1

Design of Built-up Girder (37.5m Span)

Step-1 Design constant
Using M35 grade of concrete for all R.C.C members
8.116 x 115 scbc = 115 kg/cm
n' = = 0.318
(8.116 x 115) + 2000 m = 2800/3scbc = 8.116
j' = 1- n'/3 = 0.894 sst = 2000 kg/cm

Moment of Resistance of M35 Grade Concrete

= x n' x j' x scbc x bd
= x 0.318 x 0.894 x 115 x bd
= 16.35 bd

Step-2 Design of Footpath slab (100mm thick)

Dead Load, WD = 0.1x2.5 = 0.25 t/m
Live Load, LL = 0.50 t/m
Total Load, W = 0.25 + 0.50 = 0.75 t/m

150 1325 400

1825

Effective length of footpath slab = 1825 mm

say, 1.83m
Max. B.M at centre
= (0.75 x 1.83)/8 = 0.314 tm
Effective depth of slab, d = 10.0 - 3.0 - 1.0/2 6.5 cm
Moment of resistance,M.R =(16.35x100x6.5/10^5) =0.69tm >0.314 (OK)
0.314 x10 5
Ast = = 2.701 cm
2000 x 0.894 x 6.5
provide 10mm bars @ 200 mm c/c both top and bottom
Actual area of steel provided = 0.7854 x 1000/200 3.927 cm >2.701cm (OK)

Step-3 Design of outer Beam (ISMB 200)

Length of Beam = 5.5 m
Dead load of footpath per RM length
= x 1.875 x 0.25 = 0.234 t/m
Live load on footpath per RM length
= x 1.325 x 0.50 = 0.331 t/m
Self wt. of ISMB200 =25.4kg/m = 0.025 t/m
Dead load of post and railing per RM lengt say = 0.05 t/m
Total weight = 0.234+ 0.331+ 0.025+ 0.05 = 0.64 t/m
 Max. S.F = x 0.64 x 5.5 = 1.76 t
Max. B.M = 0.64 x 5.5/8 = 2.42 tm
2
Properties of ISMB 200
zxx = 223.5 cm tw = 0.57 cm D = 20 cm
Flexural stress = s = 2.42 x105 /223.5 = 1083 kg/cm
Shear stress = v = 1.76 x103 /(20.0x0.57) 155 kg/cm
Permissible stress :
In Flexural = s1 = 0.62 x 2500 = 1550 kg/cm (OK)
In Shear = v1 = 0.38 x 2500 = 950 kg/cm (OK)

Step-4 Design of Cantilever Bracket

2 ISA 75x75x8 P
0.10t/m (self wt)

600 580x8th. Plate. 50 1325 200

2 ISA 75x75x8
Cross sectional area of beam
A = 4x11.38 + 58.0x0.8 = 91.92 cm
Self wt. of beam =7.85 x 91.92/100
= 0.072 t/m say, 0.10t/m
Ixx = (0.8x58/12)+(4x11.38x27.86) = 48339 cm4
Zxx = 48339/30 = 1611.3 cm
PD+L = 0.64t/m x 5.5m = 3.52 t
PD = (0.64-0.331)x5.5 = 1.7t
Deflection at free end bracket
(Ref. Table 24 of Reynold's Handbook)
FL a x (3-a) FL
8EI 6 EI
1.325
Where, a= =0.964
0.5+1.325
0.10x1.375x(1.375x100) 0.964 x (3-0.964) 3.52x(1.375x100)
d D+L =
8EI 6 EI
= 44680/EI + 2.88x106/EI
= 2.925x106/EI
2.925 x 106
= = 0.028cm
2110 x 48339
L/600 = 0.229 cm >.028cm (OK)
Maximum bending moment:
(i) at the face of support= (3.52x1.325) + (0.10x1.375)/2 =4.758 tm
(ii)Max. (-ve) B.M due to DL+LL at CL of support
= 4.758 + (3.52+0.1x0.20)x0.2 =5.466tm
 Assume sbc = 135N/mm

Z (required) = M/sbc 5.466 x 105

= =405 cm<1611.3cm (OK)
1350
3
Step-5 Design of Deck Slab (200mm thick)
1 Dead load = 0.20x2.5 (self wt.) + 0.075x2.4(w.c)
=0.50 + 0.18
WD = 0.68 t/m say, 0.70t/m
G H I J K
A B C D E F
1275 1800 1800 1800 1275

Considering 1.0m width of slab

FEM BA/EF =(0.70X1.275)/8 =0.142tm
FEM =(0.70X1.80)/12
BC/CB/CD/DC/DE/ED =0.19tm
Distribution factor for
3/1.275
BA = =0.51
(3/1.275 + 4/1.80)
BC = 1 - 0.51 =0.49
DC = At centre =0.50

Joint B C D
Member BA BC CB CD DC DE
Dist.Fact 0.51 0.49 0.49 0.51 0.5 0.5
FEM 0.14 -0.19 0.19 -0.19 0.19 -0.19
Bal 0.03 0.02 00 00
C.O 00 0.01 0 00
Bal 00 0 -0.01 00
S 0.17 -0.17 0.2 -0.2 0.19 -0.19

1.275X0.7 0.17
SAB/BA =
2 1.275
= 0.45 0.13 = 0.58/0.32 t

1.8X0.7 (0.2 -0.17) `

SBC/CB =
2 1.8
= 0.63 0.02 = 0.65/0.61 t

SCD/DC = x 1.80 x 0.70 =0.63 t

.. RA/F = 0.32 T RB/E = 0.58 + 0.61 = 1.19 t

RC/D =
0.65 + 0.63 = 1.28 t
AG = FK = 0.3 X 1.275 = 0.38 m
M G/K = 0.32 X 0.38/2 = 0.07 tm
M H/J
= 0.61 x 0.9 - (0.7x 0.92)/2 - 0.17 = 0.09 tm
 M I= (0.7x 1.82)/2 - 0.19 = 0.09 tm

4
2 Live load
(a) 1 lane of class 70R (Impact Factor = 1.25)
(I) Wheeled Vehicle

10 t 10 t

410

1200 610 1570 610 3510

810
10 t 10 t
60(AV)
410

7500

(ii) Tracked Vehicle

60(AV)
4570

1200 840 1220 840 3400

7500

(b) 2 lanes of class A load (Impact Factor = 1.50)

