Course 2 Raw Material Preparation

2.3 Combined Drying and Grinding Systems for Raw Material

Imprint

German Cement Works Association

Research Institute of the Cement Industry
P.O. box 30 10 63, 40410 Duesseldorf, Germany
Tannenstrasse 2, 40476 Duesseldorf, Germany
Phone: +49 211 45 781
Fax: +49 211 45 78296
info@vdz-online.de
www.vdz-online.de

info@elearning-vdz.de
www.elearning-vdz.de

Issued: 7th January 2013

Contents
1 Introduction....................................................................................................... 1
2 Structure and Operation .................................................................................. 1
2.1 Rotary Dryers...................................................................................................... 2
2.2 Rapid Dryers....................................................................................................... 8
2.3 Flash Dryers........................................................................................................ 8
2.4 Impact or Hammer Mills .................................................................................... 10
2.5 Air-Swept Tube Mills ......................................................................................... 10
2.6 Aerofall Mills...................................................................................................... 12
2.7 Roller Mills......................................................................................................... 13
2.7.1 Measuring and Control Equipment for Roller Mills........................................... 17

3 Health and Safety Practices ............................................................................. 18

4 Operation and Quality ..................................................................................... 19

5 Maintenance and Inspection............................................................................ 20 i

6 Environmental Protection Measures............................................................... 21
7 Questions on Course LB 2.3 Combined Drying and Grinding Plants ...... 23
Solutions............................................................................................................................... 25
Glossary ............................................................................................................................... 27

Index..................................................................................................................................... 28

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1 Introduction
The raw materials for cement clinker must be dried and ground in order to produce a Homogenization
uniform meal. To obtain a high clinker quality it is of key importance that the raw meal
has a constant chemical composition and uniform fineness.

In plants with preheaters the raw meal must not contain more than 2 % moisture.

Mixing, grinding and drying are the most important steps for processing the raw mate-
rial. A number of processes often take place in a plant at the same time, as in the case of
combined drying and grinding . The individual particles must be smaller than 200 m
(0.2 mm) so that the raw meal can be burnt easily in the kiln to form clinker. The mills
therefore generally have a classifier which may be integrated into the mill or located down-
stream of it.
This course will give you an insight into the systems used for the drying and grinding of
raw material.

Course Summary 1
2 Structure and Operation
Special dryers are used if the material is to undergo preliminary drying to reach a specific
residual moisture content before being ground.

Method
Either kiln exhaust gases, cooler exhaust air or separate hot gas generators are used to
heat the dryer. The hot gases are drawn through the dryer either in co-current flow (with
the material) or in counter-current flow (against the material flow) (Fig. 2.0-1).
temperature
temperature

hot gas hot gas

material material

drier length drier length

temperature curve temperature curve
with co-current flow with counter-current flow

Figure 2.0-1: Temperature Curve in the Drier .

The material is generally dried down to a residual moisture content of < 1 % as the com-
plete elimination of moisture requires a disproportionately high amount of heat.

Drying in Co-Current Flow

A dry crust is quickly formed as a result of direct contact between the moist feed ma-
terial and the fresh hot gases, and this prevents coating formation. A big drop in the
temperature of the gas protects sensitive materials against excessively high temperatures.

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 2 Structure and Operation

Drying in Counter-Current flow

The fresh hot gases contact material that has already been substantially dried; the residual
water, which is difficult to evaporate, can therefore be expelled more effectively than by
the gentle drying it undergoes in co-current flow. Be careful with temperature-sensitive
material.

