Problems

Section 11-3: Instantaneous Power and Average Power

P11.3-1
V V V
1∠0° = + + ⇒ V = 14.6∠ − 43° V
20 j 63 − j16

V
I= = 0.23∠ − 133° A
j 63

p (t ) = i (t )v(t ) = 0.23cos (2π ⋅103 t − 133° ) × 14.6 cos (2π ⋅103 t − 43° )
= 3.36 cos (2π ⋅103 t −133° ) cos (2π ⋅103 t − 43° )
= 1.68 (cos (90° ) + cos (4π ⋅103 t −176° ))
=1.68 cos (4π ⋅103 t −176° )

P11.3-2
Current division:

⎡ 1800− j 2400 ⎤
I=4 5⎢ ⎥
⎣1800− j 2400+ 600 ⎦
5
=5 ∠ − 8.1° mA
2

2
I 600 ⎛5⎞
P600Ω = = 300(25) ⎜ ⎟ = 1.875 ×104 μW = 18.75 mW
2 ⎝ 2⎠
V I cos θ 1 ⎛ 5⎞
Psource =
2 2
( )
= (600) ⎜ 5 ⎟ 4 5 cos(−8.1° ) = 2.1× 104 μW = 21 mW
⎝ 2⎠

P11.3-3
Node equations:
20I X −100 20I X − V
+ IX + = 0 ⇒ I X (20 − j15) − V = − j 50
10 − j5
V − 20I X V
− 3I X + = 0 ⇒ I X (−40 + j 30) + V (2 − j ) = 0
− j5 10

Solving the node equations using Cramer’s rule yields

j 50(2 − j ) 50 5∠63.4°
IX = = = 2 5∠10.3° A
(40 − j 30) − (20 − j15)(2 − j ) 25∠53.1°
Then

( )
I 2
PAVE = X (20) = 10 2 5 = 200 W
2

P11.3-4
A node equation:

(V − 16) V
+ − (2 2∠45°) = 0
j4 8
⎛ 2⎞
⇒ V = ⎜⎜16 ⎟ ∠18.4° V
⎝ 5 ⎟⎠
Then
16 − V
I= = 3.2 ∠ − 116.6° A
j4

2
⎛ 2⎞
2 ⎜16 ⎟
1 V 1 ⎝ 5⎠
PAVE 8Ω = × = × = 6.4 W absorbed
2 8 2 8

1⎛ 2⎞
PAVE current source = −
1
2
( )
V 2 2 cos θ = − ⎜ 16
2⎝
( )
⎟ 2 2 cos ( 26.6° ) = −12.8 W absorbed
5⎠

PAVE inductor = 0

1 1
PAVE voltage source = − (16) I cosθ = − (16)( 3.2)cos( − 116.6°) = 6.4 W absorbed
2 2
P11.3-5

A node equation:
V1 V1 + (3 / 2) V1
−20 + + = 0 ⇒ V1 = 50 5 ∠ − 26.6° V
10 15 − j 20
Then
V1 + ( 3/2 ) V1 ( 5 / 2 ) V1 = 5 5 ∠26.6° A
I= =
15 − j 20 25∠ − 53.1°

Now the various powers can be calculated:

2 2
1 V1 1 (50 5)
PAVE 10Ω = = = 625 W absorbed
2 10 2 10

1 1
PAVE current source = − V (20) cos θ = − (50 5)(20) cos (−26.6°) = −1000 W absorbed
2 2

(5 5 )
2
2
I
PAVE 15Ω = (15) = − (15) = 937.5 W absorbed
2 2

PAVE voltage source = −

1 3
2 2
1
( )( )
I V1 cos θ = − 5 5 75 5 cos ( −53.1° ) = −562.5 W absorbed
2

PAVE capacitor = 0 W

P11.3-6
200 ( j 200 ) 200 ∠90° 200
Z= = = ∠45° Ω
200 (1 + j ) 2 ∠45° 2

120∠0D ⎛ j 200 ⎞
I = = 0.85 ∠ − 45° A, I R = ⎜ ⎟ I = 0.6∠0° A
200
∠45 D ⎝ 200 + j 200 ⎠
2

P = I R = ( 0.6 ) ( 200 ) = 72 W and w = ( 72 )(1) = 72 J

2 2
P11.3-7
4(− j 2)
Z = j3 + = 0.8 + j1.4
4− j 2
= 1.6 ∠60.3° Ω
V 7∠0°
∴I = = °
= 4.38 ∠ − 60.3° A
Z 1.6∠60.3

i (t ) = 4.38cos (10 t − 60.3° ) A

The instantaneous power delivered by the source is given by

(7)(4.38)
p(t ) = v(t ) ⋅ i(t ) = (7 cos 10 t )(4.38cos (10 t − 60.3°)) = [cos (60.3°) + cos (20 t −60.3°)]
2
= 7.6 + 15.3cos (20 t − 60.3°) W
The inductor voltage is calculated as

VL = I ⋅ Z L = (4.38 ∠ − 60.3°)(j 3) = 13.12 ∠29.69° V

vL (t ) = 13.12cos (10 t + 29.69°) V

The instantaneous power delivered to the inductor is given by

pL (t ) = vL (t ) ⋅ i (t ) = ⎡⎣ (13.12 cos (10t + 29.69°)(4.38cos (l0t − 60.3° ) ⎤⎦

57.47
= [ cos (29.69°+ 60.3°)+ cos (20 t + 29.69°−60.3°)]
2
= 28.7 cos (20t − 30.6°) W

P11.3-8
The equivalent impedance of the parallel resistor
(1)( j ) = 1 1+ j Ω . Then
and inductor is Z = ( )
1+ j 2

10∠0° 20 20
I= = = ∠ − 18.4° A
1
1+ (1+ j ) 3+ j 10
2
⎛ 20 ⎞
(10 ) ⎜ ⎟
I V ⎝ 10 ⎠ cos −18.4° = 30.0 W
(a) Psource = cos θ = ( )
2 2
 2
⎛ 20 ⎞
I R1 ⎜⎝ 10 ⎟⎠
2 (1)
(b) PR 1 = = = 20 W
2 2
Section 11-4: Effective Value of a Periodic Waveform

P11.4-1
(a) i = 2 − 4 cos 2t = i1 + i 2 ( Treat i as two sources of different frequencies.)

1 T 2
T ∫o
2A source: I eff = lim (2) dt = 2 A
T →∞

and
4
4 cos 2t source: Ieff = A
2
The total is calculated as
2
⎛ 4 ⎞
I eff = ( 2 ) + ⎜ ⎟ = 12 A ⇒ I rms = I eff = 12 = 2 3 A
2 2

⎝ 2⎠

(b) i ( t ) = 3cos (π t − 90° ) + 2 cos π t ⇒ I = ( 3∠ − 90° ) + ( 2 ∠0° )

= 2 − j 3 = 3.32∠ − 64.8° A

3.32
I rms = = 2.35 A
2

(c) i ( t ) = 2 cos 2t + 4 2 cos ( 2t + 45° ) + 12 cos ( 2 t − 90° )

( )
I = ( 2∠0° ) + 4 2 ∠45° + (12∠ − 90° ) = ( 2 + 4 ) + ( j 4 − j12 ) =10∠ − 53.1° A

10
I rms = =5 2 A
2

P11.4-2

( ∫ 6 dt +∫ 2 dt ) = 15 ( ∫ 36 dt +∫ 4 dt ) =
(a) 1 1 84
( 72 + 12 ) =
2 5 2 5
Vrms = 2 2
= 4.10 V
5 0 2 0 2 5 5

(∫ ) (∫ )
(b) 1 1 1 116
( 8 + 108) =
2 5 2 5
Vrms = 22 dt + ∫ 62 dt = 4 dt + ∫ 36 dt = = 4.81 V
5 0 2 5 0 2 5 5

( ∫ 2 dt +∫ 6 dt ) = 15 ( ∫ 4 dt +∫ 36 dt ) =
(c) 1 1 84
(12 + 72 ) =
3 5 3 5
Vrms = 2 2
= 4.10 V
5 0 3 0 3 5 5
P11.4-3
(a) 2
1 4⎛ 4 2 ⎞
Vrms = ∫ ⎜ t + ⎟ dt =
3 1 ⎝3 3⎠
4 4
∫
27 1
( 2 t + 1) dt =
2 4 4 2
27 ∫1
( 4 t + 4 t + 1) dt
4 ⎛ 4 t3 ⎞
4 4
4t 2
= ⎜ + +t 1 ⎟
4

27 ⎜ 3 2 ⎟
⎝ 1 1 ⎠

=
4
27
( (85.33 − 1.33) + ( 2 )(16 − 1) + 3)
4
= (117 ) = 4.16 V
27

(b) 2
1 4 ⎛ 4 22 ⎞
Vrms =
3 ∫1 ⎝ 3
⎜ − t + ⎟
3 ⎠
dt =
4 4
27 ∫1
( −2 t + 11)
2
dt =
4 4 2
27 ∫1
( 4 t − 44 t + 121) dt
4 ⎛ 4 t3 ⎞
4 4
44t 2
= ⎜ − + 121 t 1 ⎟
4

27 ⎜ 3 2 ⎟
⎝ 1 1 ⎠

=
4
27
(84 + ( −22 )15 + (121) 3)
4
= (117 ) = 4.16 V
27

(c) 2
1 3⎛ 4 ⎞
Vrms = ∫ ⎜
3 0⎝3
t + 2 ⎟ dt =
⎠
4 3
∫
27 0
( 2 t + 3) dt =
2 4 3 2
27 ∫ 0
( 4 t + 12 t + 9 ) dt
4 ⎛ 4 t3 ⎞
3 3
12t 2
= ⎜ + + 9t 0 ⎟
3

27 ⎜ 3 2 ⎟
⎝ 0 0 ⎠
4
= ( 36 + 54 + 27 )
27
4
= (117 ) = 4.16 V
27
P11.4-4
(a) ⎛ 2π ⎞
v ( t ) = 1 + cos ⎜ t ⎟ = vdc + vac
⎝ T ⎠

