Tip 0502-01

TIP 0502-01
OLD NUMBER 014-9

ISSUED - 1963
REVISED - 1980
REVISED - 1992
REVISED 1998
REVISED - 2002
2002 TAPPI
The information and data contained in this document were
prepared by a technical committee of the Association. The
committee and the Association assume no liability or responsibility
in connection with the use of such information or data, including
but not limited to any liability under patent, copyright, or trade
secret laws. The user is responsible for determining that this
document is the most recent edition published.
Paper machine vacuum selection factors

Scope
The purpose of this Technical Information Paper is to provide a reference basis from which paper machine vacuum system
airflow requirements may be calculated. Air flow sizing requirements for fourdriniers, press sections, tissue formers and
cylinder machines are presented.
Selection factors given in this TIP are only guidelines. Vacuum system suppliers, machine builders, or application specialists
should be consulted for accurate sizing and for specific applications.
Safety precautions
Mill safety requirements and other precautions should be taken when working with vacuum pumps and other paper machine
equipment.
General comments
Standard vacuum system sizing factors can only be applied to conventional paper machine geometries using typical operating
practices. Vacuum sizing factors are used to simplify the vacuum sizing process.
All vacuum levels shown are measured at the paper machine service.
Conversion factors
multiply by to obtain multiply by to obtain
lb 0.454 kg ft/min (fpm) 0.305 m/min (mpm)

oz 28.35 g cfm 1.669 m3/hr
oz/ft2 305.6 g/m2 cfm/in. 0.669 m3/hr/cm
in. 25.4 mm cfm/in.2 0.263 m3/hr/cm2
in. 2.54 cm cfm/in.2/1000fpm 0.0863 m3/hr/cm2/100mpm
in. 0.0254 m
in. Hg 13.6 in H2O psi 27.77 in. H2O
in. Hg 0.489 psi psi 2.315 ft H2O
in. Hg 3.386 kPa psi 6.895 kPa
kPa 0.295 in. Hg
TIP Category: Automatically Periodically Reviewed (Five-year review)

TAPPI
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TIP 0502-01 Paper machine vacuum selection factors / 2
Influence of temperatures and altitude
I. Temperatures
Airflow carried from the paper machine into the vacuum system consists of air and water vapor. If the vacuum system is
composed of liquid ring pumps, temperature differences between the water vapor in the air stream and the seal water used for
the vacuum pumps should be taken into consideration.
If vacuum pump seal water is cooler than incoming vapor, the vapor will be condensed. The degree of condensation depends
on pump design and seal water piping configuration. The volume of dry air that the pump will handle increases in proportion
to the volume of vapor that is condensed prior to the vacuum pump.
This condensing affect of liquid ring vacuum pumps increases the air handling capability of the vacuum system by 5 20%.
The amount of increase depends on the differential between the seal water and process temperatures. It also depends on the
operating vacuum level. When selecting a vacuum system to match the airflow requirements determined by the selection
factors in this TIP, consult vacuum system suppliers for recommendations on the influence of temperatures on the system
selected.
II. Altitude
Equivalent barometric pressure decreases as elevation above sea level increases. This reduction in barometric pressure reduces
vacuum gauge readings on paper machines.
The selection factors in this TIP can be used for system sizing at any elevation. However, vacuum gauge readings (and power
requirements of the vacuum pump) will be lower at elevations above sea level. Vacuum system suppliers should be consulted
concerning the influence of elevation on system selection.
Influence on gauge readings and power requirements is negligible for elevations below 3000 ft., and can be ignored.
Suction roll vacuum box open area
In this TIP, vacuum selection factors for suction rolls are based on suction box open areas measured as shown in
ILLUSTRATION 1:
ILLUSTRATION 1
1. For Suction Box MD Widths 12 in., use chord length of suction box at Inside Diameter of suction roll shell
(bwC).
2. For Suction Box MD Widths > 12 in. (and ALL tissue machine suction rolls), use arc length of suction box
extended to Outside Diameter of roll (including cover) (bwA).
Paper and board grades
The following comments, descriptions and formulae refer to the forming and press sections on machines producing paper and
board grades.

3 / Paper machine vacuum selection factors TIP 0502-01
Forming section
It is important to understand that vacuum system requirements for any forming section are developed through calculations
which take into account key sizing parameters. The following descriptions apply to forming section vacuum units located in
Figures 1, 2, and 3 following this write up.
Unit Location Description
1 vacuum assisted pulsative foil suction boxes