P (including impact factor) = 1.50 x 5.7 = 8.55 t

400 1800 1700 1800

P P P P

250

500 1300 500

150 950 1200

P P P P

250
 7500

5
Class 70R Tracked vehicle (for a(ii) above)

Load position for RA (max. ), MC (max. -ve), MH & MI (max. +ve)

are placed below.
165 960 675 425 960 465
1.25 x 35t 1.25 x 35t

A B H C I D E F
1275 1800 1800 1800 1275

Effective width of slab,

bef = k.x (1-x/l) +b1

For first axle (span BC)

k = 2.6 (as L/l>1.8 in continuous slab)
x = centre of axle from support B
= 0.165 + (0.96/2) = 0.645 m
l = effective span = 1.8m
b1= breadth of concentration area of load
= 4.57 + 2x0.06 = 4.69 m
. . for span BC, bef = k.x (1-x/l) +b1
= 2.6x0.645x(1-0.645/1.80) +4.69
= 5.77 m
Load/metre width (with impact)
= (Imp. x W)/ (L x bef)
= (1.25x35 )/(0.96x5.77) = 7.9t/m

For second axle (span CD)

k = 2.6 (as L/l>1.8 in continuous slab)
x = centre of axle from support C
= 0.425 + (0.96/2) = 0..905 m
l = effective span = 1.8m
b1= breadth of concentration area of load
= 4.57 + 2x0.06 = 4.69 m
. . for span CD, bef = k.x (1-x/l) +b1
= 2.6x0.645x(1-0.905/1.80) +4.69
= 5.87 m
Load/metre width (with impact)
= (Imp. x W)/ (L x bef)
= (1.25x35 )/(0.96x5.87) = 7.764t/m

as per staad calculations:

FEM BC/metre = 1.682 tm SFAB = 0
FEM CB/metre
= 1.079 tm SFBA = 0
 FEM CD/metre = 1.482 tm SFBC = 5.21 t/m
FEM DC/metre = 1.495 tm SFCB = 2.38 t/m
M H/metre 0.823 tm SFCD = 3.7 t/m
M I/metre 0.923 tm SFDC = 3.75 t/m
RB/metre 5.208 t SFDE = 0
RC/metre 6.075 t SFED = 0
6
2-lanes class A load (for b above)
Load position for RA ( max ), MB (max. -ve), MG (max. +ve)
are placed below.
375 620 280900 620 280 800 620 380 800 620 380
1.5x5.7 1.50x5.7 1.5x5.7 1.5x5.7

A G B H C I D J E F
1275 1800 1800 1800 1275
For first axle (span AB)
k = 2.6 (as L/l>1.8 in continuous slab)
x = centre of axle from support A
= 0.375 + (0.62/2) = 0.685 m
l = effective span = 1.275m
b1= breadth of concentration area of load
= 0.25 + 2x0.06 = .37 m
.. for span AB, bef = k.x (1-x/l) +b1
= 2.6x0.685x(1-0.685/1.275) +0.37
= 0.82 + 0.37 = 1.19 m
.. bef for 2-wheels = 1.19 +1.19m = 2.38m
Load/metre width (with impact)
= (Imp. x W)/ (L x bef)
= (2x1.5x5.7 )/(0.62x2.38) = 11.59 t/m

For second axle (span BC)

k = 2.6 (as L/l>1.8 in continuous slab)
x = centre of axle from support B
= 0.90 + (0.62/2) = 1.21 m
l = effective span = 1.8m
b1= breadth of concentration area of load
= 0.25 + 2x0.06 = .37 m
.. for span BC, bef = k.x (1-x/l) +b1
= 2.6x1.21x(1-1.21/1.8) +0.37
= 1.40m
.. bef for 2-wheels = 1.40 +1.20 (c/c wheels<1.4) = 2.60m
Load/metre width (with impact)
= (Imp. x W)/ (L x bef)
= (2x1.5x5.7 )/(0.62x2.6) = 10.608 t/m

For third axle (span CD)

k = 2.6 (as L/l>1.8 in continuous slab)
x = centre of axle from support C
= 0.80 + (0.62/2) = 1.11 m
l = effective span = 1.8m
 b1= breadth of concentration area of load
= 0.25 + 2x0.06 = .37 m
.. for span CD, bef = k.x (1-x/l) +b1
= 2.6x1.11x(1-1.11/1.8) +0.37
= 1.48m
.. bef for 2-wheels = 1.48 +1.20 (c/c wheels<1.48) = 2.68m
Load/metre width (with impact)
= (Imp. x W)/ (L x bef)
= (2x1.5x5.7 )/(0.62x2.68) = 10.29 t/m
7
For forth axle (span DE)
k = 2.6 (as L/l>1.8 in continuous slab)
x = centre of axle from support D
= 0.80 + (0.62/2) = 1.11 m
l = effective span = 1.8m
b1= breadth of concentration area of load
= 0.25 + 2x0.06 = .37 m
.. for span DE, bef = k.x (1-x/l) +b1
= 2.6x1.11x(1-1.11/1.8) +0.37
= 1.48m
.. bef for 2-wheels = 1.48 +1.20 (c/c wheels<1.48) = 2.68m
Load/metre width (with impact)
= (Imp. x W)/ (L x bef)
= (2x1.5x5.7 )/(0.62x2.68) = 10.29 t/m

as per staad calculations:

FEM BA/metre = 1.092 tm SFAB = 3.22 t/m
FEM BC/metre
= 0.84 tm SFBA = 3.96 t/m
FEM CB/metre
= 1.603 tm SFBC = 2.14 t/m
FEM CD/metre = 1.004 tm SFCB = 4.85 t/m
FEM DC/metre = 1.547 tm SFCD = 2.14 t/m
FEM DE/metre = 1.004 tm SFDC = 4.24 t/m
FEM ED/metre = 1.547 tm SFDE = 2.14 t/m
M G/metre 0.66 tm SFED = 4.24 t/m
M H/metre 0.82 tm RA/metre 3.224 t
M I/metre 0.88 tm RB/metre 5.686 t
M J/metre 0.88 tm RC/metre 6.991 t
RD/metre 6.38 t
RE/metre
4.242 t
Class 70R Wheeled vehicle (for a(i) above)
Load position for RA (max. ), MC (max. -ve), MH & MI (max. +ve)
are placed below.
200 730 870 580 730 490
1.25 x 10t 1.25 x 10t

