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Production Engineering for All

Analisis Nodal - Introduction to Inflow and Outflow


Performance

Copyright 2007, , All rights reserved


NODAL ANALYSIS CONCEPT

Q Q
INFLOW NODE OUTFLOW

Pu UPSTREAM
Pn DOWNSTREAM
Pd
COMPONENTS COMPONENTS

Pu Pd

P = f (Q)

Pnode = Pu Pupstream components (1) = f1(Q)

Pnode = Pd + Pdownstream components (2) = f2(Q)

Copyright 2007, , All rights reserved 2


GRAPHICAL SOLUTION OF THE PROBLEM

(2) Outflow from node


NODE PRESSURE, Pnode

NODE PRESSURE

(1) Inflow to node

SYSTEM FLOW CAPACITY

FLOW RATE, Q

Copyright 2007, , All rights reserved 3


EXERCISE # 1
ILUSTRATION OF NODAL ANALYSIS CONCEPT
P1= 200 psi P3= 60 psi
Pnode
P1 P2

WATER
WATER
SOURCE
SINK
2000 feet, = 3 1000 feet, =2

Calculate:

1) Actual capacity of the system in BPD.


2) Capacity of the system when the diameter of the 2 pipe is increased to 3.

Select the node at the point where the pipe diameter is reduced from 3 to 2.
Assume flow rates of 2500, 3000 y 3500, 5000, 5500, 6000 BPD.

Use the following equation to calculate the pressure drop in a pipe

L Q2
P = 3.8 x 10 - 7 x ;
D5

where, P is the pressure drop in psi, L is the pipe length in feet, D is the pipe
diameter in inches and Q the flow rate in BPD.
Copyright 2007, , All rights reserved 4
GRAPHICAL SOLUTION OF THE PROBLEM

(2) Outflow performance


2
(1) Pnode = P1-P1
NODE PRESSURE, Pnode

Pnode

(2) Pnode = P3+P2

Inflow
(1) performance

Actual system flow capacity

FLOW RATE, Q

P1= 200 PSI P3= 60 PSI


Pnode
P1 P2
WATER
WATER SINK
SOURCE
2000 feet, = 3 1000 feet, =2
Copyright 2007, , All rights reserved 5
GRAPHICAL SOLUTION OF THE PROBLEM

(2) Outflow performance


2
(1) Pnode = P1-P1
NODE PRESSURE, Pnode

Pnode

3 (2) Pnode = P3+P2

Inflow
(1) performance

Actual system flow capacity

FLOW RATE, Q new system flow capacity


SOL

P1= 200 PSI P3= 60 PSI


Pnode
P1 P2
WATER
WATER SINK
SOURCE
2000 feet, = 3 1000 feet, =2
Copyright 2007, , All rights reserved 6
Why Nodal?

Pwh
Psep

Fluid flows from the reservoir to the stock tank because of the pressure
gradients within the system. The total pressure drop from the reservoir to the
separator is the sum of the individual pressure drops through four different
segments: in the reservoir, across the completion, up the wellbore, and
through the flowline.
But we do not know the flow rate - that is what we are trying to find. How do
we calculate the flow rate, knowing the reservoir and separator
pressures? This is the central question of Nodal Analysis.
Given the reservoir pressure and the separator pressure, along with the
physical properties of each segment, what is the flow rate at which the well will
produce?

Reservoir
As many nodes as you want
The observer can be placed at any node
Pwfs Normally, the well is observed from bottom
Pr
Pwf hole, Pwf

Copyright 2007, , All rights reserved 7


Pressure Losses in Well System

P4 = (Pwh - Psep)
Gas
Sales line
Pwh Psep Liquid
Stock tank

P1 = Pr - Pwfs = Loss in reservoir


P3 = Pwf - Pwh P2 = Pwfs - Pwf = Loss across completion
P3 = Pwf - Pwh = Loss in tubing
P4 = Pwh - Psep = Loss in flowline
PT = Pr - Psep = Total pressure loss

