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Published by:
Medh Michika
AVG Anaikkatti, 2016
2016
Copyright 2016 by Medh Michika
All rights reserved.
The contents of this work may not in any shape or form be reproduced
without permission from Medh Michika.
All profit from the sales of this book goes towards the activities initiated by
r Pjya Svam Daynanda Sarasvat.
By Medh Michika
1. The Script
3. Reference Books
4. Grammatical Analysis
i
Grammatical Analysis Steps, and the Corresponding Books
The primary objective of studying Sanskrit Grammar is to understand the basic unit of
the language, the sentence. The basic steps required to do this, and the relevant books in this
series, are;
Step 1:
Remove sandhi (phonetic change) between words of the sentence.
Relevant books Enjoyable Sanskrit Grammar Volume 2 Phonetics & Sandhi
Optionally accompanied by A:;dhyy-strap;ha7 (List of P=ini-Stra)
Step 2:
Identify the verb, and ascertain the verbal root, suffix, and meaning.
Relevant books Enjoyable Sanskrit Grammar Volume 1 Basic Structure of the Language
For meaning of root, or root with prefix Dhtukoa7 (A Dictionary of Verbal Roots)
For derived roots Enjoyable Sanskrit Grammar Volume 3 Derivatives (Pacav6ttaya7)
Step 3:
Determine the relationship of each noun to the verb.
Ascertain the nominal bases and suffixes, and the corresponding meanings.
Relevant books Enjoyable Sanskrit Grammar Volume 1 Basic Structure of the Language
For derived nominal bases Enjoyable Sanskrit Grammar Volume 3 Derivatives
(Pacav6ttaya7)
Once the student has become comfortable with reading Sanskrit sentences, one may
wish to commence the study of P=ini-Stra. This sets the mind in alignment with the minds
of the 6i:is for deeper understanding of the scriptures.
Relevant books
- A:;dhyy-strap;ha7 (List of P=ini-Stra)
- Study Guide to P=ini-Stra through Laghusiddhnta-kaumud- Volume 1 - 10
ii
Preface
M
LNOP QR S [rgurubhyo nama7] (Salutations to my teachers)
This book is the revision of the book Sanskrit Grammar for Vedanta Students.
I changed the title to Enjoyable Sanskrit Grammar because the more I teach the more I find
that the impediment in learning Sanskrit is not intellectual, but psychological. As repeatedly
emphasized by my respected guru, r Pjya Svam Daynanda Sarasvat, it is important to be relaxed
and make the study enjoyable.
In this book the presentation of the topics is based purely on the tradition, but at the same
time I have tried to make it easily understandable by the student in the modern scheme.
Throughout this series of grammar books, the knowledge of Sanskrit grammar is presented
for understanding, rather than just memorizing. Only when the grammar and P=inis system to
explain the grammar are understood, can one fully enjoy the language and the knowledge given
through it.
This series of books is therefore useful not only for students of scriptures in Sanskrit, but also
for those who just want to gain an overview of the linguistics aspect of the Sanskrit language.
My prayers to all the students of all the scriptures of this great culture of India.
RZ[\ Michika
September 2016, AVG Anaikkatti
M
LNOP QR S (Salutations to my teachers)
I began my study of Sanskrit in Rishikesh in 2007 while I was staying at the Swami
Dayananda Ashram. As a student in a 3 year course in Vedanta and Sanskrit from 2010 to 2013 at
Arsha Vidya Gurukulam, Anaikkatti, Tamil Nadu, India, I often tutored my classmates in reading
`
^\_R and understanding the usage of Sanskrit language by aZb\c\d\efs (traditional teachers of
Vedanta). I learned from this experience what works and what does not work in the presentation of
Sanskrit grammar. Since existing Sanskrit textbooks are not well suited to the particular needs of
Vedanta students, I decided to write this book.
iii
approach taken in this series of textbooks is based on a clear conceptual understanding of Sanskrit
grammar that can be directly applied to Vedanta teaching and its texts. Thus, it should be useful for
beginners as well as more experienced students, and can serve as a resource for teachers in need of
systematic, clear, and thorough materials.
iv
7) Visually clear presentation - The organization of materials makes the information accessible to
those who have gone through modern education systems.