T
⎛1 T ⎞ t ⎛T ⎞ 1
= ⎜ ∫ 0 1dt ⎟ = = ⎜ − 0 ⎟ = 1 V and vac eff =
2 2
vdc eff V
⎝T ⎠ T 0 ⎝T ⎠ 2

2
⎛ 1 ⎞
veff = vdc eff + vac eff = 1 +⎜ ⎟ = 1.225 V
2 2 2 2

⎝ 2⎠

(b) The period of the sinusoid is half the period of i(t). Let T be the period of i(t) and T/2 be
the period of the sinusoid. Then
⎧ 4π T
⎪ 10sin T t 0<t <
4
⎪
⎪ 4π T 3T
i ( t ) = ⎨−10sin t <t <
⎪ T 2 4
⎪ 0 otherwise
⎪
⎩
100 ⎡ 2 4π 4π ⎤
T / 4 3T / 4
I RMS =
T ⎣⎢ ∫ 0
sin
T
t dt + ∫ T / 4
sin 2
T
t dt ⎥
⎦
⎡⎛ 8π
T /4
⎞ ⎛ 8π ⎞
2T / 4
⎤
⎢
100 t⎜ sin t⎟ ⎜ t sin T t⎟ ⎥
= ⎢⎜ − T ⎥ = 25
18π ⎟ + ⎜ − 18π ⎟
T ⎢⎜ 2 ⎟ ⎜2 ⎟ ⎥
⎢⎣⎝ T ⎠0 ⎝ T ⎠T /2 ⎥⎦

I rms = 25 ⇒ I rms = 5 mA

P11.4-5
⎧90 t 0 ≤ t ≤ 0.1
⎪
v ( t ) = ⎨90 ( 0.2 −t ) 0.1≤ t ≤ 0.2
⎪0 0.2 ≤ t ≤ 0.3
⎩

2
1 ⎡ 0.1 ⎤ = 90 ⎡ 0.1 t 2 dt + 0.2 0.2−t 2 dt ⎤
.3 ⎢⎣ ∫ 0
( ) ∫0.1 ⎣ ( ) ⎢⎣ ∫ 0 ∫0.1 ( ) ⎥
0.2 2
= + ⎡ − ⎤
2 2
Vrms 90t dt 90 0.2 t dt
⎦ ⎥⎦ .3 ⎦
902 ⎡ .001 .001 ⎤
= ⎢⎣ 3 + 3 ⎥⎦ = 18 V
.3

V = 18 = 4.24 V
rms
P11.4-6
1⎡ 2
(5) 2 dt ⎤ = 8.66
1 t 2
∫ ∫ ∫
3
I eff = i (t ) dt = (10) 2
dt +
T 0 ⎢
3⎣ 0 2 ⎥⎦

P11.4-7
Use superposition:

V1 = 5∠0° V V2 = 2.5 V (dc) V3 = 3∠−90° V

V1 and V3 are phasors having the same frequency, so we can add them:

V1 + V3 = ( 5∠0° ) + ( 3∠ − 90° ) = 5 − j3 = 5.83∠ − 31.0° V

Then
vR (t ) = v1 (t ) + ( v2 (t ) + v3 (t ) ) = 2.5 + 5.83cos (100 t − 31.0°) V
Finally
2
⎛ 5.83 ⎞
V 2
R eff = (2.5) + ⎜
2
⎟ = 23.24 V ⇒ VR eff = 4.82 V
⎝ 2 ⎠
Section 11-5: Complex Power

P11.5-1
2S 2 ( 3.6 + j 7.2 )
I* = = = 0.6 + j 1.2 = 1.342∠63.43° A
12∠0° 12∠0°

12∠0°
R+ j4 L = = 8.94∠63.43 = 4 + j 8 ⇒ R = 4 Ω and L = 2 H
1.342∠ − 63.43

P11.5-2
2S 2 (18 + j 9 )
I* = = = 3 + j 1.5 = 3.35∠26.56° A
12∠0° 12∠0°

1 1 1 1 3.35∠ − 26.56°
+ = −j = = 0.2791∠ − 26.56 = 0.250 − j 0.125
R j4 L R 4L 12∠0°

⇒ R = 4 Ω and L = 2 H

P11.5-3
Let
8 ( j 8) j 8 1− j 8 + j 8
Zp = = × = = 4+ j4 V
8 + j 8 1+ j 1− j 2
Next
12∠0° 12∠0°
I= = = 1.342∠ − 26.6° A
4 + Z p 4 + (8 + j 8)
Finally
S=
(12∠0° )(1.342∠ − 26.6° ) * = 7.2 + j 3.6 VA
2
P11.5-4
Represent the circuit in the frequency domain and label the node voltages:

The node equations are:

V1 V1 − V2
5∠0 = + = 0 ⇒ V1 (1 − j ) + j V2 = 10
2 j2
⎛1 ⎞
V2 − ⎜ V1 ⎟
V2 − V1 V2 ⎝ 8 ⎠ = 0 ⇒ V 0.25 + j + V 2 = 0
= + 1( ) 2( )
j2 − j2 1

Using MATLAB:
⎡ 1− j j ⎤ ⎡ V1 ⎤ ⎡10⎤ V1 = 5.33∠36.9° V
⎢0.25 + j 2 ⎥ ⎢ V ⎥ = ⎢ 0 ⎥ ⇒ V = 2.75∠ − 67.2° V
⎣ ⎦⎣ 2⎦ ⎣ ⎦ 2

then
1
− V1 − V2
I = 8 = 2.66∠126.9° A
1

Now the complex power can be calculated as

⎛ ⎛1⎞ ⎞
( )
* ⎛ 5.33 ⎞
I* ⎜ −⎜ ⎟ V1 ⎟ 2.667∠−126.9° ⎜ − ∠36.9° ⎟
S= ⎝ ⎝8⎠ ⎠ = ⎝ 8 ⎠ = j 0.8889 = j 8 VA
2 2 9
Finally
8 8
S = P + jQ = j ⇒ P = 0, Q = VAR
9 9

(Checked using MATLAB and LNAP)

P11.5-5

50∠120° 50∠120°
I= = = 2.5∠83.13° A
16+ j12 20∠36.87°

S = VI* = ( 50∠120°)( 2.5∠−83.13°) = 125 ∠36.87° = 100 + j 75 VA

P11.5-6

KVL:

(10+ j 20 ) I1 = 5∠0° − j 2 I 2
⇒ (10 + j 20 ) I1 + j 2 I 2 = 5∠0°

KCL:
I1 + I 2 = 6∠0°

Solving these equations using Cramer’s rule:

10 + j 20 j2
Δ= = 10 + j18
1 1

1 5 j2 5 − j12
I1 = = = 0.63∠232° A = −0.39 − j 0.5 A
Δ 6 1 10 + j18

I 2 = 6 − I1 = 6 + 0.39 + j.5 = 6.39 + j.5 = 6.41∠4.47° A

Now we are ready to calculate the powers. First, the powers delivered:

1
S 5∠ 0 ° =
2
( 5∠0° )( −I 2* ) = 2.5 ( 6.41∠(180− 4.47) ) = −16.0 + j1.25 VA

S 6∠ 0° = [5− j 2 I 2 ]( 6∠0° ) = ⎡⎣5− j 2( 6.39+ j.5 ) ⎤⎦ 3 = 18.0− j38.3 VA

1
2
S Total = S5∠ 0° + S 6∠ 0° = 2.0− j37.2 VA
delivered
Next, the powers absorbed:
1 10
S10Ω = 10 I1 = (.63) = 2.0 VA
2 2

2 2
j 20 2
S j20Ω = I1 = j 4.0 VA
2
1
S − j2Ω = ( − j 2 ) I 2 = − j ( 6.41) = − j 41.1 VA
2 2

2
S Total = 2.0 − j 37.1 VA
absorbed

To our numerical accuracy, the total complex power delivered is equal to the total complex
power absorbed.

P11.5-7

(a) V 100∠20°
Z= = = 4∠30° Ω
I 25∠ − 10°

(b) I V cos θ (100 )( 25 ) cos 30°

P= = = 1082.5 W
2 2

1
(c) Y = = 0.25∠ − 30° = 0.2165 − j 0.125 S . To cancel the phase angle we add a capacitor
Z
having an admittance of YC = j 0.125 S . That requires ω C =0.125 ⇒ C = 1.25 mF .

P11.5-8
Apply KCL at the top node to get

V1 3 10 − V1
−
− V1 + = 0 ⇒ V1 = 4∠36.9° V
4 4 3
1− j
2
Then
V
I1 = 1 = 1∠36.9° A
4
The complex power delivered by the source is calculated as

S=
(1∠36.9° )* (10∠0° ) = 5∠ − 36.9° VA
2

Finally pf = cos ( −36.9° ) = .8 leading

P11.5-9
Represent the circuit in the frequency domain as

24∠75° 24∠75°
(a) I= = = 1.37∠16° A
9 + j15 17.5∠59°
24 (1.37 )
S = ( 24∠75° )(1.37∠16° )∗ =
1
∠ ( 75 − 16 ) ° = 16.44∠59° = 8.47 + j14.1 VA
2 2

so P = 8.47 W and Q = 14.1 VAR

24∠75° 24∠75°
(b) I= = = 1.37∠44° A
15 + j 9 17.5∠31°
S = ( 24∠75° )(1.37∠44° )∗ = 16.44∠31° = 14.1 + j8.47 VA
1
2

∗ ∗
⎛ 2 ( 8.47 + j14.12 ) ⎞ ⎛ 2 (16.44∠59° ) ⎞ ∗
(c) I=⎜ ⎟ =⎜ ⎟ = (1.37∠ − 16° ) = 1.37∠16° A
⎝ 24∠75° ⎠ ⎝ 24∠75° ⎠

24∠75°
R + j 3L = = 17.5∠59° = 9 + j15 Ω
1.37∠16°

15
R = 9 Ω and L = =5 H
3

∗
⎛ 2 (14.12 + j8.47 ) ⎞ ∗
(d) I=⎜ ⎟ = (1.37∠ − 44° ) = 1.37∠44° A
⎝ 24∠75° ⎠

24∠75°
R + j 3L = = 17.5∠31° = 15 + j 9 Ω
1.37∠44°

9
R = 15 Ω and L = =3H
3
P11.5-10
Represent the circuit in the frequency domain as

Doubling the amplitude of vi(t):

(c) doubles the amplitude of the load current.