A B H C I D E F
1275 1800 1800 1800 1275

For first axle (span BC)

 k = 2.6 (as L/l>1.8 in continuous slab)
x = centre of axle from support B
= 0.200 + (0.73/2) = 0.565 m
l = effective span = 1.8m
b1= breadth of concentration area of load
= 0.41 + 2x0.06 = 0.53 m
.. for span BC, bef = k.x (1-x/l) +b1
= 2.6x0.565x(1-0.565/1.80) +0.53
= 1.54 m
.. bef for 2-wheels = 1.54 +1.22 (c/c wheels<1.54) = 2.76m
8
Load/metre width (with impact)
= (Imp. x W)/ (L x bef)
= (2X1.25x10 )/(0.73x2.76) = 12.408 t/m

For second axle (span CD)

k = 2.6 (as L/l>1.8 in continuous slab)
x = centre of axle from support C
= 0.490 + (0.73/2) = 0.855 m
l = effective span = 1.8m
b1= breadth of concentration area of load
= 0.41 + 2x0.06 = 0.53 m
.. for span CD, bef = k.x (1-x/l) +b1
= 2.6x0.855x(1-0.855/1.80) +0.53
= 1.70 m
.. bef for 2-wheels = 1.70 +1.22 (c/c wheels<1.70) = 2.92m
Load/metre width (with impact)
= (Imp. x W)/ (L x bef)
= (2X1.25x10 )/(0.73x2.92) = 11.728t/m

as per staad calculations:

FEM BC/metre = 2.131 tm SFAB = 0
FEM CB/metre
= 1.094 tm SFBA = 0
FEM CD/metre = 1.702 tm SFBC = 6.8 t/m
FEM DC/metre = 1.859 tm SFCB = 2.26 t/m
M H/metre 1.032 tm SFCD = 3.98 t/m
M I/metre 1.22 tm SFDC = 4.58 t/m
RB/metre 6.802 t SFDE = 0
RC/metre 6.233 t SFED = 0

MOMENT DISTRIBUTIONS
Class 70R Tracked vehicle
Joint B C D E
Member BA BC CB CD DC DE ED EF
Dist.Fact 0.51 0.49 0.49 0.51 0.5 0.5 0.49 0.51
FEM 0 -1.682 1.079 -1.482 1.495 0 00
Bal 0.858 0.824 0.197 0.206 -0.748 -0.748 00
C.O 0 0.099 0.412 -0.374 0.103 0 -0.374 0
Bal -0.05 -0.049 -0.019 -0.019 -0.052 -0.052 0.183 0.191
S 0.808 -0.808 1.669 -1.669 0.8 -0.8 -0.191 0.191

2-lanes class-A load

Joint B C D E
Member BA BC CB CD DC DE ED EF
Dist.Fact 0.51 0.49 0.49 0.51 0.5 0.5 0.49 0.51
FEM 1.092 -0.84 1.603 -1.004 1.547 -1.004 1.547 0
Bal -0.129 -0.123 -0.294 -0.305 -0.272 -0.272 -0.758 -0.789
C.O 0 -0.147 -0.062 -0.136 -0.1525 -0.379 -0.136 0
Bal 0.075 0.072 0.097 0.101 0.266 0.266 0.067 0.069
S 1.038 -1.038 1.344 -1.344 1.39 -1.39 0.72 -0.72
9
Class 70R Wheeled vehicle
Joint B C D E
Member BA BC CB CD DC DE ED EF
Dist.Fact 0.51 0.49 0.49 0.51 0.5 0.5 0.49 0.51
FEM 0 -2.131 1.094 -1.702 1.859 0 00
Bal 1.087 1.044 0.298 0.31 -0.93 -0.93 00
C.O 0 0.149 0.522 -0.465 0.155 0 00
Bal -0.076 -0.073 -0.028 -0.029 -0.078 -0.078 00
S 1.011 -1.011 1.886 -1.886 1.01 -1.01 00

Summary of Max. moments and shear force:

A G B H C I D

MB(max)/metre (-)1.038 tm (class A 2-lane)

MC(max)/metre (-)1.886 tm (class 70R wheel)
MG(max)/metre (+)0.66 tm (class A 2-lane)
MH(max)/metre (+)1.032 tm (class 70R wheel)
MI(max)/metre (+)1.22 tm (class 70R wheel)

SAB(max)/metre 3.22 t/m (class A 2-lane)

SBA(max)/metre 3.96 t/m (class A 2-lane)
SBC(max)/metre 6.8 t/m (class 70R wheel)
SCB(max)/metre 4.85 t/m (class A 2-lane)
SCD(max)/metre 3.98 t/m (class 70R wheel)

Design load = D.L moments + Live Load moments

At B = 170 + 1038 1208 kgm

At C = 200 + 1886 2086 kgm
At G = 70 + 660 730 kgm
At H = 90 + 1032 1122 kgm
At I = 90 + 1220 1310 kgm
Moment of Resistance of M35 Grade Concrete
= x n' x j' x scbc x bd effective depth, d
 = x 0.318 x 0.894 x 115 x bd = 20 - 4 - 1.2/2
= 16.35 bd 15.4 cm
= 16.35 x 100 x (20.0 - 4.0 - 1.2/2)2
= 387757 kgcm = 3.877 tm
Maximum Design bending moment = 2.086 tm < 3.877 tm (OK)

Reinforcement:-
At top:

At B, Ast= 1208 x 100 = 4.39 cm

0.894 x 15.4 x 2000

At C, Ast= 2086 x 100 = 7.58 cm

0.894 x 15.4 x 2000
10
At bottom:

At I, Ast= 1310 x 100 = 4.76 cm

0.894 x 15.4 x 2000
check for shear:-
Max. S.F 6.8 t =68000 N
Nominal shear stress, v =S.F / bxd
=68000 / (154 x 1000)
= 0.44 N/mm
As per IRC 21-1987 permissible value of shear stress c
for members without shear reinforcement is given by
c = k1. k2. c0
where, k1 = 1.14 - 0.7d 0.5 (d is in metre)
k2 = 0.5 + 0.25r 1
c0 = basic value for M35 grade of concrete
r = area of longitudinal reinforcement ratio (A st /bd)

Ast = 113x1000/150 = 753 mm

hence, k1 = 1.14 - 0.7d 0.5 (d is in metre)
= 1.14 - (0.7 x 0.154) = 1.03
k2 = 0.5 + 0.25 x Ast/bd
= 0.5+ {(0.25x 753/(1000x154)}
= 0.50 since, k2 has to be equal to or greater than 1 adopt k2 = 1
c0 = 0.50
therefore, permissible shear stress = 1.03x1x0.50 = 0.515 N/mm
As, c is greater than v, Hence OK.