Pwf Pwfs Pr Pe

P1 = (Pr - Pwfs)
P2 = (Pwfs - Pwf)
Copyright 2007, , All rights reserved Adapted from Mach et al, SPE 8025, 1979. 8
Nodal Analysis

How do we determine the right flow rate? We know the separator pressure
and the average reservoir pressure.
We start in the reservoir at the average reservoir pressure, Pr, and assume a
flow rate. This lets us calculate the pressure just beyond the completion, Pwfs.
We can then calculate the pressure drop across the completion, and the
bottomhole pressure Pwf. This pressure is valid only for the assumed flow
rate.
Or, we may start at the separator at Psep, and calculate the pressure drop in
the flowline to find the wellhead pressure, Pwh. Then we can calculate the
bottomhole pressure Pwf. Again, this pressure is valid only for the assumed
flow rate.
The two calculated bottomhole pressures will probably not be the same. If not,
then the assumed rate is wrong.
Nodal analysis refers to the fact that we have to choose a point or node in
the system at which we evaluate the pressure - in this case, the bottom of the
wellbore.
Copyright 2007,
This point is referred to as the solution point or solution node.
, All rights reserved 9
Well Outflow Performance

Copyright 2007, , All rights reserved


RESERVOIR INFLOW PERFORMANCE
Psep

P flowline Pwf
GAS

Pwh Flowline
OIL
+WATER

Q
Separator

Tubing

Ptubing Pres = f(Q)


Reservoir
INFLOW
Pwf
Pr, IPR, K

NODE, All(Pwf) Pres Q


Copyright 2007,
rights reserved 11
Types of Outflow Systems

Single / multiple
selective / non-selective
flowing / lifted
gas-lifted
pumped
beam pump
ESP
PCP
Jet Pump
Hydraulic Pump

Copyright 2007, , All rights reserved 12


WELLBORE FLOW PERFORMANCE (OUTFLOW)
Psep

P flowline Pwf
GAS

Pwh Flowline
OIL
+WATER

Q
Separator

Tubing

Ptubing
Ptbg = f(Q)
Reservoir
OUTFLOW
Pwf
Pr, IPR, K

NODE, All(Pwf) Pres Q


Copyright 2007,
rights reserved 13
SINGLE PHASE FLOW
BASIC CONCEPTS
FLUID VELOCITY

Is the flow rate (q) divided by the pipe cross sectional area (A)
through which the fluid flows at the pressure and temperature
conditions of the pipe element

v
q A
P,T

v=q/A

Copyright 2007, , All rights reserved 14


FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FLOW IN PIPES

FLOW GEOMETRY

P/Z

GENERAL ENERGY EQUATION


P P P P
( )T=( ) acceleration + ( ) elevation + ( ) friction
L L L L

Copyright 2007, , All rights reserved 15


FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FLOW IN PIPES

P
( )elevation =
L 144

P v 2

( )friction = f
L 2gd

P ( v 2)
( )acc =
L 2g L

Copyright 2007, , All rights reserved 16


FRICTION LOSSES CALCULATION
(single phase flow)
P v2
( )f = f
L 2gd
where f, is the friction factor which is a function of the pipe roughness ()
and theReynolds Number (NRe), which is calculated fromthe following
equation:

dv
NRe =

is the viscosity in lbm/ft-sec
1cps= 0.00067197 lbm/ft-sec

Copyright 2007, , All rights reserved 17


Friction Factor Calculation (single phase flow)

Depends on the flow regime:

64
For laminar flow NRe < 2000 f=
NRe

2.51
For turbulent flow NRe > 2000. 1/ f = - 2 log ( + )
3.71d NRe f

The latest equation requires a trial and error process to calculate f

An intial value to start the iterative process can be obtained from the following equation:

f = 0.0056 + 0.5 NRe - 0.32

Copyright 2007, , All rights reserved 18


Moody Diagram for Friction Factor Calculation

Copyright 2007, , All rights reserved 19


EXERCISE 10
SINGLE PHASE FLOW

Calculate the friction pressure drop in a section of horizontal pipeline of


3000 ft length and 3.937 inches internal diameter, where 5000 STB/D of 0.9 sp. gr.
oil with a viscosity of 5 cps oil are flowing. The absolute pipe wall roughness
is 0.006 ft.

