Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Q Q
INFLOW NODE OUTFLOW
Pu UPSTREAM
Pn DOWNSTREAM
Pd
COMPONENTS COMPONENTS
Pu Pd
P = f (Q)
NODE PRESSURE
FLOW RATE, Q
WATER
WATER
SOURCE
SINK
2000 feet, = 3 1000 feet, =2
Calculate:
Select the node at the point where the pipe diameter is reduced from 3 to 2.
Assume flow rates of 2500, 3000 y 3500, 5000, 5500, 6000 BPD.
L Q2
P = 3.8 x 10 - 7 x ;
D5
where, P is the pressure drop in psi, L is the pipe length in feet, D is the pipe
diameter in inches and Q the flow rate in BPD.
Copyright 2007, , All rights reserved 4
GRAPHICAL SOLUTION OF THE PROBLEM
Pnode
Inflow
(1) performance
FLOW RATE, Q
Pnode
Inflow
(1) performance
Pwh
Psep
Fluid flows from the reservoir to the stock tank because of the pressure
gradients within the system. The total pressure drop from the reservoir to the
separator is the sum of the individual pressure drops through four different
segments: in the reservoir, across the completion, up the wellbore, and
through the flowline.
But we do not know the flow rate - that is what we are trying to find. How do
we calculate the flow rate, knowing the reservoir and separator
pressures? This is the central question of Nodal Analysis.
Given the reservoir pressure and the separator pressure, along with the
physical properties of each segment, what is the flow rate at which the well will
produce?
Reservoir
As many nodes as you want
The observer can be placed at any node
Pwfs Normally, the well is observed from bottom
Pr
Pwf hole, Pwf
P4 = (Pwh - Psep)
Gas
Sales line
Pwh Psep Liquid
Stock tank
Pwf Pwfs Pr Pe
P1 = (Pr - Pwfs)
P2 = (Pwfs - Pwf)
Copyright 2007, , All rights reserved Adapted from Mach et al, SPE 8025, 1979. 8
Nodal Analysis
How do we determine the right flow rate? We know the separator pressure
and the average reservoir pressure.
We start in the reservoir at the average reservoir pressure, Pr, and assume a
flow rate. This lets us calculate the pressure just beyond the completion, Pwfs.
We can then calculate the pressure drop across the completion, and the
bottomhole pressure Pwf. This pressure is valid only for the assumed flow
rate.
Or, we may start at the separator at Psep, and calculate the pressure drop in
the flowline to find the wellhead pressure, Pwh. Then we can calculate the
bottomhole pressure Pwf. Again, this pressure is valid only for the assumed
flow rate.
The two calculated bottomhole pressures will probably not be the same. If not,
then the assumed rate is wrong.
Nodal analysis refers to the fact that we have to choose a point or node in
the system at which we evaluate the pressure - in this case, the bottom of the
wellbore.
Copyright 2007,
This point is referred to as the solution point or solution node.