Step-6 Design of Crash barrier.

L.L recation on supporting Beam:
Class A - 2 Lane Class 70R Track Class 70R Wheeled
RA/F 3.22 t/m - -
(on crash Barrier) on 2 x 1.19m
RB 5.686 t/m 5.208 t/m 6.802 t/m
(on Stringer) on 2.6m on 5.77m on 2.76m
 RB 5.686 t/m 5.208 t/m 6.802 t/m
(on Stringer) on 2.6m on 5.77m on 2.76m
RC/D 6.991 t/m 6.075 t/m 6.233 t/m
(on Stringer) on 2.68m on 5.87m on 2.92m

Crash Barrier (175mm x 900mm)

(I) Dead load (8x4.5875m continuous span)
say, 8 x 5.0m span
WD = 2.5 x 1.925/2 (footpath slab) + (0.30x0.9x2.5) (crash barrier) + 0.32 (Deck slab)
footpath slab = 0.25 t/m2 x 1.925/2 0.24 t/m
crash barrier = 0.3 x 0.9 x2.5 t/m3 0.68 t/m
deck slab = 0.7/2 0.35 t/m
WD = 1.27 t/m
R = 1.27x 5 = 6.35 t

11
1.27 t/m
J K L M N O P Q

A B C D E F G H I
5m 5m 5m 5m 5m 5m 5m 5m
as per staad calculations:
MA = 0 tm MJ = 2.45 tm SFA = + 2.52 t
MB = 3.2 tm MK = 1.065 tm SFB = - 3.83 t
MC = 2.45 tm ML = 1.35 tm SFB = + 3.33 t
MD = 2.63 tm MM = 1.29 tm SFC = - 3.02 t
ME = 2.58 tm SFC = + 3.14 t
(2) Live load
(a) on footpath
WL = 0.50 t/m x 1.325/2 = 0.33 t/m
as per staad calculations:
MA = 0 tm MJ = 0.637 tm SFA = + 0.66 t
MB = 0.832 tm MK = 0.277 tm SFB = - 99 t
MC = 0.637 tm ML = 0.351 tm SFB = + 0.86 t
MD = 0.683 tm MM = 0.335 tm SFC = - 0.79t
ME = 0.67 tm SFC = + 0.82 t
(b) on deck
Impact factor fraction for reinforced concrete bridges:
(Ref. Cl. 211.2 of IRC: 6)
= 4.5/(6+L)
= 4.5/(6+5) = 0.41
Class-A train vehicle
P1 P1 P2 P2 P3 P3 P3 P3
1100 3200 1200 4300 3000 3000 3000
2.7t 2.7t 11.4 11.4 6.8 6.8 6.8 6.8
(i) Max. reaction from 11.4t axle load:
effectve width = 0.82 + 0.37 = 1.19m
Max. reaction calculated for Impact factor, 0.5 = 3.22 t/m on 1.19m length
therefore, reaction for Impact factor, 0.41 =(3.22 x 1.41)/1.5
= 3.03 t/m
 i.e =3.03 x 1.19 = 3.60 t (P2)
@ 1.20m c/c
similarly,
(ii) Max. reaction from 6.8t axle load:
effectve width = 0.82 + (0.20+2x0.06) = 1.14m
Reaction for Impact factor, 0.41 =(3.03 x 6.8)/11.4
= 1.81 t/m
i.e =1.81 x 1.14 = 2.06 t (P3)
@ 3.00m c/c
similarly,
(iii) Max. reaction from 2.7t axle load:
effectve width = 0.82 + (0.15+2x0.06) =1.09m
Reaction for Impact factor, 0.41 =(3.03 x 2.7)/11.4
= 0.72 t/m
i.e =0.72 x 1.09 = 0.78 t (P1)
@ 1.1m c/c
12
(i) MB(max), when 2nd P1 is over A

A B C D E F G H I
5m 5m 5m 5m 5m 5m 5m 5m

MB(max), (as per staad calculation) = 2.864 tm

(ii) MC(max), when 2nd P1 is over B

A B C D E F G H I
5m 5m 5m 5m 5m 5m 5m 5m

MC(max), (as per staad calculation) = 2.581 tm

(iii) MJ(max), when 1st P2 is at a distance of 3.0m(0.6L) from A

J
A B C D E F G H I
5m 5m 5m 5m 5m 5m 5m 5m

MJ(max), (as per staad calculation) = 4.03 tm

S MB = 3.2 + 0.832 + 2.864 (-) 6.896 tm

S MC = 2.453 + 0.637 + 2.581 (-) 5.671 tm
S MJ = 2.45 + 0.637 + 4.03 (+) 7.117 tm

Reinforcement:-
Effective depth, d = (900+200) - (40+25/2)= 1047.5 mm say 105 cm

At B, Ast= 6.896 x 105 = 3.68 cm2

0.894 x 105 x 2000
Provide 3-25mm F tor bar. (OK)
 At J, Ast= 7.117 x 105 = 3.8 cm2
0.894 x 105 x 2000
Provide 3-25mm F tor bar. (OK)

Step-7 Design of Stringer Beam (ISMB 400)