(a) does not change the impedance.
(b) multiplies the complex power by 22 = 4.

P11.5-11
Represent the circuit in the frequency domain as

Doubling the angles of vi(t) increases the angle of vi(t) by 75°

(c) increases the angle of the load current by 75°.

(a) does not change the impedance.
(b) does not change the complex power.
P11.5-12
Represent the circuit in the frequency domain as

∗
⎛ 2S ⎞
S = VI∗
1
⇒ I=⎜ ⎟
2 ⎝V⎠
so
∗
⎛ 2 ( 6.61 + j1.98 ) ⎞ ∗
I (ω ) = ⎜ j0 ⎟ = (1.10 + j 0.33) = (1.10 − j 0.33) = 1.15e
− j1.67
A
⎝ 12e ⎠

Using KVL gives

⎛ ⎞
+ j8 ⎟ (1.15e − j16.7 ) = 12e j 0
1
⎜R− j
⎝ 2C ⎠

⎛ 1 ⎞ 12e j 0
R + j ⎜8 − ⎟= − j16.7
= 10.4e j16.7 = 10 + j3 Ω
⎝ 2C ⎠ 1.15e

So R = 10 Ω

1 1 1
And 8− =3 ⇒ =5 ⇒ C = F
2C 2C 10
P11.5-13

Analysis using Mathcad (ex11_5_3.mcd):

Enter the parameters of the voltage source: A := 12 ω := 2

Enter the Average and Reactive Power delivered to the RL circuit: P := 8 Q := 6

The complex power delivered to the RL circuit is: S := P + j ⋅Q

2
A
The impedance seen by the voltage source is: Z := ⎯
2 ⋅S
Im( Z)
Calculate the required values of R and L R := Re( Z) L := R = 5.76 L = 2.16
ω
A
The mesh current is: I :=
Z
⎯
I ⋅( I ⋅Z)
The complex power delivered by the source is: Sv := Sv = 8 + 6i
2
⎯
I ⋅( I ⋅R)
The complex power delivered to the resistor is: Sr := Sr = 8
2
⎯
I ⋅( I ⋅j ⋅ω ⋅L)
The complex power delivered to the inductor is: Sl := Sl = 6i
2

Verify Sv = Sr + Sl : Sr + Sl = 8 + 6i Sv = 8 + 6i
Section 11.6: Power Factor

P11.6-1
Heating: P = 30 kW

Motor: θ = cos −1 ( 0.6 ) = 53.1°⎪⎫ ⎧ P = 150 cos 53.1° = 90 kW

⎬ ⇒ ⎨
S = 150 kVA ⎭⎪ ⎩Q = 150sin 53.1° = 120 kVAR

Total (plant): P = 30 + 90 = 120 kW ⎫

⎬ ⇒ S = 120 + j120 = 170∠45° VA
Q = 0 + 120 = 120 kVAR ⎭

The power factor is pf = cos 45 ° = 0.707 lagging.

S 170 kVA
The rms current required by the plant is I = = = 42.5 A rms .
V 4 kV

P11.6-2
Load 1: P1 = S cosθ = (12 kVA )( 0.7 ) = 8.4 kW
Q1 = S sin ( cos −1 (.7 ) ) = (12 kVA ) sin ( 45.6° ) = 8.57 kVAR

Load 2: P2 = (10 kVA )( 0.8 ) = 8 kW

Q2 = 10sin ( cos −1 ( 0.8 ) ) = 10sin ( 36.9° ) = 6.0 kVAR

Total: S = P + jQ = 8.4 + 8 + j ( 8.57 + 6.0 ) = 16.4 + j14.57 = 21.9∠ 41.6° kVA

The power factor is pf = cos ( 41.6°) = 0.75 . The average power is P = 16.4 kW. The
apparent power is |S| = 21.9 kVA.
P11.6-3
The source current can be calculated from the apparent
power:
Vs I s∗ ∗ 2S 2( 50∠ cos −1 0.8)
S= ⇒I = = = 5∠36.9° A
2 s Vs 20∠0°

I s = 5∠ − 36.9° = 4 − j3 A
Next
Vs 20∠0°
I1 = = = 2∠ − 53.1° = 1.2 − j1.6 A
6 + j8 10∠53.1°

I 2 = I s − I1 = 4 − j 3 − 1.2 + j1.6 = 2.8 − j1.4

= 3.13∠ − 26.6° A
Finally,
Vs 20∠0°
Z= = = 6.39∠26.6° Ω
I 2 3.13∠ − 26.6°

P11.6-4
(Using all rms values.)
(a) V
2

P = I R= ⇒ V = P ⋅ R = ( 500 )( 20 ) ⇒ V = 100 Vrms

2 2

(b) V V 100∠0° 100∠0°

Is = I + I L = + = + = 5 − j 5 = 5 2∠ − 45° A
20 j 20 20 j 20

(c)

Z s = − j 20 +
( 20 )( j 20 ) = 10 2∠ − 45° Ω
20 + j 20

pf = cos ( −45° ) =
1
leading
2
(d) No average power is dissipated in the capacitor or inductor. Therefore,

500 500
PAVE = PAVE = 500 W ⇒ Vs I s cos θ = 500 ⇒ Vs = = = 100 V
I s cos θ
source 20Ω
( )
⎛ 1 ⎞
5 2 ⎜
⎝ 2⎠
⎟

P11.6-5
(Using rms values)
Load 1: V = 100∠160° V
I = 2∠190° A = −1.97 − j 0.348 A
P1 = 23.2 W, Q1 = 50 VAR
S1 = P1 + jQ1 = 23.2 + j 50 = 55.12∠65.1° VA
pf1 = cos 65.1° = 0.422 lagging
∗ S1 55.12∠65.1°
I1 = = = 0.551∠ − 94.9°, so I1 = 0.551∠94.9° A
Vs 100∠160°

Load 2: I 2 = I - I1 = −1.97 − j 0.348 + 0.047 − j.549 = 2.12∠ − 155° A

S 2 = VI 2 = (100∠160° )( 2.12∠155° ) = 212∠ − 45° = 150 − j150 VA
∗

pf 2 = cos ( −45° ) = 0.707 leading

Total: S = S1 + S 2 = ( 23.2 + j 50 ) + (150 − j150 ) = 173.2 − j100 = 200∠ − 30° VA

pf = cos ( −30° ) = 0.866 leading

P11.6-6
(Using rms values)

120
Z refrig = = 14.12 Ω
8.5

Z refrig = 14.12∠45° = 10 + j10 Ω

V 2 (120 )
2

R lamp = = = 144 Ω
P 100

( 240 )
2

R range = = 4.8 Ω
12, 000
(a) 120∠0° 120∠0°
Ι refrig = = 8.5∠ − 45° Arms , I lamp = = 0.83∠0° Arms
10 + j10 144
and
240∠0°
I range = = 50∠0° A
4.8
From KCL:
I1 = I refrig + I range = 56 − j 6 = 56.3∠ − 6.1° A
I 2 = −I lamp − I range = 50.83∠180° A
I N = −I1 − I 2 = 7.92∠131° A

2 2
(b) Prefrig = I refrig Rrefrig = 722.5 W and Qrefrig = I refrig X refrig = 722.5 VAR

Plamp = 100 W and Q lamp = 0

Ptotal = 722 + 100 + 12, 000 = 12.82 kW ⎫

⎬ ⇒ S = 12,822 + j 722 = 12.84∠3.2° kVA
Qtotal = 722 + 0 + 0 = 722 VAR ⎭

The overall power factor is pf = cos ( 3.2° ) = 0.998 ,

(c)

Mesh equations:
⎡ 30 + j10 − 20 − 10 − j10 ⎤ ⎡ I A ⎤ ⎡120∠0°⎤
⎢ − 20 164 − 144 ⎥ ⎢ I ⎥ = ⎢120∠0°⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ B⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ −10 − j10 − 144 158.8 + j10 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ I C ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 ⎥⎦
Solve to get:
I A = 64.3 − j1.57 = 64.3∠ − 1.7° Arms
I B = 61.3 − j 0.19 = 61.3∠ − 0.5°Arms
I C = 60 + j 0 = 60∠0° Arms
The voltage across the lamp is
 Vlamp = Rlamp IB − IC = 144 1.27∠ − 8.6° = 183.2 V
(checked: MATLAB 7/20/04)

P11.6-7
(Using all rms values)
(a) VI = 220 ( 7.6 ) = 1672 VA
P 1317
pf = = = .788
VI 1672
θ =cos−1pf = 38.0° ⇒ Q = VIsinθ =1030 VAR
(b) To restore the pf to 1.0, a capacitor is required to eliminate Q by introducing –Q, then
V2 (220) 2
1030 = = ⇒ X c = 47Ω
Xc Xc
∴C= 1
ω X = (377)(47) = 56.5μ F
1

(c) P = VI cosθ where θ = 0°

then 1317 = 220I
∴ I = 6.0A for corrected pf
*
Note I = 7.6A for uncorrected pf .