, All rights reserved 9
Well Outflow Performance
P flowline Pwf
GAS
Pwh Flowline
OIL
+WATER
Q
Separator
Tubing
Single / multiple
selective / non-selective
flowing / lifted
gas-lifted
pumped
beam pump
ESP
PCP
Jet Pump
Hydraulic Pump
P flowline Pwf
GAS
Pwh Flowline
OIL
+WATER
Q
Separator
Tubing
Ptubing
Ptbg = f(Q)
Reservoir
OUTFLOW
Pwf
Pr, IPR, K
Is the flow rate (q) divided by the pipe cross sectional area (A)
through which the fluid flows at the pressure and temperature
conditions of the pipe element
v
q A
P,T
v=q/A
FLOW GEOMETRY
P/Z
P
( )elevation =
L 144
P v 2
( )friction = f
L 2gd
P ( v 2)
( )acc =
L 2g L
dv
NRe =
is the viscosity in lbm/ft-sec
1cps= 0.00067197 lbm/ft-sec
64
For laminar flow NRe < 2000 f=
NRe
2.51
For turbulent flow NRe > 2000. 1/ f = - 2 log ( + )
3.71d NRe f
An intial value to start the iterative process can be obtained from the following equation:
q A
v
dv
NRe =
P v2
f from Moody ( )f = f
L 2gd
/D
sol
100 h
e
P
Lin
75 o
Tw
int
Po
50 Psep
25
w
20
De
15
10
5
0
Gas
Temperature
Copyright 2007, , All rights reserved 21
MULTIPHASE FLOW
P P P P
( )T=( ) acceleration + ( ) elevation + ( ) friction
L L L L
P m
( )elevation =
L 144
P m v m 2
( )friction = f
L 2gd
P m ( vm 2)
( )acc =
L 2g L
P m
( )elevation =
L 144
P m v m 2
( )friction = f
L 2gd
P m ( vm 2)
( )acc =
L 2g L
qg v
A
qL
Pipe element with liquid and gas travelling at the same velocity, V
v = (qL+qg) / A
Ag
L
qg v
Ap
qL
P,T
AL
RATIO OF THE VOLUME OF LIQUID IN A PIPE ELEMENT THAT WOULD EXIST
IF THE GAS AND THE LIQUID TRAVELED AT THE SAME VELOCITY (NO SLIPPAGE)
DIVIDED BY THE VOLUME OF THE PIPE ELEMENT.
Ag
L
qg v
Ap
qL
P,T
AL
RATIO OF THE VOLUME OF LIQUID IN A PIPE ELEMENT THAT WOULD EXIST
IF THE GAS AND THE LIQUID TRAVELED AT THE SAME VELOCITY (NO SLIPPAGE)
DIVIDED BY THE VOLUME OF THE PIPE ELEMENT.
This phenomenon is known as slippage between phases , and the volumen fraction occuppied
by the liquid in the pipe element under this conditions is known asHold-Up Factor (HL), and is
dependent on flow pattern, gas and liquid properties, pipe diameter and pipe inclination.
Ag
L
qg v
Ap
qL
AL
Pipe element with liquid and gas travelling at the same velocity, V
vSG = qg / Ap
Is the velocity that the gas phase would exhibit if it flowed through the total cross
sectional area of the pipe alone.
Ag
L
qg v
Ap
qL
AL
Pipe element with liquid and gas travelling at the same velocity, V
vSL = qL / Ap
Is the velocity that the liquid phase would exhibit if it flowed through the total cross
sectional area of the pipe alone.
Temperature Pressure
slug
flow
chum
flow
Depth
bubble Approximate
flow linear
temperature
profile
Single-
phase
oil
p > pBP
oil
(slippage)
Flow
Factors affecting Pvert.
1 Mass flow rate:
Churn Flow Oil Rate
Gas Rate (GLR)
Water Rate (CUT)
Plug OR 2 Physical properties PVT
Viscosity
Slug Flow Surface tension
3 Conduit Configuration Size
Bubble Flow Roughness
Concentric?
Single Phase 4 Pressure
Liquid Flow
Copyright 2007, , All rights reserved
5 Temperature 32
Vertical Flow Paterns
Annular
Dispersed
Stratified
Wavy
Slug (Intermitent)
Dispersed
Bubble
AN
B
U
*
UG
TR
B
N
10
MI N
RN
R
ST
SL
R
RN
U E N
SL BL ITIO
FROTH FLOW
G /
U S
*
B AN
UG
B
TR
BUBBLE FLOW
SL
MIS N
T
O
RN
1
SLU NSITI
0.5
G/
TRA
SLUG FLOW
0.2
PLUG FLOW
HEADING As , Increases, heading
0.1
regime may range up to MIST FLOW
0.05
0.02
0.01
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.7 1 2 3 5 7 10 100 1000
RN = Dimensionless Gas Velocity Number RN
FN = , Dimensionless
Copyright 2007, All rights reserved Liquid Velocity Number 37
CORRELATIONS
Babson (1934)
Gilbert (1939 / 1952)
Poettmann & Carpenter (1952)
Duns & Ros
Hagedorn & Brown
Orkiszewski
Aziz, Govier and Fogarasi
Chierici et al
Fancher & Brown
Beggs &Brill
Duckler Flannigan
Gray
H.MONA, Asheim
Hasan and Kabir
1. Starting with the known pressure value, P1, at location L1, select a length
increment L.