2 low vacuum area of foil suction boxes
3 medium vacuum area of foil suction boxes
4 "wet boxes" - low vacuum area of flat suction boxes
5 "dry boxes" - high vacuum area of flat suction boxes
6 low vacuum area of couch roll
7 high vacuum area of couch roll
Particular attention should be paid to: 1) specific configuration of the forming section; 2) desired vacuum levels; 3) open area
in high vacuum drainage elements; and 4) forming fabric caliper, style and permeability. All of these factors can suggest an
increased air flow demand, especially on lightweight grades. A thorough system analysis should also ensure that proper piping
and pump sizing are addressed.
The rate at which air is drawn through various grades of paper illustrates that sheet weight, furnish type, freeness and sheet
moisture (or consistency) affect results. The amount of air drawn through a sheet is inversely related to its moisture content.
No air is drawn through the sheet prior to the dry line. Airflow increases as the sheet is successively dried beyond the dry line.
For a given grade and furnish, airflow is inversely related to sheet weight. This is clearly illustrated on the broad weight ranges
of linerboard and bleached paperboard. On traditional lightweight grades the relationship of airflow to sheet weight is not so
apparent.
Stock freeness variation is also significant. Large freeness variations between (high freeness) 42-lb linerboard and (low
freeness) 30-lb newsprint is evident in the sizing factors. Although there is a 4:1 basis weight ratio between the two grades,
similar airflows are required due to the offsetting freeness values.
The largest air flow requirements occur after the dry line on lightweight, free-draining paper grades. Velocity of the air
produces drainage as it strips water from the capillaries of the sheet. However, the actual amount of water removed is very
small. Thus, in a "dry" position, a suction box cover having a small open area and lower total air flow can achieve the same
dewatering as a cover with greater open area.
This same drainage mechanism occurs at the couch. Hence, the use of two suction zones operating at successively higher
vacuum and airflow levels on light to medium weight applications.
Figures 1-3 reflect current industry averages for the applications shown. All references to airflow are in ACFM (actual ft3/min)
at the recommended vacuum level. They represent the current norm for the vacuum capacity of modern paper machines in
each grade category. Some existing machines may be operating satisfactorily at lower levels. However, the values in Figures
1-3 should be considered if a production upgrade is contemplated. In such instances, careful attention must also be given to
pressure drop, sizing of vacuum piping and valves, seal legs, suction roll journal open area, etc., to ensure that the pressure
drop between the vacuum source and the point of application does not exceed 1 in. Hg vacuum.
Figures 1-3 reference two different factors for high vacuum flatbox capacity - one based on a cfm/in. of wire width, and the
other based on a cfm/in.2 of open area. The first provides a quick total capacity requirement based upon modern machine
speeds and tonnage. The latter should be used for more accurate calculations of needed airflow, and reflects vacuum density
needed to develop a desired vacuum level. The implication for mill engineering is that production changes demand evaluation
of total cfm needs as well as the suction area through which it will be applied. It also is important that a study of paper
machine drive loads and installed drives be undertaken any time additional vacuum capacity is considered.

When using equations to calculate required airflows, the following nomenclature is used in this paper:
Equation 1: Q = ww Vf #u sw #b
Where:
Q total air flow (ACFM @ in. Hg vacuum)
ww wire width
Vf vacuum factor (ACFM/in.2 or ACFM/in.)
sw slot width (inches)
md machine direction length (inches)
cd cross machine direction (inches)
#b number of boxes
#u number of slots/box
ILLUSTRATION 2
Note: The vacuum service location numbers in the following examples refer to Figures 1-3.
Low vacuum foil & suction box requirements
Airflow and differential pressure requirements for the units in locations #1 and #2 are very low as no air is actually being
drawn through the sheet. For units in location #3, higher vacuum levels are generally applied as these units operate near the
"dry" line and some airflow is starting to occur. Only slotted cover designs are utilized on these units. To determine airflow
requirements for units in these locations, multiply wire (fabric) width vacuum factor (cfm/in.) number of units = total flow
required per location.
Example 1A
Calculate requirements for a 240in. SBS paperboard machine operating at a maximum speed of 1,500 fpm with four units in
location #1, two units in location #2, and one unit in location #3.
Location 1: Q = ww Vf #b = cfm @ 38 in. H2O

Q = 240 in. 1.5 cfm/in. 4 units = 1440 cfm @ 38 in. H2O

Q = 240 in. 1.5 cfm/in. 2 units = 720 cfm @ 38 in. H2O

Q = 240 in. 3.5 cfm/in. 1 unit = 840 cfm @ 54 in. H2O

The equations above give required airflows at respective vacuum levels. However, since one vacuum source is often used for
servicing all three locations, required airflows will have to be expanded to the highest required operating vacuum level
(Location 3 vacuum level in this example). This is done by expanding airflow (volume) at the lower vacuum levels to the
equivalent airflow (volume) at the highest vacuum level. Boyles gas law (P1V1 = P2V2), with vacuum levels (P) converted to
absolute pressures is used to determine the total expanded airflow requirement.
For Example 1A:
Convert operating vacuum levels to absolute pressure
(atmospheric pressure = 0 in. H2O vacuum = 408 in. H2O absolute pressure)
Location 1: P1 = 38 in. H2O vacuum = 408 in. H2O absolute - 38 in. H2O = 370 in. H2O absolute
Calculate the airflow requirement (V1) at Locations 1 & 2 expanded to the highest vacuum level (P2) -
P1V1 = P2V2
V2 = V1 (P1 P2)
Location 1: V2 = 1440 cfm 370/354 = 1505 cfm @ 54 in. H2O