q A
v

1cps= 0.00067197 lbm/ft-sec


1 Bbl=5,615 Ft3
1 day=86400 sec
v=q/A

dv
NRe =
P v2

f from Moody ( )f = f
L 2gd
/D

sol

Copyright 2007, , All rights reserved 20


Oil Reservoir Phase Envelop

Single Phase Region Single Phase Region


(Liquid) (Gas)
Pres
% Liquid
L ine C
o int Pb
e P
l
ubb ion
B g
Re
e
as
Pressure

100 h

e
P

Lin
75 o
Tw

int
Po
50 Psep
25

w
20

De
15
10
5
0
Gas
Temperature
Copyright 2007, , All rights reserved 21
MULTIPHASE FLOW

PRESSURE GRADIENT EQUATION FOR TWO-PHASE FLOW:

P P P P
( )T=( ) acceleration + ( ) elevation + ( ) friction
L L L L

P m
( )elevation =
L 144

P m v m 2
( )friction = f
L 2gd

P m ( vm 2)
( )acc =
L 2g L

Copyright 2007, , All rights reserved 22


GRAVITY
TERM

P m
( )elevation =
L 144

Correcting weight of fluid


Dominant term
Single phase simple
Multiphase complex

Copyright 2007, , All rights reserved 23


FRICTION
TERM

P m v m 2
( )friction = f
L 2gd

Increases with rate


Proportional to velocity
Proportional to relative roughness
Laminar vs turbulent flow
Effect of viscosity
Effect of mixture density
Sensitive to gas volumes

Copyright 2007, , All rights reserved 24


ACCELERATION
TERM

P m ( vm 2)
( )acc =
L 2g L

Expansion of fluid as pressure decreases


Smallest term
Often ignored
Need to account in high rate

Copyright 2007, , All rights reserved 25


BASIC CONCEPTS

Mixture Velocity, V (Two-phase flow)

qg v
A
qL

Pipe element with liquid and gas travelling at the same velocity, V

v = (qL+qg) / A

Copyright 2007, , All rights reserved 26


No-Slip Liquid Holdup (Input Liquid Content),

Ag
L

qg v
Ap
qL
P,T

AL
RATIO OF THE VOLUME OF LIQUID IN A PIPE ELEMENT THAT WOULD EXIST
IF THE GAS AND THE LIQUID TRAVELED AT THE SAME VELOCITY (NO SLIPPAGE)
DIVIDED BY THE VOLUME OF THE PIPE ELEMENT.

= AL /AP = qL / (qL + qg)

Copyright 2007, , All rights reserved 27


No-Slip Liquid Holdup (Input Liquid Content),

Ag
L

qg v
Ap
qL
P,T
AL
RATIO OF THE VOLUME OF LIQUID IN A PIPE ELEMENT THAT WOULD EXIST
IF THE GAS AND THE LIQUID TRAVELED AT THE SAME VELOCITY (NO SLIPPAGE)
DIVIDED BY THE VOLUME OF THE PIPE ELEMENT.

= AL /AP = qL / (qL + qg)


However, the gas velocity is higher than the liquid velocity and as a consequence the volume
of liquid in the pipe element increases.

This phenomenon is known as slippage between phases , and the volumen fraction occuppied
by the liquid in the pipe element under this conditions is known asHold-Up Factor (HL), and is
dependent on flow pattern, gas and liquid properties, pipe diameter and pipe inclination.

Copyright 2007, , All rights reserved 28


Superficial Gas Velocity, VSG

Ag
L

qg v
Ap
qL
AL
Pipe element with liquid and gas travelling at the same velocity, V

vSG = qg / Ap
Is the velocity that the gas phase would exhibit if it flowed through the total cross
sectional area of the pipe alone.