Systems
Drying The following are used for drying:
 Rotary Dryers, p.2
 Rapid Dryers, p.8
 Flash Dryers, p.8
Combined Dryingand Combined drying and grinding systems are used if material is to be ground and dried
Grinding to a specific residual moisture content at the same time. Combined drying and grinding is
carried out using the co-current flow method.
2 The following are used as combined dryers and grinders:
 Impact or Hammer Mills, p.10
 Air-Swept Tube Mills, p.10
 Aerofall Mills, p.12
 Roller Mills, p.13

2.1 Rotary Dryers

The rotary dryer consists of a rotating slightly inclined tube (up to 5 ) with built-in lifting
scoops or other lifters. The rotational speed is low only about 1 rpm. The dryers may be
designed to use co-current flow or counter-current flow. The better the distribution of
the dryer feed, irrespective of the shape and distribution of the flights, the better is the
transfer of heat from the gas to the dryer feed.

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 2.1 Rotary Dryers

Figure 2.1-1: Rotary Dryer .

There are three types of internal fitting: Internal fittings
 Lifters (Fig. 2.1-2)
are used with sticky materials and particularly with those that create a great deal of
dust.

straight 15 90
Figure 2.1-2: Rotary Dryer with Lifting Flights .
 Sectional lifters (Fig. 2.1-3)
Their advantages include the lower falling height of the material and therefore the
lower level of abrasion, better heat exchange/m2 and lower dust formation.

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 2 Structure and Operation

4 Figure 2.1-3: Rotary Dryer with Sectional Lifters .

 Spiral lifters
are built into the inlet region of the dryer over a length of 1 m to 2 m to convey the
material into the scattering zone.

Operating Principle
The dryer in Fig. 4 operates in co-current flow. Wet material and hot gas pass through the
layers of the dryer from the inside out (see arrows). The conveying scoops ensure that the
feed material passes through the three chambers. The material is fed into the inner tube, it
passes through the dryer and is discharged at the dust shell via double flap valves (see the
direction of the arrow for dryer feed). The residual moisture of the product is controlled
through the exhaust gas temperature and the residence time of the material being dried.
The dryer exhaust gases are dedusted in filters (see arrow showing the direction of the
exhaust gas).

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 2.1 Rotary Dryers

exhaust gas
three dryer passes
with several compartments
for ideal heat transfer

drive

wet material

dryer feed 5
hot gas

conveying blades

Figure 2.1-4: Rotary Dryer (Gebr. Pfeiffer AG) .

Figure 2.1-5: The inside of a dryer:

(A) spiral lifters
(B) sectional lifters
(C) lifters .

Fig. 2.1-5 shows a rotary dryer with three different types of lifters (see explanation in the
pictures). The material is fed via the chute in Fig. 2.1-6 (A). Drying is carried out in co-
current flow. The fireclay lining (Fig. 2.1-7) protects the outer shell against the flame of
the hot gas generator.

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 2 Structure and Operation

Figure 2.1-6: The inside of a dryer:

(A) material feed
(B) hot gas inlet with fireclay lining
(C) spiral lifters .

Figure 2.1-7: Flame Zone of a Dryer Firing System

(A) flame zone
(B) drying flights .

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 2.1 Rotary Dryers

Figure 2.1-8: Dryer Firing System

(A) burner channel .

Explanation
The raw material enters the dryer via a chute (Fig. 2.1-6, A). The sectional flights ensure
that the feed material is mixed uniformly. The firing system (Fig. 2.1-8, A) generates hot
gas to ensure optimal drying of the material passing over the different lifters.

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 2 Structure and Operation

Figure 2.1-9: Dryer Dedusting:

(A) dedusting off-take .
Once the raw material has travelled through the drying section in the rotary dryer it falls
onto belt conveyors and is transported either directly to the grinding machinery via feed
bins or for storage into a hall. Dust formation is reduced by dedusting equipment, the
dedusting off-take (Fig. 2.1-9, A) being located at the end of the rotary dryer.

2.2 Rapid Dryers

Rapid dryers (Fig. 2.2-1) are stationary, airtight cylindrical or elliptical steel housings.
Two rotating shafts, provided with thrower blades, are positioned in the lower part of the
housing and scatter the dryer feed into the hot gas flow. Heat transfer is rapid because of
the large surface area of the material exposed to the hot gases. The dryer feed and hot
gases are conveyed in co-current flow. The transport speed can be controlled by the setting
of the blades.