Location 2: V2 = 720 cfm 370/354 = 753 cfm @ 54 in. H2O
Location 3: V2 = 840 cfm @ 54 in. H2O
3098 cfm @ 54 in. H2O
Therefore, the vacuum source for this example should be capable of providing approximately 3,100 cfm @ 54 in. H2O vacuum.
High vacuum suction box requirements
Airflow requirements are much greater in locations #4 and #5 - the traditional "wet" and "dry" suction box or flatbox region.
Slotted suction box covers are more widely used in these locations. Their requirements may be calculated in a similar way:
multiply [wire (fabric) width] [number of slots per box slot width (MD)] [vacuum factor (cfm/in2)] [number of boxes]:
Q = ww #u sw Vf #b
For suction boxes with "drilled" covers, multiply [wire (fabric) width] [overall cover width (MD)] [percent open area of the
cover's drilled pattern] [vacuum factor (cfm/in2)] [number of boxes]:
Q = ww bw % OA Vf #b
Example 1B
Using the SBS paperboard machine with three "wet" suction boxes and four "dry" suction boxes, the airflow requirements for
locations #4 and #5 are:
Location 4: Slotted Covers: eleven 0.75 in. wide slots
Q = ww #u sw Vf #b = cfm @ 10 in. HgV
Q = 240 in. wire 11 slots 0.75 in./slot 0.6 cfm/in.2 3 boxes = 3564 cfm @ 10 in. HgV
Location 5: Drilled Covers: 15 in. wide boxes with 42% open area
Q = ww bw % open area Vf #b = cfm @ 15 in. HgV
Q = 240 in. wire 15 in. cover 0.42 open area 1.2 cfm/in.2 4 boxes = 7258 cfm @ 15 in. HgV

Should these airflows be combined, then 3564 cfm @ 10 in. HgV must be expanded to 15 in. HgV for proper sizing of the
vacuum source (see Example #1A).
For comparison, a calculation using cfm/in. of wire width is shown below.
Based upon the cfm/in. guidelines, vacuum specifications for this example would be:
Location #4: 240 in. 16 cfm/in. = 3840 cfm @ 10 in. Hg
Location #5: 240 in. 32 cfm/in. = 7680 cfm @ 15 in. Hg
It is important to understand that vacuum capacity and the number of flatboxes both increase in proportion to design production
rate.
Suction couch requirements
Actual couch box widths are determined in relation to roll size and wrap angle for a particular machine. The cfm/in.2 values
listed for locations #6 and #7 indicate current industry averages used on couch rolls. It should be noted that this cfm/in.2 is
applied to total couch suction box open area. This active suction area is determined by multiplying the MD length of the
suction box (bw) by the width of the forming fabric (ww). Couch roll shell % open area is not used in determining the required
airflow.
Example 1C
Continuing the SBS machine example for a 42 in. O.D. couch roll with a single 45 suction box, the required airflow is:
Location 6: Q = ww bwA Vf = cfm @ 20 in. HgV.
Q = 240 in. [(45 360) ( 42 in)] 7.0 cfm/in2 = 27,710 cfm @ 20 in. HgV
Couch vacuum factor adjustments vs. speed
The influence of machine speed is an important consideration in sizing the vacuum source for the couch. The low and high
vacuum factors (locations #6 and #7 on Figures 2 & 3) should be corrected whenever machine speeds exceed the maximum
speed listed for the grade. Correction factors are shown following table:
Couch vacuum factor adjustments for speed
Operating Adjustment
Vacuum Factor
in. Hg cfm/in2/1000 fpm
First (Low)
Box; or 10 0.25
Single Box 15 0.50
Only 20 1.00
Second (High) 20 0.50

Box
If the SBS machine in the example is designed to run at 2000 fpm, this speed exceeds the maximum speed listed in the sizing
tables by 500 fpm. The vacuum factor shown in Figures 2 and 3 would be increased by 1 cfm/in.2/1000, or 0.5 cfm/in.2. The
adjusted sizing factor becomes 7.5 cfm/in.2.
Considerations should also be made for low speed applications (machine speeds under 1000 fpm) often found on narrow
machines having small diameter couch rolls. Journal open areas are often insufficient to handle increased airflows without
exceeding allowable journal air velocity limits. At machine speeds below 1500 fpm, a higher percentage of water drained by
the couch enters the shell rather than being thrown out. This additional water must exit through the couch journal. Increased

