Problems

Section 13-2: Gain, Phase Shift, and the Network Function

P13.2-1
1 R2
R 2 || =
jω C 1 + jω C R 2
R2
Vo (ω ) 1 + jω C R 2
H (ω ) = =
Vi (ω ) R2
R1 +
1 + jω C R 2
R2
R1 + R 2
=
1 + jω C R p
where Rp = R1 || R2.
When R1 = 40 Ω, R2 = 10 Ω and C = 0.5 F
0.2
H (ω ) =
1 + j 4ω
(checked using ELab on 8/6/02)

P13.2-2
1
R2 +
Vo (ω ) jω C
H (ω ) = =
Vi (ω ) R + R + 1
jω C
1 2

1 + jω C R 2
=
(
1 + jω C R1 + R 2 )

When R1 = 40 kΩ, R2 = 160 kΩ and C = 0.025 μF

1 + j ( 0.004 ) ω
H (ω ) =
1 + j ( 0.005) ω

(checked using ELab on 8/6/02)

13-1
P13.2-3
Vo (ω ) R2
H (ω ) = =
Vi (ω ) R1 + R 2 + jω L
R2
R1 + R 2
=
L
1 + jω
R1 + R 2

When R1 = 4 Ω, R2 = 6 Ω and L = 8 H
0.6
H (ω ) =
1 + j ( 0.8 ) ω
(checked using ELab on 8/6/02)

P13.2-4

Vo (ω ) R 2 + jω L
H (ω ) = =
Vi (ω ) R + R 2 + jω L
⎛ L ⎞
⎜ 1 + jω ⎟
⎛ R2 ⎞ R2
=⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎜ R + R2 ⎟⎜ L ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎜ 1 + jω ⎟
⎝ R + R2 ⎠

Comparing the given and derived network functions, we require

⎧ R2
⎪ = 0.6
⎛ L ⎞ ω ⎪ R + R2
⎜ 1 + jω ⎟ 1+ ⎪ R
⎛ R2 ⎞ R2 j
⎪
⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = ( 0.6 ) 12 ⇒ ⎨
2
= 12
⎜ R + R2 ⎟⎜ L ⎟ ω L
⎝ ⎠ ⎜ 1 + jω 1+ j ⎪
R + R2 ⎟ 20 ⎪ R + R2
⎝ ⎠ = 20
⎪
⎪⎩ L
60
Since R2 = 60 Ω, we have L = = 5 H , then R = ( 20 )( 5 ) − 60 = 40 Ω .
12
(checked using ELab on 8/6/02)

13-2
P13.2-5
1 R2
R 2 || =
jω C 1 + jω C R 2
R2
Vo (ω ) 1 + jω C R 2
H (ω ) = =
Vi (ω ) R2
R+
1 + jω C R 2
R2
R + R2
=
1 + jω C R p
where Rp = R || R2.

Comparing the given and derived network functions, we require

R2
⎧ R2
R + R2 0.2 ⎪ = 0.2
= ⇒ ⎨ R + R2
1 + jω C R p 1 + j 4 ω ⎪ CR =4
⎩ p

Since R2 = 2 Ω, we have
2
= 0.2 ⇒ R = 8 Ω . Then R p =
( 2 )( 8 ) = 1.6 Ω .
R+2 2+8
4
Finally, C = = 2.5 F .
1.6
(checked using ELab on 8/6/02)

P13.2-6

Vi (ω ) ⎫
I a (ω ) =
A
⎪ Vo (ω )
R + jω L ⎪ CR
⎬ ⇒ =
Vi (ω )
( j ω ) ⎛⎜1 + j ω ⎞⎟
L
Vo (ω ) =
1
jω C
( A I a (ω ) ) ⎪
⎪⎭ ⎝ R⎠

13-3
When R = 20 Ω, L = 4 H, A = 3 A/A and C = 0.25 F

0.6
H (ω ) =
( j ω ) (1 + j ( 0.2 ) ω )

(checked using LNAP on 12/29/02)

P13.2-7

In the frequency domain, use voltage division on the left side of the circuit to get:
1
jω C 1
VC (ω ) = Vi (ω ) = Vi (ω )
R1 +
1 1 + jω C R 1
jω C
Next, use voltage division on the right side of the circuit to get:
2
R3 A
2
V o (ω ) = A VC (ω ) = A VC (ω ) = 3 Vi (ω )
R 2 + R3 3 1 + jω C R1

Compare the specified network function to the calculated network function:

2 2
A A
4 3 3 2 1
= = ⇒ 4 = A and = 2000 C
ω 1 + jω C R1 1 + jω C 2000 3 100
1+ j
100

Thus, C = 5 μF and A = 6 V/V.

(checked using ELab on 8/6/02)

13-4
P13.2-8
1
R2
Vo (ω ) jω C
H (ω ) = =−
Vi (ω ) R1
⎛ R2 ⎞
−⎜
⎜ R1 ⎟⎟
= ⎝ ⎠
1+ jω C R2

When R 1 = 10 kΩ , R 2 = 50 kΩ , and C = 2 μ F, then

R2 1 −5
= 5 and R2 C = so H (ω ) =
R1 10 ω
1+ j
10

P13.2-9
1
R2
Vo (ω ) j ω C2
H (ω ) = =−
Vi (ω ) 1
R1
j ω C1
R2
1 + jω C2 R2
= −
R1
1 + jω C1R1

⎛ R ⎞ ⎛ 1 + jω C1R1 ⎞
H (ω ) = − ⎜ 2 ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ R1 ⎠ ⎝ 1 + jω C2 R2 ⎠

When R1 = 10 kΩ, R2 = 50 kΩ , C1 = 4 μ F and C2 = 2 μ F,

R2 1 1
then = 5 , C1R1 = and C2 R 2 =
R1 25 10
so
⎛ ω ⎞
⎜ 1 + j 25 ⎟
H (ω ) = − 5 ⎜ ⎟
⎜⎜ 1 + j ω ⎟⎟
⎝ 10 ⎠

13-5
 ω2
1+
gain = H (ω ) = ( 5 ) 625
ω2
1+
100

⎛ω⎞ ⎛ω ⎞
phase shift = ∠Η(ω ) = 180 + tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ − tan −1 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 25 ⎠ ⎝ 10 ⎠

P13.2-10
1
R3
1 jωC R3
R3 = =
jωC R3 +
1 1 + jωC R 3
jωC

R3
R2 +
1+ jω C R3 R + R + jω R2 R3C
H (ω ) = − =− 2 3
R1 R1 + jω R1 R3C

R2 + R3
5 = lim H (ω ) =
ω →0 R1
R2
2 = lim H (ω ) = ⇒ R2 = 2 R1 = 20 kΩ
ω →∞ R1
then R3 = 5R1 − R2 = 30 kΩ

P13.2-11
1
R2 +
jω C 1 + jω C R 2
H (ω ) = − =−
R1 jω C R1
∠H (ω ) = 180° + tan −1 (ω C R 2 ) − 90°
∠H (ω ) = 135° ⇒ tan −1 (ωCR2 ) = 45° ⇒ ω C R 2 = 1
1
⇒ R2 = = 10 kΩ
10 ×10−7
3

R2 R
10 = lim H (ω ) = ⇒ R1 = 2 = 1 kΩ
ω →∞ R1 10

13-6
P13.2-12

1 R2
R 2 ||
jω C2 1+ j ω C 2 R2
H (ω ) = − =−
1 j ω C 1 R1 + 1
R1 +
j ω C1 j ω C1

=
( −C 1 R2 ) j ω
(1 + j ω C R )(1 + j ω C
1 1 2 R2 )

⎧
⎪ −C R = −0.1
⎪
( −C1 R 2 ) j ω
1 2

=
( )
−0.1 jω ⎪
⇒ ⎨ C1 R1 =
1
or
1
(1 + j ω C1 R1 )(1 + j ω C 2 R 2 ) ⎜⎛1 + j ω ⎟⎞ ⎜⎛1 + j ω ⎟⎞ ⎪ p 125
⎝ p⎠⎝ 125 ⎠ ⎪ 1 1
⎪C 2 R 2 = or
⎩ 125 p
Since C1 = 5 μF, R1 = 8 kΩ and R 2 = 20 kΩ

C1 R1 = ( 5 ×10−6 )( 8 ×103 ) =
40 1 1
= ≠ ⇒ p = 25 rad/s
1000 25 125

1 1 1
= C 2 R2 ⇒ C2 = = = 0.4 ×10−6 = 0.4 μF
125 125 R 2 125 ( 20 ×10 )
3

P13.2-13
1
R2
V (ω ) jω C2
H (ω ) = o =−
Vs (ω ) R1 +
1
jω C1

=
( −C1R2 ) jω
(1 + jω R1C1 ) (1 + jω R2C2 )