2.3 Flash Dryers

A flash dryer (Fig. 2.3-1) consists of a vertical cylinderthat open s into a cyclone separator
at its upper end. Flash dryers are used for rapid drying of fine-grained materials.
This type of dryer has a very simple structure, but can only be used for non-sticky material
with a particle size up to a maximum of 10 mm like e.g. granulated blast furnace slag .

Operating Principle
The moist material is fed at a certain height into the vertical cylinder by a rotary feeder
(Fig. 2.3-1) and carried upward by the hot gases. Gas and material are mixed thoroughly
due to the special design of the dryer. Depending on the length of the riser pipe and the

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 2.3 Flash Dryers

material feed

drying gas outlet

hot gas inlet

9
material discharge

Figure 2.2-1: Rapid Dryer .

to the filter fan cyclone

fines

separator
dried material

flash dryer

tailings

moist
material feed

hot gases

Figure 2.3-1: Flash Dryer .

initial temperature of the drying gas, moisture contents of up to 10 % or more can be dried,
provided that the moisture is surface moisture.
Gas and material are separated in the cyclone and in the subsequent fabric filter.
In contrast to rotary dryers, flash dryers have few rotating parts so maintenance costs are
low. The flash dryer is suitable as a component of a larger system as to some degree it can
compensate for fluctuations in raw material properties (Fig. 2.3-2).

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 2 Structure and Operation

10

Figure 2.3-2: Flash Dryer (Polysius AG) .

2.4 Impact or Hammer Mills

Use These systems (Fig. 2.4-1) are used for the comminution and simultaneous drying of soft,
non-abrasive material with a high water content.
Function The material undergoes primary comminution via a cutting roller on a belt conveyor with
load cells. It is then flattened by rollers and fed to the crushing chamber by the rotating
rakes. The raw material is dried by the incoming flow of hot gases and is ground by a
hammer rotor into pulverized material. The hammer mill is equipped with a closed base
and classifying chamber. This gives the material a long residence time in the hammer mill
and high drying and comminution rates are obtained.
Impact or hammer mills are used mainly in the lime and gypsum industries, the ceramics
and iron and steel industries, and in the environmental technology sector.

2.5 Air-Swept Tube Mills

This type of mill (Fig. 2.5-1) is divided into a drying chamber with lifters and a grinding
chamber. The lifters are designed in such a way that the material to be dried is raised high
enough to achieve maximum contact time with the drying gas as it falls.

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 2.5 Air-Swept Tube Mills

11

Figure 2.4-1: ET Hammer Mill (F. L. Smith) 1. cutting roller

2. smoothing roller
3. rotating rakes
4. weighing load cells
5. impact plates
6. hammer rotor .

Figure 2.4-2: Hammer Mill with Internal Workings (FAM) .

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 2 Structure and Operation

material discharge with

gas or air
moist raw
material inlet drying chamber grinding chamber

carrier air
drying gas inlet inlet

circulating air

Figure 2.5-1: Tube Mill as an Air-Swept Mill .

The largely dry material passes through an intermediate diaphragm and enters a grinding
chamber filled with grinding balls, where it is finely ground. The cooled drying gases
carry the mill feed to a classifier which is generally static and in which, depending on the
setting, the coarse material is separated and fed back to the mill inlet. The fine fractions
are collected as product from the gas flow in a cyclone or filter.
12 Air-swept mills (Fig. 2.5-2) are used to grind very moist materials; large amounts of low-
temperature gas can be used for drying in the drying chamber (first chamber without balls).

Figure 2.5-2: Sectional View of an Air-Swept Mill (Polysius AG) .

2.6 Aerofall Mills

One special design is the aerofall mill (Fig. 2.6-1), also known as an autogenous mill.
The material comminutes itself to a large extent due to the great falling height. The particle
size of the feed material may be up to 500 mm. Another major advantage of the mill is
that it can take materials moisture of up to 20 % that would cause caking in other types of
mills.
In an aerofall mill it is not possible to grind material to raw meal fineness (10 % to 12 %
R 0.09). A ball mill is therefore installed after an aerofall mill as a fining mill.