`
|eP}QR (The expected result of this textbook)
In the course of completing volume 1, along with the Sandhi Handbook, the following results
can be expected:
1) A clear and systematic method of parsing sentences will be acquired and practised.
2) Students will be able to start analysing simple verses and prose within a few months.
3) From the beginning of the study, students understanding and appreciation of Vedanta classes
will be enhanced because technical terms are introduced from the beginning.
4) Later, transition to the study of grammar as it is presented by P=ini-stras will be seamless.
n (The relationship between the study of this book and expected results)
Students and teachers can simply follow the study guide provided from page 97 to attain the
expected results.1
Successful study of Sanskrit requires cognitive capacity, consistent effort, and the grace of j.
Personal growth and emotional maturity are necessary in order to have a mind that is available for
the study of Vedanta and Sanskrit. Prayers should be continued to earn that grace.
1
Of the edition of Sanskrit Grammar for Vedanta Students.
v
vi
Table of Contents
Prayers 1
Topic I - Letters/Sounds 3
Topic II - Structure of the Sanskrit Language 5
Building Blocks of the Sanskrit Language 5
Topic III - Factors of action (i\jiR)` 11
`
Basic concepts of i\jiR [krakam] (Factors of action) 11
1. il\f [kart] (Agent of action) 12
2. iRf [karma] (Object of action) 13
`
3. ijR [kara=am] (Instrument of action) 14
`
4. nb\QR [sampradnam] (Recipient of action) 15
`
5. gq\b\QR [apdnam] (Origin of action) 16
`
6. gh[ijR [adhikara=am] (Locus of action) 18
`
Topic IV - The Concept of Verbs (hlmcR [tiantam]) 19
`
1. What is verb (hlmcR [tiantam])? 19
`
2. Constituents of verb (hlmcR [tiantam]) 19
3. Classifications of [\l M [dhtu] (verbal root) 21
4. Ten i\js [lakra]s 23
5. Verbal suffix (hlm-` |e [ti-pratyaya7]) 26
6. Objectives of learning hlmcR ` 28
7. Summary the formation of hlmcR ` 29
8. Steps in formation of hlmcR ` 30
Topic V - Conjugation in ` (present tense) 31
1. ` in ilfhj |ePL (Active Voice) with qj qb [\l M (Parasmaipad dhtu7) 32
M Pw [dhtukoa7]
2. Consulting [\li 35
3. qnL\f [upasarg7] (Verbal prefixes) 36
4. ` in ilfhj |ePL (Active Voice) with Q Zqb [\l M (tmanepad dhtu7) 37
vii
5. ` in ilfhj |ePL (Active Voice) with common [\lsM 40
6. ` in iRfh |ePL (Passive Voice) 43
7. ^\aZ |ePL (Impersonal Voice) 44
Topic VI - Conjugation in other i\js 45
1. h ` (Perfect Past Tense) 46
2. ` (First Future Tense) 48
3. s ` (Second Future Tense) 50
4. P ` (Imperative Mood) 52
5. m ` (Simple Past Tense) 55
6. hah[hm ` (Potential Mood) 58
7. w hfm ` (Benedictive Mood) 61
8. m ` (General Past Tense) 63
9. sm ` (Conditional Mood) 65
M
Topic VII - The Concept of Nouns (nocR `
[subantam]) 67
M
1. What is noun (nocR `
[subantam])? 67
M
2. Constituents of noun (nocR `
[subantam]) 67
3. Classification of |\hlqhbi [prtipadika] 69
`
4. Nominal suffix (nqM -|e [sup-pratyaya7]) 72
M
5. Objectives of learning nocR ` 73
Topic VIII - Meanings of case endings (ha^\f [vibhaktyarth7]) 74