2. Estimate a pressure drop, P, corresponding to the length increment, L. P2
3. Calculate the average pressure and temperature in the selected pipe
element.
L2
4. Calculate the the fluids PVT properties at the average conditions of P and T.
5. Calculate fluids densities and flow rates at the average conditions.
6. Calculate the input liquid content, and the superficial velocities vsl and
vsg.
7. Determine the flow regime pattern.
8. Calculate the hold-up factor, HL, corresponding to the stablished flow
regime pattern. L P
9. Calculate the mixture properties for the calculated hold-up factor.
10. Calculate the two-phase friction factor.
11. Calculate the total pressure gradient in the increment of pipe at the average
conditions of P and T.
12. Calculate the pressure drop corresponding to the selected length increment.
13. Compare the estimated and calculated pressure drop. If they are not
sufficiently close, estimate a new pressure drop an repeat the procedure
14.
from steps 3 through 13.
Repeat steps 3 through 13 until the estimated and calculated values are L1
15.
sufficiently close.
Calculate a new position L2 = L1 + L and the corresponding pressure P2 =
P1
P1 + P.
16. Repeat steps 1 through 15 until the total pipe length is completely covered.
Copyright 2007, , All rights reserved 39
Outflow Calculation (node at the bottomhole)
Pwf3
Tubing Depth
Q1
Q2
Outflow
Q3
Pwf
Pwf1
Pwf3
Pwf2
q1 q2 q3 Q
d1
Pr
BOTTOMHOLE FLOWING PRESSURE, Pwf
d2>d1
INFLOW
IPR
OUTFLOW
0
0
FLOWRATE, Q
FLOW RATE, Q
UNSTABLE REGION
DIAMETER FOR
MAXIMUM FLOW RATE
TUBING DIAMETER, d
1
Pinitial
2 3/8
3 1/2
Tubing
Intake P5
Pressure
Pwf 4 1/2
P10 5
Q
Copyright 2007, , All rights reserved 44
Effect of Gas Injection Rate
0
400
50
300
100
150
P
200 IPR
250
Qmax
x
x Incremental
Lift-Gas Volume x
2
x
3
1 LIFT-GAS INJECTION RATE
Copyright 2007, , All rights reserved OR PRODUCTION COSTS 46
Inflow Performance Curve
3500
Inflow (Reservoir) Curve
3000 Pr
Performance of an ideal OH
Flowing bottomhole pressure, psi
well, no damage, no
2500 completion, no friction
losses from reservoir to
2000 wellhead
1500
1000
AOFP
500
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
Production rate, STB/D
Copyright 2007, , All rights reserved 47
Outflow Performance Curve
3500
3000
Outflow (Tubing) Curve
Flowing bottomhole pressure, psi
2500
2000
1000
500
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
Production rate, STB/D
Copyright 2007, , All rights reserved 48
System Graph
3500
Inflow (Reservoir) Curve
3000 Outflow (Tubing) Curve
Flowing bottomhole pressure, psi
2500
1957.1 psi
2000
1500
1000
500
2111 STB/D
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
Production rate, STB/D
Copyright 2007, , All rights reserved 49
System Graph Wellhead Node
1600
Inflow Curve
1400 Outflow Curve
Flowing wellhead pressure, psi
1200
1000
800
500 psi
600
400
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Production rate, STB/D
Copyright 2007, , All rights reserved 50
Nodal Analysis: Uses
Reservoir Pressure
Operating Flowrate
Flowrate (stb/d)
1
qO
r
ln e + s
rw
Inflow
Pressure at Node
(IPR)
Outflow
SKIN
10 5 0 -1 -3
Inflow
Outflow
12 8 4 0
Flowrate
Outflow
2 3/8
2 7/8 3 1/2
4 1/2
Flowrate (stb/d)