When R1 = 5 kΩ, C1 = 1 μ F,
R2 = 10 kΩ and C2 = 0.1 μ F,
then

H (ω ) =
( −0.01) jω
⎛ ω ⎞ ⎛ ω ⎞
⎜1 + j ⎟ ⎜1 + j ⎟
⎝ 200 ⎠ ⎝ 1000 ⎠

13-7
 so
ω H(ω ) ∠H (ω )
0 0 −90°
500 1.66 175°
2500 0.74 116°
Then

v ( t ) = (0) 50 + (1.66) ( 30 ) cos(500t + 115° + 175°) − (0.74) ( 20 ) cos(2500t + 30° + 116°)

o
=49.8cos(500t − 70°) −14.8cos (2500t +146°) mV

When R1 =5 kΩ, C1 =1 μ F, R 2 =10 kΩ and C2 = 0.01 μ F, then

jω
H (ω )= − 0.01
⎛ ω ⎞⎛ ω ⎞
⎜ 1+ j ⎟ ⎜ 1+ j
⎝ 200 ⎠ ⎝ 10,000 ⎟⎠
So
ω H (ω ) ∠H (ω )
0 0 −90°
500 1.855 −161°
2500 1.934 170°
Then

v (t ) = (0) ( 50 ) + (1.855) ( 30 ) cos(500t + 115° − 161°) − (1.934) ( 20 ) cos(2500t + 30° + 170°)

o
= 55.65 cos(500t − 46°) − 38.68cos(2500t + 190°) mV

13-8
P13.2-14
a) ⎛2 V⎞
(8 div) ⎜ ⎟
Vs = ⎝ div ⎠ = 8 V
2
⎛2 V⎞
(6.2 div) ⎜ ⎟
Vo = ⎝ div ⎠ = 6.2 V
2
V 6.2
gain = o = = 0.775
Vs 8

b) 1
Vo (ω ) jω C 1
H (ω ) = = =
Vs (ω ) R+
1 1 + jω C R
jω C
2
1 1 ⎛1⎞
Let g = H (ω ) = then C = ⎜ ⎟ −1
1 + ω 2C 2 R 2 ωR ⎝g⎠

In this case ω = 2π ⋅ 500 = 3142 rad s ,

H (ω ) = 0.775 and R = 1000 Ω so C = 0.26 μ F.

c) tan( −∠ H (ω ))
∠ H (ω )= − tan −1 (ω R C ) so ω =
RC
Recalling that R = 1000 Ω and C=0.26µF, we calculate

ω H (ω ) ∠H (ω )
2π (200) 0.95 −18°
2π (2000) 0.26 −73°

∠ H (ω )= − 45° requires ω =
tan ⎛⎜ − −45° ⎞⎟
⎝ ( )
⎠ = 3846 rad s
(
1000 .26×10 6 −
) ( )
tan ( −(−135°))
∠ Η (ω ) = −135° requires ω = = − 3846 rad s
−
(1000)(0.26×10 ) 6

A negative frequency is not acceptable. We conclude that this circuit cannot

produce a phase shift equal to −135°.

13-9
 d) ⎧ tan (−60°)
⎪ C= = 0.55μ F
tan (−∠H(ω )) ⎪ (2π ⋅ 500) (1000)
C= ⇒ ⎨
ωR ⎪C = tan (−(−300°)) = −0.55μ F
⎪⎩ (2π ⋅ 500 ) (1000)

A negative value of capacitance is not acceptable and indicates that this

circuit cannot be designed to produce a phase shift at −300° at a frequency of
500 Hz.

e) tan( − ( −120° ))
C = = −0.55 μ F
(2π ⋅ 500)(1000)

This circuit cannot be designed to produce a phase shift of −120° at 500 Hz.

P 13.3-15

1 R2
R 2 ||
jω C2 1+ j ω C 2 R2
H (ω ) = − =−
1 j ω C 1 R1 + 1
R1 +
j ω C1 j ω C1

=
( −C 1 R2 ) j ω
(1 + j ω C R )(1 + j ω C
1 1 2 R2 )

⎧
⎪ −C R = −0.1
⎪
( 1 2)
1 2
− C R j ω
=
( −0.1) jω ⎪
⇒ ⎨ C1 R1 =
1
or
1
(1 + j ω C1 R1 )(1 + j ω C 2 R 2 ) ⎛⎜1 + j ω ⎞⎟ ⎛⎜1 + j ω ⎞⎟ ⎪ p 125
⎝ p⎠⎝ 125 ⎠ ⎪ 1 1
⎪C 2 R 2 = or
⎩ 125 p
Since C1 = 5 μF, R1 = 8 kΩ and R 2 = 20 kΩ

C1 R1 = ( 5 ×10−6 )( 8 ×103 ) =
40 1 1
= ≠ ⇒ p = 25 rad/s
1000 25 125

1 1 1
= C 2 R2 ⇒ C2 = = = 0.4 × 10−6 = 0.4 μF
125 125 R 2 125 ( 20 ×10 )
3

13-10
P13.2-16
V s (ω )
I 1 (ω ) = 2
⎛ N1 ⎞
R1 + ⎜ ⎟
⎜ N2 ⎟ ( R2 + j ω L)
⎝ ⎠

⎛ N1 ⎞
( ) (
V o (ω ) = − R 2 + j ω L I 2 ( ω ) = − R 2 + j ω L ⎜ −
⎜ N2
I 1 (ω ) ⎟
⎟ )
⎝ ⎠
⎛ N1 ⎞
⎜ (
⎟ R + j ω L V s (ω )
⎜ N2 ⎟ 2 )
= ⎝ ⎠
2
⎛ N1 ⎞
R1 + ⎜ ⎟
⎜ N2 ⎟ ( R2 + jω L)
⎝ ⎠

⎛ N1 ⎞ ⎛ N2 ⎞
Vo (ω )
⎜
⎜ N2 ⎟ 2 (
⎟ R + jω L ) ⎜ ⎟R
⎜ N1 ⎟ 2 1+ jω
L
R2
H (ω ) = = ⎝ ⎠ = ⎝ ⎠
Vs (ω ) ⎛ N1 ⎞
2
⎛ N2 ⎞
2
1+ jω
L
R1 + ⎜ ⎟
⎜ N2 ⎟ ( R2 + j ω L) ⎜ ⎟ R1 + R 2
⎜ N1 ⎟ ⎛ N2 ⎞
2
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎜ ⎟ R + R2
⎜ N1 ⎟ 1
⎝ ⎠
Comparing to the given network function:

2
⎛ N2 ⎞ ⎛ N2 ⎞
⎜ ⎟R ⎜ ⎟ R + R2
⎜ N1 ⎟ 2 R2 ⎜ N1 ⎟ 1
k= ⎝ ⎠ , z= and p = ⎝ ⎠ .
2
⎛ N2 ⎞ L L
⎜ ⎟ R + R2
⎜ N1 ⎟ 1
⎝ ⎠

13-11
P13.2-17
Mesh equations:
( )
V s (ω ) = R1 + j ω L1 I 1 (ω ) + j ω M I 2 (ω )

0 = ( R 2 + j ω L 2 ) I 2 (ω ) + j ω M I 1 ( ω )
Solving the mesh equations
R2 + jω L2
I 1 (ω ) = − I 2 (ω )
jω M
⎡ R2 + jω L2 ⎤
(
V s ( ω ) = ⎢ − R 1 + j ω L1 ) jω M
+ j ω M ⎥ I 2 (ω )
⎣ ⎦

− jω M
I 2 (ω ) = V s (ω )
( R1 + j ω L1 )( R 2 + j ω L 2 ) + ω 2 M 2
jω M R2
V o ( ω ) = − R 2 I 2 (ω ) = V s (ω )
( R1 + j ω L1 )( R 2 + j ω L 2 ) + ω 2 M 2
jω M R2
= V s (ω )
( ) (
R1 R 2 + ω 2 M 2 − L1 L 2 + j ω R1 L 2 + L1 R 2 )

V o (ω ) M R2 jω
H (ω ) = =
V s (ω ) R1 R 2 + ω 2
(M 2
)
− L1 L 2 1 + j ω R1 L 2 + L1 R 2
(
R1 R 2 + ω 2 M 2 − L1 L 2 )
Comparing to the given network function:

k=
M R2
and p =
(
R1 R 2 + ω 2 M 2 − L1 L 2 )
(
R1 R 2 + ω 2 M 2 − L1 L 2 ) R1 L 2 + L1 R 2

13-12
P13.2-18
Using voltage division twice gives:

R2 A R2
A V2 (ω ) 1 + jω C R 2 A R2 R1 + R 2
= A= =
Vi (ω ) R2 R1 + R 2 + jω C R1 R 2 C R1 R 2
R1 + 1 + jω
1 + jω C R 2 R1 + R 2
and
jω L R 4
Vo (ω ) R 4 + jω L jω L R 4 L jω
= = =
A V2 (ω ) jω L R 4 R 3 R 4 + jω L ( R 3 + R 4 ) R 3 L ( R3 + R 4 )
R3 + 1 + jω
R 4 + jω L RR 3 4

Combining these equations gives

Vo (ω ) ALR 2 jω
H (ω ) = =
Vi (ω ) R 3 ( R1 + R 2 ) ⎛ L ( R3 + R 4 ) ⎞ ⎛ C R1 R 2 ⎞
⎜1 + jω ⎟ ⎜1 + jω ⎟
⎜ R3 R 4 ⎟ ⎝⎜ R1 + R 2 ⎠⎟
⎝ ⎠
ALR 2
Comparing to the given network function gives k = and either
R 3 R1 + R 2 ( )
R 3R 4 R1 + R 2 R1 + R 2 R 3R 4
p1 = and p 2 = or p 1 = and p 2 = .
(
L R3 + R 4 ) CR1R 2 CR1R 2 (
L R3 + R 4 )

13-13
P13.2-19
Represent the circuit in the frequency domain.