P11.6-8
First load:

( )
S 1 = P + jQ = P 1 + j tan ( cos −1 ( .6 ) ) = 500 (1 + j tan 53.1° ) = 500 + j 667 kVA

Second load:
S2 = 400 + j 600 kVA
Total:
S = S1 + S 2 = 900 + j1267 kVA

Sdesired = P + jP tan (cos−1 (.90)) = 900 + j 436 VA

From the vector diagram: S desired = S + jQ . Therefore

900 + j 436 = 900 + j1277 + Q ⇒ Q = − 841 VAR

 2 2
V V (1000) 2 j
= − j841 ⇒ Z =
*
= = j1189 ⇒ Z = − j1189 = −
Z *
− j841 − j841 377 C
Finally,
1
C= = 2.20 μ F
(1189)(377)

P11.6-9
(a) S = P + jQ = P + jP tan (cos −1 pf ) = 1000 + j1000 tan (cos −1 0.8) = 1000 + j 750 VA

S 1000 + j750
Let V1 = 100∠0° Vrms. Then I* = = = 10 + j7.5 ⇒ I = 10 − j 7.5 A
VL 100∠0 °
VL 100∠0°
ZL = = = 8∠36.9° = 6.4 + j 4.8 V
I 12.5∠−36.9°

VL =[6.4 + j (200)(.024) + Z L )(I ) = (12.8 + j 9.6)(10 − j 7.5) = 200∠0° V

(b) 1
For maximum power transfer, we require ( 6.4 + j 4.8) = Z L || Z new =
*
.
YL +Ynew
1 1 1
= YL + Ynew ⇒ Ynew = − = j 0.15 S
(6.4 − j4.8) 6.4 − j 4.8 6.4 + j 4.8

Then Z new = − j 6.67 Ω so we need a capacitor given by

1 1
= 6.67 ⇒ C = = 750 μ F
ωC (6.67)(200)

P11.6-10
( 48∠0° )(1.076∠ − 38.3° )
*
(a) S = = 25.82∠38.3° = 20.27 + j 16 VA
2

2 S1 2 ( 6.945 + j 13.89 ) 2 (15.53∠63.4° )

(b) V1 = = = = 28.87∠25.1° V
I *
(1.076∠ − 38.3° )
*
(1.076∠38.3° )
V1 28.87∠25.1°
Z1 = = = 26.83∠63.4° = 12 + j 24 = 12 + j 6 ( 4 ) Ω
I 1.076∠ − 38.3°

R1 = 12 Ω and L1 = 4 H.

P 4.63
(c) θ = cos −1 ( 0.56 ) = 56° , S = = = 8.268 VA
pf 0.56
 2 ( 8.268∠56° )
V3 = = 15.37∠17.7° V
(1.076∠ − 38.3° )
*

V3 15.37∠17.7°
Z3 = = = 14.28∠56° = 8 + j 11.83 = 8 + j 6 (1.97 ) Ω
I 1.076∠ − 38.3°

R3 = 8 Ω and L3 = 2 H.

P11.6-11
Represent the circuit in the frequency domain as

⎧0.857 = cos (θ )
⎪
pf = 0.857 lagging ⇒ ⎨ and
⎪ θ >0
⎩
so
θ = 31°.

Next
14.12 = P = S cos θ = S ( 0.857 )
so
14.12
S= = 16.48 VA
0.857
Then
S = 16.48∠31° = 14.12 + j8.49
and
∗ ∗
⎛ 2S ⎞ ⎡ 2 (16.48∠31° ) ⎤
I=⎜ ⎟ =⎢ ⎥ = 1.37∠44°
⎝V⎠ ⎣ 24∠ 75 ° ⎦
24∠75°
R + j 3L = = 17.5∠31° = 15 + j9 Ω
1.37∠44°
so
R = 15 Ω L=3H
P11.6-12
Represent the circuit in the frequency domain as

(a)
∗
⎛ 2 (14.12 + j8.47 ) ⎞
IA = ⎜ ⎟ = 1.37∠44° A
⎝ 24∠75° ⎠
∗
⎛ 2 ( 8.47 + j14.12 ) ⎞
IB = ⎜ ⎟ = 1.37∠16° A
⎝ 24∠75° ⎠

I = I A + I B = (1.37∠44° ) + (1.37∠16° ) = ( 0.986 + j 0.954 ) + (1.319 + j 0.377 )

= 2.305 + j1.331 = 2.662∠30° A

24∠75°
Z= = 9.016∠45°
2.662∠30°

1 ∗
S= ( 24∠75°)( 2.662∠30°) = 31.9∠45° = 22.59 + j 22.59 VA
2

∗
⎛ 2 ( 8.47 + j14.12 ) ⎞
(b) IA = ⎜ ⎟ = 1.37∠16° A
⎝ 24∠75° ⎠

24∠75°
IB = = 1.37∠44° A
15 + j 9

I = I A + I B = 2.662∠30° A

24∠75°
Z= = 9.016∠45° Ω
2.662∠30°

S = 22.59 + j 22.59 VA
 24 I A
(c) P = 14.12 W = cos ( 75 − θ A )
2

0.857 = cos ( 75 − θ A ) ⎫⎪
⎬ ⇒ θ A = 75° − 31° = 44°
75 − θ A > 0 ⎪⎭
Then
2 (14.12 )
IA = = 1.37
24cos ( 31° )
so
I A = 1.37∠44° A
Also
24∠75°
IB = = 137∠16° A
9 + j15
I = I A + I B = 2.662∠30° A

(d)
24∠75°
IA = = 1.37∠44°
15 + j 9
24∠75°
IB = = 1.37∠16°
9 + j15
I = I A + I B = 2.662∠30° A

24∠75°
Z= = 9.016∠45° Ω
2.662∠30°

S = 22.59 + j 22.59 VA
P11.6-13
⎛X⎞
Let Z = R + j X = R 2 + X 2 ∠ tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ be the impedance of the load. Further, let V = A∠θ
⎝R⎠
and I = B∠φ be the voltage across and current through the load. Then

⎛X⎞ A∠θ A
R 2 + X 2 ∠ tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ = R + j X = Z = = ∠ (θ − φ )
⎝R⎠ B∠φ B
Equating angles gives
⎛X⎞
tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ = θ − φ
⎝R⎠

Also, the complex power delivered to the load is

AB AB
S = ( A∠θ )( B∠φ ) * = cos (θ − φ ) + j sin (θ − φ )
2 2
So
pf = cos (θ − φ ) ⇒ θ − φ = cos −1 ( pf )

(Remark: cos −1 ( pf ) is positive when the power factor is lagging and negative when the power
factor is leading.)

a) pf = 0.8 lagging ⇒ cos −1 ( 0.8 ) = 36.9°

We require
X
= tan ( 36.9 ) = 0.75 ⇒ X = 6 ( 0.75) = 4.5 Ω
R

Choose the inductor to implement the positive reactance. Then

4.5 = ω L = 4 L ⇒ L = 1.125 H

b) pf = 0.8 leading ⇒ cos −1 ( 0.8 ) = −36.9°

We require
X
= tan ( −36.9 ) = −0.75 ⇒ X = 6 ( −0.75) = −4.5 Ω
R

Choose the capacitor to implement the negative reactance. Then

1 1 8
−4.5 = − =− ⇒ C= = 0.889 F
ωC 4C 9
P11.6-14
1 1 1 1 1 1 ⎛ R⎞
Let Y = + = −j = + 2 ∠ tan −1 ⎜ − ⎟ be the admittance of the load. Further,
⎝ X⎠
2
R jX R X R X
let V = A∠θ and I = B∠φ be the voltage across and current through the load. Then

1 1 ⎛ R⎞ B∠φ B
+ 2 ∠ tan −1 ⎜ − ⎟ = Y = = ∠ (φ − θ )
R 2
X ⎝ X⎠ A∠θ A
Equating angles gives
⎛ R ⎞
tan −1 ⎜ − ⎟ = (φ − θ )
⎝ ω L⎠
Also, the complex power delivered to the load is

AB AB
S = ( A∠θ )( B∠φ ) * = cos (θ − φ ) + j sin (θ − φ )
2 2
So
pf = cos (θ − φ ) ⇒ θ − φ = cos −1 ( pf )

(Remark: cos −1 ( pf ) is positive when the power factor is lagging and negative when the power
factor is leading.)

Therefore
⎛ R⎞
tan −1 ⎜ − ⎟ = (φ − θ ) = − cos −1 ( pf ) ⇒ − = tan ( − cos −1 ( pf ) ) = − tan ( cos −1 ( pf ) )
R
⎝ X⎠ X

⇒ = tan ( cos −1 ( pf ) )
R
X

a) pf = 0.8 lagging ⇒ cos −1 ( 0.8 ) = 36.9°

R 6
We require = tan ( 36.9 ) = 0.75 ⇒ X = =8 Ω
X 0.75
Choose the inductor to implement the positive reactance. Then

8 =ω L = 4L ⇒ L = 2 H

b) pf = 0.8 leading ⇒ cos −1 ( 0.8 ) = −36.9°

R 6
We require = tan ( −36.9 ) = −0.75 ⇒ X = = −8 Ω
X −0.75
Choose the capacitor to implement the negative reactance. Then

1 1 1
−8 = − =− ⇒ C= = 31.25 mF
ωC 4C 32
P11.6-15
Let V = A∠θ and I = B∠φ be the voltage across and current through the load. The complex
power delivered to the load is

AB AB
S = ( A∠θ )( B∠φ ) * = cos (θ − φ ) + j sin (θ − φ )
2 2
So
pf = cos (θ − φ ) ⇒ θ − φ = cos −1 ( pf )
(Remark: cos ( pf ) is positive when the power factor is lagging and negative when the power
−1

factor is leading.)