Basic concepts of ha^hp [vibhakti7] (case ending) 74
1. |R\ ha^hp (First Case) 76
2. hl e\ ha^hp (Second Case) 77
3. lsl e\ ha^hp (Third Case) 78
4. dlM ha^hp (Fourth Case) 79
5. qrR ha^hp (Fifth Case) 80
6. k ha^hp (Sixth Case) 83
7. nR ha^hp (Seventh Case) 84
8. Summary table of ha^\f 86
viii
Topic IX - Declension of Vowel-ending Nominal bases and Pronouns 87
1. g-ending in qh M (masculine) j\R [rma] 89
2. g-ending Pronouns in qh M (masculine) naf [sarva] 93
3. Other Pronouns in qh M (masculine) lb, eb, vlb, hiR ` 95
M ih (neuter) \Q [j=na]
4. g-ending in Qqn 99
M ih (neuter) naf [sarva]
5. g-ending Pronouns in Qqn 100
M ih (neuter) lb, eb, vlb, hiR `
6. Other Pronouns in Qqn 101
7. /-ending in qh M (masculine) zhj [hari]/LNM [guru] 103
8. -ending in qh M (masculine) ils f [kart6] 106
9. -ending in h (feminine) L\ [gag] 109
10. -ending Pronouns in h (feminine) na\f [sarv] 111
11. Other Pronouns in h (feminine) lb, eb, vlb, hiR ` 112
12. -ending in h (feminine) Qb [nad] 114
13. -ending in h (feminine) Rhl [mati] 116
`
14. Pronoun bR [idam] 118
`
15. Pronoun gbn [adas] 120
16. Pronouns e M b ` [yu:mad], gb ` [asmad] 122
17. Referring to the same object again (g\bZw [anvdea7]) with bR/vlb ` 124
Topic X - Declension of Consonant-ending Nominal bases 125
Common steps in declension of zc (consonant-ending) |\hlqhbi (nominal base) 125
`
1. -ending in qh M (masculine)/ h (feminine) nL `
M [suga=] 128
`
2. l/b/[/^-ending `
in qh M (masculine)/ h (feminine) RNl [marut] 130
`
3. d/}-ending `
in qh M (masculine)/ h (feminine) d [6c] 133
`
4. Q-ending `
in qh M / h ePhLQ [yogin]/ePhLQ [yogin] 134
`
5. Rl/al-ending `
in qh M / h ^Lal [bhagavat]/^Lal [bhagavat] 136
`
6. wls- ending in qh M / h nl [sat]/nl [sat] 138
`
7. gQ-ending `
in qh M (masculine) Q [tman] 140
`
8. gQ-ending in Qqn `
M ih (neuter) Q [brahman] 142
ix
`
9. gn-ending in Qqn `
M ih (neuter) RQn [manas] 144
`
10. k/k-ending in Qqn `
M ih (neuter) Phlk [jyoti:]/d `
kM [cak:u:] 146
`
11. gn-ending `
in qh M (masculine) dRn [candramas] 148
`
Topic XI - Nouns in Apposition (nR\Q\h[ijR [samndhikara=am]) 149
`
Topic XII Indeclinables (geR [avyayam]) 152
ges derived from [\l M 155
ges derived from nafQ\Rs 157
Appendix 159
Exercises 161
Worksheets for photocopying 186
x
Prayers
om
1. For the removal of all obstacles, may one meditate upon Ga=ea, who wears white
garment, who is all pervasive, whose complexion is like moon, who has four arms, and
who has smiling face.
2. Sarasvat! My salutations to you. The one who gives boons! The one who has beautiful
form! I will start my study. May success be with me all the time.
3. My salutations to P=ini, by whom the entire grammar system has been taught after
receiving Mhevarastra from iva.
4. I remain saluting to three sages: Vararuci, the author of Vrtika, Patajali, the author of
Mahbh:ya, and P=ini, the author of P=ini-stra.
5. For proper understanding of the meaning of words, I salute Prvat and Paramevara,
the parents of jagat, who are non-separate like the word and its meaning.