Apply KCL at the top node of the left capacitor, C1, to get

Va − Vs 1
+ j ω C 1 Va = 0 ⇒ Va = Vs
R1 1 + j ω C 1 R1

The op amp, together with resistors R2 and R3, comprise a noninverting amplifier so

⎛ R3 ⎞
V b = ⎜1 +
⎜ R 2 ⎟⎟ a
V
⎝ ⎠

(Alternately, this equation can be obtained by applying KCL at the inverting input node
of the op amp.) Apply KCL at the top node of the right capacitor, C2, to get

Vo − V b 1
+ j ω C 2 Vo = 0 ⇒ Vo = Vb
R4 1+ j ω C 2 R4

Combining these equations gives

R3
1+
V o (ω ) R2
H (ω ) = =
V s (ω ) (1 + j ω C R ) (1 + jω C
1 1 2 R4 )

Comparing to the specified network function gives

R3
1+
R2 21
=
(1 + j ω C R ) (1 + jω C
1 1 2 R4 ) ⎛ ω ⎞⎛
⎜1 + j ⎟ ⎜1 + j
ω ⎞
⎟
⎝ 5 ⎠⎝ 200 ⎠

13-14
The solution is not unique. For example, we can require

R3 1 1
1+ = 21 , C 1 R1 = = 0.2 , C 2 R 4 = = 0.005
R2 5 200
With the given values of capacitance, and choosing R2 = 10 kΩ, we have

R1 = 200 kΩ, R2 = 10 kΩ, R3 = 200 kΩ and R4 = 5 kΩ

(checked using LNAP 9/14/04)

P13.2-20
Represent the circuit in the frequency domain. Apply KCL at
the inverting input node of the op amp to get

V o − Vs
+ j ω C1 ( Vo − Vs ) +
Vs
=0
R1 R2
or
(R 1 + R 2 + j ω C1 R1 R 2 ) Vs = ( R 2 + j ω C1 R1 R 2 ) Vo
so
R1 R 2
1 + j ω C1
Vo R1 + R 2 + j ω C 1 R1 R 2 R1 + R 2 R1 + R 2
H= = = ×
Vs R 2 + j ω C 1 R1 R 2 R2 1 + j ω C 1 R1

With the given values

ω
1+ j
25 + j ω
Vo 25
H= = =5
Vs 5 + jω ω
1+ j
5
(checked using LNAP 7/24/05)

13-15
P13.2-21

Represent the circuit in the frequency domain.

After determining some equivalent impedances,
the network function can be determined using
voltage division.

⎛ 1 1 ⎞
⎜⎜ R 2 + ⎟
1 ⎛ 1 ⎞ jω C2
⎝ j ω C1 ⎟⎠ 1 + j ω C1 R 2
|| ⎜ R 2 + ⎟ = =
j ω C 2 ⎜⎝ j ω C1 ⎟⎠ R + 1 + 1 j ω ( C1 + C 2 ) − ω 2 R 2 C1 C 2
j ω C1 j ω C 2
2

Next, using voltage division gives

1 + j ω C1 R 2
Vo j ω ( C1 + C 2 ) − ω 2 R 2 C1 C 2 1 + j ω C1 R 2
H= = =
Vs
R1 +
1 + j ω C1 R 2 R1 ⎡⎣ j ω ( C 1 + C 2 ) − ω 2 R 2 C 1 C 2 ⎤⎦ + 1 + j ω C 1 R 2
j ω ( C1 + C 2 ) − ω 2 R 2 C1 C 2
1 + j ω C1 R 2
=
1 − ω C 1 C 2 R1 R 2 + j ω ( C 1 R1 + C 2 R1 + R 2 C 1 )
2

With the given values

ω
1+ j
Vo 10 100 + j 10 ω
H= = =
Vs ω 2
3ω 100 − ω 2 + j 30 ω
1− +j
100 10

P13.2-22

Represent the circuit in the frequency domain.

Apply KVL to the left mesh to get

Vs
Vs = 8 I a + 4 I a ⇒ Ia =
12
Voltage division gives

13-16
 40 1
jω 4 4 ⎛ Vs ⎞ 3 V
Vo = 4I a = I = ⎜ ⎟=
40 jω a jω ⎝ 12 ⎠ 1 + j ω
s
8+ 1+ 1+
jω 5 5 5

The network function of the circuit is

1
Vo
H= = 3
Vs 1 + j ω
5

Comparing this network function to the specified network function gives

1
Ho = and p = 5
3
(checked using LNAP 9/19/04)

P13.2-23

Represent the circuit in the frequency

domain. Apply KCL at the top node of R1 to
get

Va R1
Is = + K Va ⇒ Va = Is
R1 1 + K R1

Current division gives

1
jω C K K ⎛ R1 ⎞
Io = K Va = Va = ⎜⎜ Is ⎟
1
+ R2 1 + j ω C R2 1 + j ω C R 2 ⎝ 1 + K R1 ⎟⎠
jω C

The network function of the circuit is

K R1
Io 1 + K R1
H= =
Is 1+ j ω C R2

Comparing this network function to the specified network function gives

13-17
 K R1 1
= 0.8 and C R 2 =
1 + K R1 40

With the given values

0.2 R1 1
= 0.8 ⇒ R1 = 20 Ω and 0.001 R 2 = ⇒ R 2 = 25 Ω
1 + 0.2 R1 40

(checked using LNAP 9/19/04)

P13.2-24
Represent the circuit in the frequency domain.
Apply KVL to the left mesh to get

Vs
V s = j ω L1 I a + K I a ⇒ Ia =
K + j ω L1
Voltage division gives
R R ⎛ Vs ⎞ RK
Vo = K Ia = K⎜ ⎟ = Vs
R + j ω L2 R + j ω L 2 ⎜⎝ K + j ω L1 ⎟⎠ ( R + j ω L 2 )( K + j ω L1 )

The network function of the circuit is

Vo 1
H= =
Vs ⎛ L2 ⎞ ⎛ L1 ⎞
⎜1 + j ω ⎟ ⎜1 + j ω ⎟
⎝ R ⎠⎝ K⎠

Comparing this network function to the specified network function gives

L2 1 L1 1 L2 1 L1 1
= and = or = and =
R 20 K 50 R 50 K 20

These equations do not have a unique solution. One solution is

L1 = 0.1 H, L2 = 0.1 H, R = 5 Ω and K = 2 V/A

(checked using LNAP 9/19/04)

13-18
P13.2-25
Represent the circuit in the frequency domain.

The node equations are

V a − Vs Va Va R2
+ + = 0 ⇒ Va = Vs
R1 1 R2 R1 + R 2 + j ω C R1 R 2
jω C
and
Va Vo R3
+ = 0 ⇒ Vo = − Va
R2 R3 R2
The network function is
R3 R3
− R2 −
Vo R2 R1 + R 2
H= = =
Vs R1 + R 2 + j ω C R1 R 2 R R
1+ jω C 1 2
R1 + R 2
Using the given values for R1 and R2 and letting R3 = R gives
R
Vo −
H= = 4 ×104
V s 1 + j ω C (104 )

Comparing this network function to the specified network function gives

C (104 ) =
1 R
⇒ C = 0.4 μF and = 8 ⇒ R = 320 kΩ
250 4 ×104

(checked using LNAP 9/19/04)

13-19
Section 13-3: Bode Plots

P13.3-1
⎧
⎪
⎪
⎪ 20 ω <5
⎪
⎛ ω⎞ ⎪
20 ⎜ 1 + j ⎟ ⎪ 20 ⎛ j ω ⎞
⎪ ⎜ ⎟
H (ω )= ⎝
5⎠
≈⎨ ⎝ 5⎠ 5 < ω < 50
⎛ ω⎞ ⎪
⎜1 + j ⎟ ⎪
⎝ 50 ⎠
⎪ ⎛ ω⎞
⎪ 20 ⎜ j 5 ⎟ 50 < ω
⎪ ⎝ ⎠ = 200
⎪ ⎛jω⎞
⎪⎩ ⎜⎝ 50 ⎟⎠

P13.3-2
ω ω
10 ( 5 + j ω ) 1 + j 5 100 ( 5 + j ω ) 1+ j
H1 (ω ) = = and H 2 (ω ) = = 10 5
50 + j ω ω 50 + j ω ω
1+ j 1+ j
50 50

Both H1(ω) and H2(ω) have a pole at ω = 50 rad/s and a zero at ω = 5 rad/s. The slopes
of both magnitude Bode plots increase by 20 dB/decade at ω = 5 rad/s and decrease by 20
dB/decade at ω = 50rad/s. The difference is that for ω < 5rad/s

H1 (ω )  1 = 0 dB and H 2 (ω )  10 = 20 dB

13-1
P13.3-3
R2
1+ jω C2 R2 jω
H (ω ) = − = −C1 R2
R1 +
1 (1+ jω R1C1 )(1+ jω R2C2 )
jω C1

This network function has poles at

1 1
p1 = = 2000 rad s and p2 = = 1000 rad s
R1C1 R2C2
so
⎧
⎪−(C R ) jω ω < p2
⎪ 1 2

⎪ jω R
H (ω )  ⎨−(C1 R2 ) =− 2 =−2 p2 < ω < p1
⎪ jωC1 R1 R1
⎪ jω 1
⎪−(C1 R2 ) =− ω > p1
⎩ ( jωC1 R1 )( jωC2 R2 ) jωC2 R1