⎛ω L ⎞
a.) Let Z = R + j ω L = R 2 + ω 2 L2 ∠ tan −1 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ R ⎠
A∠θ A
Also Z= = ∠ (θ − φ )
B∠φ B
Equating angles gives
⎛ω L⎞
tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ = θ −φ
⎝ R ⎠
⎛ω L⎞ ⎛ −1 ⎛ ω L ⎞ ⎞
tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ = θ − φ = cos ( pf ) ⇒ pf = cos ⎜ tan ⎜
−1
so ⎟ ⎟ lagging
⎝ R ⎠ ⎝ ⎝ R ⎠⎠
⎛ω L ⎞
(The power factor is lagging because tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ is an angle in the first quadrant.)
⎝ R ⎠

1 1 1 1 1 1 ⎛ R ⎞
b.) Let Y= + = −j = + 2 2 ∠ tan −1 ⎜ − ⎟
R jω L R ωL R ω L
2
⎝ ω L⎠
Also
B∠φ B
Y= = ∠ (φ − θ )
A∠θ A
Equating angles gives
⎛ R ⎞
tan −1 ⎜ − ⎟ = (φ − θ )
⎝ ω L⎠
⎛ R ⎞
= tan ( − cos −1 ( pf ) ) = − tan ( cos −1 ( pf ) )
R
tan −1 ⎜ − ⎟ = (φ − θ ) = − cos ( pf ) ⇒ −
−1

⎝ ω L ⎠ ω L
⎛ ⎛ R ⎞⎞
so pf = cos ⎜ tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ ⎟ lagging
⎝ ⎝ ω L ⎠⎠

⎛ R ⎞
(The power factor is lagging because tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ is an angle in the first quadrant.)
⎝ω L ⎠
P11.6-16
Let V = A∠θ and I = B∠φ be the voltage across and current through the load. The complex
power delivered to the load is

AB AB
S = ( A∠θ )( B∠φ ) * = cos (θ − φ ) + j sin (θ − φ )
2 2
So
pf = cos (θ − φ ) ⇒ θ − φ = cos −1 ( pf )
(Remark: cos ( pf ) is positive when the power factor is lagging and negative when the power
−1

factor is leading.)

a.) Let
1 1 1 ⎛ 1 ⎞
Z= R+ = R− j = R 2 + 2 2 ∠ tan −1 ⎜ − ⎟
jω C ωC ω C ⎝ ωCR⎠
Also
A∠θ A
Z= = ∠ (θ − φ )
B∠φ B
Equating angles gives
⎛ 1 ⎞
tan −1 ⎜ − ⎟ =θ −φ
⎝ ωCR⎠
so
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ ⎛ 1 ⎞⎞
tan −1 ⎜ − ⎟ = θ − φ = cos ( pf ) ⇒
−1
pf = cos ⎜ tan −1 ⎜ − ⎟ ⎟ leading
⎝ ωCR⎠ ⎝ ⎝ ω C R ⎠⎠
⎛ −1 ⎞
(The power factor is leading because tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ is an angle in the third quadrant.)
⎝ω C R ⎠

b.) Let
1 1
Y= + jω C = 2
+ ω 2 C 2 ∠ tan −1 (ω C R )
R R
Also
B∠φ B
Y= = ∠ (φ − θ )
A∠θ A
Equating angles gives
tan −1 (ω C R ) = (φ − θ )
So
tan −1 (ω C R ) = − cos −1 ( pf ) ⇒ pf = cos ( − tan −1 (ω C R ) ) leading

(The power factor is leading because − tan −1 (ω C R ) is an angle in the third quadrant.)
Section 11-7: The Power Superposition Principle

P11.7-1

Use superposition since we have two different

frequency sources. First consider the dc source
(ω = 0):
⎛ 12 ⎞
I1 = 14 ⎜ ⎟ = 12 A
⎝ 12 + 2 ⎠
P1 = I12 R = (12) 2 (2) = 288 W

Next, consider the ac source (ω = 20 rad/s):

After a source transformation, current division gives

⎡ − j 60 ⎤
⎢ (12 − j 5) ⎥ 25
I 2 = −9.167 ⎢ ⎥ = ∠116.6° A
⎢ − j 60 + 2+ j 4 ⎥ 5
⎢⎣ (12 − j 5) ⎥⎦

Then
2
I (125)(2)
P2 = 2 (2) = =125 W
2 2
Now using power superposition

P = P1 + P2 = 288 + 125 = 413 W

P11.7-2
Use superposition since we have two different frequency sources. First consider ω = 2000 rad/s
source:

Current division yields

⎡ 8 ⎤
⎢ −j2 ⎥ 5
I1 = 5 ⎢ ⎥= ∠63.4° A
⎢ 8 +8 ⎥ 5
⎢⎣ − j 2 ⎥⎦
Then
2
I 8
P1 = 1 = 20 W
2

Next consider ω = 8000 rad/s source.

Current division yields

⎡ 8 ⎤
⎢ j7 ⎥ 5
I 2 = − j5 ⎢ ⎥= ∠ − 171.9° A
⎢ 8 +8 ⎥ 50
⎢⎣ j 7 ⎥⎦
Then
2
I 8
P2 = 2 =2W
2
Now using power superposition
P = P1 + P2 = 22 W
P11.7-3
Use superposition since we have two different frequencies. First consider the dc source (ω = 0):

⎛1⎞
i 2 (t ) = 0 and i1 (t ) = 10 ⎜ ⎟ = 1 A
⎝ 10 ⎠

PR1 = i12 R1 = 12 (10) = 10 W

PR 2 = 0 W

Next consider ω = 5 rad/s sources.

Apply KCL at the top node to get

(10I1 −10∠40°)
−6 I 2 + I1 + I 2 − ( 4 ∠−30° ) + =0
j10
Apply KVL to get
−10 I1 + (5 − j 2) I 2 = 0
Solving these equations gives

I1 = −0.56 ∠ − 64.3° A and I 2 = −1.04∠ − 42.5° A

Then
( 0.56 ) (1.04 )
2 2
I12 R1 (10) I 22 R 2 (5)
PR1 = = = 1.57 W and PR 2 = = = 2.7 W
2 2 2 2

Now using power superposition

PR = 10 + 1.57 = 11.57 W and PR 2 = 0 + 2.7 = 2.7 W

1
P11.7-4
Use superposition since we have two different frequencies. First consider the ω = 10 rad/s
source:

V1 4∠0°
I1 = = = 0.28 + j 0.7 A
Z 2− j5
V = 2 I1 = 2(0.28 + j.7) = 0.56 + j1.4 = 1.51 ∠68.2° V
R1

V = − j 5 I1 = 3.77 ∠ − 21.8° V
C1

Next consider ω = 5 rad/s source.

V2 6∠−90°
I2 = = = 0.577 − j 0.12 A
Z 2− j10
VR 2 = 2 I 2 = 2(.577 − j 0.12) =1.15− j 0.24
=1.17∠−11.8° V
V = − j10I 2 =5.9∠258.3° V
C2

Now using superposition

vR (t) = 1.51cos (10 t + 68.2°) + 1.17 cos (5 t − 11.8°) V

vC (t) = 3.77 cos (10 t − 21.8°) + 5.9 cos (5 t − 258.3°) V
Then
2 2
⎛ 1.51 ⎞ ⎛ 1.17 ⎞
2
VReff =⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟ = 1.82 ⇒ VReff =1.35 V
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
2 2
⎛ 3.77 ⎞ ⎛ 5.9 ⎞
V 2
Ceff =⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟ = 24.52 ⇒ VCeff = 4.95 V
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
Section 11-8: Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

P11.8-1
Z t = 4000 || − j 2000 = 800 − j1600 Ω
Z L = Z*t =800+ j1600 Ω
⎧ R =800 Ω
R + j1000 L = 800 + j1600 ⇒ ⎨
⎩ L =1.6 H

P11.8-2
Z t = 25, 000 || − j 50, 000 = 20, 000 − j10, 000 Ω
Z L =Z*t = 20,000+ j10,000 Ω
⎧ R = 20 kΩ
⎪
R + jω L = 20, 000 + j10, 000 ⇒ ⎨100 L =10,000
⎪ L =100 H
⎩
After selecting these values of R and L,

2
⎛ 0.14×10−2 ⎞
I = 1.4 mA and Pmax = ⎜ ⎟ ( 20×10 ) = 19.5 mW
3

⎝ 2 ⎠

Since Pmax > 12 mW , yes, we can deliver 12 mW to the load.

P11.8-3
⎛ −j ⎞
R⎜
ω C ⎟⎠ R − jω R 2C
Z t = 800 + j1600 Ω and Z L = ⎝ =
R−
j 1 + (ω RC ) 2
ωC
⎛ −j ⎞
R⎜
⎝ ω C ⎟⎠ R − jω R 2C
ZL = Zt ⇒
*
= = 800 − j1600 Ω
R−
j 1+ (ω RC ) 2
ωC
Equating the real parts gives

R 4000
800 = = ⇒ C = 0.1 μ F
1+ (ω RC ) 1+[(5000)(4000)C ]2
2
P11.8-4
Z t = 400 + j 800 Ω and Z L = 2000 || − j1000 = 400 − j 800 Ω

Since Z L = Z*t the average power delivered to the load is maximum and cannot be increased by
adjusting the value of the capacitance. The voltage across the 2000 Ω resistor is

ZL
VR = 5 = 2.5 − j 5 = 5.59e − j 63.4 V
Zt + ZL
So
2
⎛ 5.59 ⎞ 1
P=⎜ ⎟ = 7.8 mW
⎝ 2 ⎠ 2000

is the average power delivered to the 2000 Ω resistor.