Copyright 2007, , All rights reserved 29


Superficial Liquid Velocity, VSL

Ag
L

qg v
Ap
qL
AL
Pipe element with liquid and gas travelling at the same velocity, V

vSL = qL / Ap
Is the velocity that the liquid phase would exhibit if it flowed through the total cross
sectional area of the pipe alone.

Vm= Vsl + Vsg


Copyright 2007, , All rights reserved 30
Vertical Flow Parameters

Temperature Pressure

slug
flow

chum
flow
Depth
bubble Approximate
flow linear
temperature
profile
Single-
phase
oil
p > pBP
oil

Copyright 2007, , All rights reserved 31


Two-Phase Vertical Flow

Analysis and Calculations are Complex


1 Flow regime (gas distribution)
Mist Flow 2 Proportion gas vs liquid changes

Annular 3 Gas tends to rise faster than liquid


Decreasing Pressure

(slippage)
Flow
Factors affecting Pvert.
1 Mass flow rate:
Churn Flow Oil Rate
Gas Rate (GLR)
Water Rate (CUT)
Plug OR 2 Physical properties PVT
Viscosity
Slug Flow Surface tension
3 Conduit Configuration Size
Bubble Flow Roughness
Concentric?
Single Phase 4 Pressure
Liquid Flow
Copyright 2007, , All rights reserved
5 Temperature 32
Vertical Flow Paterns

BUBBLY SLUG CHURN ANNULAR


Copyright 2007,FLOW
, All rights reserved FLOW FLOW FLOW 33
Horizontal Flow Paterns

Annular
Dispersed

Stratified
Wavy

Slug (Intermitent)

Dispersed
Bubble

Copyright 2007, , All rights reserved 34


2-Phase Gas-Liq) Flow Regimes

Flow regime or Flow Pattern : is a qualitative description of


the phase distribution in a pipe.
4 regimes are generally agreed upon:
1. BUBBLE FLOW: dispersed bubbles of gas in a continuous
liquid phase

2. SLUG FLOW: at higher rates, the bubbles coalesce into


larger bubbles, which eventually fill up the entire pipe section.
Between the large gas bubbles are slugs of liquid that contain
smaller bubbles of gas entrained in the liquid.

Copyright 2007, , All rights reserved 35


2-Phase Gas-Liq) Flow Regimes

3. CHURN FLOW: with further increase in gas rate, the larger


gas bubbles become unstable and collapse, resulting in a
highly turbulent pattern. Both phases are dispersed. Churn
flow is characterized by oscillatory up-and-down motions of
liquid.

4. ANNULAR FLOW: at higher rates, gas becomes the


continuous phase, with liquid flowing in an annulus coating
the surface of the pipe and with liquid droplets entrained in
the gas phase.

Copyright 2007, , All rights reserved 36


Flow Regime (Ros)
100
FN

AN
B
U

*
UG

TR
B
N
10

MI N
RN
R

ST
SL

R
RN
U E N
SL BL ITIO
FROTH FLOW
G /
U S

*
B AN

UG
B
TR

BUBBLE FLOW

SL

MIS N
T
O
RN
1

SLU NSITI
0.5

G/
TRA
SLUG FLOW
0.2
PLUG FLOW
HEADING As , Increases, heading
0.1
regime may range up to MIST FLOW
0.05

0.02
0.01
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.7 1 2 3 5 7 10 100 1000
RN = Dimensionless Gas Velocity Number RN
FN = , Dimensionless
Copyright 2007, All rights reserved Liquid Velocity Number 37
CORRELATIONS
Babson (1934)
Gilbert (1939 / 1952)
Poettmann & Carpenter (1952)
Duns & Ros
Hagedorn & Brown
Orkiszewski
Aziz, Govier and Fogarasi
Chierici et al
Fancher & Brown
Beggs &Brill
Duckler Flannigan
Gray
H.MONA, Asheim
Hasan and Kabir

