDMA symbols domain

Uplink Resource Mapping
Demodulation Reference
Signal:
Always on symbol 3 of each slot
(normal CP)
PUSCH mapping:
Data is allocated in multiples of
1 RB (12 subcarriers in frequency
domain). Only factors of 2, 3 and
5 resource blocks are allowed
PUCCH mapping:
If PUCCH not multiplexed with
PUSCH then it is transmitted on a
reserved frequency region.
PUCCH occupies RBs at both
edges of the uplink bandwidth (in
green in the picture on the right)

Random Access Channel (PRACH)
RACH operation uses around 1.08 MHz bandwidth

This is equal to 6 resource blocks of 180 kHz
The location of those resource blocks is dynamically defined by 2 RRC Layer
Parameters (PRACH Configuration Index and PRACH Frequency offset)
4 possible PRACH durations (PRACH configuration index parameter selects one of the 4)
PRACH only carries the preambles and it is used during the RACH process
307200Ts
CP Preamble
TCP TPRE TGT
0.1 ms 0.8 ms 0.1 ms

Modulation Schemes
3GPP standard defines the following options: QPSK, Physical Modulation

16QAM, 64QAM in both directions (UL and DL) channel
UL 64QAM not supported in initial releases PDSCH QPSK,
Not every physical channel is allowed to use any 16QAM,
modulation scheme: 64QAM
Scheduler decides which form to use depending on carrier PMCH QPSK,

16QAM,
quality feedback information from the UE 64QAM
64QAM: PBCH QPSK
QPSK: 16QAM: 6 bits/symbol PDCCH QPSK

(PCFICH,
2 bits/symbol 4 bits/symbol PHICH)
64QAM
b0 b1b2b3 b4 b5 PUSCH QPSK,
QPSK 16QAM Im 16QAM,
b0 b1 b0 b1b2b3 64QAM
Im Im 1111 PUCCH BPSK
01 11
and/or
QPSK
Re
00 10Re Re
0000
Physical Layer Compared to HSPA
LTE builds on the learning of several WCDMA/HSPA Releases and covers from
the start HARQ, NodeB scheduling and adaptive coding and modulation (+
multiple antenna TX/RX with MIMO) to improve the performance
Feature LTE HSUPA HSDPA

OFDMA
Multiple Access WCDMA WCDMA
SC-FDMA
Largest BW 20 MHz 5 MHz 5 MHz
Fast power control No Yes No

(associated DCH only)
Soft handover No Yes No

(associated DCH only)
Adaptive modulation Yes Yes Yes
BTS based scheduling Time/Freq Time/Code Time/Code
Fast L1 HARQ Yes Yes Yes

LTE Layer Protocols

LTE Protocol Layers
LTE processing is structured in different protocol layers

Differently to WCDMA all the protocols end in the eNB
Layer 3: RRC
PDCP, RLC, MAC and PHY Layer are configured by the RRC protocol. Some
functions:
RRC Connection Management (creating, modifying and deleting Radio Bearers)
Mobility Management (measurement control and reporting)
System Information Broadcasting (SIBs), Paging
UE eNodeB UE eNodeB
RRC RRC
PDCP PDCP PDCP PDCP
RLC RLC RLC RLC
MAC MAC MAC MAC
PHY Layer PHY Layer PHY Layer PHY Layer
User Plane Control Plane
LTE Layer 2 Structure (DL)
Note: In WCDMA PDCP was Header
only for user plane, now it is also Compressions
Ciphering for
for control plane due ciphering for data (not
data and
signalling)
signalling Radio Bearers
ROHC ROHC ROHC ROHC

PDCP
Security Security Security Security
Segm. Segm. Segm. Segm.

RLC ... ...
ARQ etc ARQ etc ARQ etc ARQ etc BCCH PCCH
Logical Channels
Scheduling / Priority Handling
MAC Multiplexing UE1 Multiplexing UEn
HARQ HARQ
Transport Channels

RLC Layer: Transmission Modes
RLC uses different connection modes to deal with different types of bearers:
RLC TM (Transparent mode):

RLC doesnt do anything to Transparent mode Bearers
Only to common channels (BCCH, CCCH and PCCH) which do not have HARQ
RLC UM (Unacknowledged Mode):

Segmentation or concatenation of transport blocks to fit into MAC PDUs
Sequential transfer and reordering is performed: Header has sequence number and info of
the last received packet
Duplicated and PDUs with errors are discarded
No retransmission supported
RLC AM (Acknowledged Mode):

Sequential transfer and reordering
Retransmission of missing PDUs or PDUs with errors
Biggest difference to WCDMA: Lack of ciphering, data comes ciphered from PDCP layer

L2: Logical and Transport Channels DL
Logical channels characterize the data to be transmitted: control or traffic

Transport channels describe how and with what characteristics the data is
transmitted
Multiplexed flows in a transport channel can contain data from a single user or
from multiple users
The transport channels from the MAC layer are mapped to the physical channels
Note: No multicast in NSN implementation

L2: Logical and Transport Channels UL
MAC layer provides the logical channels to RLC layer

Transport channels in LTE have been reduced (also for DL direction) by using
shared channel operation (no dedicated channels like in WCDMA)

LTE Data Flow
Fields of MAC PDU can have variable size but the MAC PDU itself needs to fit
into Physical Layer Resource Blocks to which it will be mapped
MAC SDU can belong to different logical channels (multiplexing is possible)
MAC header contains information for each of the SDUs, MAC Control Element or
Padding in the MAC PDU regarding contents and length