13-2
P13.3-4
R2
1+ jω C2 R2 R (1+ jω C1 R1 ) R 1 1
H (ω ) = − =− 2 so K = − 2 , z = and p =
R1 R1 (1+ jω C2 R2 ) R1 C1 R1 C2 R2
1+ jω C1 R1

When z < p

When z > p

P13.3-5

Using voltage division twice gives:

jω L R 2
V2 (ω ) R 2 + jω L jω L R 2 L jω
= = =
Vi (ω ) jω L R 2 R1 R 2 + jω L ( R1 + R 2 ) R1 L ( R1 + R 2 )
R1 + 1 + jω
R 2 + jω L R1 R 2
and
R4 A R4
Vo (ω ) 1 + jω C R 4 A R4 R3 + R 4
= A= =
V2 (ω ) R4 R3 + R 4 + jω C R3 R 4 C R3 R 4
R3 + 1 + jω
1 + jω C R 4 R3 + R 4

Combining these equations gives

13-3
 Vo (ω ) ALR 4 jω
H (ω ) = =
Vi (ω ) R1 ( R 3 + R 4 ) ⎛ L ( R1 + R 2 ) ⎞ ⎛ CR 3 R 4 ⎞
⎜1 + jω ⎟ ⎜ 1 + jω ⎟
⎜ R1 R 2 ⎟⎝⎜ R 3 + R 4 ⎟⎠
⎝ ⎠

The Bode plot corresponds to the network function:

k jω k jω
H (ω ) = =
⎛ ω ⎞⎛ ω ⎞ ⎛ ω ⎞⎛ ω ⎞
⎜1 + j ⎟ ⎜ 1 + j ⎟ ⎜⎝ 1 + j 200 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 1 + j 20000 ⎟⎠
⎝ p1 ⎠ ⎝ p2 ⎠

⎧
⎪
⎪
⎪ k jω
⎪ = k jω ω ≤ p1
1 ⋅1
⎪
⎪ k jω
H (ω ) ≈ ⎨ = k p1 p1 ≤ ω ≤ p2
⎪ jω
⋅1
⎪ p1
⎪ k jω k p1 p2
⎪ = ω ≥ p2
⎪ jω ⋅ jω jω
⎪ p p
⎩ 1 2

This equation indicates that |H(ω)|=k p1 when p1 ≤ ω ≤ p2. The Bode plot indicates that
|H(ω)|=20 dB = 10 when p1 ≤ ω ≤ p2. Consequently

10 10
k= = = 0.05
p1 200
Finally,
0.05 jω
H (ω ) =
⎛ ω ⎞⎛ ω ⎞
⎜1 + j ⎟ ⎜1 + j ⎟
⎝ 200 ⎠ ⎝ 20000 ⎠

Comparing the equation for H(ω) obtained from the circuit to the equation for
H(ω)obtained from the Bode plot gives:

ALR 4 R1 R 2 R3 + R 4
0.05 = , 200 = and 20000 =
R1 ( R 3 + R 4 ) L ( R1 + R 2 ) C R3 R 4

Pick L = 1 H, and R1 = R2 , then R1 = R2 = 400 Ω. Let C = 0.1 μF and R3 = R4 , then R3 =

R4 = 1000 Ω. Finally, A=40. (Checked using ELab 3/5/01)

13-4
P13.3-6
From Table 13.3-2:
= k = 32 dB = 40 R 2 = 40 (10 × 103 ) = 400 kΩ
R2
R1
1 1
= p = 400 rad/s ⇒ C 2 = = 6.25 nF
C 2 R2 ( 400 ) ( 400 ×103 )
1 1
= z = 4000 rad/s ⇒ C 1 = = 25 nF
C 1 R1 ( 4000 ) (10 ×103 )

P13.3-7
Vo (ω ) R 2 + jω L
H (ω ) = =
Vi (ω ) R + R 2 + jω L
⎛ L ⎞
⎜ 1 + jω ⎟
⎛ R2 ⎞ R2
=⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎜ R + R2 ⎟⎜ L ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎜ 1 + jω ⎟
⎝ R + R2 ⎠

⎧
⎪ k = 0.2
⎪
( 0.2 ) (1 + j ( 0.2 ) ω ) ⎪ 1
H (ω ) = ⇒ ⎨ z= =5
1 + j ( 0.04 ) ω ⎪ 0.2
⎪ 1
⎪⎩ p = 0.04 = 25

P13.3-8
• The slope is 40dB/decade for low frequencies, so the numerator will include the
factor (jω)2 .
• The slope decreases by 40 dB/decade at ω = 0.7rad/sec. So there is a second order
pole at ω 0 = 0.7 rad/s. The damping factor of this pole cannot be determined from the
asymptotic Bode plot; call it δ 1. The denominator of the network function will
contain the factor
ω ⎛ ω ⎞
2

1 + 2 δ1 j −⎜ ⎟
0.7 ⎝ 0.7 ⎠

• The slope increases by 20 dB/decade at ω = 10 rad/s, indicating a zero at 10 rad/s.

13-5
• The slope decreases by 20 dB/decade at ω = 100 rad/s, indicating a pole at 100 rad/s.
• The slope decreases by 40 dB/decade at ω = 600 rad/s, indicating a second order pole
at ω 0 = 600rad/s. The damping factor of this pole cannot be determined from an
asymptotic Bode plot; call it δ 2. The denominator of the network function will
contain the factor
ω ⎛ ω ⎞
2

1 + 2δ 2 j −⎜ ⎟
600 ⎝ 600 ⎠

ω
K (1+ j )( jω ) 2
H (ω ) = 10
⎛ ω ⎛ ω ⎞ ⎞⎛
2
ω ⎛ ω ⎞ ⎞⎛
2
ω ⎞
⎜⎜1+ 2δ1 j −⎜ ⎟ ⎟⎜ 1+ 2δ 2 j −⎜ ⎟ ⎟ ⎜ 1+ j ⎟
⎝ 0.7 ⎝ 0.7 ⎠ ⎟⎜
⎠⎝ 600 ⎝ 600 ⎠ ⎟⎠⎝ 100 ⎠

To determine K , notice that H (ω ) = 0 dB=1 when 0.7 < ω < 10. That is

K (1) ω 2
1= = K (0.7) 2 ⇒ K = 2
⎛ ω ⎞
2

−⎜ ⎟ (1)(1)
⎝ 0.7 ⎠

P13.3-9
(a) ⎛ ω⎞
K ⎜1+ j ⎟
H (ω ) = ⎝ z⎠
jω
2
K ⎛ω ⎞
H (ω ) = 1+ ⎜ ⎟
ω ⎝z⎠
2
K ⎛ω ⎞
H(ω ) dB = 20 log10 1+ ⎜ ⎟
ω ⎝z⎠
2
⎛ω ⎞
= 20 log10 K − 20 log10 ω + 20 log10 1+ ⎜ ⎟
⎝z⎠
Let H L (ω ) dB = 20 log10 K − 20 log10 ω
K
and H H (ω ) dB = 20 log10
z
⎧⎪ H L (ω ) dB ω << z
Then H(ω ) dB ~_ ⎨
⎪⎩ H H (ω ) dB ω >> z

So H L (ω ) dB and H H (ω ) dB are the required low and high-frequency asymptotes.

13-6
The Bode plot will be within 1% of |H(ω)| dB both for ω << z and for ω >> z. The range
when ω << z is characterized by

H L (ω ) = 0.99 H (ω ) (gains not in dB)

or equivalently

20 log10 ( 0.99 ) = H L (ω ) dB − H(ω ) dB (gains in dB)

⎛ω ⎞
2
K
= 20 log10 K − 20 log10 ω − 20 log10 1+⎜ ⎟
ω ⎝z⎠
⎛ω ⎞
2
1
= − 20 log10 1+⎜ ⎟ = 20 log10
⎝z⎠ ⎛ω ⎞
2

1+ ⎜ ⎟
⎝z⎠
Therefore
2
1 ⎛ 1 ⎞ z
0.99 = ⇒ ω= z ⎜ ⎟ −1 = 0.14 z −
⎛ω ⎞
2
⎝ .99 ⎠ 7
1+ ⎜ ⎟
⎝z⎠

The range when ω >> z is characterized by

H H (ω ) = .99 H(ω ) (gains not in dB)

or equivalently

13-7
 20 log10 0.99 = H H (ω ) dB − H(ω ) dB (gains in dB)

⎛ω ⎞
2
K
= 20 log10 K − 20 log10 z − 20 log10 1+⎜ ⎟
ω ⎝z⎠
⎛ω ⎞
2
z 1
= − 20 log10 1+ ⎜ ⎟ = 20 log10
ω ⎝z⎠ ⎛z⎞
2

⎜ ⎟ +1
⎝ω ⎠
Therefore
2
z ⎛ 1 ⎞ z z
= ⎜ ⎟ −1 ⇒ ω= = − 7 z
ω ⎝ .99 ⎠ ⎛ 1 ⎞
2 0.14
⎜ ⎟ −1
⎝ .99 ⎠

z
The error is less than 1% when ω < and when ω > 7 z.
7

P13.3-10
Vo (ω ) Rt Rt
H (ω ) = = =
Vs (ω ) 1 R1
R t + R1 Rt +
jω C 1+ jω C R1
R t (1+ jω C R1 ) ⎛ Rt ⎞ 1+ jω C R1
= =⎜ ⎟⎟
R1 + R t + jω C R1 R t ⎜⎝ R1 + R t ⎠ 1+ jω ⎛ C R1 R t ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ R1 + R t ⎠
When R1 = 1 kΩ, C = 1 μ F and R t = 5 kΩ
⎧5
⎪6 ω <1000
⎛ ω ⎞ ⎪
⎜ 1+ j
5
H (ω ) = ⎜ 1000 ⎟ ⇒ ⎪⎛ 5 ⎞ ω
H (ω ) ≅ ⎨⎜ ⎟ j 1000<ω <1200
⎟
6 ⎜ 1+ j ω ⎟ ⎪⎝ 6 ⎠ 1000
⎝ 1200 ⎠ ⎪1 ω <1200
⎪
⎩

