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electricitatesielectronica
principii
Proceduri desiguranta
Orice activitate practica inrelatie cusisteme
electrice sau electronice necesita masuri de
siguranta pentru siguranta proprie si aaltora
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Introducere
Conductori si izolatori
Cu
Stratul K 2e
Stratul L 8e Nr.electroni pe ultimul strat
Stratul M 18e <=3e conductori electrici
Stratul N 32e =4e semiconductori
>=5e izolatori
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Semiconductori
Germaniu
reprezentare
2Daretelei
cubice
Structura cristalina tipica
Cristalde
germaniu dopat
cuindiu
(semiconductor
detipp)
Fenomenul electric
Electricitatea proprietate fizica fundamentala amateriei ce se
manifesta prin ansamblul fenomenelor legatedeaparitia,miscarea si
interactiunea corpurilor purtatoare desarcina electrica.
conductor
Teoria electronului
Teoria conventionala
Teoria deplasarii golului (holeflow)
Semiconductori jonctiunea pn
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Tensiuneaelectricntredoupunctealeunuicircuitelectricestediferenadepotenialntre
celedoupuncteiesteproporionalcuenergianecesardeplasriidelaunpunctlacellalt
auneisarcinielectrice.
Tensiuneaelectromotoare reprezintmrimeafizicscalaregalcuraportuldintrelucrultotal
efectuatdecmpulelectricpentruatransportasarcinaelectricpentregulcircuitimrimea
sarciniielectrice.
unde:
L
U U tensiuneelectromotoare;
q L lucrulforeielectrice;
q sarcinaelectric
Tensiuneade1Vestetensiuneadelacapeteleunuiconductorcare,strbtutdeuncurentde
unamper,disipoputeredeunwatt.nmodechivalent,pentruatransportaosarcin
electricdeuncoulombntredoupunctecudiferenadepotenialdeunvolt,seconsum
(sauseobine,nfunciedesens)oenergiedeunjoule.
Intensitateacurentuluielectric,numitmaisimplucurentelectricesteomrimefizicscalar
cecaracterizeazcurentulelectricimsoarsarcinaelectriccetraverseazseciuneaunui
conductornunitateadetimp.
6.241506x1018
electroni pe secunda =1Amper
dQ d q (t )
I ; i (t )
dt dt
Amperul reprezinta intensitatea unui curent electric constant care, meninut n dou conductoare
paralele, rectilinii, cu lungimea infinit i cu seciunea circular neglijabil, aezate n vid, la o
distan de 1 metru unul de altul, ar produce ntre aceste conductoare o for de 2107 dintr-un
newton pe o lungime de 1 metru
Rezistenaelectricesteomrimefizicprincareseexprimproprietateaunuiconductor
electricdeaseopunetreceriiprinelacurentuluielectric.nelectrotehnic,eaesteomsur
caredetermincevaloaredetensiuneestenecesarpentrucaunanumitcurentelectrics
treacprintruncircuit(conductor)electricdat.
l
R
unde: S
esterezistivitateamaterialuluidincareestefcutconductorul,msuratnohmmetru;
l estelungimeaconductorului,msuratnmetri;
S esteseciuneatransversalaconductorului,msuratnmetriptrai;
Rezistenade1corespundeunuiconductorncaresedezvoltuncurentelectriccontinuucu
intensitateade1amperatuncicndlacapetelesaleseaplicotensiuneelectriccontinude1
volt,cucondiiacapeparcursulconductoruluisnusegenerezenniciunpunctotensiune
suplimentar.
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Debitsarcini
Debitfluid
Analogii electrice
presiune tensiune
mare mare
presiune tensiune
mica mica
Becuri,corpuri deincalzire
Curent Relee,motoare,generatoare
electric
Acumulatori,acoperiri galvanice,
electroeroziune
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Volt(V)
Quantity UnitName UnitSymbol Volt istheelectricalunitofvoltage.
Voltage (V) Volt V Onevoltistheenergyof1joulethatisconsumedwhenelectricchargeof1coulombflowsinthe
Electromotiveforce(emf) Volt V circuit.
1V=1J/1C
Electriccurrent (I) Ampere(amp) A Ampere(A)
Resistance (R) Ohm Ampere istheelectricalunitofelectricalcurrent.Itmeasurestheamountofelectricalchargethat
Impedance(Z) Ohm flowsinanelectricalcircuitper1second.
1A=1C/1s
Electricpower (P) Watt W Ohm()
Electricpower (P) dBm dBm Ohm istheelectricalunitofresistance.
Reactivepower (Q) VoltAmpere VAR 1=1V/1A
Reactive Watt(W)
Watt istheelectricalunitofelectricpower.Itmeasurestherateofconsumedenergy.
Apparentpower (S) VoltAmpere VA 1W=1J/1s
Capacitance (C) Farad F 1W=1V1A
Inductance (L) Henry H dBm
dBm isaunitofelectricpower,measuredindBmilliwatts.
Conductance(G) siemens/mho S 1dBm=10log10(1.2589mW/1mW)
Admittance(Y) siemens/mho S Farad(F)
Electriccharge (Q) Coulomb C Farad istheunitofcapacitance.Itrepresentstheamountofelectriccharge incoulombs thatis
storedper1volt.
Electriccharge (Q) Amperehour Ah
1F=1C/1V
Resistivity() Ohmmeter m Henry(H)
Conductivity() siemenspermeter S/m Henryistheunitofinductance.
Electricfield (E) Newtonspercoulomb N/C 1H=1Wb/1A
siemens (S)
Magneticfield(B) Tesla T siemens istheunitofconductance,whichistheoppositeofresistance.
Magneticfield(B) Gauss G 1S=1/1
Magneticflux() Weber Wb Coulomb(C)
Coulombistheunitofelectriccharge.
Energy(E) Joule J 1C=6.2387921018 electroncharges
Energy(E) Kilowatthour KWh Amperehour(Ah)
Frequency(f) Hertz Hz Amperehourisaunitofelectriccharge.
Time(t) Seconds s Oneamperehouristheelectricchargethatflowinelectricalcircuit,whenacurrentof1ampereis
appliedfor1hour.
Length(l) Meter m 1Ah=1A 1hour
Area(A) Squaremeter m2 Oneamperehourisequalto3600coulombs.
1Ah=3600C
Tesla(T)
Teslaistheunitofmagneticfield.
1T=1Wb/1m2
Weber(Wb)
Weberistheunitofmagneticflux.
1Wb=1V 1s
Joule(J)
Jouleistheunitofenergy.
1J=1kg1(m/s)2
Hertz(Hz)
Hertzistheunitoffrequency.Itmeasuresthenumberofcyclespersecond.
1Hz=1cycles/s
Circuite electrice
Simbol general
Sursdetensiune Sursdetensiune
pentru sursele de
Continu(DC) alternativ(AC)
tensiune
sau
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Rezistorul Rezistivitate
Lungime
Ariasectiunii
Numar spire
Daca i(t)=ct. di/dt =0
Inductanta Reluctanta magnetica
n nodul B
n nodul C
II.Legea ochiurilor u n 0
Teorema I Kirchhoff iA = iB
R
e = RA + RB
Divizor de tensiune
1 1 1
Re R A RB
Divizor de curent
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Magnetismsi electromagnetism
P1P2(efect Jouleredus) }
Definitii si legi