Stringer beam (Mkd. S1) @ 5.0m c/c
I) Dead load
from Deck slab (Ref. P/3) = 1.19 t/m
self wt. Of beam = 0.1 t/m
Total = 1.29 t/m
SD(max) = 1.29 x 5.0/2 = 3.23 t
RD(max) = 2 x 3.23 = 6.46 t
MD(max) = 1.29 x 5.02/8 = 4.03 tm

13
RD(max) = 6.46 t
where, deck = 6.46 x (0.68/0.86) = 5.11 t
w.c = 6.46 x (0.18/0.18) = 1.35 t
MD(max) =
4.03 tm
where, deck = 4.03 x (0.68/0.86) = 3.19 tm
w.c = 4.03 x (0.18/0.18) = 0.84 tm
for deck slab load = 5.11 t
section properties ISMB 400
A = 78.46 cm2 Ixx = 20458.4 cm4 Zxx = 1022.9 cm3
fbc1 = fbt1 = 3.19 x 105 / 1022.9 = 311.86 kg/cm2
5 x 5.11 x 5003
d D1 = = 0.2 cm
384 x 2000 x 20458.4
for w.c load = 1.35 t
l1 = 1.275m yt beff
l2 = 1.8m 200
bf = (1.275 + 1.8)/2 = 1.54 m (actual)
> 5.0/4 = 1.25 m yb 400
EC for R.C.C (M35) = 36 GPa
ES for Steel = 2.0 x 106 kg/cm2
m (modular ratio) = ES/EC = 5.56
beff = 1.25/5.56 = 0.225 m = 22.5 cm
(22.5 x 20x10)+( 78.46x 40)
yt = = 14.45 cm
(22.5x20) + 78.46
yb= (40+20) - 14.45 = 45.55 cm
IXX = (22.5x20/12) + (22.5 x 20x4.45)
+20458+(78.5x25.552) = 95615 cm4
ZXt = IXX / yt = 6617 cm3
 ZXb = IXX / yb = 2099 cm3
fbt2 = (bottom flange) = 0.84 x105/2099 = 40.02 kg/cm
fbc2 = (top of deck) =(0.84 x10 /(6617x5.56)
5)
= 2.28 kg/cm

d D2 = 5 x 1.35 x 5003
= 0.01 cm
384 x 2000 x 95615
2) Live load
Impact Factor for class A load
= 9/(13.5 + L) =9/(13.5+5) = 0.49
Live load consist of [5.686t/m (ref.table at p-10)]
5.686 x 1.49/1.5 = 5.65 t/m over 2.6m length
Impact Factor for 70R tracked vehicle = 0.25
Live load consist of [5.208t/m (ref.table at p-10)]
5.208 x 1.25/1.5 = 4.34 t/m over 5.77m length (critical)
Impact Factor for 70R wheeled vehicle = 0.25
Live load consist of [6.802t/m (ref.table at p-10)]
6.802 x 1.25/1.5 = 5.67 t/m over 2.76m length
14
SL(Max) = 4.34x5/2 = 10.85 t
ML(Max) = 4.34x5/8 = 13.56 tm
fc2(Max) (at top of R.C.C slab)
= ML(max)/(Zxt x m) = 36.86 kg/cm2
Sfbc (at top of Deck slab)
fbc2 + fc2 = 39.14 kg/cm2
fbt (bottom flange)
= ML(max)/Zxb = 646.02 kg/cm2
Sfbt (bottom flange)
= fbt1 + fbt2 + fbt = 997.9 kg/cm2

d L(max) = 5 x (2x10.85) x 5003

= 0.18 cm
384 x 2000 x 95615
Sd = dD1 + dD2 + dL = 0.39 cm
Permissible deflection = L/600 = 500/600 i.e. 0.83 cm > 0.39cm (OK)
Step-8 Design of Stringer Beam (ISMB 400 + 120x8 th. plate)
Stringer beam (Mkd. S2) @ 5.0m c/c
1. D.L excluding w.c
WD1 = (1.28 x 0.50/0.68) + 0.10 (self. Wt) 400
(Ref. P/3)
= 1.04 t/m 120x8th. Plate 8
SD1(Max) = WD1x L/2 = = 2.6 t
RD1 = 2 x SD1(Max) = 5.2 t
MD1(Max) = WD1x L2/8 = = 3.25 tm
Area = 78.46 + 12.0x0.8 = 88.06 cm2
( 78.46x 20)+(12.0x8x40.4)
yt = = 22.22 cm
78.46 + 12.0x0.8
 yb= (40+0.8) - 22.22 = 18.58 cm
IXX = 20458+(78.46x2.222) + (9.6x18.182) = 24011 cm4
ZXt = IXX / yt = 1081 cm3
ZXb = IXX / yb = 1292 cm3
fbt1= (bottom flange) = MD1/ZXt = 300.65 kg/cm

d D1 = 5 x 5.2 x 5003
= 0.18 cm
384 x 2000 x 24011

2. Dead Load from W.C

WD2 = (1.28 +0.10) - 1.04 18 0.34 t/m
SD2(Max) = WD2 x l/2 = 0.85 t
RD2 = 2 x SD2(Max) = 1.7 t
MD2(Max) = WD2x L /8 =
2
= 1.06 tm

15
(22.5 x 20x10)+( 88.06x 42.2)
yt = = 15.27 cm
(22.5x20) + 88.06
yb= (40+20+.8) - 15.27 = 45.53 cm
IXX = (22.5x20/12) + (22.5 x 20x4.73)
+24018+(88.06x24.732) = 102941 cm4
ZXt = IXX / yt = 6741 cm3
ZXb = IXX / yb = 2261 cm3
fbt2 = (bottom flange) = 1.06 x105/2261 = 46.88 kg/cm
fbc2 = (top of deck) =(1.06x105)/(6741x5.56) = 2.83 kg/cm

d D2 = 5 x 1.7 x 500 3
= 0.01 cm
384 x 2000 x 102941

3. Live Load
live load for 70R Tracked vehicle (critical, Ref p/13)
Live load consist of [6.075t/m (ref.table at p-10)]
6.075 x 1.25/1.5 = 5.06 t/m over 5.87m length
SL(Max) = 5.06x5/2 = 12.65 t
ML(Max) = 5.06x5/8 = 15.81 tm
fbc3(Max) (at top of R.C.C slab)
= ML(max)/(Zxt x m) = 42.18 kg/cm2
Sfbc (at top of Deck slab)
fbc3+ fbc2 = 45.01 kg/cm2
fbt3 (bottom flange)
= ML(max)/Zxb = 699.25 kg/cm2
Sfbt (bottom flange)
 = fbt1 + fbt2 + fbt3 = 1046.78 kg/cm2

d L(max) = 5 x (2x12.65) x 5003

= 0.2 cm
384 x 2000 x 102941
Sd = dD1 + dD2 + dL = 0.39 cm
Permissible deflection = L/600 = 500/600 i.e. 0.83 cm > 0.39cm (OK)
SS (D+L)= SD1(Max)+SD2(Max)+SL(Max) = 16.1 t
16.1 x10
= 583.33 cm
Sfs(D+L)= 0.69 x 40
Permissible shear stress of steel = 940 kg/cm (OK)