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 2.7 Roller Mills

clean gas

filter

fan

fan
fines

hot gas

cyclone

aerofall mill
mill
feed

cyclone 13
fines

tailings

Figure 2.6-1: Aerofall Mill .

2.7 Roller Mills

Vertical roller mills are used in the cement industry predominantly for grinding cement
raw material, but also for grinding coal, petroleum coke, granulated blast furnace slag,
limestone, pozzolana and cement clinker.
The main reasons for the widespread use of these mills are Advantages
 the fact that a number of process steps are carried out within a single machine,
 the low consumption of electric energy ,
 the use of large amounts of low-temperature process exhaust gas, and
 the high level of availability with regular maintenance intervals.

Operating Principle
Two or more grinding rollers roll on a rotating grinding table. The mill feed is drawn in
between the rollers and the grinding track and is comminuted by pressure and shearing.
The compressive forces required for comminution are produced by springs or by hydraulic Comminution
or hydropneumatic tensioning systems (Fig. 2.7-1). The mill feed over which the rollers
have passed is conveyed from the grinding track to a fixed louvre air ring by the rotation
of the grinding bowl. The gases entering the mill through the louvre air ring transport the
comminuted and dried particles to the classifier. The gases are either kiln or cooler exhaust
air or are provided by a hot gas generator.
A classifying rotor separates the mill feed in the classifying chamber into coarse tailings Classification
and finished product. The tailings fall back down centrally into the grinding chamber.

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 2 Structure and Operation

The finished product leaves the classifier with the gas flow and is collected in cyclones or
Vertical Roller Mill filters.
Designs

14

Figure 2.7-1: Roller Mill with 4 Rollers and a Rotor Classifier: Loesche GmbH Design .

Construction
Cross-section through the grinding bowl of a vertical roller mill from Messrs. Pfeiffer with
a description of the main internal components:
The louvre air ring (Fig. 2.7-3, 1) is arranged outside the dam ring and ensures that the
hot gas transports the mill feed. In vertical roller mills a cover ring is generally welded
onto the louvre air ring in order to control the airflow. This drastically changes the flow
into the mill leading to a better discharge of the fine material and prevents too much raw
material from being forced out through the louvre air ring.
Because of this only coarse particles or foreign bodies should pass out through the louvre
air ring.

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 2.7 Roller Mills

15
Figure 2.7-2: 1 air louvre ring
2 air guide cone with lining
3 grinding elements
4 hot gas channel
5 mill housing
6 grinding bowl
7 scraper
8 gear unit
9 support pipe.

louvre air ring

region of greatest
gas velocity

hot gas channel

grinding table with

grinding track

Figure 2.7-3: Louvre Air Ring and Diagram of the Hot Gas Flow .

A raised bead, i.e. the dam ring (Fig. 2.7-5) stops uncontrolled outward flow of the
material and therefore also stops the grinding rollers from running directly on the grinding
table.

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 2 Structure and Operation

16

Figure 2.7-4: Louvre Air Ring .

Figure 2.7-5: (A) air guide cone

(B) cover ring
(C) dam ring .

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 2.7 Roller Mills

2.7.1 Measuring and Control Equipment for Roller Mills

Feed Control
The aim of this control system is to keep the pressure drop constant by changing the raw
material feed rate. This adapts the mill output to and fluctuations in grindability of the
material. The pressure difference is detected by a differential transducer and is fed to a
control unit that changes the feed rate via a suitable actuator.
The measuring points for differential pressure are located at the hot gas inlet and before
the classifier. The grinding system is started and stopped from the control room.