Assignment on Prayer:
Write all the lokas (verses) of the prayer in both Devanagar and transliteration (i.e.
using this Romanized script, as on page 1).
Try to memorize all the lokas (verses) of the prayer.
2
Topic I Letters/Sounds
Topic I
Letters/Sounds
Gutturals i L m z g/
ka kha ga gha .a ha a/
Palatals d } e w /
ca cha ja jha a ya a i/
Cerebrals j k /
0a 0ha 1a 1ha a ra a &/2
Dentals l b [ Q n
ta tha da dha na la sa 3
Labials q o ^ R a /
pa pha ba bha ma va u/
To facilitate pronunciation, g [a] has been added after each consonant in this chart.
Diphthongs: v e, ai, o, au
Special letters/sounds which come after vowel: (anusvra7), 7 (visarga7)
3
Topic I Letters/Sounds
Letters/Sounds:
1. Vowels:
There are nine vowels in Sanskrit:
5 simple vowels short form: g, , , ,
(long form: , , , )
4 diphthongs long v, , ,
Note that short vowel is called [hrasva7] and long vowel is called b f [drgha7].
M [gu=a7]. , , and are termed ashu [v6ddhi7].
g, v, and are termed L
2. Consonants:
There are thirty-three consonants in Sanskrit.
25 consonants = 5 categories x 5 classes (from i ` to R)`
4 Semivowels (e, ` j,` , a)`
4 Sibilants (w, ` k, ` n, ` z `)
M
3. gQ\j [anusvra7]
The nasal sound which is represented by a dot above a vowel, or . E.g., gw M [au7]
b [da=a7] : A vertical line which indicates the end of a sentence or one section of a
verse. A double line indicates at the end of a verse or paragraph. E.g., j\RP LhlS
Assignment on Letters/Sounds:
Get familiar with Devangar. If needed, use Devangar Studybook volume 1 and 2.
M , ashu , gQ\j
Add these words to your vocabulary: , b f , L M , hanLf .
Explain the classification of the letters.
4
Topic II Structure of Sanskrit Language
Topic II
Structure of the Sanskrit Language
`
A sentence (a\R [vkyam]) is a unit of expression to communicate an idea.
E.g. j\R aQ Lhl S [rma7 vana gacchati] (Rma goes to the forest.)
`
is a sentence (a\R [vkyam]).
`
A a\R consists `
of a word (qbR [padam]) or words (qb\hQ [padni]).2
`
a\R [vkyam] (sentence)
`
qbR [padam] `
qbR [padam] `
qbR [padam]
(word) (word) (word)
E.g., in the sentence above, there are three words (qb\hQ [padni]).
`
1. j\R [rma7] (Rma); 2. aQR [vanam] (to the forest); 3. Lhl [gacchati] (goes)
2
`
qbR [padam] is a form in singular, while qb\hQ [padni] is a form in plural.
5
Topic II Structure of Sanskrit Language
`
1. Verb (hlmc qbR [tianta padam]; literally word ending with ti-suffix)
M
2. Noun (noc `
qbR [subanta padam]; literally word ending with sup-suffix)
`
E.g. j\R [rma7] (Rma); aQR [vanam] (to the forest)
`
qbR [padam] |is hl [prak6ti7] |e [pratyaya7]
= +
(word) (original entity) (suffix)
This concept is used by Sage P=ini, the grammarian who established a meta-
language to explain the whole Sanskrit grammar.
3
Suffix is a grammatical term for a group of letters which is attached after an original entity.
Suffix modifies the meaning or form of the original entity.
6
Topic II Structure of Sanskrit Language
`
With that concept, the constituents of a word (qbR [padam]) are explained as follows:
`
1. Verb (hlmc qbR [tianta padam]) :
As for verb, the original entity (|is hl [prak6ti7]) is verbal root ([\l M [dhtu7]),
which indicates action. The suffix (|e [pratyaya7]) is verbal suffix (hlm-` |e [ti-
pratyaya7]), which indicates tense or mood, voice, person, and number.