LTE UE Connection Management Overview

Mobility and Connection States (1/2)
2 sets of states for the UE are defined based on the information held in the MME:
EMM: EPS Mobility Management States
ECM: EPS Connection Management States EPS: Evolved
Packet System
EMM:
EMM- DEREGISTERED
MME holds no valid location information about the UE (location unknown)
UE can not be paged
EMM- REGISTERED
UE registers with an MME and establishes a default bearer for application
data transfer via attach procedure or TAU procedure after inter-system HO
UE responds to paging messages
EMM Attach EMM

deregistered Detach registered

Mobility and Connection States (2/2)
ECM:
UE and MME enter ECM-CONNECTED state when the signaling connection is
established between UE and MME
UE and E-UTRAN enter RRC-CONNECTED state when the signaling
connection is established between UE and the E-UTRAN
RRC connection S1 connection

MME
UE
E-UTRAN MME
RRC connection
establishment
RRC
RRC idle
RRC connection connected
release
S1 connection establishment
ECM
ECM idle
S1 connection release connected

LTE Radio Resource Control (RRC) States
RRC Idle state RRC Connected State
No signalling connection between A signalling connection exists
UE and network exists between UE and network
UE performs cell reselections UE location is known in MME with
Paging needed when the there is an accuracy of a cell ID
data in downlink direction The mobility of UE is handled by the
RACH procedure used on RRC handover procedure
connection establishment
UEs RRC connection can be maintained even if UE is inactive

RRC connection may be released due to the following reasons:
1. UE is inactive for a long time inactive >x min
2. High mobility: UE makes x handovers within m

minutes
3. Max number of RRC connected UEs reached.

Then, longest inactive UE is released

EMM & ECM States Transitions
Power On
Release due to
Registration (Attach) Inactivity
Allocate C-RNTI, S_TMSI Release RRC connection
Allocate IP addresses Release C-RNTI
Authentication Configure DRX for paging
Establish security context
EMM_Deregistered EMM_Registered EMM_Registered
ECM_Idle ECM_Connected ECM_Idle
Deregistration (Detach) New Traffic

Change PLMN
Establish RRC Connection
Release C-RNTI, S-TMSI Allocate C-RNTI
Release IP addresses
Timeout of Periodic TA
Update
Release S-TMSI
Release IP addresses
RRC States
LTE
3G GSM
GSM_Connected
CELL_DCH Handover E-UTRA Handover
RRC_CONNECTED
GPRS Packet
transfer mode
CELL_FACH
CCO with
optional CCO,
CELL_PCH NACC Reselection
URA_PCH Reselection
Connection Connection
Connection establishment/release establishment/release
establishment/release
Reselection Reselection GSM_Idle/GPRS

UTRA_Idle E-UTRA
RRC_IDLE Packet_Idle
CCO, Reselection


LTE Basics Recap

Încărcat de

Informații document

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

LTE Basics Recap

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

LTE Basics Recap

Soc Classification level

Physical Layer Structure and Channels.

LTE Layer Protocols

LTE UE Connection Management Overview

LTE is the next step in mobile radio communications after HSPA

WCDMA HSDPA/HSUPA HSPA + EUTRA (LTE)

UTRA evolution: WCDMA 5MHz UTRA Long Term Evolution:

3GPP 3GPP Rel. 5/6 3GPP Rel. 7 3GPP Rel. 8

2003/4 2005/06 HSDPA 2008/09 2009/10

Soc Classification level

Soc Classification level

Soc Classification level

HSPA Direct tunnel I-HSPA LTE

GGSN GGSN GGSN S- GW + P-GW

SGSN SGSN SGSN MME

Flat architecture: single network element in user User plane

Soc Classification level

LTE or eUTRAN EPC or SAE eUTRAN performs all

Soc Classification level

Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN) Evolved Packet Core (EPC)

S1-U S5/S8 SGi

eNB Main Functions

MME Selection at Attach of the UE

eNode B Meas. collection and evaluation

Soc Classification level

Serving GW and external Data Network S11

Policy and Charging Rule Function

HSS: Home Subscriber Server

(E)-RRC User PDUs .. User PDUs LTE-Uu interface

Control interface between eNB and TS 36.412 SCTP

MME and UE will exchange non- S1-U

Soc Classification level

Soc Classification level

It provides the basic bit transmission functionality over air

No need of RNC like functional element

System is reuse 1, single frequency network operation is feasible

There are no dedicated physical (neither transport) channels anymore, as all

Soc Classification level

Soc Classification level

7 2048 Ts Cyclic Prefix

Normal Cyclic Prefix

160 Ts 144 Ts 144 Ts 144 Ts 144 Ts 144 Ts 144 Ts

2048 Ts 2048 Ts 2048 Ts 2048 Ts 2048 Ts 2048 Ts 2048 Ts

Extended Cyclic Prefix

512 Ts 512 Ts 512 Ts 512 Ts 512 Ts 512 Ts

2048 Ts 2048 Ts 2048 Ts 2048 Ts 2048 Ts 2048 Ts

Capacity allocation is based on Resource

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 subcarriers in frequency domain and 1ms

Soc Classification level

Theoretical minimum capacity allocation unit

Case 1: Normal Cyclic Prefix, 84 RE Case 2: Extended Cyclic Prefix, 72 RE

12 subcarriers = 180 kHz

7 symbols = 0.5 ms 6 symbols = 0.5 ms

Downlink Physical Signals

Downlink Physical Channels

Soc Classification level

Soc Classification level

Channel estimation in LTE is based on reference signals (like CPICH functionality

Soc Classification level

Transmitted during the 1st and 11th slots

Occupy the central 62 Subcarriers (around

5 Subcarriers above and 5 Subcarriers

Synchronisation Signal can indicate 504