13-8
P13.3-11

Mesh equations:

Vin (ω ) = I (ω ) [ R1 + ( jω L1 − jω M ) + (− jω M + jω L2 ) + R2 ]
Vo (ω ) = I (ω ) [(− jω M + jω L2 ) + R2 ]
Solving yields:
Vo (ω ) R2 + jω ( L2 − M )
H (ω ) = =
Vin (ω ) R1 + R2 + jω ( L1 + L2 − 2 M )

Comparing to the given Bode plot yields:

L2 − M R2
K1 = ωlim
→∞ |H (ω )| = = 0.75 and K 2 = lim | H (ω ) | = = 0.2
L1 + L2 − 2 M ω →0 R1 + R2
R2 R1 + R2
z = = 333 rad s and p = =1250 rad s
L2 − M L1 + L2 − 2 M

13-9
P13.3-12
1
jω C2 1+ jω R1 C1 1 (1+ jω R1 C1 )
H (ω ) = − =− =−
1 jω R1 C2 R1 C2 jω
R1
jω C1
⎧ 1 ⎛ 1 ⎞ 1
⎪− ⎜ ⎟ ω<
⎪ R C jω ⎠
H (ω ) − ⎨ 1 2 ⎝
R1 C1
⎪− 1 ( R C ) = − C1 ω>
1
⎪⎩ R1 C2 1 1 C2 R1 C1

With the given values:

C1 1 1
= = −6 dB, = 4000 rad / s
C2 2 R1 C1

13-10
P13.3-13
Pick the appropriate circuit from Table 13.3-2.

We require
1 1 p C
200 = z = , 500 = p = and 14 dB = 5 = k = 1
C 1 R1 C2 R 2 z C2
Pick C1 = 1 μ F, then C2 = 0.2 μ F, R1 = 5 kΩ and R 2 = 10 kΩ.

P13.3-14
Pick the appropriate circuit from Table 13.3-2.

We require
1 R2
500 = p = and 34 dB = 50 =
C R2 R1
Pick C = 0.1 μ F, then R 2 = 20 kΩ and R1 = 400 Ω.

13-11
P13.3-15
Pick the appropriate circuit from Table 13.3-2.

We require
1 1 p C
500 = z = , 200 = p = and 14 dB = 5 = k = 1
C 1 R1 C2 R 2 z C2
Pick C1 = 0.1 μ F, then C2 = 0.02 μ F, R1 = 20 kΩ and R 2 = 250 kΩ.

13-12
P13.3-16

Pick the appropriate circuit from Table 13.3-2.

We require
1 1
200 = p1 = , 500 = p 2 = and 34 dB = 50 = k = C 1 R 2
C 1 R1 C2 R 2
Pick C1 = 1 μ F, then C2 = 40 pF, R1 = 5 kΩ and R 2 = 50 MΩ.

P13.3-17
10(1+ jω 50)
H (ω ) =
(1+ jω 2)(1+ jω 20)(1+ jω 80)

13-13
 ϕ = ∠H (ω ) = tan −1 (ω 50 ) − ( tan −1 (ω 2 ) + tan −1 (ω 20 ) + tan −1 (ω 80 ) )

P13.3-18

(a) Vo (ω ) R2 R1
H (ω ) = =−
Vs (ω ) 1+ jω R2C
10
=−
ω
1+ j
10,000
(b) 10 = 20 dB

(c) 10,000 rad/s

13-14
P13.3-19

1 ⎫
jω C 2 ⎪
Vo (ω ) = Va (ω ) ⎪
R+
1 ⎪
jω C 2 ⎬ ⇒ Vo (1 + jω C 1 R1 )(1 + jω C 2 R 2 ) = jω C 1 R1Vo + Vs
⎪
Va (ω ) − Vs (ω ) ⎪
0= + jω C 1 (Va (ω ) − Vo (ω )) ⎪
R1 ⎭

Vo (ω ) 1 1
T(ω ) = = =
Vs (ω ) 1+C 2 R 2 jω −ω C 1C 2 R1 R 2
2
−ω + 0.8 jω +1
2

This is a second order transfer function with ωo = 1 and δ = 0.4 .

13-15
P13.3-20
15 ⎛ ω⎞
− ⎜ 1+ j ⎟
−3 ( 5 + j ω ) 2⎝ 5⎠
H (ω ) = =
jω (2 + jω ) ⎛ ω⎞
j ω ⎜1 + j ⎟
⎝ 2⎠

There is a zero at 5 rad/s and poles at 0 and 2 rad/s. To obtain the asymptotic magnitude
Bode plot, use
⎧ 1 for ω < p
ω ⎪
1 + j = ⎨ω
p ⎪ for ω > p
⎩p
Then
⎧
⎪
⎪ 15 (1)
⎪ 2 7.5
⎪ ω (1) = for ω < 2
ω
⎪
⎪ 15
⎪⎪ 2 (1) 15
H = H =⎨ = 2 for 2 < ω < 5
⎪ ω ⎛⎜ ω ⎞⎟ ω
⎪ ⎝2⎠
⎪
⎪ 15 ⎛⎜ ω ⎞⎟
⎪ 2 ⎝5⎠ 3
⎪ = for ω > 5
⎛ω ⎞ ω
⎪ ω⎜ ⎟
⎩⎪ ⎝2⎠

⎧ 20 log10 ( 7.5 ) − 20 log10 (ω ) for ω < 2

⎪
20 log10 H = ⎨20 log10 (15 ) − 2 ⎡⎣ 20 log10 (ω ) ⎤⎦ for 2 < ω < 5
⎪
⎩ 20 log10 ( 3) − 20 log10 (ω ) for ω > 5

The slope of the asymptotic magnitude Bode plot is −20 db/decade for ω < 2 and ω > 5
rad/s and is −40 db/decade for 2 < ω < 2 rad/s. Also, at ω = 1 rad/s

⎧ 7.5
⎪ 1 = 7.5 at ω = 1 rad/s
⎪ ⎧ 20 log10 ( 7.5 ) = 17.5 dB at ω = 1 rad/s
⎪ 7.5 ⎪
H =⎨ = 3.75 at ω = 2 rad/s ⇒ 20 log10 H = ⎨ 20 log10 ( 3.75 ) = 11.5 dB at ω = 2 rad/s
⎪ 2 ⎪20 log ( 0.6 ) = −4.44 dB at ω = 5 rad/s
⎪ 3 ⎩ 10

⎪ 5 = 0.6 at ω = 5 rad/s
⎩

13-16
The asymptotic magnitude Bode plot for H is

P13.3-21
1
( jω )
3
( jω )
3

H (ω ) = =4
( 4 + j 2ω ) 1 + j ω
2

There is a pole at 2 rad/s and three zeros at 0 rad/s. To obtain the asymptotic magnitude
Bode plot, use
⎧ 1 for ω < p
ω ⎪
1 + j = ⎨ω
p ⎪ for ω > p
⎩p
Then
⎧1 3
⎪ 4ω 1
⎪ = ω 3 for ω < 2
⎪⎪ (1) 4
H = H = ⎨1 3
⎪ 4ω 1
⎪ = ω 2 for ω > 2
⎪ ⎛⎜ ω ⎞⎟ 2
⎪⎩ ⎝ 2 ⎠

⎪⎧ 20 log10 ( 0.25 ) + 3 ⎡⎣ 20 log10 (ω ) ⎤⎦ for ω < 2

20 log10 H = ⎨
⎩⎪20 log10 ( 0.50 ) + 2 ⎡⎣ 20 log10 (ω ) ⎤⎦ for ω > 2

The slope of the asymptotic magnitude Bode plot is 60 db/decade for ω < 2 rad/s and is
40 db/decade for ω > 2 rad/s. Also,

13-17
 20 log10 H = 20 log10 ( 0.25 ) + 3 ⎡⎣ 20 log10 (1) ⎤⎦ = −12 dB at ω = 1 rad/s

20 log10 H = 20 log10 ( 0.25 ) + 3 ⎡⎣ 20 log10 ( 2 ) ⎤⎦ = 6 dB at ω = 2 rad/s

The asymptotic magnitude Bode plot for H is

P13.3-22
5 ⎛⎜ ω ⎞⎟
1+ j
2 ( j 2 ω + 5) 4⎜ 5 ⎟
H (ω ) = = ⎝ 2⎠
( 4 + j 3 ω )( j ω + 2 ) ⎛ ⎞
⎜ 1 + j ω ⎟ ⎛⎜1 + j ω ⎞⎟
⎜ 4 ⎟⎝ 2⎠
⎝ 3⎠

There is a zero at 2.5 rad/s and poles at 1.33 and 2 rad/s. To obtain the asymptotic
magnitude Bode plot, use
⎧ 1 for ω < p
ω ⎪
1 + j = ⎨ω
p ⎪ for ω > p
⎩p
Then

