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Function of managements?
1. Management applies to any kind of organization.
2. It applies to managers at all organizational level.
3. Managers carry out the managerial function of planning, organization, staffing,
leading and controlling.
4. The aim of all managers is the same to create a surplus.
5. Managing is concerned with productivity; this implies effectiveness and efficiency.
Managerial skill.
1. Technical Skills.
2. Human Skills.
3. Conceptual Skill.
4. Design Skill.
Technical Skills
Knowledge and proficiency in avidities involving method, process and procedures for
Example, mechanics work with tools and their supervisors should have the ability to show
them how to work these tools.
Human Skills
Ability to work with people it is the create of an environment in which people create of an
environment in which people feel secure and free to express their opinion.
Conceptual Skills
Ability to see the big picture to recognize significant element in a situation and to
understand the relationship among the elements.
Design Skills
Ability to solve problem in ways that will benefit the enterprise managers are not merely
problem watchers they work out practical solution to their problems.
Taylors Principles.
A careful study of time and motion under lines his famous work. Principles of scientific
Management: various pay plans based on out put were used to increase the surplus to
make sure that workers who produced were paid according to their productivity. Taylor
emphasized the importance of careful advance planning by managers and the
responsibility of managers to design work system so that workers would be helped to do
their best.
Henry L.Gantt
1. Was a Mechanical Engineer?
2. Like Taylor he emphasized the need for developing mutuality of interests between
Management and labor and develop a harmonious cooperation; he developed
graphic method of describing plant and improving managerial control the famous
Gantt chart.
Frank and Lillian GillBreth.
1. Frank was a bricklayer became the chief superident of a building contractor and the
formed his own building contracting firm.
2. He reduced the number of bricklaying motions from 18 to 5 and doubled a
bricklayers productivity. He became a famous consultant of improvement of human
productivity.
3. Lillian was an industrial psychologist and great helped frank in his consultancy.
After her husbands death, she carried on his consultancy business till her own death
at the age of 93.
Fayal focused his Analysis on the 6th groups and formulated 14th Principles.
1. Division of work.
2. Authority and responsibility.
3. Discipline.
4. Unity of command.
5. Unity of direction.
6. Subordination of undivided to general interest.
7. Remuneration.
8. Centralization.
9. Sector Chain.
10. Order-a place for everything and everything in its place.
11. Equity.
12. Stability of tenure.
13. Initiative.
14. Espirit do corps In union there is strength
Hawthorne Effect
Elton Mayo and his researchers saw that shortening workdays. Modifying rest periods
changing illuminations for the test group and varying incentive pay system did not explain
changes in productivity. They found that improvement in productivity was due to such
social factors as morale satisfactory interrelationships between members of a work group
(A sense of belonging) and effective management that understands human behavior and
uses interpersonal skills as motivating, counseling, Leading and communicating. This
phenomenon of noticing people is called the hawthorn