P11.8-5
Notice that Zt,not ZL, is being adjusted .When Zt is fixed, then the average power delivered to
the load is maximized by choosing ZL = Zt*. In contrast, when ZL is fixed, then the average
power delivered to the load is maximized by minimizing the real part of Zt. In this case, choose
R = 0. Since no average power is dissipated by capacitors or inductors, all of the average power
provided by source is delivered to the load.
Section 11-9: Mutual Inductance

P11-9-1

Vs = I jω L1 − I jω M + I jω L2 − I jω M
Vs
⇒ jω ( L1 + L2 − 2 M ) =
I
Therefore
Lab = L1 + L2 − 2M

P11.9-2
KCL:
I1 + I 2 = I s

The coil voltages are given by:

V = I1 jω L1 + I 2 jω M

V = I 2 jω L2 + I1 jω M
Then
V − jω L1I s
I2 =
jω ( M − L1 )
and
V = I 2 jω L2 + ( I s − I 2 ) jω M
Then
(V − jω L1I s ) ⎡⎣ jω ( L2 − M ) ⎤⎦ V ⎡ L L −M 2 ⎤
V= + jω MI s ⇒ = jω ⎢ 1 2 ⎥
jω ( M − L1 ) Is ⎣ L1 + L2 − 2 M ⎦
Finally
L1 L2 − M 2
Lab =
L1 + L2 − 2M
P11.9-3

Mesh equations:
−141.4∠0° + 2 I1 + j 40 I1 − j 60 I 2 = 0
200 I 2 + j160 I 2 − j 60 I1 = 0 ⇒ I 2 = (0.23∠51°) I1
Solving yields
I1 = 4.17 ∠ − 68° A and I 2 = 0.96∠ − 17°A
Finally
i1 ( t ) = 4.17 cos(100t −68°) A and i 2 ( t ) = 0.96 cos(100t −17°) A

(checked: LNAPAC 7/21/04)

P11.9-4

Mesh equations:
(10+ j5 ) I 1 − j50 I 2 = 10
− j 50 I1 + ( 400 + j500 ) I 2 = 0

Solving the mesh equations using Cramer’s rule:

I2 =
(10 + j 5 )( 0 )−( − j50 )(10 ) = 0.062 ∠29.7° A
(10+ j 5 ) ( 400+ j500 ) − ( − j50 )
2

Then
V2 = 400 I 2 = 400 ( 0.062 ∠ 29.7° ) = 24.8 ∠ 29.7°
P11.9-5

Mesh equations:
10 = − j 5I 1 + ⎡⎣ j 9 ( I 1 − I 2 ) + j 3I 2 ⎤⎦

0 = 28I 2 + ⎡⎣ j 6I 2 + j 3 ( I 1 − I 2 ) ⎤⎦ − ⎡⎣ j 9 ( I 1 − I 2 ) + j 3I 2 ⎤⎦
or
⎡ j4 − j 6 ⎤ ⎡ I 1 ⎤ ⎡10 ⎤
⎢ − j 6 28 + j 9 ⎥ ⎢ I ⎥ = ⎢ 0 ⎥
⎣ ⎦⎣ 2⎦ ⎣ ⎦

Solving the mesh equations, e.g. using MATLAB, yields

I1 = 2.62∠ − 72° A and I 2 = 0.53∠0° A

then
V = j 9(I1 − I 2 ) + j 3I 2 = j 9I1 − j 6I 2 = 23 ∠10° V
Finally
v (t ) = 23cos (30t + 10°) V
(checked: LNAPAC 7/21/04)

P11.9-6
(a)
I 2 = 0 ⇒ I1 = 10 ∠0° A ⇒ i1 (0) = 10 A

2
L1 i1 (0) (0.3) (10) 2
w= = = 15 J
2 2

(b) Mesh equations:

j 6 I 2 - j3 I1 = 0 ⇒ I1 = 2 I 2
I1 = 10∠0° A ⇒ I2 = 5∠0° A
Then
1 1 1 1
w= L1i 2 2 (0) + L 2i12 (0) − M i1 (0) i 2 (0) = (0.3)(10)2 + (1.2)(5)2 − (0.6) (10)(5) = 0
2 2 2 2

(c) (7 + j 6) I 2 − j 3 I1 = 0

I 2 = 3.25 ∠ 49.4° A

i 2 (t ) = 3.25cos(5t + 49.4°) A

i 2 (0) = 2.12 A
Finally
1 1
w = (0.3) (10) 2 + (1.2) (2.12) 2 − (0.6) (10) (2.12) = 5.0 J
2 2

P11.9-7

Mesh equations:
−VT + j8 I1 + j 5(I1 − I 2 ) − j 6 I1 + j 6 (I1 − I 2 ) + j5 I1 = 0
3 I 2 + j 6 (I 2 − I1 ) − j 5 I1 = 0
Solving yields
I 2 = (1.64 ∠27° ) I1
I1 ( j 18) + I 2 (− j 11) = VT
Then
VT
Z = = 8.2 + j 2 = 8.4 ∠14° Ω
I1

(checked: LNAPAC 7/21/04)

P11.9-8

The coil voltages are given by

V1 = j 6 I1 − j 2 (I1 − I 2 ) − j 4 I 2 = j 4 I1 − j 2 I 2
V2 = j 4 ( I1 − I 2 ) − j 2 I1 + j 2 I 2 = j 2 I1 − j 2 I 2
V3 = j8 I 2 − j 4 I1 + j 2 ( I1 − I 2 ) = − j 2 I1 + j 6 I 2

The mesh equations are

5 I1 + V1 + 6 (I1 − I 2 ) + V2 = 10∠0°
− V2 + 6 (I 2 − I1 ) + 2 I 2 + V3 − j 5 I 2 = 0

Combining and solving yields

11 + j 6 10
−6 − j 4 0 60 + j 40
I2 = = = 1.2 ∠0.28° A
11 + j 6 −6 − j 4 50 + j 33
−6 − j 4 8 + j 3
Finally

V = − j 5 I 2 = 6.0 ∠ − 89.72° A ⇒ v(t ) = 6 cos(2 t − 89.7°) V

P11.9-9
The equations describing the coupled coils give:

V1 = j 200 ( I 1 − I 2 ) + j125 I 2 = j 200I 1 − j 75 I 2

V2 = j150 I 2 + j125 ( I 1 − I 2 ) = j125 I 1 + j 25 I 2

The mesh equation for the left mesh is

− j 160 I 1 + V1 − 15∠30° + 40 I 1 = 0
− j 160 I 1 + j 200I 1 − j 75 I 2 − 15∠30° + 40 I 1 = 0
( 40 + j 40) I 1 − j75 I 2 = 15∠30°
The mesh equation for the right mesh is

V2 + 80 I 2 − V1 = 0
j125 I 1 + j 25 I 2 + 80 I 2 − ( j 200I 1 − j 75 I 2 ) = 0
− j 75 I 1 + ( 80 + j100) I 2 = 0

P11.9-10
In the frequency domain, the coil voltages are
given by

V1 = j ω L1 I 1 − j ω M I 2
V2 = j ω L 2 I 2 − j ω M I 1

The mesh equations are

R1 I 1 + V1 + R 2 ( I 1 − I 2 ) = Vs
V2 + R 3 I 2 − R 2 ( I 1 − I 2 ) = 0

Substituting for the coil voltages gives

⎡ R1 + R 2 + j ω L1 − ( R 2 + j ω M ) ⎤ ⎡ I 1 ⎤ ⎡ Vs ⎤
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ ⎥
⎢ − ( R2 + j ω M ) R 2 + R 3 + j ω L 2 ⎥⎦ ⎣ I 2 ⎦ ⎣ 0 ⎦
⎣

Using the given values

 ⎡ 30 + j 20 − ( 20 + j 15) ⎤ ⎡ I 1 ⎤ ⎡12∠0⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢I ⎥ = ⎢ ⎥
⎣ − ( 20 + j 15 ) 70 + j 30 ⎦⎣ 2⎦ ⎣ 0 ⎦

Solving, for example using MATLAB, gives

⎡ I 1 ⎤ ⎡ 0.4240∠ − 28.9° ⎤
⎢I ⎥ = ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 2 ⎦ ⎣ 0.1392∠ − 15.2° ⎦
Back in the time domain, the mesh currents are

⎡ i1 ⎤ ⎡0.4240 cos ( 5t − 28.9° ) ⎤

⎢i ⎥ = ⎢ ⎥ A
⎣ 2 ⎦ ⎣ 0.1392 cos ( 5t − 15.2° ) ⎦

(checked using LNAP, 9/9/04)

P11.9-11
In the frequency domain, the coil voltages are
given by

V1 = − j ω L1 I a + j ω M 1 ( I a − I b )
= j ω ( M 1 − L1 ) I a − j ω M 1 I b
= ( − j 5 )( 2∠45° ) + ( − j 15 )(1.25∠ − 45° )
= 21.25∠ − 106.9° V

V2 = j ω L2 ( I b − I a ) + j ω M 1 I a
= j ω ( M 1 − L2 ) I a + j ω L2 I b
= ( − j 15 )( 2∠45° ) + ( j 30 )(1.25∠ − 45° )
= 48.02∠6.4° V

V3 = j ω L 3 ( I c − I a ) − j ω M 2 I c
= − j ω L 2 I a + j ω ( L3 − M 2 ) I c
= ( − j 25 )( 2∠45° ) + ( j 5 )( 2.75∠0° )
= 41.43∠ − 31.4° V
 V4 = − j ω L 4 I c + j ω M 2 ( I c − I a )
= − j ω M 2 I a + j ω ( M 2 − L4 ) I c
= ( − j 20 )( 2∠45° ) + ( − j 5 )( 2.75∠0° )
= 50.66∠ − 56.1° V

Back in the time domain, the coil voltages are

v 1 = 21.25 cos ( 5t − 106.9° ) V , v 2 = 48.02 cos ( 5t + 6.3° ) V ,

v 3 = 41.43 cos ( 5t − 31.4° ) V and v 4 = 50.66 cos ( 5t − 56.1° ) V

(checked using LNAP, 9/9/04)

P11.9-12
(a) In (b) and (c) the coils are coupled by mutual inductance, but not in (a). This circuit can be
represented in the frequency domain, using phasors and impedances.