Step-9 Design of Intermediate Cross Girder (mkd. CG2)

1) Dead load (excluding W.C.) WD (self wt. Of CG2)
P4 P1 P2 P3 P3 P2 P1

A 425 1275 1800 1800 1800 1275 425 B

8800

16
ISA 100x100x12

600 580x16 Plate

25 300x25 Pate

Section Properties (Staad calculation)

A = 258.16 cm2
IXX = 144995 cm4
Zt = 3710 cm3
Zb = 6190 cm3
yt =IXX/Zt = 39.08 cm
yb =IXX/Zb = 23.42 cm
WD (self wt. Of CG2)
= 258.16 cm2 x 7.58t/m3 = 0.2 t/m
P1 (from crash barrier) (p/10) = 6.35 t
P2 (from stringer, S1) (p/13) = 5.11 t
P3 (from stringer, S2) (p/14) = 5.2 t
P4 (from bracket, T1) (p/2) = 1.7 t
M (from bracket, T1) (p/2) = 4.758 tm
Staad calculations:
RA = 19.24 t
RB = 17.54 t
 BMC = 30.912 tm
SF(max) = 17.54 t
dDL = 0.971 cm
fbt (bottom of flange) (30.912 x 105)/6190 = 499.39 kg/cm
2) Dead load (only W.C.) WD (self wt. Of CG2)
P4 P1 P2 P3 P3 P2 P1

A 425 1275 1800 1800 1800 1275 425 B

8800

Loading sketch same as before. only WD = 0, as self wt considered in (1) above

P1 (from crash barrier) (no w.c) = 0 t
P2 (from stringer, S1) (p/13) = 1.35 t
P3 (from stringer, S2) (p/14) = 1.7 t
P4 (from bracket, T1) (no w.c) = 0 t
Staad calculations:
RA = 3.05 t
RB = 3.05 t
BMC = 8.086 tm
17
200 beff
ISA 100x100x12

600 580x16 Plate

25 300x25 Pate

L= 8.8m
bf = 8.8/4 = 2.2 m
EC for R.C.C (M35) = 36 GPa
ES for Steel = 2.0 x 106 kg/cm2 `
m (modular ratio) = ES/EC = 5.56
beff = 2.2/5.56 = 0.396 m = 39.6 cm
(39.6 x 20x10)+ 258.16x (39.08+20)
yt = = 22.07 cm
(39.6x20) + 258.16
yb= (60+20+2.5) - 22.07 = 60.43 cm
IXX = (39.6x20/12) + (39.6 x 20)x(22.07-10)
+144995+{(258.16x(20+39.08-22.07)} = 640390 cm4
ZXt = IXX / yt = 29016 cm3
ZXb = IXX / yb = 10597 cm3
fbt2 = (bottom flange) =8.086 x105/10597 = 76.3 kg/cm
fbc2 = (top of deck) =(8.086 x105)/(29016x5.56) = 5.01 kg/cm
L P2 0.75a a1 P3 0.75a2 a2
d D1= 1
b b 6 b b
 d D1= 0.75a1 a1 P3 0.75a2 a2
EI 6 b b 6 b b
Where, L = b =8.8m, a1 = 1.70m, a2 = 3.50m, E = 2000t/cm
d D1= = 0.052 cm

2) Live load
(a) Class A load
Impact Factor for class A load
= 9/(13.5 + L) =9/(13.5+5) = 0.49
P2 P2=5.7t

P1=1.35t 1 P3=3.4t
0.76
0.12 0.14
600 3200 1200 4300 700

5000 5000

4 Nos.= (1.35x0.12 + 5.7x1.76 +3.4x0.14) = 10.67 t

Load with impact = 1.49 x 10.67 = 15.9 t

18
Load position for Max. S.F
15.9 15.9 15.9 15.9

1100 1800 1700 1800 2400

8.8m
SF(Max) = 15.9x(2.4+4.2+5.9+7.7)/8.8 = 36.5 t

Load position for Max. B.M

15.9 15.9 15.9 15.9

1750 1800 1700 1800 1750

8.8m
BM(Max) = 15.9x(1.75+3.55) = 84.27 tm

(b) Class 70R wheeled

Impact Factor for 70R wheeled = 0.25

P2 P2=8.5t P2
P1=6t
0.726 1 P3=3.4t
0.3 0.39 0.116
1500 2130 1370 3050 1370 580

5000 5000
 5000 5000

2Nos.= (6x0.3) + 8.5x(0.726+1+.39+.116) = 20.772 t

Load with impact = 1.25 x 20.772 = 26 t

Load position for Max. S.F
26 t 26 t

2205 2180 4415

8.8m
SF(Max) = 26x(4.415+6.595)/8.8 = 32.53 t

Load position for Max. B.M

26 t 26 t

3310 2180 3310

8.8m
BM(Max) = 26x3.31 = 86.06 tm

19
(b) Class 70R Tracked
Impact Factor for 70R tracked = 0.25
R(Max) = 35 x (1+0.531)/2 = 26.79 t

35T
0.531 0.531
2655 2345 2345 2655

5000 5000

Load with impact = 1.25 x 26.79 = 33.5 t

Load position for Max. S.F
33.5t 33.5 t

2320 2060 4420

8.8m
SF(Max) = 33.5x(4.42+6.48)/8.8 = 41.49 t
(Critical)
Load position for Max. B.M
33.5t 33.5t