`
verb (hlmc qbR [tianta padam])
= root ([\l M [dhtu7]) + verbal suffix (hlm-` |e [ti-pratyaya7])
E.g.,
` hl
Lhl = LR +
` go) + hl (present/active/3rd person/singular)
Lhl (he goes) = LR (to
`
Lhl (he goes) is a verb (hlmc qbR [tianta padam]).
` go) is verbal root ([\l M [dhtu7]).
LR (to
hl (present/active/3rd person/singular) is verbal suffix (hlm-` |e [ti-pratyaya7]).
7
Topic II Structure of Sanskrit Language
2. Noun (noc `
M qbR [subanta padam]):
As for noun, the original entity (|is hl [prak6ti7]) is nominal base (|\hlqhbiR `
[prtipadikam]), which indicates a thing or person. The suffix (|e [pratyaya7]) is
`
nominal suffix (nqM -|e [sup-pratyaya7]), which indicates case and number.4
M
noun (noc `
qbR [subanta padam])
`
= nominal base (|\hlqhbiR [prtipadikam]) `
+ nominal suffix (nqM -|e [sup-
pratyaya7])
M
noc qbR ` |\hlqhbiR ` `
nqM -|e
[subanta padam] = [prtipadikam] + [sup-pratyaya7]
(noun) (nominal base) (nominal suffix)
E.g.,
j\R = j\R + n `
M
j\R (Rma) is a noun (noc `
qbR [subanta padam]).
`
j\R (Rma) is nominal base (|\hlqhbiR [prtipadikam])
`
n (agent `
/singular) is nominal suffix (nqM -|e [sup-pratyaya7])
E.g.,
` aQ + gR `
aQR =
` the forest) is a noun (noc
aQR (to M `
qbR [subanta padam]).
`
aQ (forest) is nominal base (|\hlqhbiR [prtipadikam])
`
gR (object/singular) `
is nominal suffix (nqM -|e [sup-pratyaya7])
4
` of nqM [sup]
The q [p] ` ` in the word nocR
becomes o [b] M ` [subantam] because of a sandhi rule,
which is studied in Volume 2 in this series. (Ref. P=ini-stra 8.2.39)
8
Topic II Structure of Sanskrit Language
`
There are two types of suffix (|e [pratyaya7]) to make a word (qbR [padam]).
Type P Type A
3rd person `
hlq [tip] `
ln [tas] h [jhi] l [ta] `
l\R [tm] [jha]
2nd person `
hnq [sip] `
n [thas] [tha] `
\n [ths] `
\R [thm] `
R [dhvam]
1st person `
hRq [mip] `
an [vas] `
Rn [mas] ` [i;] ahz [vahi] Rhzm` [mahi]
`
2. Nominal suffix (nqM |e [sup pratyaya7])
There are twenty-one nominal suffixes by seven cases and three numbers.
`
They are called nq M [sup] `
because they start with n M [su] and end with q [p].
2nd case `
gR [am] ` [au;] `
wn [as]
6th case `
mn [as] `
n [os] `
R [m]
(The symbol on top of n M and mhn indicates nasal vowel for technical purposes.)
9
Topic II Structure of Sanskrit Language
`
In every sentence there is one verb (hlmc qbR [tianta padam]), written or implied.
`
a\R [vkyam] : sentence
M
noc qbR ` M
noc qbR ` hlmc qbR `
[subanta padam] [subanta padam] [tianta padam]
(noun) (noun) (verb)
`
o In understanding a sentence (a\R [vkyam]), `
the verb (hlmc qbR [tianta
padam]) should be identified first.
M
o All other words should be nouns (noc `
qbR [subanta padam]). They are all
connected to the verb, either directly or indirectly.
o By relating each noun to the verb, the meaning of the sentence is understood.