Voltage division gives

j 15
Vo = 5.94∠140° = ( 0.5463∠10.5° )( 5.94∠140° ) = 3.245∠150.5° V
5 + j 12 + j 15

In the time domain, the output voltage is given by

vo ( t ) = 3.245 cos ( 3 t + 150.5° ) V

(b) The input voltage is a sinusoid and the circuit is at steady state. The output voltage is also a
sinusoid and has the same frequency as the input voltage. Consequently, the circuit can be
represented in the frequency domain, using phasors and impedances.
This circuit of a single mesh. Notice that the mesh current, I(ω), enters the undotted ends of both
coils. Apply KVL to the mesh to get

5 I (ω ) + ( j12 I (ω ) + j 6 I (ω ) ) + ( j 6 I (ω ) + j15 I (ω ) ) − 5.94∠140° = 0

5 I (ω ) + ( j12 + j 6 + j 6 + j15 ) I (ω ) − 5.94∠140° = 0

5.94∠140° 5.94∠140° 5.94∠140°

I (ω ) = = = = 0.151∠57° A
5 + j (12 + 6 + 6 + 15 ) 5 + j 39 39.3∠83

Notice that the voltage, Vo(ω), across the right-hand coil and the mesh current, I(ω), adhere to
the passive convention. The voltage across the right-hand coil is given by

Vo (ω ) = j 15 I (ω ) + j 6 I (ω ) = j 21 I (ω ) = j 21 ( 0.151∠57° )
= (21∠90°) ( 0.151∠57° )
= 3.17∠147° V
In the time domain, the output voltage is given by

vo ( t ) = 3.17 cos ( 3 t + 147° ) V

(c) Circuit (c) is very similar to the circuit (b). There is only one difference: the dot of the left-
hand coil is located at the right of the coil in (c) and at the left of the coil in (b). As before, our
first step is to represent the circuit in the frequency domain, using phasors and impedances.

This circuit consists of a single mesh. Notice that the mesh current, I(ω), enters the dotted end of
the left-hand coil and the undotted end of the right-hand coil. Apply KVL to the mesh to get

5 I (ω ) + ( j12 I (ω ) − j 6 I (ω ) ) + ( − j 6 I (ω ) + j15 I (ω ) ) − 5.94∠140° = 0

 5 I (ω ) + ( j12 − j 6 − j 6 + j15 ) I (ω ) − 5.94∠140° = 0

5.94∠140° 5.94∠140° 5.94∠140°

I (ω ) = = = = 0.376∠68.4° A
5 + j (12 − 6 − 6 + 15 ) 5 + j 15 15.8∠71.6

Notice that the voltage, Vo(ω), across the right-hand coil and the mesh current, I(ω), adhere to
the passive convention. The voltage across the right-hand coil is given by

Vo (ω ) = j 15 I (ω ) − j 6 I (ω ) = j 9 I (ω ) = j 9 ( 0.376∠68.4° )
= (9∠90°) ( 0.376∠68.4° )
= 3.38∠158.4° V
In the time domain, the output voltage is given by

vo ( t ) = 3.38 cos ( 3 t + 158.4° ) V

P11.9-13
(a) In (b) and (c) the coils are coupled by mutual inductance, but not in (a). This circuit can be
represented in the frequency domain, using phasors and impedances.

Voltage division gives

j 16 || j 20
Vo = 5.7∠158° = ( 0.9119∠24° )( 5.7∠158° ) = 5.198∠182° V
4 + ( j 16 || j 20 )
In the time domain, the output voltage is given by

vo ( t ) = 5.2 cos ( 4 t + 182° ) V

(b) The input voltage is a sinusoid and the circuit is at steady state. The output voltage is also a
sinusoid and has the same frequency as the input voltage. Consequently, the circuit can be
represented in the frequency domain, using phasors and impedances.
The coil currents, I1(ω) and I2(ω), and the coil voltages, V1(ω) and V2(ω), are labeled. Reference
directions for these currents and voltages have been selected so that the current and voltage of
each coil adhere to the passive convention. Notice that both coil currents, I1(ω) and I2(ω), enter
the undotted ends of their respective coils. The device equations for coupled coils are:

V1 (ω ) = j 16 I 1 (ω ) + j 8 I 2 (ω ) (1)
and
V2 (ω ) = j 8 I 1 (ω ) + j 20 I 2 (ω ) (2)

The coils are connected in parallel, consequently V1 (ω ) = V2 (ω ) . Equating the expressions for
V1(ω) and V2(ω) gives
j 16 I 1 (ω ) + j 8 I 2 (ω ) = j 8 I 1 (ω ) + j 20 I 2 (ω )

j 8 I1 (ω ) = j 12 I 2 (ω )

3
I 1 (ω ) = I 2 (ω )
2

Apply Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL) to the top node of the coils to get

3 5
I (ω ) = I 1 (ω ) + I 2 (ω ) = I 2 ( ω ) + I 2 (ω ) = I 2 (ω )
2 2
Therefore
3 2
I 1 (ω ) = I (ω ) and I 2 (ω ) = I (ω ) (3)
5 5

Substituting the expressions for I1(ω) and I2(ω) from Equation 3 into Equation 1 gives

⎛3 ⎞ ⎛2 ⎞ 16 ( 3) + 8 ( 2 )
V1 (ω ) = j 16 ⎜ I (ω ) ⎟ + j 8 ⎜ I (ω ) ⎟ = j I (ω ) = j 12.8 I (ω ) (4)
⎝5 ⎠ ⎝5 ⎠ 5

Apply KVL to the mesh consisting of the voltage source, resistor and left-hand coil to get
 4 I (ω ) + V1 (ω ) − 5.7∠158° = 0
Using Equation 4 gives

4 I (ω ) + j 12.8 I (ω ) − 5.7∠158° = 0
Solving for I (ω) gives
5.7∠158° 5.7∠158°
I (ω ) = = = 0.425∠85° A
4 + j 12.8 13.41∠73°

Now the output voltage can be calculated using Equation 4:

Vo (ω ) = V1 (ω ) = j 12.8 I (ω ) = j 12.8 ( 0.425∠85° )

= (12.8∠90° )( 0.425∠85° ) = 5.44∠175° V

In the time domain, the output voltage is given by

vo ( t ) = 5.44 cos ( 4 t + 175° ) V

(c) Circuit (c) is very similar to the circuit (b). There is only one difference: the dot of the right-
hand coil is located at the bottom of the coil in (b) and at the top of the coil in (c). Here is the
circuit from (c) represented in the frequency domain, using impedances and phasors.

The coil currents, I1(ω) and I2(ω), and the coil voltages, V1(ω) and V2(ω), are labeled. Reference
directions for these currents and voltages have been selected so that the current and voltage of
each coil adhere to the passive convention. Notice that one of coil currents, I1(ω), enters the
undotted end of the coil while the other coil current, I2(ω), enters the dotted end of the coil.

The device equations for coupled coils are:

V1 (ω ) = j 16 I 1 (ω ) − j 8 I 2 (ω ) (5)
and
 V2 (ω ) = − j 8 I 1 (ω ) + j 20 I 2 (ω ) (6)

The coils are connected in parallel, consequently V1 (ω ) = V2 (ω ) . Equating the expressions for
V1(ω) and V2(ω)gives
j 16 I 1 (ω ) − j 8 I 2 (ω ) = − j 8 I 1 (ω ) + j 20 I 2 (ω )

j 24 I 1 (ω ) = j 28 I 2 (ω )

28 7
I 1 (ω ) = I 2 (ω ) = I 2 (ω )
24 6

Apply Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL) to the top node of the coils to get

7 13
I (ω ) = I 1 (ω ) + I 2 (ω ) = I 2 (ω ) + I 2 (ω ) = I 2 (ω )
6 6
Therefore
7 6
I 1 (ω ) = I (ω ) and I 2 (ω ) = I (ω ) (7)
13 13

Substituting the expressions for I1(ω) and I2(ω) from Equation 7 into Equation 5 gives

⎛7 ⎞ ⎛6 ⎞ 16 ( 7 ) − 8 ( 6 )
V1 (ω ) = j 16 ⎜ I (ω ) ⎟ − j 8 ⎜ I (ω ) ⎟ = j I (ω ) = j 4.9 I (ω ) (8)
⎝ 13 ⎠ ⎝ 13 ⎠ 13

Apply KVL to the mesh consisting of the voltage source, resistor and left-hand coil to get

4 I (ω ) + V1 (ω ) − 5.7∠158° = 0
Using Equation 8 gives

4 I (ω ) + j 4.9 I (ω ) − 5.7 ∠158° = 0

Solving for I (ω) gives
5.7∠158° 5.7∠158°
I (ω ) = = = 0.901∠107° A
4 + j 4.9 6.325∠51°

Now the output voltage can be calculated using Equation 8:

Vo (ω ) = V1 (ω ) = j 4.9 I (ω ) = j 4.9 ( 0.901∠107° )

= ( 4.9∠90° )( 0.901∠107° ) = 4.41∠197° V

In the time domain, the output voltage is given by

vo ( t ) = 4.41 cos ( 4 t + 197° ) V
Section 11-10: The Ideal Transformer

P11.10-1
(100− j 75)
Z = (2 + j3) + =6 Ω
52

12∠0° 12∠0°
I1 = = =2A
Z 6

⎛ 100− j 75 ⎞ ⎛ 100− j 75 ⎞
V1 = I1 ⎜ ⎟ = (2) ⎜ ⎟ = 10∠ − 36.9° V
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ 25 ⎠
2
n

V2 = nV1 = 5 (10∠−36.9°) = 50 ∠− 36.9° V

I1 2
I2 = = A
n 5

P11.10-2
(a) V0 = (5 × 10−3 )(10, 000) = 50 V
N2 V 50
n= = 0 = = 5
N1 V1 10

(b) 1 1
Rab = 2
R2 = (10 ×103 ) = 400 Ω
n 25

(c) 10 10
Is = = = 0.025 A = 25 mA
Rab 400
P11.10-3

1
Z1 = Z2 = 9 Z2 = 9(5 − j8) = 45 − j 72 Ω
n2

Using voltage division, the voltage across Z 1 is

⎛ 45− j 72 ⎞
V1 = ( 80∠ − 50° ) ⎜ ⎟ = 74.4 ∠ − 73.3° V
⎝ 45− j 72+ 30 + j 20 ⎠
then
74.4 ∠ − 73.3°
V2 = nV1 = = 24.8 ∠ − 73.3° V
3

Using voltage division again yields

⎛ − j8 ⎞ ⎛ 8∠−90° ⎞
Vc = V2 ⎜ ⎟ = ( 24.8∠−73.3° ) ⎜ ⎟ = 21.0∠ − 105.3° V
⎝ 5− j 8 ⎠ ⎝ 89∠−58° ⎠