3370 2060 3370

 8.8m
BM(Max) = 33.5x3.37 = 112.9 tm
(Critical)
Total SF = 18.8 + 3.05 + 33.5 = 55.35 t
DW = 60 cm tW = 1.6 cm
fs(max) = SF/(Dw X tw) = 576.5625 kg/cm
< 950 kg/cm (OK)

fbc2 (top of deck) = BM(max) /(Zxt x m) = 69.98 kg/cm

fbt3 (bot. flange) = BM(max) /Zxb = 1065.4 kg/cm

Sfbc (top of deck) = 5.01 + 69.98 = 74.99

Sfbt (bot. flange) = 499.39 + 76.30 + 1065.4 1641.09
< 1650 kg/cm (OK)

20
Step-10 Design of Main Truss
(1) Dead Load
(I) Self wt of Truss @ 1.2t/m: = 1.2 x 5 = 6 t
(ii) Reaction from crash barrier, stringer and bracket
(Dead load, excluding w.c. Ref. Page 16) = 19.24 t
(iii) Reaction from crash barrier, stringer and bracket
(Dead load, w.c. only, Ref. Page 16) = 3.05 t
Dead load inc. W.C = P= 28.29 t
U1 U2 U3 U4
m
12
8.

6.4m
q
A L0 L1 L2 L3 L4 B
P/2 P P P P
4 @ 5.0m =20m

q = tan-1 (6.4/5) = 520 Say, P= 30t

Bearing : Roller and Rocker
A = Rocker = Pinned restraint in Fx, Fy and Fz
 B = Roller = Fixed But restrain in Fx, Fz, Mx, My and Mz
As per staad calculation :
L0 - L1 = 82.031 (-) U1 - L 0 133.245 (+)
L1- L2 = 82.031 (-) U1- L2 95.175 (-)
L2- L3 = 140.625 (-) U2- L3 57.105 (-)
L3- L4 = 175.781 (-) U3- L4 19.035 (-)
U1 - L 1 30.00 (-)
U1- U2 = 140.625 (+) U2- L2 45.00 (+)
U2- U3 = 175.781 (+) U3- L3 15.00 (+)
U3- U4 = 187.5 (+) U4- L4 0 (+)
Where, ( + ) Sign is compressin and ( - ) is tension.
(2) Live Load
Impact factor for class A = 9/(13.5+40) = 0.168
Impact factor for 70 Tracked = 10% for all spans
R
= 0.1
Impact factor for 70R Wheel = curve indicated fig.5 0.16

2(i) Class A (2-lane) (Excluding impact)

P1 P1 P2 P2 R P3 P3 P3 P3
1.1 3.2 1.2 4.3 3.0 3.0 3.0 20.0
A B
9.09 m
18.8 m

21
( Dist. Ref. Page 18)
8.8 - (1.1 + 1.8 +1.7/2)
P1 = 2 x 2.7 x = 3.1 t
8.8
8.8 - (1.1 + 1.8 +1.7/2)
P2 = 2 x 11.4 x = 13.08 t
8.8
8.8 - (1.1 + 1.8 +1.7/2)
P3 = 2 x 6.8 x = 7.8 t
8.8
Total Load = (2xP1) + (2xP2) + (4xP3) = 63.56 t
Position of Resultant, R (at a distance m from A)
7.8x(18.8+15.8+12.8+9.8) +
Rxm= = 577.754 tm
13.08x(5.5+4.3) + (3.1x1.1)
m= 577.754/63.56 = 9.09 m

2(ii) Class 70R Tracked Vehicles (1-lane) (Excluding impact)

P P

4.57 30.00 4.57

( Dist. Ref. Page 19)
8.8 - (2.32+2.06/2)
P1 = 70 x = 43.35 t
 P1 = 70 x = 43.35 t
8.8

2(iii) Class 70R Wheel Vehicles (1-lane)

R
P1 P2 P2 P3 P3 P3 P3
3.96 1.52 2.13 1.37 3.05 1.37 30.0
A

8.28 m
13.40

( Dist. Ref. Page 18)

8.8 - (2.205+2.18/2)
P1 = 8x = 5 t
8.8
8.8 - (2.205+2.18/2)
P2 = 12 x = 7.51 t
8.8
8.8 - (2.205+2.18/2)
P3 = 17 x = 10.63 t
8.8
Total Load = (1xP1) + (2xP2) + (4xP3) = 62.54 t
Position of Resultant, R (at a distance m from A)
10.63x(13.4+12.03+8.98+7.61) +
Rxm= = 517.567 tm
7.51x(5.48+3.96)
m= 517.567/62.54 = 8.28 m

22
LIVE LOAD FORCES IN MEMBERS :-
1) For T(L0L1,max) & T(L1L2,max)
Class A (2-lanes)
3.1 3.1 13.08 13.08 7.8 7.8 7.8 7.8 3.1
0.7 1.1 3.2 1.2 4.3 3.0 3.0 3.0 20.0 0.5
0.0125
0.8450

0.6625

0.5125
0.8750

0.7375

0.5875
0.315
0.123

1.0

5.00
40.00

T(L0L1,max) = T(L1L2,max)
= 1.168{3.1(0.123+0.315+0.0125)+13.08(0.8750+0.8450)
+7.8(0.7375+0.6625+0.5875+0.5125)} = 50.68 t
2) For C(L0U1,max)
8.12
= 50.68 X = 82.3 t
5.0
3) For T(U1L1,max)
 Class 70R (tracked vehicle)
5000 5000

1.000
0.543

0.543
4570
Ref. page 21:
For T(U1L1,max)
= 1.1x (0.543 +0.543)/2 x 43.35 = 25.89 t
4) For C(U1U2,max) = T(L2L3,max)
Class A (2-lanes)
3.1 3.1 13.08 13.08 7.8 7.8 7.8 7.8
5.7 1.1 3.2 1.2 4.3 3.0 3.0 3.0 15.50
0.855

1.02

1.440

1.225

1.075

0.925

0.775
1.500

2.0

10.00
40.00

C(U1U2,max) = T(L2L3,max)
= 1.168{3.1(0.855+1.02)+13.08(1.5+1.44)
+7.8(1.225+1.075+0.925+0.775)} = 88.15 t