13-18
 ⎧ 5
⎪ (1)
⎪
4 =5 for ω < 4 rad/s
⎪ ( )( )
1 1 4 3
⎪ 5
⎪ (1) 5
⎪ 4 = 3 for 4 <ω < 2 rad/s
⎪ ⎛ω ⎞ ω 3
⎪ ⎜ ⎟ (1)
⎪ ⎜⎝ 4 3 ⎟⎠
⎪
⎪⎪ 5
H = H = ⎨ 4 (1) 10
⎪⎛ = 23 for 2<ω < 5 rad/s
⎞ ω 2
⎪⎜ ω ⎟ ⎛ ω ⎞
⎪ ⎜ 4 ⎟ ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
⎪⎝ 3 ⎠
⎪
⎪ 5 ⎛⎜ ω ⎞⎟
⎪ 4⎜ 5 ⎟ 4
⎪ ⎝ 2 ⎠ = 3 for ω > 2.5 rad/s
⎪ ⎛ ⎞ ω
⎪ ⎜ ω ⎟⎛ ω ⎞
⎪ ⎜ 4 ⎟ ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
⎪⎩ ⎝ 3 ⎠

⎧
⎪
20 log10 5( )
4
for ω < 4
3
⎪
20 log10 H = ⎨
( )
⎪ 20 log10 3 − 20 log10 (ω ) for 3 < ω < 2
5 4

( )
⎪20 log10 10 3 − 40 log10 (ω ) for 2 < ω < 5 2
⎪
( )
⎪ 20 log 4 − 20 log (ω ) for ω > 5
⎪⎩ 10 3 10 2

The slope of the asymptotic magnitude Bode plot is −20 db/decade for 4/3 < ω < 2 rad/s
and ω > 5/2 rad/s and is −40 db/decade for 2 < ω < 5/2 rad/s. Also,

( 4 ) = 1.9 dB
20 log10 H = 20 log10 5 for ω ≤ 4
3
rad/s

( 3 ) − 20 log
20 log10 H = 20 log10 5 10 ( 2 ) = −1.6 dB at ω = 2 rad/s

( 3 ) − 40 log ( 5 2 ) = −5.4 dB
20 log10 H = 20 log10 10 10 at ω = 5
2
rad/s

The asymptotic magnitude Bode plot for H is

13-19
P13.3-23
⎛ ω ⎞⎛ ω ⎞
4 ⎜1 + j ⎟ ⎜1 + j
4 ( 20 + j ω ) ( 20, 000 + j ω ) ⎝ 20 ⎠ ⎝ 20, 000 ⎟⎠
H (ω ) = =
( 200 + j ω ) ( 2000 + j ω ) ⎛ ω ⎞⎛ ω ⎞
⎜1 + j ⎟ ⎜1 + j ⎟
⎝ 200 ⎠ ⎝ 2000 ⎠

There are zeros at 20 and 20,000 rad/s and poles at 200 and 2000 rad/s. To obtain the
asymptotic magnitude Bode plot, use
⎧ 1 for ω < p
ω ⎪
1 + j = ⎨ω
p ⎪ for ω > p
⎩p
Then

13-20
 ⎧ 4 (1)(1)
⎪ =4 for ω < 20 rad/s
⎪ (1)(1 )
⎪ ⎛ω ⎞
⎪ 4 ⎜ ⎟ (1)
⎪ ⎝ 20 ⎠ ω
= for 20 < ω < 200 rad/s
⎪ (1)(1) 5
⎪
⎪ ⎛ω ⎞
⎪ 4 ⎜ ⎟ (1)
⎪ ⎝ 20 ⎠ = 40 for 200 < ω < 2000 rad/s
⎪⎪ ⎛ ω ⎞
H = H =⎨ ⎜ ⎟ (1)
⎝ 200 ⎠
⎪
⎪ 4 ⎛ ω ⎞ (1)
⎪ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 20 ⎠ =
80000
for 2000 < ω < 20, 000 rad/s
⎪ ω
⎪ ⎛⎜ ⎞⎛ ω ⎞ ω
⎟⎜ ⎟
⎪ ⎝ 200 ⎠⎝ 2000 ⎠
⎪
⎪ 4 ⎛⎜ ω ⎞⎟ ⎛ ω ⎞
⎪ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 20 ⎠ ⎝ 20, 000 ⎠
⎪ ⎛ ω ⎞⎛ ω ⎞ = 4 for ω > 2000 rad/s
⎪ ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎩⎪ ⎝ 200 ⎠ ⎝ 2000 ⎠

⎧ 20 log10 ( 4 ) for ω < 20

⎪
⎪ 20 log10 (ω ) − 20 log10 ( 5 ) for 20 < ω < 200
⎪
20 log10 H = ⎨ 20 log10 ( 40 ) for 200 < ω < 2000
⎪20 log ( 80000 ) − 20 log (ω ) for 2000 < ω < 20, 000
⎪ 10 10

⎪⎩ 20 log10 ( 4 ) for ω > 20, 000

The slope of the asymptotic magnitude Bode plot is 20 db/decade for 20 < ω < 200 rad/s
and is −20 db/decade for 2000 < ω < 20,000 rad/s and is 0 db/decade for ω < 20 and
200 < ω < 2000 rad/s, and ω > 20,000 rad/s. Also,

20 log10 H = 20 log10 ( 4 ) = 12 dB for ω ≤ 20 and ω ≥ 20, 000 rad/s

20 log10 H = 20 log10 ( 40 ) = 32 dB for 200 ≤ ω ≤ 2000 rad/s

The asymptotic magnitude Bode plot for H is

13-21
P13.3-24
From Figure P13.3-24b, H (ω ) has poles at 8 and 320 rad/s and has a low frequency gain
equal to 32 dB = 40. Consequently, the network function corresponding to the Bode plot
is

±40
H (ω ) =
⎛ ω ⎞⎛ ω ⎞
⎜1 + j ⎟ ⎜1 + j ⎟
⎝ 8 ⎠⎝ 320 ⎠

Next, we find the network function corresponding to the circuit. Represent the circuit in
the frequency domain.

Apply KCL at the top node of the left capacitor, C1, to get

V a − Vs 1
+ j ω C 1 Va = 0 ⇒ Va = Vs
R1 1 + j ω C 1 R1

The op amp, together with resistors R2 and R3, comprise a noninverting amplifier so

13-22
 ⎛ R3 ⎞
Vb = ⎜1 +
⎜ R 2 ⎟⎟ a
V
⎝ ⎠

(Alternately, this equation can be obtained by applying KCL at the inverting input node
of the op amp.) Apply KCL at the top node of the right capacitor, C2, to get

Vo − Vb 1
+ j ω C 2 Vo = 0 ⇒ Vo = Vb
R4 1 + j ω C 2 R4

Combining these equations gives

R3
1+
V o (ω ) R2
H (ω ) = =
V s (ω ) (1 + j ω C R ) (1 + jω C
1 1 2 R4 )

Comparing to the specified network function gives

R3
1+
R2 ±40
=
(1 + j ω C R ) (1 + jω C
1 1 2 R4 ) ⎛ ω ⎞⎛
⎜1 + j ⎟ ⎜1 + j
ω ⎞
⎟
⎝ 8 ⎠⎝ 320 ⎠

The solution is not unique. For example, we can require

R3 1 1
1+ = 40 , C 1 R1 = = 0.125 , C 2 R 4 = = 0.00758
R2 8 320
With the given values of capacitance, and choosing R2 = 10 kΩ, we have

R1 = 250 kΩ, R2 = 10 kΩ, R3 = 390 kΩ and R4 = 6.25 kΩ

(checked using LNAP 10/1/04)

13-23
P13.3-25
From Figure P13.3-25b, H (ω ) has a pole at 500 rad/s and a low frequency gain of 18 dB
= 8. Consequently, the network function corresponding to the Bode plot is

±8
H (ω ) =
⎛ ω ⎞
⎜1 + j ⎟
⎝ 500 ⎠

Next, we find the network function corresponding to the circuit. Represent the circuit in
the frequency domain.