water volume further reduces the effective open area available for air passage, and increases journal losses. Machinery
builders and vacuum system suppliers can provide assistance for addressing these conditions.
Super high vacuum flatbox
These high vacuum boxes are in the developmental stages as this TIP is written. They are used following, or in place of, the
suction couch. They have become particularly popular on certain twin wire machines following the suction couch roll.
Cover design is normally 3 5 slots, each in. wide. Covers are typically premium ceramic strips.
Current selection factors are 14 16 cfm/in.2 @ 20 22 in. Hg.
Press section suction rolls
Figure 4 A C reflects current industry averages for press section vacuum factors. For convenience, typical suction roll and
press configurations are illustrated. These show roll nip geometry and vacuum box locations. The corresponding tables
indicate box width, vacuum level and air flow recommendations.
Press suction roll airflow requirements are determined by the same criteria as couch roll airflow requirements - active suction
area (i.e. [suction box MD length x felt CD width) x vacuum factor (Vf)]. Active suction area is the total suction box open area
(suction roll shell % open area is not used in determining the required airflow).
Q = ww bw Vf = cfm @ 20 in. HgV
Individual vacuum factors are specific to a particular press configuration. Note: the term "Standard" under GRADES applies to
all paper grades that would be produced using that configuration. Special cases or grades are indicated separately.
Care should be taken when applying vacuum factors to press configurations not shown. Key sizing parameters such as angle
of wrap (around the suction roll), felt weight, nip dwell time, sheet weight, press load, etc. should be considered. Machinery
builders and press felt suppliers should be consulted for proprietary press configurations and for machine speeds above 3,500
fpm.
Fabric conditioning
The primary performance objective for fabric suction boxes is to uniformly remove water and foreign contaminants from
fabrics. Basic guidelines in good fabric dewatering and conditioning are provided in TAPPI TIP 0404-27 Press felt
conditioning and suction box (Uhle box)vacuum requirements. Consult this TIP for fabric conditioning guidelines.
Tissue machines
The sizing information shown in Figures 5A, 5B, and 5C, covers conventional fourdrinier, C-Wrap and crescent tissue formers
with yankee dryers. The sizing factors cover a range that is typical of current design practice. As noted in the figures, sizing
factor values increase with machine speed.
There are many proprietary tissue formers and machine configurations. This paper does not address proprietary designs. The
specific machine builder should be consulted for vacuum system capacity information on these machine designs.
Twin wire formers
There are many unique or proprietary configurations for multiple wire forming. This paper does not address supplier specific
designs. The machine builder should be consulted for vacuum capacity information on their specific machine design.
Cylinder machines
Factors for conventional cylinder machine press and fabric conditioning sections will be the same as those listed for the
Fourdrinier. The difference is in the forming section. The selection factors for Suction Drum applications were specified in
the 1980 version of this TIP (then numbered TIS 014-9) and are reproduced below:

Suction Drum Suction Drum -

With Press No Press Felt & Sheet Slice
Box cfm/ Box cfm/ cfm/ cfm/
Width in. Hg in.2 Width in. Hg in.2 in.2 Hg in.2 in. Hg
(in.) (in.)
13-21 22 1.0 13-21 20 1.5 3 10 2 3
Some cylinder machines have two or three Sheet Boxes instead of a Suction Drum. These boxes are the same as felt suction
boxes (usually with 0.5 in. slots) but apply vacuum between the cylinder vats and the first press. They are used to aid forming
and to carry the sheet. The average vacuum factor being used for these sheet boxes is approximately 3.0 cfm/in.2 @ 20 in.
HgV.
There are also various hybrid cylinder type formers in operation on multi-ply grades today. The manufacturers of these units
should be consulted for vacuum system recommendations for their specific formers.
Conclusion
Proper vacuum system designs are critical for maximizing paper machine production and efficiency. All machine installations
are unique. Therefore, when designing a vacuum system, one should review all of the system parameters vacuum factors
(existing versus industry standards), machine age, and any part of the process (from the suction point on the paper machine to
the vacuum source) that contacts the airflow.
It should be noted that most vacuum suppliers performance curves conform to industry standard conditions for inlet
temperature, atmospheric pressure and relative humidity. Some suppliers performance curves may be published at slightly
saturated conditions. Saturated data should be derated to the industry standard conditions before being compared against data
published at standard conditions. In actual paper mill applications, condensing corrections must often be made for proper
pump selection. Consult your vacuum system supplier for assistance.
References
TIP 0404-27 Air flow requirements for conditioning press felts at suction pipes
TIP 0404-47 Paper machine performance guidelines
TIP-0404-55 Performance evaluation techniques for paper machine vacuum systems
TIP 0404-60 High vacuum sheet dewatering
TIP-0404-61 Paper machine shower recommendations
Keywords
Vacuum, Suction, Vacuum boxes, Couch rolls, Suction presses, Forming fabrics, Vacuum rolls, Pressure roll, Crescent
formers
Additional information
Effective Date of Issue: September 1, 2002