Note:
In this book the word "verb" refers to a hlmcR, ` or a "finite verb". A finite verb makes a
sentence complete. Even if a word (qb) is indicating an action, if it does not end with hlm-`
`
|e, thus ending with nqM -|e, that word is considered to be a noun, not a verb. This is
according to the P=inian Sanskrit grammar.
10
Topic III Factors of action (i\jiR)`
Topic III
Factors of action
i\jiR `
`
Basic concepts of i\jiR [krakam] (Factors of action)
With reference to an action, there are factors which are directly related to the action.
They are called i\jis.
Based on how a thing or person is related to a given action, the status of one of the
i\jis can be given to it.
i\ji and ha^hp [vibhakti] (case endings) are independent concepts. They are not
intrinsically connected.
o i\jis are factors involved in the accomplishment of action.
i\jis are independent from any language. Thus i\ji can be understood
without Sanskrit language.
o ha^hps are nominal suffixes in Sanskrit grammar.
ha^hps can express i\jis as well as things other than i\ji.
11
Topic III Factors of action (i\jiR)`
With reference to a given action, the agent, the one who does the action gets a
technical name il\f.
12
Topic III Factors of action (i\jiR)`
With reference to a given action, the object gets a technical name iRf.
13
Topic III Factors of action (i\jiR)`
`
3. ijR [kara=am] (Instrument of action)
14
Topic III Factors of action (i\jiR)`
`
4. nb\QR [sampradnam] (Recipient of action)
That recipient which the agent wants to connect with the object of the action of giving
gets a technical name nb\QR.`
The recipient of other actions, such as teaching, telling, showing, etc., is also nb\QR. `
15
Topic III Factors of action (i\jiR)`
`
5. gq\b\QR [apdnam] (Origin of action)
With reference to a given action which involves separation, the point from which the
separation takes place gets a technical name gq\b\QR.`
16
Topic III Factors of action (i\jiR)`
Something one fears, and something from which one has to protect oneself are also
gq\b\QR. `
17
Topic III Factors of action (i\jiR)`
`
6. gh[ijR [adhikara=am] (Locus of action)
With reference to a given action, a locus of il\f or iRf in terms of place (bZw), time (i\),
subject (hake) gets a technical name gh[ijR.`
18
`
Topic IV The Concept of Verbs (hlmcR [tiantam])
Topic IV
The Concept of
`
Verbs (hlmcR [tiantam])
It is essential to know the concept of verbs. However, this topic can initially be
deferred by beginners. Topic V Conjugation in ` can be studied first, and Topic IV
The Concept of Verbs can be studied later.
`
1. What is verb (hlmcR [tiantam])?
`
In Sanskrit language, there are only two types of words, verb (hlmc qbR [tianta
M
padam]) and noun (noc `
qbR [subanta padam]).
`
Here, verb (hlmcR [tiantam]) `
is a word (qbR [padam]) which is the primary
element in the sentence, in a sense that all nouns are connected to the verb. For example, in
a sentence He sees an elephant in the forest with his friend., the verb sees is the
primary element of the sentence and all the nouns are connected to the verb, either
directly or indirectly.
`
To be exact, hlmcR [tiantam] is a finite verb, which completes a sentence. For
example, in the sentence He offers melted ghee into burning fire., offers is the finite
`
verb, (hlmcR [tiantam]). Melted and burning are considered to be participles.
Participle is a type of noun which qualifies other nouns in terms of action.
`
2. Constituents of verb (hlmcR [tiantam])
`
The literal meaning of hlmcR [tiantam] is that which ends (gc [anta]) with hlm `
[ti]. hlm ` [ti] is a type of suffix (|e [pratyaya7]), which can be called verbal suffix.
`
hlmcR [tiantam] consists of two elements:
`
Verb (hlmcR [tiantam])
= Root ([\l M [dhtu7]) + Verbal suffix (hlm|` e [ti-pratyaya7])
19
`
Topic IV The Concept of Verbs (hlmcR [tiantam])
A [\l M [dhtu] is the basic element of hlmc. A [\l M indicates only an action. For
`
example, ^ [bh] is a [\l M and its meaning is to be. w [d6] is another [\l M and its
meaning is to see.