P11.10-4

200 8
n = 5, Z1 = = 8 Ω ⇒ V1 = ( 50∠0° ) = 40∠0° V ⇒ V2 = n V1 = 200∠0° V
( 5) 8+ 2
2
P11.10-5
320 jω L
Z= + 2
n2 n

Maximum power transfer requires

jω L 320
2
= j160 kΩ and = 80
n n2

so n = 2. Then ω L = 640 kΩ so

640×103
L = = 6.4 H
105

P11.10-6

1
Z= ( 2 + 6) = 2 Ω
22

⎛ 6 ⎞ ⎛⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎞
Voc = ⎜ ⎟ ( 2) ⎜ ⎜ ⎟16∠0° ⎟ = 12∠0° V
⎝ 6 + 2 ⎠ ⎝⎝ 2 + 2 ⎠ ⎠

1 1
2 ( )
Z= 2 = Ω
2 2

⎛ ⎞
1 1 ⎜ 16∠0° ⎟
I sc = −I 2 = I1 = ⎜ ⎟ = 3.25∠0° A
2 2⎜ 2+ 1 ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠

Then
12∠0°
Zt = = 3.75∠0° Ω
3.2∠0°
P11.10-7
1
V2 = V1
2
V − V2 V1
I3 = 1 =
2 4
V V
I 2 = I3 − 2 = 1
6 6
1 V
I1 = − I 2 = − 1
2 12
V
I T = I 3 + I1 = 1
6
V1
Z= =6
IT

P11.10-8

1 ⎛ 20 (10+ j 7.54) ⎞ 8.1∠23°

ZL = = = 0.3 + j 0.13 Ω
52 ⎜⎝ 20 +10+ j 7.54 ⎟⎠ 25

( 230 ) = 88 kW/home
2 2 2
V V
PL = L = 2 =
2 R 2 2 R L 2( 0.3)

Therefore, 529 kW are required for six homes.

P11.10-9
(a)

Coil voltages:
V1 = j16 I1
V2 = j12 I 2
Mesh equations:
8 I1 + V1 − 5∠45° = 0
−12 I 2 − V2 = 0

Substitute the coil voltages into the mesh equations and do some algebra:

8 I1 + j16 I1 = 5∠45° ⇒ I1 = 0.28∠ − 18.4°

12 I 2 + j12 I 2 = 0 ⇒ I 2 = 0

V2 = −12 I 2 = 0

(b)

Coil voltages:
V1 = j16 I1 + j8 I 2
V2 = j12 I 2 + j8 I1
Mesh equations:
8 I1 + V1 − 5∠45° = 0
−12 I 2 − V2 = 0

Substitute the coil voltages into the mesh equations and do some algebra:
 8 I1 + ( j16 I1 + j8 I 2 ) = 5∠45°
12 I 2 + ( j12 I 2 + j8 I1 ) = 0

12 + j12 3
I1 = − I 2 = ( j − 1) I 2
j8 2

⎡ ⎛3⎞ ⎤
⎢( 8 + j16 ) ⎜ 2 ⎟ ( j − 1) + j8⎥ I 2 = 5∠45° ⇒ I 2 = 0.138∠ − 141°
⎣ ⎝ ⎠ ⎦

V2 = −12 I 2 = 1.656∠39°

(c )

Coil voltages and currents:

10
V1 = V2
8.66
8.66
I1 = − I2
10
Mesh equations:
8 I1 + V1 − 5∠45° = 0
−12 I 2 − V2 = 0

Substitute into the second mesh equation and do some algebra:

2
⎛ 10 ⎞ 8.66 ⎛ 10 ⎞
−12 ⎜ − I1 ⎟ = V1 ⇒ V1 = 12 ⎜ ⎟ I1
⎝ 8.66 ⎠ 10 ⎝ 8.66 ⎠

2
⎛ 10 ⎞
8 I1 + 12 ⎜ ⎟ I1 = 5∠45° ⇒ I1 = 0.208∠45°
⎝ 8.66 ⎠

⎛ 10 ⎞ 12 (10 )
V2 = −12 I 2 = −12 ⎜ − I1 ⎟ = 0.208∠45° = 2.88∠ 45°
⎝ 8.66 ⎠ 8.66
P11.10-10

10∠0° 10∠0°
I1 = = = 2∠0° A
100 − j 75 (1 + j 3) + ( 4 − j 3)
(1 + j 3) +
52

V1 = ( 4 − j 3 ) 2∠0° = 10∠ − 36.9° V

P11.10-11

5∠0° 5∠0° 5∠0°

I1 = = = = 0.68∠42° A
2+ j 0.2 5.5 + j 4.95 7.4∠− 42°
( 5− j 5 ) + 2
2

1
I 2 = I1 = 0.34∠42° A
2

V2 = ( 2 + j 0.2 ) I 2 = ( 2.01∠5.7° )( 0.34∠ 42° ) = 0.68∠ 47.7° V

so
v2 (t ) = 0.68cos (10 t + 47.7°) V and i 2 (t ) = 0.34cos (10 t + 42°) A
Section 11.11 How Can We Check…?

P11.11-1
The average power supplied by the source is

(12 )( 2.327 ) cos

Ps =
2
( 30° − ( −25.22° ) ) = 7.96 W

Capacitors and inductors receive zero average power, so the average power supplied by the
voltage source should be equal to the sum of the average powers received by the resistors:

2.327 2 1.1292
PR = ( )
4 + ( 2 ) = 10.83 + 1.27 = 12.10 W
2 2

The average power supplied by the voltage source is not equal to the sum of the average powers
received by the other circuit elements. The mesh currents cannot be correct.

(What went wrong? It appears that the resistances of the two resistors were interchanged when
the data was entered for the computer analysis. Notice that

2.327 2 1.1292
PR = ( 2) + ( 4 ) = 5.41 + 2.55 = 7.96 W
2 2

The mesh currents would be correct if the resistances of the two resistors were interchanged. The
computer was used to analyze the wrong circuit.)

P11.11-2
The average complex supplied by the source is

Ss =
(12∠30° )(1.647∠ − 17.92° ) * = (12∠30° )(1.647∠17.92° ) = 9.88∠47.92° = 6.62 + j 7.33 W
2 2
The complex power received by the 4 Ω resistor is

S4Ω =
( 4 ×1.647∠ − 17.92° )(1.647∠ − 17.92° ) * = 5.43 + j 0 VA
2

The complex power received by the 2 Ω resistor is

S 2Ω =
( 2 ×1.094∠ − 13.15° )(1.094∠ − 13.15° ) * = 1.20 + j 0 VA
2

The current in the 2 H inductor is

 (1.647∠ − 17.92° ) − (1.094∠ − 13.15° ) = 0.5640∠ − 27.19°

The complex power received by the 2 H inductor is

S 2H =
( j 8 × 0.5640∠ − 27.19° )( 0.5640∠ − 27.19° ) * = 0 + j 1.27 VA
2

The complex power received by the 4 H inductor is

S 4H =
( j 16 ×1.094∠ − 13.15° )(1.094∠ − 13.15° ) * = 0 + j 9.57 VA
2

S 4 Ω + S 2 Ω + S 2H + S 4H = ( 5.43 + j 0 ) + (1.20 + j 0 ) + ( 0 + j 1.27 ) + ( 0 + j 9.57 ) = 6.63 + j 10.84 ≠ S s

The complex power supplied by the voltage source is not equal to the sum of the complex
powers received by the other circuit elements. The mesh currents cannot be correct.

(Suppose the inductances of the inductors were interchanged. Then the complex power received
by the 4 H inductor would be

S 4H =
( j 16 × 0.5640∠ − 27.19° )( 0.5640∠ − 27.19° ) * = 0 + j 2.54 VA
2

The complex power received by the 2 H inductor would be

S 2H =
( j 8 ×1.094∠ − 13.15° )(1.094∠ − 13.15° ) * = 0 + j 4.79 VA
2

S 4 Ω + S 2 Ω + S 2H + S 4H = ( 5.43 + j 0 ) + (1.20 + j 0 ) + ( 0 + j 2.54 ) + ( 0 + j 4.79 ) = 6.63 + j 7.33 ≈ S s

The mesh currents would be correct if the inductances of the two inductors were interchanged.
The computer was used to analyze the wrong circuit.)
P11.11-3
The voltage across the left coil must be equal to the voltage source voltage. Notice that the mesh
currents both enter the undotted ends of the coils. In the frequency domain, the voltage across the
left coil is

( j 16 )(1.001∠ − 47.01° ) + ( j12 )( 0.4243∠ − 15° ) = 16.016∠42.99° + 5.092∠75°

= (11.715 + j 10.923) + (1.318 + j 4.918 )
= 13.033 + j 15.841 = 20.513∠50.55°

The voltage across the left coil isn’t equal to the voltage source voltage so the computer analysis
isn’t correct.

What happened? A data entry error was made while doing the computer analysis. Both coils
were described as having the dotted end at the top. If both coils had the dot at the top, the
equation for the voltage across the right coil would be

( j 16 )(1.001∠ − 47.01° ) − ( j12 )( 0.4243∠ − 15° ) = 16.016∠42.99° − 5.092∠75°

= (11.715 + j 10.923) − (1.318 + j 4.918 )
= 10.397 + j 6.005 = 12.007∠30.01°

This is equal to the voltage source voltage. The computer was used to analyze the wrong circuit.

P11.11-4
First check the ratio of the voltages across the coils.

12∠30° n1 2
= 2.5 ≠ =
( 75)( 0.064∠30° ) n2 5

The transformer voltages don’t satisfy the equations describing the ideal transformer. The given
mesh currents are not correct.

That’ enough but let’s also check the ratio of coil currents. (Notice that the reference direction of
the i2(t) is different from the reference direction that we used when discussing transformers.)
0.064∠30° n1 2
= 2.5 ≠ =
0.0256∠30° n2 5

The transformer currents don’t satisfy the equations describing the ideal transformer.
n1 1
In both case, we calculated to be 2.5 instead of 0.4 = . This suggests that a data entry
n2 2.5
error was made while doing the computer analysis. The numbers of turns for the two coils was
interchanged.