Working Group Members:
James Nelson, Chairman Nash Engineering
John Eklund OVER Meccanica
Finn Flood Voith Paper
Tony Jelley Metso Paper
Juha Kivimaa Metso Paper
Dean Miller Johnson Foils/AstenJohnson
John Neun Kadant AES
Doug Rounds Voith-Andritz
Doug Sweet Doug Sweet and Associates
Brian Worcester OVER Meccanica

FIGURE 1
BASIS MAXIMUM LOW VACUUM FOIL [1] LOW VACUUM FOIL [2] LOW VACUUM FOIL [3]
WEIGHT SPEED
GRADES lb/30002 FPM NO. CFM/IN IN. NO. CFM/IN IN. NO. CFM/IN IN.
UNITS UNIT H2O UNITS UNIT H2O UNITS UNIT H2O
LIGHT WEIGHT SPECIALTIES

MG & MF PAPERS 2000 ----- ----- ----- 1-2 1.5 26. ----- ----- -----
GLASSINE, GREASEPROOF 1500 ----- ----- ----- 2-3 1.5 26. ----- ----- -----
CARBONIZING 2000 ----- ----- ----- 2-4 1.5 26. ----- ----- -----
WAXING BASE 2000 ----- ----- ----- 1-2 1.5 26. ----- ----- -----
CIGARETTE, CONDENSOR TISSUE 750 ----- ----- ----- 2-4 1.5 26. ----- ----- -----
NAPKIN, TOWELING
NAPKIN 12-18 4000 ----- ----- ----- 0-1 1.5 26. 0-1 3.5 26.
TOWEL, TWO PLY 14-20 4000 ----- ----- ----- 0-1 1.5 26. 0-1 3.5 26.
TOWEL, SINGLE PLY 28-39 2500 ----- ----- ----- 1-2 1.5 26. 0-1 3.5 26.
FREESHEET
HEAVYWEIGHTS 65-104 1500 3 1.5 26. 2-3 1.5 26.
GROUNDWOOD PRINTING
DIRECTORY ROTO, CATALOG 18-45 3000 ----- ----- ----- 2 1.5 26. 0-1 3.5 38.
SC MAGAZINE 35-45 3000 ----- ----- ----- 2 1.5 26. 1 3.5 38.
LWC PUBLICATION 22-45 3000 ----- ----- ----- 2 1.5 26. 1 3.5 38.
NEWSPRINT 28-33 3000 ----- ----- ----- 2-3 1.5 26. 1 3.5 38.
UNBLEACHED KRAFT 0-1 3.5 54.

BAG 30-70 2500 2-3 1.5 26. 2 1.5 38. 1 3.5 54.
SATURATING 65-150 1500 4-5 1.5 38. 2-3 1.5 38. 1 3.5 54.
LINERBOARD/26 TO 42 lb 78-126 2500 3-4 1.5 38. 2-3 1.5 38. 1-2 3.5 54.
LINERBOARD/42 TO 90 lb 126-270 2000 4-5 1.5 38. 2-3 1.5 38.
CORRUGATING MEDIUM/26 lb 66-108 2500 3 1.5 26. 3 1.5 38. 0-1 3.5 54.
BLEACHED KRAFT
SBS PAPERBOARD 120-300 1500 4-5 1.5 38. 2-3 1.5 38. 1 3.5 54.
PACKAGING SPECIALTIES 25-100 2000 ----- ----- ----- 1-2 1.5 26. 0-1 3.5 38.
PULP 750 4-5 1.5 38. 2-3 1.5 38. ----- ----- -----
FIGURE 2
BASIS MAXIMUM LOW VACUUM WET HIGHER VACUUM DRY LOW VACUUM HIGH VACUUM
WEIGHT SPEED FLATBOX [4] FLATBOX [5] COUCH [6] COUCH [7]
GRADES lb/3000 ft2 FPM NO. CFM/IN2 CFM/IN NO. CFM/IN2 CFM/IN CFM/IN2 CFM/IN2
BOXES OPEN FAB. Hg BOXES OPEN FAB. Hg SURFACE Hg SURFACE Hg