Temperature Control
The temperature and amount of kiln exhaust air can vary widely depending on the dis-
charge conditions from the kiln. The moisture content of the raw material may also vary
depending on the time of year and weather conditions.
The aim of temperature control is to keep the temperature constant after the mill and
17
therefore to keep the drying conditions constant. There are three options for temperature
control, depending on the design of the entire plant:
 The grinding plant is operated without kiln exhaust gas. The temperature after the mill
is kept constant by controlling the firing system.
 The kiln gases are fed to the mill via a cooling tower where their temperature is con-
trolled by changing the amount of water injected.
 Kiln gases are fed to the mill directly. If the temperature is too low, the additional heat
required is generated by the auxiliary firing system. If the temperature is too high, the
excess heat is neutralized by injecting water into the mill.

Emergency Temperature Control

The temperature after the mill must under no circumstances exceed a certain maximum,
as otherwise the bearings of the grinding rollers could be damaged. A fresh air flap must
therefore be opened rapidly in order to cool the mill air if a maximum value is exceeded.

Air Control
The amount of mill air must not change, even if the supply of gas from the kiln fluctuates.
The amount of air is detected in a suitable measuring section, displayed and then directed
to the air controller. This device keeps the amount of mill air constant by adjusting the
circulating air flap or, if the plant is operated with no circulating air, by adjusting the fresh
air flap or by changing the speed of the mill fan.

Pressure Control After the Kiln Gas Fan

At a point after the kiln gas fan the section of plant comprising the kiln, preheater and
cooler should be separated from the section of plant comprising the tube mill and filter.
This separation is achieved by keeping the pressure after the kiln fan below the ambient
pressure. This prevents disruptions during operation of the tube mill from affecting the
kiln operation. The pressure after the kiln fan is measured and fed to a controller that
controls the filter fan or other throttle valves accordingly. This control loop always remains
automatic, both in interconnected and direct operation.

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 3 Health and Safety Practices

Adjusting Fineness
The fineness of the finished product leaving the classifier depends on the classifier rotor
speed which is changed if there is insufficient or excessive fineness.

Measuring Equipment
The following parameters are measured and displayed in the control room (Fig. 2.7-6)
1 material feed
2 mill differential pressure as a measure of the filling level in the mill
3 temperature after the mill
4 mill fan power (kW)
5 mill fan current (A)
6 negative pressure before the mill
7 pressure after the kiln fan
8 temperature before the mill
18 9 mill motor power (kW)
10 mill motor current (A)
11 auxiliary drive current (A)
12 classifier speed

mill fan current (A)

mill fan power (kW)

pressure difference
across the mill (Pa)

temperature after
the mill (C)

classifier speed
(1/min)

feed (t/h)

temperature before
the mill (C)

mill drive power (kW) pressure before pressure after

the mill (Pa) kiln fan (Pa)
auxiliary drive current (A)

mill drive current (A)

Figure 2.7-6: Measuring Points (see list) .

3 Health and Safety Practices

The following personal protective equipment must be worn when working on or in drying
and combined drying/grinding systems:
 ear protection

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 protective goggles
 hard hat
 gloves
 safety shoes
 protective breathing mask
The following measures must be taken before and during any work performed in dryers
and mills:

19

Figure 3.0-1: "Do not switch on" Sign .

 inform production supervisors and managers of any work taking place

 isolate classifiers and mill fans
 close the hot gas valve before the mill if hot gas is extracted from the rotary kiln
 disconnect fans before and after the systems at all poles and secure against reconnec-
tion
 disconnect all feeding and discharging equipment like rotary feeders, aerated trough
conveyors, etc. at all poles and secure against reconnection
 ensure that no noxious gases can enter the system; if necessary install manual slide
gates, blanking plates or similar shut-off fixtures in the pipe systems
 depressurize any cleaning devices installed like air cannons, air nozzles, etc. and
secure them against reconnection
 ensure that there are no inert gases, such as N2 or CO2, in the system, if necessary
flush with air
 never work in dryers and grinding systems without safety observers
 radio equipment or intercoms should be used if visual contact with the safety observer
cannot be ensured
 use isolating transformers

4 Operation and Quality

Product quality may be influenced by drying /grinding plants:

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 5 Maintenance and Inspection

20

Figure 3.0-2: Air Cannon .