The node equations are

V a − Vs Va Va R2
+ + = 0 ⇒ Va = Vs
R1 1 R2 R1 + R 2 + j ω C R1 R 2
jω C
and
Va Vo R3
+ = 0 ⇒ Vo = − Va
R2 R3 R2
The network function is
R3 R3
− R2 −
Vo R2 R1 + R 2
H= = =
Vs R1 + R 2 + j ω C R1 R 2 R R
1+ jω C 1 2
R1 + R 2
Comparing to the specified network function gives

R3
−
R1 + R 2 ±8
=
R R ⎛ ω ⎞
1+ jω C 1 2 ⎜1 + j ⎟
R1 + R 2 ⎝ 500 ⎠
We require

13-24
 R3 R1 R 2 1
= 8 and C = = 0.002
R1 + R 2 R1 + R 2 500

The solution is not unique. With the given values of capacitance, and choosing R1 = R2,
we have

R1 = R2 = 20 kΩ and R3 = 320 kΩ

(checked using LNAP 10/1/04)

P13.3-26
From Figure P13.3-26b, H (ω ) has a pole at 20 rad/s and a zero at 500 rad/s.
Consequently, the network function corresponding to the Bode plot is

⎛ ω ⎞
⎜1 + j ⎟
H (ω ) = ± K ⎝
500 ⎠
.
⎛ ω⎞
⎜1 + j ⎟
⎝ 20 ⎠

Next, we find the network function corresponding to the

circuit. Represent the circuit in the frequency domain. Apply
KCL at the inverting input node of the op amp to get

Vo − Vs
+ j ω C 1 ( V o − Vs ) +
Vs
=0
R1 R2
or
(R 1 + R 2 + j ω C 1 R1 R 2 ) Vs = ( R 2 + j ω C 1 R1 R 2 ) V o
so
R1 R 2
1 + j ω C1
Vo R1 + R 2 + j ω C 1 R1 R 2 R1 + R 2 R1 + R 2
H= = = ×
Vs R 2 + j ω C 1 R1 R 2 R2 1 + j ω C 1 R1

a. Comparing to the specified network function gives

R1 R 2
1 + j ω C1 ω
R1 + R 2 R1 + R 2 1+ j
× =K 500
R2 1 + j ω C 1 R1 ω
1+ j
20

13-25
We require
1 R1 R 2 1
C 1 R1 = = .05 and C = = 0.002
20 R1 + R 2 500
Notice that
1
R1 + R 2 C 1 R1
K= × = 20 = 25
R2 R1 R 2 1
C1
R1 + R 2 500

The solution is not unique. For example, choosing C = 1 μF

R1 = 50 kΩ and R2 = 2.083 kΩ
b. The network function is
⎛ ω ⎞
⎜1 + j ⎟
H (ω ) = 25 ⎝
500 ⎠
⎛ ω⎞
⎜1 + j ⎟
⎝ 20 ⎠
so
⎛ 20 ⎞
K 1 = 20 log10 ( 25 ) = 28 dB and K 2 = 20 log10 ⎜ 25 × ⎟ = 0 dB
⎝ 500 ⎠

(checked using LNAP 10/1/04)

P13.3-27
From Figure P13.3-27b, H (ω ) has a pole at 250 rad/s and a low frequency gain equal to
−12 dB = 0.25. Consequently, the network function corresponding to the Bode plot is

±0.25
H (ω ) = .
ω
1+ j
250

Next, we find the network function

corresponding to the circuit. Represent the circuit
in the frequency domain. Apply KVL to the left
mesh to get

Vs
Vs = R1 I a + R I a ⇒ Ia =
R1 + R

13-26
Voltage division gives
1 R
jω C R R1 + R
Vo = RIa = Ia = Vs
R2 +
1 1 + j ω C R 2 1 + j ω C R 2
jω C

The network function of the circuit is

R
Vo R1 + R
H= =
Vs 1 + j ω C R2

Comparing to the specified network function gives

R
R1 + R ±25
=
1 + j ω C R2 ω
1+ j
250

The solution is not unique. We require

R 1 1
= and C R 2 = = 0.004
R1 + R 4 250

Choosing R = 100 Ω and C = 10 μF we have R1 = 300 Ω and R2 = 400 Ω

(checked using LNAP 10/2/04)

13-27
P13.3-28
From Figure P13.3-28b, H (ω ) has a pole at 200 rad/s and a low frequency gain equal to
−6 dB = 0. 5. Consequently, the network function corresponding to the Bode plot is

±0.5
H (ω ) = .
ω
1+ j
200

Next, we find the network function

corresponding to the circuit. Represent the
circuit in the frequency domain. Apply KCL
at the top node of R1 to get

Va R1
Is = + G Va ⇒ Va = Is
R1 1 + G R1

Current division gives

1
jω C G G ⎛ R1 ⎞
Io = G Va = Va = ⎜⎜ Is ⎟
1
+ R2 1+ j ω C R2 1 + j ω C R 2 ⎝ 1 + G R1 ⎟⎠
jω C

The network function of the circuit is

G R1
Io 1 + G R1
H= =
Is 1+ j ω C R2

Comparing this network function to the specified network function gives

G R1 1
= 0.5 and C R 2 =
1 + G R1 200

The solution is not unique. Choosing G = 0.01 A/V and C = 10 μF gives R1 = 100 Ω and
R2 = 500 Ω
(checked using LNAP 10/2/04)

13-28
P13.3-29

⎛ R ⎞
Vo (ω ) = ⎜1+ 1 ⎟ Vc (ω )
⎝ R2 ⎠
⎛ R ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞
= ⎜1+ 1 ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ Vs (ω )
⎝ R2 ⎠ ⎝ 1 + jω C R ⎠
Vo (ω ) ⎛ R1 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞
H(ω ) = =⎜1+ ⎟⎜ ⎟
Vs (ω ) ⎝ R2 ⎠⎝ 1+ jω C R ⎠

R1
When R C = 0.1 and = 3,
R2
4
then H (ω ) =
ω
1+j
10

P13.3-30

a) 1
Zo = R2 +
jω C
1 ω
R2 + 1+ j
Vo Zo jω C ω1
= = =
Vs R1 + Z o 1 ω
R1 + R2 + 1+j
jω C ω2
1
where ω1 = = 16.7 rad/s
R2 C
1
and ω 2 = = 5.56 rad/s
( R1 + R2 )C

13-29
 vs ( t ) = 10 cos 20 t or Vs = 10∠0°

∴
Vo
=
(
1+ j 20
16.7 )
Vs (
1+ j 20
5.56 )
1+ j 1.20
= = 0.417 ∠− 24.3°
1+ j 3.60
b) So

Vo = 4.17 ∠ − 24.3°

vo (t ) = 4.17 cos(20t − 24.3°) V

P13.3-31

13-30
Section 13-4: Resonant Circuits

P13.4-1
For the parallel resonant RLC circuit with R = 10 kΩ, L = 1/120 H, and C = 1/30 µF we have

1 1
ω0 = = = 60 k rad sec
LC ⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 1 −6 ⎞
⎜ ⎟⎜ x 10 ⎟
⎝ 120 ⎠ ⎝ 30 ⎠

1
× 10−6
C 30
Q= R = 10, 000 = 20
L 1
120
2 2
ω0 ⎛ω ⎞ ω ⎛ω ⎞
ω1 = − + ⎜ 0 ⎟ +ω 0 = 58.52 k rad s and ω 2 = 0 + ⎜ 0 ⎟ +ω 0 = 61.52 k rad s
2 2

2Q ⎝ 2Q ⎠ 2Q ⎝ 2Q ⎠
1 1
BW = = = 3 krad s
⎛ 1 −6 ⎞
RC
(10000 )⎜ ×10 ⎟
⎝ 30 ⎠
ω0
Notice that BW = ω 2 − ω1 = .
Q

P13.4-2
For the parallel resonant RLC circuit we have
k
H(ω ) =
2
⎛ω ω ⎞
1+ Q ⎜ − 0 ⎟
2

⎝ ω0 ω ⎠
so
8
R = k = H(ω0 ) = = 400 Ω and ω0 = 1000 rad s
20⋅10−3
4
At ω = 897.6 rad s , H(ω ) = = 200, so
20.10−3
400
200 = ⇒ Q=8
2
2 ⎛ 897.6 1000 ⎞
1+Q ⎜ − ⎟
⎝ 1000 897.6 ⎠
Then

13-1
 1 ⎫
= ω0 = 1000⎪
LC ⎪ C = 20 μ F
⎬ ⇒ L = 50 mH
=Q=8 ⎪
C
400
L ⎪⎭

P13.4-3
For the series resonant RLC circuit with R = 100 Ω, L = 10 mH, and C = 0.01 µF we have
1 1 L R
ω0 = = 105 rad s , Q = = 10, BW = = 104 rad s
LC R C L

P13.4-4
For the series resonant RLC circuit with R = 1 Ω, L = 1 mH, and C = 10 µF we have

1 1 L R
ω0 = = 104 rad s , Q = = 10, BW = = 103 rad s
LC R C L

P13.4-5
For the parallel resonant RLC circuit we have

R = Z (ω 0 ) = 100 Ω
1
= BW = 500 rad/s ⇒ C = 20 μ F
100 C
1
= ω0 = 2500 rad/s ⇒ L = 8 mH
( 20⋅10−6 ) L

P13.4-6
For the series resonant RLC circuit we have
1
R= = 100 Ω
Y (ω 0 )
100
= BW = 500 rad/s ⇒ L = 0.2 H
L
1
= ω 0 = 2500 rad/s ⇒ C = 0.8 μ F
( 0.2 )C

13-2
P13.4-7

C = 600 pF

L = 10 µH

R1 = 1.8 Ω

R 2 = 22 kΩ

1 1
Y (ω ) = jω C + +
R1 + jω L R 2

=
(R +R
1 2 −ω 2C L R 2 ) + jω ( L + C R1 R 2 ) R1 − jω L
×
R 2 ( R1 + jω L ) R1 − jω L

R1 ( R1 + R 2 −ω 2C L R 2 )+ω 2 L( L +C R1 R 2 )+ jω R1 ( L +C R1 R 2 ) − jω L( R1 + R 2 −ω 2C L R 2 )
=
R 2 ( R1 −ω 2 L2 )

ω = ω 0 is the frequency at which the imaginary part of Y (ω ) is zero :

L R 2 −C R12 R 2
R1 ( L + C R1 R 2 ) − L ( R1 + R 2 −ω C L R 2 ) = 0
2
0 ⇒ ω0 = = 12.9 M rad sec
C L2 R 2

13-3
P13.4-8

(a) Using voltage division yields

(100 )( − j100 )
(
Vo = 1000∠0° ) (100)(100− j−100j100) + j100
100 − j100
100 105
∠− 45° ∠− 45°
(
= 1000∠0°
100 )2
∠− 45°+ j100
=
50
2
2 ∠ 45°
= 1000∠ − 90° V

∴ |Vo | = 1000 V

(b) Do a source transformation to obtain

This is a resonant circuit with ω 0 = 1 LC = 400 rad/s. Since this also happens to be the

frequency of the input, so this circuit is being operated at resonance. At resonance the
admittances of the capacitor and inductor cancel each other, leaving the impedance of the
resistor. Increasing the resistance by a factor of 10 will increase the voltage Vo by a factor of 10.
This increased voltage will cause increased currents in both the inductance and the capacitance,
causing the sparks and smoke.