By suffixing different verbal suffixes (hlm-` |es) to a [\l M according to person and
number, different forms of verbs (hlmcs) are produced. This is what we call conjugation
of verb.
Observe how a verb is conjugated from a single [\l M into nine different forms by
suffixing nine different suffixes according to three types of person and three numbers.
Formation of hlmcR `
That which immediately precedes the suffix is called g [aga] (stem). So, when a
hlm-` |e [ti-pratyaya] is suffixed to a [\l M [dhtu], the [\l M is given the status of g [aga].
It is the g which then undergoes any necessary modifications based on the type of [\l,M
tense, etc. hlm|` es also undergo some changes based on the tense, mood, etc.
20
`
Topic IV The Concept of Verbs (hlmcR [tiantam])
[\l M is the basic element in Sanskrit language and it indicates action itself.
There are about two thousand [\lsM defined by P=ini in a book called [\lqM \
[dhtup;ha7]. In the [\lqM \ , these [\lsM are classified in two ways according to the way
they conjugate. They are:
i. Ten groups of conjugations (1st L to 10th L)
ii. Three types (P, A, and U)
When a [\l M is suffixed with a hlm-` |e, thus gaining the status of g [aga], it can
undergo one of ten different modification processes. 5 According to which of these ten
modification processes it intrinsically undergoes, a [\l M is classified into one of ten groups.
In Sanskrit, the word for group is L. Thus there are ten Ls of [\lsM called 1st L to 10th L.
More than a half of [\lsM belong to the 1st L (also called 1st conjugation).
The following chart is presented here just to illustrate that there are ten Ls of [\lsM
according to the ten different modification processes on g.
Modification process
L In Sanskrit
M on g
L Added |e Special change
3rd M
}zP\hb-L Yes & No - Reduplication
4th hba\hb-L No e -
7th N[\hb-L No Q -
10th M
dj\hb-L Yes This becomes a new [\l M
5
Difference in modification process on g is seen only when conjugating in active voice (ilfhj
|ePL ), and , P, m`, hah[hm`, and wls/w\Qd. `
21
`
Topic IV The Concept of Verbs (hlmcR [tiantam])
As seen in the chart below, hlm-` |ees [ti-pratyaya]s are eighteen in number and
they are divided into two padas. The first set of nine suffixes is called Parasmai-pada
(qj -qb). The second set of nine suffixes is called tmane-pada (Q Z-qb).
hlm-` |es
3rd person `
hlq [tip] `
ln [tas] h [jhi] l [ta] `
l\R [tm] [jha]
2nd person `
hnq [sip] `
n [thas] [tha] `
\n [ths] `
\R [thm] `
R [dhvam]
1st person `
hRq [mip] `
an [vas] `
Rn [mas] ` [i;] ahz [vahi] Rhzm` [mahi]
The Parasmai-pada (qj -qb) are suffixed to some [\lsM , while tmane-pada (Q Z-
qb) are suffixed to some other [\lsM . 6
In this book, those [\lsM which take only Parasmai-pada (qj -qb) are classified as
type P. Such type of [\l M is called qj -qb [parasmai-pad], that which takes qj -qb.
Those [\lsM which take only tmane-pada (Q Z-qb) are classified as type A. Such
type of [\l M is called Q Z-qb [tmane-pad], that which takes Q Z-qb.
Those [\lsM which take both Parasmai-pada (qj -qb) and tmane-pada (Q-Z qb)
are classified as type U. Such type of [\l M is called ^e-qb [ubhaya-pad], that which takes
both qb.