Copyright 2007, , All rights reserved 38


PROCEDURE FOR PRESSURE TRAVERSE CALCULATION
(incrementing pressure drop)

1. Starting with the known pressure value, P1, at location L1, select a length
increment L.
2. Estimate a pressure drop, P, corresponding to the length increment, L. P2
3. Calculate the average pressure and temperature in the selected pipe
element.
L2
4. Calculate the the fluids PVT properties at the average conditions of P and T.
5. Calculate fluids densities and flow rates at the average conditions.
6. Calculate the input liquid content, and the superficial velocities vsl and
vsg.
7. Determine the flow regime pattern.
8. Calculate the hold-up factor, HL, corresponding to the stablished flow
regime pattern. L P
9. Calculate the mixture properties for the calculated hold-up factor.
10. Calculate the two-phase friction factor.
11. Calculate the total pressure gradient in the increment of pipe at the average
conditions of P and T.
12. Calculate the pressure drop corresponding to the selected length increment.
13. Compare the estimated and calculated pressure drop. If they are not
sufficiently close, estimate a new pressure drop an repeat the procedure

14.
from steps 3 through 13.
Repeat steps 3 through 13 until the estimated and calculated values are L1
15.
sufficiently close.
Calculate a new position L2 = L1 + L and the corresponding pressure P2 =
P1
P1 + P.
16. Repeat steps 1 through 15 until the total pipe length is completely covered.
Copyright 2007, , All rights reserved 39
Outflow Calculation (node at the bottomhole)

Pwh Pressure Pwf1 Q Q1 Q2 Q3


Depth Equv.
. To Pwh

Pwf Pwf1 Pwf2 Pwf3


Pwf2

Pwf3
Tubing Depth

Q1
Q2
Outflow
Q3

Pwf
Pwf1
Pwf3
Pwf2

q1 q2 q3 Q

Copyright 2007, , All rights reserved 40


Well Performance Software

The most noteworthy well performance programs on the market


today are:
Prosper (Petroleum Experts)
WellFlo (Edinburgh Petroleum Services)
Perform (Dwights / IHS Energy Services)
PipeSim (Schlumberger)
WEM (P.E. Mosely & Associates)
In addition to these programs, numerous other well performance
programs have been developed for commercial or private use.
Copyright 2007, , All rights reserved 41
EFFECT OF THE TUBING SIZE
(NODE SELECTED AT THE BOTTOMHOLE)

d1
Pr
BOTTOMHOLE FLOWING PRESSURE, Pwf

d2>d1

INFLOW
IPR

OUTFLOW

0
0
FLOWRATE, Q

Copyright 2007, , All rights reserved 42


FINDING OPTIMUM TUBING SIZE

FLOW RATE, Q

UNSTABLE REGION

DIAMETER FOR
MAXIMUM FLOW RATE

TUBING DIAMETER, d

Copyright 2007, , All rights reserved 43


Tubing Size in Depleting Reservoir

1
Pinitial
2 3/8
3 1/2
Tubing
Intake P5
Pressure
Pwf 4 1/2

P10 5

Q
Copyright 2007, , All rights reserved 44
Effect of Gas Injection Rate

0
400
50
300
100

150
P
200 IPR
250

Qmax

Copyright 2007, , All rights reserved 45


Gas Lift Performance Curve
Technical
SLOPE = 1.0 Optimum
Economic Limit
4
x
x
Kick-Off x
1 x
Lift-Gas Requirement x
2 Initial Oil Rate at Kick-off NET OIL PRODUCTION
x
OR REVENUE
3 Technical cut-off limit
4 Max. Oil Rate x

x
x Incremental
Lift-Gas Volume x
2
x

3
1 LIFT-GAS INJECTION RATE
Copyright 2007, , All rights reserved OR PRODUCTION COSTS 46
Inflow Performance Curve
3500
Inflow (Reservoir) Curve
3000 Pr
Performance of an ideal OH
Flowing bottomhole pressure, psi

well, no damage, no
2500 completion, no friction
losses from reservoir to
2000 wellhead