13-4
P13.4-9
1
Let G 2 = . Then
R2
1
Z = R1 + jω L +
G 2 + jω C

=
(R G1 2 + 1 − ω 2 L C ) + j (ω LG 2 + ω C R1 )
G 2 + jω C
At resonance, ∠Z = 0° so

ω L G2 +ω C R1 ωC
tan −1 = tan −1
( R1G 2 +1−ω L C )
2
G2
so
ω L G 2 +ω C R1 ωC C − L G 22
= ⇒ ω =
2
and C > G 22 L
( R1 G 2 +1−ω 2 L C ) G 2 LC2

C−L
With R1 = R 2 = 1 Ω and ω0 = 100 rad s , ω0 = 104 =
2
. Then choose C and calculate L:
L C2
C = 10 mF ⇒ L = 5 mH
Since C > G L , we are done.
2
2

13-5
P13.4-10
(a)
R
Z in = jω L +
jω C
=
( R −ω 2 R L C ) + jω L

R+
1 1+ jω R C
jω C
Consequently,
( R −ω R L C ) +(ω L )
2 2 2

| Z in | =
1+ (ω R C )
2

(b) (c)

1 1
ω= ⇒ | Zin | =
LC C ⎛ R2 C ⎞
⎜1 + ⎟
L ⎝ L ⎠

P13.4-11

Let V (ω ) = A∠0 and V2 (ω ) = B∠θ . Then

V (ω ) − V2 (ω )
I (ω ) A − B∠θ A − B cos θ − j B sin θ
Y (ω ) = = R = =
V (ω ) V (ω ) AR AR

( A − B cosθ ) + ( B sin θ )
2 2

| Y (ω ) | =
AR

13-6
Section 13-6: Plotting Bode Plots Using MATLAB

P13.6-1
Using voltage division twice gives
1
jω C jω L
V o (ω ) = V s (ω ) − V s (ω )
R2 +
1 R1 + j ω L
jω C
so
V o (ω ) 1 jω L
H (ω ) = = −
Vs (ω ) 1 + j ω C R 2 R1 + j ω L

Modify the MATLAB script given in Section 13.7 of the text:

% P13_7_1.m - plot the gain and phase shift of a circuit

%---------------------------------------------------------------
% Create a list of logarithmically spaced frequencies.
%---------------------------------------------------------------

wmin=1; % starting frequency, rad/s

wmax=1000; % ending frequency, rad/s

w = logspace(log10(wmin),log10(wmax));

%---------------------------------------------------------------
% Enter values of the parameters that describe the circuit.
%---------------------------------------------------------------

R1 = 10; % Ohms
R2 = 20; % Ohms
C = 0.001; % Farads
L = 0.5; % Henries

%---------------------------------------------------------------
% Calculate the value of the network function at each frequency.
% Calculate the magnitude and angle of the network function.
%---------------------------------------------------------------

for k=1:length(w)
H(k) = 1/(1+j*R2*C*w(k)) - j*L*w(k)/(R1+j*L*w(k));
gain(k) = abs(H(k));
phase(k) = angle(H(k))*180/pi;
end

%---------------------------------------------------------------
% Plot the frequency response.
%---------------------------------------------------------------

subplot(2,1,1), semilogx(w, gain)

xlabel('Frequency, rad/s'), ylabel('Gain, V/V')

1
title('Frequency Response Plots')
subplot(2,1,2), semilogx(w, phase)
xlabel('Frequency, rad/s'), ylabel('Phase, deg')

Here are the plots produced by MATLAB:

P13.6-2

Let
1 R1 Z s
Z s = R2 + and Z p =
jω C R1 + Z s

Using voltage division twice gives

1
Zp jω C
V a (ω ) = Vs (ω ) and Vo (ω ) = V a (ω )
jω L + Z p R2 +
1
jω C
so

2
 V o (ω ) Zp
H (ω ) = =
V s (ω ) ( j ω L + Z ) (1 + j ω C R )
p 2

Modify the MATLAB script given in Section 13.7 of the text:

% P13_7_2.m - plot the gain and phase shift of a circuit

pi = 3.14159;
%---------------------------------------------------------------
% Create a list of logarithmically spaced frequencies.
%---------------------------------------------------------------

wmin=1; % starting frequency, rad/s

wmax=1000; % ending frequency, rad/s

w = logspace(log10(wmin),log10(wmax));

%---------------------------------------------------------------
% Enter values of the parameters that describe the circuit.
%---------------------------------------------------------------

R1 = 10; % Ohms
R2 = 20; % Ohms
C = 0.001; % Farads
L = 0.5; % Henries

%---------------------------------------------------------------
% Calculate the value of the network function at each frequency.
% Calculate the magnitude and angle of the network function.
%---------------------------------------------------------------

for k=1:length(w)
Zs(k) = R2+1/(j*w(k)*C);
Zp(k) = R1*Zs(k)/(R1+Zs(k));
H(k) = Zp(k)/((j*w(k)*L+Zp(k))*(1+j*w(k)*C*R2));
gain(k) = abs(H(k));
phase(k) = angle(H(k))*180/pi;
end

%---------------------------------------------------------------
% Plot the frequency response.
%---------------------------------------------------------------

subplot(2,1,1), semilogx(w, gain)

xlabel('Frequency, rad/s'), ylabel('Gain, V/V')
title('Frequency Response Plots')
subplot(2,1,2), semilogx(w, phase)
xlabel('Frequency, rad/s'), ylabel('Phase, deg')

Here are the plots produced by MATLAB:

3
P13.6-3

Let
R1
Z1 = R2 + and Z 2 = R 3 + j ω L
j ω C R1

Using voltage division gives

Z2 V o (ω ) Z2
V a (ω ) = V s (ω ) ⇒ H (ω ) = =
Z1 + Z 2 V s (ω ) Z1 + Z 2

Modify the MATLAB script given in Section 13.7 of the text:

4
% P13_7_3.m - plot the gain and phase shift of a circuit
pi = 3.14159;
%---------------------------------------------------------------
% Create a list of logarithmically spaced frequencies.
%---------------------------------------------------------------

wmin=1; % starting frequency, rad/s

wmax=1000; % ending frequency, rad/s

w = logspace(log10(wmin),log10(wmax));

%---------------------------------------------------------------
% Enter values of the parameters that describe the circuit.
%---------------------------------------------------------------

R1 = 40; % Ohms
R2 = 20; % Ohms
R3 = 25; % Ohms
C = 0.025; % Farads
L = 0.2; % Henries

%---------------------------------------------------------------
% Calculate the value of the network function at each frequency.
% Calculate the magnitude and angle of the network function.
%---------------------------------------------------------------

for k=1:length(w)
Z1(k) = R2+R1/(j*w(k)*C*R1);
Z2(k) = R3+j*w(k)*L;
H(k) = Z2(k)/(Z1(k)+Z2(k));
gain(k) = abs(H(k));
phase(k) = angle(H(k))*180/pi;
end

%---------------------------------------------------------------
% Plot the frequency response.
%---------------------------------------------------------------

subplot(2,1,1), semilogx(w, gain)

xlabel('Frequency, rad/s'), ylabel('Gain, V/V')
title('Frequency Response Plots')
subplot(2,1,2), semilogx(w, phase)
xlabel('Frequency, rad/s'), ylabel('Phase, deg')

Here are the plots produced by MATLAB:

5
6
7
Section 13.7 How Can We Check…?

P13.7-1
When ω < 6300 rad/s, H(ω) ≅ 0.1, which agrees with the tabulated values of | H(ω)|
corresponding to ω = 200 and 400 rad/s.

When ω > 6300 rad/s, H(ω) ≅ 0.1, which agrees with the tabulated values of | H(ω)|
corresponding to ω = 12600, 25000, 50000 and 100000 rad/s.

At ω = 6300 rad/s, we expect | H(ω)| = −3 dB = 0.707. This agrees with the tabulated value of |
H(ω)| corresponding to ω = 6310 rad/s.

At ω = 630 rad/s, we expect | H(ω)| = −20 dB = 0.14. This agrees with the tabulated values of |
H(ω)| corresponding to ω = 400 and 795 rad/s.

This data does seem reasonable.

P13.7-2
ω0 10,000
BW = = = 143 ≠ 71.4 rad s . Consequently, this report is not correct.
Q 70

P13.7-3
1 1 L R
ω0 = = 10 k rad s = 1.59 kHz, Q = = 20 and BW = = 500 rad s = 79.6 Hz
LC R C L
The reported results are correct.

P13.7-4
The network function indicates a zero at 200 rad/s and a pole at 800 rad/s. In contrast, the Bode
plot indicates a pole at 200 rad/s and a zero at 800 rad/s. Consequently, the Bode plot and
network function don’t correspond to each other.