AREA WIDTH AREA WIDTH AREA2 AREA2
LIGHT WEIGHT SPECIALTIES
MG & MF PAPERS 2000 1-2 0.2 1. 6. 2-4 0.3 3. 6. 3.0 10. 3.0 15.
GLASSINE, GREASEPROOF 1500 2-4 0.2 1. 10. 2-4 0.3 3. 10. 3.0 10. 3.0 22.
CARBONIZING 2000 2-4 0.2 2. 6. 2-4 0.3 3. 6. 3.0 10. 4.0 20.
WAXING BASE 2000 1-2 0.3 2. 6. 2-4 0.5 6. 6. 3.0 10. 6.0 15.
CIGARETTE, CONDENSOR TISSUE 750 1-2 0.2 1. 6. 2-4 0.3 3. 6. 3.0 10. 3.0 15.
NAPKIN, TOWELING
NAPKIN 12-18 4000 ----- ----- ----- ----- 0-1 0.7 4. 6. 3.0 10. 3.0 20.
TOWEL, TWO PLY 14-20 4000 ----- ----- ----- ----- 0-1 0.7 4. 6. 3.0 10. 3.0 20.
TOWEL, SINGLE PLY 28-39 2500 ----- ----- ----- ----- 1-2 0.8 12. 6. 3.0 10. 6.5 20.
FREESHEET
PRINTING & WRITING 28-55 3000 0-2 0.4 4. 10. 3-4 0.7 11. 10. 3.0 10. 8.5 20.
BOOK PAPERS 30-73 3000 0-2 0.4 4. 10. 3-4 0.7 11. 10. 3.0 10. 8.5 20.
HEAVYWEIGHTS 65-104 1500 1-2 0.4 4. 10. 3-4 0.7 11. 10. 3.0 10. 7.0 20.
GROUNDWOOD PRINTING
DIRECTORY ROTO, CATALOG 18-45 3000 0-2 0.4 4. 10. 3-4 0.7 11. 10. 3.0 10. 8.5 20.
SC MAGAZINE 35-45 3000 0-2 0.4 4. 10. 3-4 0.7 11. 10. 3.0 10. 8.5 20.
LWC PUBLICATION 22-45 3000 0-2 0.4 4. 10. 3-4 0.7 11. 10. 3.0 10. 8.5 20.
NEWSPRINT 28-33 3000 0-2 0.6 6. 10. 3-4 1.0 14. 10. 3.0 10. 8.5 20.
UNBLEACHED KRAFT
BAG 30-70 2500 0-2 0.8 22. 10. 4-5 1.5 42. 10. 3.0 10. 9.0 20.
SATURATING 65-150 1500 1-2 0.8 10. 10. 2-4 1.5 20. 15. ----- ----- 7.0 20.
LINERBOARD/26 TO 42 lb 78-126 2500 1-3 0.8 22. 10. 4-5 1.5 42. 15. ----- ----- 7.0 20.
LINERBOARD/42 TO 90 lb 126-270 2000 2-4 0.6 30. 10. 5-6 1.2 50. 15. ----- ----- 7.0 20.
CORRUGATING MEDIUM/26 lb 66-108 2500 2-4 1.0 16. 10. 4-5 1.5 24. 10. ----- ----- 7.0 20.
BLEACHED KRAFT
SBS PAPERBOARD 120-300 1500 2-4 0.6 16. 10. 4-5 1.2 32. 15. ----- ----- 7.0 20.
PACKAGING SPECIALTIES 25-100 2000 0-2 1.0 10. 10. 4-5 1.2 20. 10. 3.0 10. 7.5 20.
PULP 750 2-4 0.6 20 10. 2-4 1.2 40. 15. ----- ----- 7.0 20.
FIGURE 3
BASIS MAXIMUM LOW VACUUM LOW VACUUM HIGH VACUUM DRY LOW HIGH
WEIGHT SPEED FOIL [1] FOIL [2] FLATBOX [5] VACUUM VACUUM
GRADES COUCH [6] COUCH [7]
lb/3000 ft2 FPM NO. CFM/ IN. NO CFM/IN IN. NO. CFM/IN2 CFM/IN HG CFM/ HG CFM/ HG
UNITS IN/ H2O UNITS UNIT H2O BOXES OPEN FAB. IN2 IN2
UNIT AREA WIDTH
FREESHEET
PRINTING & WRITING 28-55 3000 3 1.5 26. 1 1.5 26. 2-4 0.7 11. 10. 3.0 10. 8.5 20.
BOOK PAPERS 30-73 3000 3 1.5 26. 1-2 1.5 26. 2-4 0.7 11. 10. 3.0 10. 8.5 20.
HEAVYWEIGHTS 65-104 1500 3 1.5 26. 1 1.5 26. 2-4 0.7 11. 10. 3.0 10. 7.0 20.
GROUNDWOOD PRINTING
DIRECTORY ROTO, 18-45 3000 ----- ----- ----- 1 1.5 26. 2-4 0.7 11. 10. 3.0 10. 8.5 20.
CATALOG
SC MAGAZINE 35-45 3000 ----- ----- ----- 1 1.5 26. 2-4 0.7 11. 10. 3.0 10. 8.5 20.
LWC PUBLICATION 22-45 3000 ----- ----- ----- 1 1.5 26. 2-4 0.7 11. 10. 3.0 10. 8.5 20.
NEWSPRINT 28-33 3000 ----- ----- ----- 1 1.5 38. 2-4 1.0 14. 10. 3.0 10. 8.5 20.
UNBLEACHED KRAFT 42. 10. ----- ----- 9.0 20.