1500

1000

AOFP
500

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
Production rate, STB/D
Copyright 2007, , All rights reserved 47
Outflow Performance Curve
3500

3000
Outflow (Tubing) Curve
Flowing bottomhole pressure, psi

2500

2000

1500 Tubing Performance Curve

1000

500

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
Production rate, STB/D
Copyright 2007, , All rights reserved 48
System Graph
3500
Inflow (Reservoir) Curve
3000 Outflow (Tubing) Curve
Flowing bottomhole pressure, psi

2500
1957.1 psi

2000

1500

1000

500
2111 STB/D

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
Production rate, STB/D
Copyright 2007, , All rights reserved 49
System Graph Wellhead Node
1600
Inflow Curve
1400 Outflow Curve
Flowing wellhead pressure, psi

1200

1000

800
500 psi
600

400

200 2050 STB/D

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Production rate, STB/D
Copyright 2007, , All rights reserved 50
Nodal Analysis: Uses

Estimation of Reservoir Parameters


Skin
Permeability
Reservoir Pressure
Note : Non unique solutions unless only one unknown
Evaluation of Potential Stimulation Treatments
Primarily through reduction in skin
Parameter sensitivity studies are important

Copyright 2007, , All rights reserved 51


Nodal Analysis

Two Main Components


Inflow Performance Curve/Relationship (IPR)
Oil or Gas Flowrate vs Bottomhole Flowing Pressure
Ordinate Origin = Reservoir Pressure (P = 0 q = 0)
Abscissa Intercept = Absolute Open Flow Potential (P = Pr q = Max)
Outflow Curve (Tubing Intake)
Function of Hydrostatic, Friction & Acceleration Components
Curves Shifted by Wellhead Pressure & Artificial Lift

Intercept of Curves Gives FBHP (psi) & Flowrate

Copyright 2007, , All rights reserved 52


Nodal Analysis

Reservoir Pressure

Inflow Operating Point


Pressure at Node

Pressure PWF Outflow

Operating Flowrate

Flowrate (stb/d)

Copyright 2007, , All rights reserved 53


The Inflow Performance Relationship
Dependent On:
Fluid Properties
Oil
Viscosity, Gas oil Ratio, Bubble Point
Formation Volume Factor, Density
Gas
Viscosity, Z Factor, Compressibility
Density
Inflow Correlation Used e.g. Oil - Darcy, Vogel, Gas - Jones, Darcy
Well Geometry i.e. Vertical or Horizontal
Formation Properties
Reservoir Pressure
Permeability
Skin (Includes deviation, perforation, damage etc)
Net Pay Height
Copyright 2007, , All rights reserved 54
Effect of Skin in IPR

1
qO
r
ln e + s
rw
Inflow
Pressure at Node

(IPR)
Outflow

SKIN

10 5 0 -1 -3

Flowrate Note : Log effect

Copyright 2007, , All rights reserved 55


Effect of Pressure Depletion in IPR

Reservoir with no pressure support


Pressure at Node

Inflow
Outflow

Oil Recovery (% STOIIP)

12 8 4 0

Flowrate

Copyright 2007, , All rights reserved 56


The Outflow Performance Relationship
Dependent On:
Fluid Properties
Oil
Viscosity, Gas oil Ratio, Bubble Point
Formation Volume Factor, Density
Gas
Viscosity, Z Factor, Compressibility
Density
Outflow Correlation Used e.g. Oil - Duns & Ross, Gas - Gray
Friction
Completion Properties
Tubing Size
Tubing Restrictions
Tubing Roughness

Copyright 2007, , All rights reserved 57


Effect of Tubing Size in Outflow

For a Tubing Restricted Well


Inflow
(IPR)
Pressure at Node

Outflow

2 3/8
2 7/8 3 1/2
4 1/2

Flowrate (stb/d)

Copyright 2007, , All rights reserved 58

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