 Excessive gas temperatures may alter the chemical or physical properties of the prod-
uct.
 Excessive residual moisture may cause the product to clump or stick together.
 An unsuitable classifier setting may reduce throughput or lead to a low level of grind-
ing
It is therefore necessary to ensure smooth operation of the plants.

5 Maintenance and Inspection

Wear is understood to mean the continuous loss of material from the surfaces of two fric-
tion partners. In vertical roller mills a distinction is made between frictional and jet wear.
Frictional wear (Fig. 5.0-1) occurs predominantly on the grinding elements and chutes.

In contrast, jet wear (Fig. 5.0-2) mainly affects mill components that are exposed to the
dust-laden gas flow.
This wear is basically dependent on the loading, relative speed, surface area, type of move-
ment (sliding, rolling), movement path and temperature as well as on the material and
geometric characteristics of the friction partners.

Prevent corrosion by
 Material selection
 wear-resistant materials
 materials with improved emergency running properties
 materials that are more resistant to chemical attack
 corrosion protection agents
 protection against abrasion

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 21

Figure 5.0-1: Frictional Wear in a Roller Mill .

 use of lubricants
 increase slidability
 ability to take pressure
 temperature resistance
 Regular checks to ensure flow of material is not disturbed
 identify any leaks
 check the firing systems
 check the hydraulic systems
 check the fuel feed
 keep fault lists
 distribute checklists for checking areas most affected
 draw up inspection lists and repair plans
 for preventive maintenance
Achieve high system availability through
 regular maintenance and inspection
 preventive maintenance

6 Environmental Protection Measures

The dust emissions of combined drying and grinding systems are dependent on: Dust
 the fineness of the dusts
 the composition of the dusts

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 6 Environmental Protection Measures

22

Figure 5.0-2: Jet Wear on a Connecting Rod .

Figure 5.0-3: Example of a Maintenance List .

 the operational reliability of the separator used

 the design of the plant
 the use of dust collectors with a high collecting efficiency

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 the incorporation of dedusting filter monitors that detect ruptures: triboelectric probes
(Fig. 6.0-1)

23

Figure 6.0-1: Triboelectric Probe .

Noise emissions may be caused by conveyor belts and fans. Noise

Countermeasures include reducing sound generation by structural measures and reducing
sound emissions by appropriate sound protection measures like enclosures.
Gas emissions in combined drying and grinding plants primarily consist of CO2, Gases
O2, H2O and small amounts of CO. However, organic substances (hydrocarbons) may also
be released as gas from the material to be dried.
Energy consumption is dependent partly on the physical properties of the feed material Energy
and partly on the mode of operation of the plant.
 particle size of the feed material Feed Material
 moisture content of the feed material
 grindability of the mill feed
 tendency of the material to stick together
 product fineness
 residual moisture
 temperature fluctuations Mode of Plant
 false air Operation

 tendency of the material to stick together

 thermal losses through the walls as a result of radiation and convection

7 Questions on Course LB 2.3 Combined Drying

and Grinding Plants
You can test your knowledge by answering the following questions.

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 7 Questions on Course LB 2.3 Combined Drying and Grinding Plants

Question 7.0 A:
1. What are the most important factors affecting product quality?
2. What measures are used to reduce wear?
3. What types of dryers are used in the cement industry?
4. Which items of personal protective equipment must be worn when working on
plants?
5. How can the hot gas for drying be provided?
6. What additional measures must be taken when shutting down equipment for re-
pairs?
7. What emissions are released by combined drying/grinding plants?
8. What equipment is used in the cement industry for combined drying/grinding?
9. What ist he difference between co-current and counter-current flow during drying?
10. How are driers supplied with hot gas?
11. Why are some parts of driers lined with refractory materials?
12. What is the principle difference between a rotary drier and a hammer mill?
24 13. Why is there always a re-grind mill after an Aerofall mill?
14. What is the principle behind a vertical roller mill?
15. How can excessive temperatures be avoided in a roller mill?
16. What do the exhaust gases of drying plants consist of?
Solutions see p. 25