BAG 30-70 2500 2-3 1.5 26. 1 1.5 38. 4-5 1.5 20. 15. ----- ----- 7.0 20.
SATURATING 65-150 1500 4-5 1.5 38. 1 1.5 38. 2-4 1.5 42. 15. ----- ----- 7.0 20.
LINERBOARD/26 TO 42 lb 78-126 2500 3-4 1.5 38. 1 1.5 38. 4-5 1.5 50. 15. ----- ----- 7.0 20.
LINERBOARD/42 TO 90 lb 126-270 2000 4-5 1.5 38. 1 1.5 38. 5-6 1.2
CORRUGATING MEDIUM/26 lb 66-108 2500 3 1.5 26. 1 1.5 38. 3-4 1.5 24. 10. ----- ----- 7.0 20.
BLEACHED KRAFT
SBS PAPERBOARD 120-300 1500 4-5 1.5 38. 1 1.5 38. 4-5 1.2 32. 15. ----- ----- 7.0 20.
PACKAGING SPECIALTIES 25-100 2000 ----- ----- ----- 1 1.5 26. 4-5 1.2 20. 10. 3.0 10. 7.5 20.
FIGURE 4A
BOX WIDTH CFM / SQ. VACUUM
GRADES BOX COMMENTS
(IN.) IN. ("HG)
STANDARD 4-5 5.0 20

A
LIGHTWEIGHT SPECIALTIES 8 - 12 5.0 20
1.5 10 BLED FROM "A"
ALL B 5 - 10
0.7 10 SEPARATE OUTLET
SUCTION PICK UP
STANDARD 5.0
A 4-5 20
LIGHTWEIGHT SPECIALTIES 3.5
SINGLE FELTED NIP
STANDARD A 4-5 4.0 - 5.0 20
DOUBLE FELTED NIP

BOX WIDTH CFM / SQ. VACUUM

FIGURE 4B GRADES BOX COMMENTS
(IN.) IN. ("HG)
STANDARD A 4-5 4.0 - 5.0 20

0.5 BLED FROM "A"
ALL B 70 - 80 deg. 10
0.3 SEPARATE OUTLET
(2) FELTS / (1) NIP
1.0 - 2.0 BLED FROM "C"

ALL B 70 - 80 deg. 10
0.5 - 1.0 SEPARATE OUTLET
STANDARD C 4-5 5.0 - 6.0 20
(1) FELT / (1) NIP
A 4-6 4.0 - 5.0 20

0.5 - 0.6 BLED FROM "A"
STANDARD B 70 - 80 deg. 10
0.3 SEPARATE OUTLET
C 4-6 5.0 - 6.0 20
(2) FELTS / (2) NIPS

FIGURE 4C BOX WIDTH CFM / SQ. VACUUM

GRADES BOX COMMENTS
(IN.) IN. ("HG)
B' 90 - 120 deg. 0.75 - 1.0 10 SEPARATE OUTLET

STANDARD
C 4-6 5.0 - 6.0 20
(2) FELTS / (2) NIPS
STANDARD A 10 - 24 0.5 - 1.0 10
SUCTION TURNING ROLL
STANDARD A 3 - 10 3.0 10
SUCTION FELT ROLL

FOURDRINIER TISSUE FORMER
Fourdrinier Former
Service MD Suction
cfm/sq in * cfm/linear in * " Hg
Opening **
Suction Breast Roll

- Forming Zone (A) - 23 - 28 5 - 10 9 - 12"
- Holding Zone (B) - 13 4 3-6
(1) 1/2 - 3/4"

Pick-Up Shoe - 8 10
Slot
Pick-Up Roll - 25 10 - 15 2 - 3"
Pressure Roll - Single Box
- Speed < 6000 fpm 2 - 2.5 - 10 - 12 110 - 140 deg
- Speed > 6000 fpm 2.5 - 10 - 12 110 - 140 deg
Pressure Roll - Double Box:

- High Box
Geometry
- Speed < 6000 fpm 2 - 2.5 - 12
Dependent
Geometry
- Speed > 6000 fpm 2.5 - 12
Dependent
- Low Box
Geometry
-Bled from High Box 1.25 - 1.5 - 5-6
Dependent
Geometry
-Separate Outlet 2.25 - 10
Dependent
* Factors increase with speed

** Suction box measured @ roll O.D.
FIGURE 5A
C WRAP TISSUE FORMER
C Wrap Former
Service cfm/linear in MD Suction
cfm/sq in * " Hg
* Opening **
Suction Forming Roll - Low (A) 0.55 - 2.5 50 - 80%

Suction Forming Roll - High (B) 2.5 - 9 50 - 20%
Transfer Box (C) 4 - 3 0.5 - 1"
(1) 1/2 - 3/4"