23
5) For C(U1U2,max) = T(L2L3,max)
Class 70R (wheeled vehicles)
5.0 7.51 7.51 10.63 10.63 10.63 10.63
1.05 3.96 1.52 2.1 1.37 3.05 1.37 25.58
0.158

1.295

1.348
1.279
0.980

1.500
0.752

2.0

10.00
40.00

C(U1U2,max) = T(L2L3,max)
= 1.16{(5.0x0.158)+7.51(.752+0.980)
+10.63(1.295+1.5+1.348+1.279)} = 82.86 t
6) For C(U2U3,max) = T(L3L4,max)
Class A (2-lanes)
3.1 3.1 13.08 13.08 7.8 7.8 7.8 7.8
9.5 1.1 3.2 1.2 4.3 3.0 3.0 3.0 11.7
 1.325

1.725

1.875

1.552

1.327

1.102
0.877
1.188
3.0
15.00
40.00

C(U2U3,max) = T(L3L4,max)
= 1.168{3.1(1.188+1.325)+13.08(1.725+1.875)
+7.8(1.552+1.327+1.102+0.877)} = 108.36 t

7) For C(U2U3,max) = T(L3L4,max)

Class 70R (wheeled vehicles)
5.0 7.51 7.51 10.63 10.63 10.63 10.63
6.05 3.96 1.52 2.1 1.37 3.05 1.37 20.58
0.756

1.704

1.646
1.544
1.441

1.875
1.251

3.0

15.00
40.00

(U2U3,max) = T(L3L4,max)

= 1.16{(5.0x0.756)+7.51(1.251+1.441)
+10.63(1.704+1.875+1.646+1.544)} = 111.3 t

24
8) For C(U3U4,max)
Class A (2-lanes)
3.1 3.1 13.08 13.08 7.8 7.8 7.8 7.8
14.5 1.1 3.2 1.2 4.3 3.0 3.0 3.0 11.7
1.56

1.88

2.000

1.570

1.270

0.970
0.670
1.45

4.0
20.00
40.00

C(U3U4,max)
= 1.168{3.1(1.45+1.56)+13.08(1.88+1.875)
+7.8(1.570+1.270+.970+0.670)} = 111 t
9) For C(U3U4,max)
 Class 70R (wheeled vehicles)
5.0 7.51 7.51 10.63 10.63 10.63 10.63
12.39 3.96 1.52 2.13 1.37 3.05 1.37 14.21

1.239

1.787

2.000

1.863

1.558

1.421
1.635
4.0

20.0
40.0

C(U3U4,max)
= 1.16{(5.0x1.239)+7.51(1.635+1.787)
+10.63(2.0+1.863+1.558+1.421)} = 121.36 t
10) For T(L2U1,max)
Class A (2-lanes)
0.70 3.1 3.1 13.08 13.08 7.8 7.8 7.8 7.8
1.10 3.20 1.20 4.30 3.0 3.0 3.0 15.50
.125

(-).003

0.72

0.538

0.388
0.613

0.463
0.75
0.19

5.00 5.00 30.00

T(L2U1,max)
= 1.168{3.1(-.003+0.19)+13.08(0.75+0.72)
+7.8(0.613+0.538+0.463+0.388)} = 41.4 t
25
11) For T(L2U1,max)
Class 70R wheeles
10.63 10.63 10.63 10.63 7.51 7.51 5.0
3.63 1.37 3.05 1.37 2.13 1.52 3.96 17.97
.125

0.674

0.586

0.449
0.75

0.64

0.548
0.51

5.00 5.00 30.00

T(L2U1,max)
= 1.16{(5.0x0.449)+7.51(0.548+0.586)
+10.63(0.64+0.674+0.75+0.51)} = 44.22 t
12) For T(L3U2,max) & C(U2L2)
Class A (2-lanes)
13.08

13.08
3.10

3.10

7.80

7.80
7.80
7.80

0.7 1.1 3.2 1.2 4.3 3.0 3.0 3.0 10.5

0.250
 0.250

0.595

0.413
(-).127

0.625

0.488

337

263
.
.
0.065
10.00 5.00 25.00

C(U2L2)
= 1.168{3.1(-.127+0.65)+13.08(0.625+0.595)
+7.8(0.488+0.413+0.337+0.263)} = 32.1 t

T(L3U2,max)
8.12
= 32.1 X = 40.73 t
6.4
13) For T(L3U2,max) & C(U2L2)
Class 70R wheeles
10.63 10.63 10.63 10.63 7.51 7.51 5.0
3.63 1.37 3.05 1.37 2.13 1.52 3.96 12.97
.250

0.549

0.461

0.324
0.385

0.625

0.515

0.423

10.00 5.00 25.00

C(U2L2)
= 1.16{(5.0x0.324)+7.51(0.423+0.461)
+10.63(0.385+0.625+0.549+0.515)} = 35.15 t

T(L3U2,max)
8.12
= 35.15 X = 44.6 t
6.4

26
14) For T(L4U3,max) & C(U3L3,max)
Class A (2-lanes)

3.1 3.1 13.08 13.08 7.8 7.8 7.8 7.8

0.7 1.1 3.2 1.2 4.3 3.0 3.0 3.0 5.5
0.5

0.47

0.363

0.213

0.137
0.287
0.375

0.253
.060

15.00 5.00 20.00

C(U3L3,max)
= 1.168{3.1(-.253-0.060)+13.08(0.5+0.47)
+7.8(0.368+0.287+0.213+0.137)} = 22.8 t
T(L4U3,max)
8.12
= 22.8 X = 28.93 t
 = 22.8 X = 28.93 t
6.4

Maximum Live Load forces in all members of Main lattice Girders

can be summerised as below:

U1 88.15 U2 111.3 U3 121.36 U4

35.15

44
.

28
22

44
3

25.89 22.8 6.4m

.
.

93
82

6.
L0 50.68 L1 50.68 L2 88.15 L3 111.3 L4
5.179632
(12 x 0.8x40.4)+( 78.46x 20)
t

kg/cm
(OK)
a

a
b

c
d

e
e

f
g