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Solutions
Solution for 7.0 A:
1. a) gas temperature
b) residual moisture
c) classifier setting

2. a) selection of wear-resistant materials

b) use of corrosion protection agents
c) protection against abrasion
d) optimization of the type and amount of lubricant used

3. a) rotary dryers
b) rapid dryers
c) flash dryers
25
4. a) protective clothing
b) hard hat
c) safety shoes
d) protective gloves
e) protective goggles
f) protective breathing mask
g) ear protection

5. a) raw gas
b) cooler exhaust air
c) hot gas generator

6. a) production supervisors and managers must be informed

b) fans must be disconnected at all poles and secured against reconnection
c) feeding and discharging equipment must be disconnected at all poles and secured
against reconnection
d) it must be ensured that no noxious gases can enter the system.
e) cleaning devices installed must be depressurized and secured against reconnec-
tion
f) inert gases must be prevented from collecting in the system, flush with air if nec-
essary!

7. a) sound (noise)
b) dust
c) harmful gases

8. a) roller mills (vertical roller mills)

b) tube mills (ball mills)
c) impact mills (hammer mills)
d) aerofall mills (autogenous mills)

9. In co-current flow the material to be dried and the drying gas move in the same di-
rection through the drier. In counter-current flow they move in opposite directions.

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 7 Questions on Course LB 2.3 Combined Drying and Grinding Plants

10. The hot gases are either exhaust gases from the kiln or the clinker cooler or they are
produced in a hot-gas generator
11. This is to avoid that the initially very hot gases come into contact with the steel
shells and damage them.
12. The material to be dried is comminuted concurrently.
13. As the fragments in an Aerofall mill grind each other from a certain grain size
onwards there will be no more grinding effect to raw meal fineness. This can only
be achieved in a separate re-grind mill.
14. Two or more rollers run on a rotating table. The material to be ground is pulled in
between the rollers and the table and ground there. At the same time the material
may be dried by the large volumes of air which this type of mill can accommodate.
15. By spraying water into the mill.
16. Of CO2, H2O und small amounts of CO. Additionally hydrocarbons may be pro-
duced during drying of materials containing carbonaceous compounds.
Questions see p. 24
26

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Glossary
aerofall mill
Autogenous mill, i.e. material is comminuted by collision with other material particles
chute
Feed channel or similar filling device
classifier
System for separating fine and coarse particles
co-current flow
the different flows of material (e.g. solid material and gas) flow through the plant in the same direction.
combined drying and grinding
Process by which solid material is simultaneously comminuted and freed from water.
counter-current flow
The streams of material flow through the plant in opposite directions
cyclone
Device that separates dust from a gas flow.
flash dryer 27
Dryer in which the wet material is carried in a riser pipe by hot gas and thus dried.
granulated blastfurnace slag
Granulated blastfurnace slag or slag sand is a fine, glassy by-product of iron production in blast furnaces. It is
produced by granulation of blastfurnace slag with water and/or air.
Impact Mill
Mill in which the material is accelerated by a rotor and thrown against a plate.
residual moisture content
denotes the residual water content of the material, measured in %
roller mill
Mill in which the mill feed is distributed on a table on which a number of grinding rollers roll due to rotational
movement.
rotary dryer
Dryer in which the material is dried in a rotating drum.

VDZ gGmbH
Research Institute of the Cement Industry
 Index

A
aerofall mill 12

C
chute 7
classifier 1, 12
co-current flow 1
combined drying and grinding 1
counter-current flow 1
cyclone 9

F
flash dryer 8

G
granulated blastfurnace slag 8
28
I
Impact Mill 10

R
residual moisture content 1, 23
roller mill 13
rotary dryer 2

VDZ gGmbH
Research Institute of the Cement Industry