Pick-Up Shoe 8 10
Slot
Pick-Up Roll 25 10 - 15 2 - 3"
- Speed < 6000 fpm 2 - 2.5 - 10 - 12 110 - 140 deg
- Speed > 6000 fpm 2.50 - 10 - 12 110 - 140 deg

- High Box
Geometry
- Speed < 6000 fpm 2 - 2.5 - 12
Dependent
Geometry
- Speed > 6000 fpm 2.5 - 12
Dependent
- Low Box
Geometry
Dependent
Geometry
Dependent
FIGURE 5B * Factors increase with speed

CRESCENT TISSUE FORMER
Crescent Former
Service cfm/linear in MD Suction
cfm/sq in * " Hg
* Opening **
- Speed < 6000 fpm 2 - 2.5 - 10 - 12 110 - 140 deg

- Speed > 6000 fpm 2.50 - 10 - 12 110 - 140 deg

- High Box (A)
Geometry
- Speed < 6000 fpm 2 - 2.5 - 12
Dependent
Geometry
- Speed > 6000 fpm 2.5 - 12
Dependent
- Low Box (B)
Geometry
Dependent
Geometry
Dependent
FIGURE 5C * Factors increase with speed


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OLD NUMBER 014-9

Paper machine vacuum selection factors

multiply by to obtain multiply by to obtain

lb 0.454 kg ft/min (fpm) 0.305 m/min (mpm)

TIP Category: Automatically Periodically Reviewed (Five-year review)

Licensed to KAKATI KARSHAK INDUSTRIES PVT.LTD./sarveshwar rao

Influence of temperatures and altitude

Suction roll vacuum box open area

Paper and board grades

Licensed to KAKATI KARSHAK INDUSTRIES PVT.LTD./sarveshwar rao

Unit Location Description

1 vacuum assisted pulsative foil suction boxes

Licensed to KAKATI KARSHAK INDUSTRIES PVT.LTD./sarveshwar rao

Low vacuum foil & suction box requirements

Location 1: Q = ww Vf #b = cfm @ 38 in. H2O

Location 2: Q = ww Vf #b = cfm @ 38 in. H2O

Location 3: Q = ww Vf #b = cfm @ 54 in. H2O

Licensed to KAKATI KARSHAK INDUSTRIES PVT.LTD./sarveshwar rao

For Example 1A:

Convert operating vacuum levels to absolute pressure

Location 1: V2 = 1440 cfm 370/354 = 1505 cfm @ 54 in. H2O

High vacuum suction box requirements

Location 4: Slotted Covers: eleven 0.75 in. wide slots

Q = ww #u sw Vf #b = cfm @ 10 in. HgV

Q = ww bw % open area Vf #b = cfm @ 15 in. HgV

Licensed to KAKATI KARSHAK INDUSTRIES PVT.LTD./sarveshwar rao

For comparison, a calculation using cfm/in. of wire width is shown below.

Location #4: 240 in. 16 cfm/in. = 3840 cfm @ 10 in. Hg

Location #5: 240 in. 32 cfm/in. = 7680 cfm @ 15 in. Hg

Suction couch requirements

Location 6: Q = ww bwA Vf = cfm @ 20 in. HgV.

Couch vacuum factor adjustments vs. speed

Couch vacuum factor adjustments for speed

Second (High) 20 0.50

Licensed to KAKATI KARSHAK INDUSTRIES PVT.LTD./sarveshwar rao

Super high vacuum flatbox

Current selection factors are 14 16 cfm/in.2 @ 20 22 in. Hg.

Press section suction rolls

Q = ww bw Vf = cfm @ 20 in. HgV

Twin wire formers

Licensed to KAKATI KARSHAK INDUSTRIES PVT.LTD./sarveshwar rao

Suction Drum Suction Drum -

Effective Date of Issue: September 1, 2002

Licensed to KAKATI KARSHAK INDUSTRIES PVT.LTD./sarveshwar rao

LIGHT WEIGHT SPECIALTIES

UNBLEACHED KRAFT 0-1 3.5 54.

BOXES OPEN FAB. Hg BOXES OPEN FAB. Hg SURFACE Hg SURFACE Hg

UNBLEACHED KRAFT 42. 10. ----- ----- 9.0 20.

STANDARD 4-5 5.0 20

SINGLE FELTED NIP

STANDARD A 4-5 4.0 - 5.0 20

DOUBLE FELTED NIP

BOX WIDTH CFM / SQ. VACUUM

STANDARD A 4-5 4.0 - 5.0 20

(2) FELTS / (1) NIP

1.0 - 2.0 BLED FROM "C"

(1) FELT / (1) NIP

A 4-6 4.0 - 5.0 20

(2) FELTS / (2) NIPS

FIGURE 4C BOX WIDTH CFM / SQ. VACUUM

B' 90 - 120 deg. 0.75 - 1.0 10 SEPARATE OUTLET

(2) FELTS / (2) NIPS