For example, ^ [bh] is a [\l M [dhtu] indicating the action to be, listed in [\lqM \
[dhtup;ha7] under the 1st group (L [ga=a]), and it is classified as P, qj -qb [parasmai-
pad] because it takes only Parasmai-pada (qj -qb) suffixes. So, in a Sanskrit dictionary, it
`
is listed as ^ (1P) to be. b q [dp] is another [\l M indicating the action to shine, listed
under 4th L, and it is classified as A, Q Z-qb [tmane-pad], because it takes only
`
tmane-pada (Q Z-qb) suffixes. In a dictionary, it is listed as b q (4A) to shine. Similary
`
N[ [rudh] `
is listed as N[ (7U) to obstruct as it is under 7th L and takes both sets of
suffixes.
6
This difference in type is seen only in active voice.
22
`
Topic IV The Concept of Verbs (hlmcR [tiantam])
23
`
Topic IV The Concept of Verbs (hlmcR [tiantam])
24
`
Topic IV The Concept of Verbs (hlmcR [tiantam])
i\js also express the tense (time) of the action taking place, or mood of the action
(how the action takes place).
The following list shows general usage of ten i\js in six tenses and four moods.
Note that these usages of tenses and moods are not always strictly observed in the
language.
1. ` can be used in present tense to express that the action is started and not finished yet.
2. h ` can be used in perfect past tense to express that the action is in the past which is
not witnessed by speaker.
3. ` can be used in first future tense to express that the action will be in the future but
not today.
4. s ` can be used in second future tense to express that the action is in the future in
general.
5. P ` can be used in imperative mood to express that the action is command, invitation,
prayer, etc.
6. m ` can be used in simple past tense to express that the action is in the past but not
today.
7. hah[hm ` can be used in potential mood to express that the action is command, invitation,
prayer, hypothetical, etc.
8. w hfm ` can be used in benedictive mood to express that the action is wished.
9. m ` can be used in general past tense to express that the action is in the past in general.
10. sm ` can be used in conditional mood to express that the action could happen,
conditionally.
25
`
Topic IV The Concept of Verbs (hlmcR [tiantam])
hlm-` |ees [ti-pratyaya]s are substitutes for i\j. Thus, hlm-` |ees inherit voice as
well as tense/mood from the original i\j. Because of this, hlm-` |ees also denote voice as
well as tense/mood.
hlm-` |ees further denote two more things.
M
i. Person (qNk [puru:a7])
`
ii. Number (adQR [vacanam])
M [puru:a7])
i. Person (qNk
3rd person M
|R-qNk [prathama-puru:a7] Others he, she, it, they, tree, etc.
2nd person M
RR-qNk [madhyama-puru:a7] Listener you, you all
1st person M
tR-qNk [uttama-puru:a7] Speaker I, we
`
ii. Number (adQR [vacanam])
There are three numbers, as described in the matrix with persons in the chart below.
26
`
Topic IV The Concept of Verbs (hlmcR [tiantam])
There are eighteen hlm-` |es. As seen in the chart below, they are divided into two
sets of nine. They are:
qj -qb [parasmai-pada]
Q Z-qb [tmane-pada]
hlm-` |es
3rd person `
hlq [tip] `
ln [tas] h [jhi] l [ta] `
l\R [tm] [jha]
2nd person `
hnq [sip] `
n [thas] [tha] `
\n [ths] `
\R [thm] `
R [dhvam]
1st person `
hRq [mip] `
an [vas] `
Rn [mas] ` [i;] ahz [vahi] Rhzm` [mahi]
In active voice, either or both of the qbs are used according to the type of the [\l.M
For example, the [\l M ^ (1P) to be, being type P, qj qb , takes one of the qj qb suffixes
`
in active voice. b q (4A) to shine, being type A, Q Zqb , takes one of the QqZ b suffixes
`
in active voice. N[ (7U) to obstacle, being type U, ^eqb , takes both qj qb and QqZ b
suffixes in active voice.
In passive voice and impersonal voice, only Q Zqb suffixes are used regardless of
`
the type of the [\l.M For example, all [\lsM such as ^ (1P) to be, b q (4A) to shine, and N[ `
(7U) to obstruct take Q Zqb suffixes in passive voice and impersonal voice.
27
`
Topic IV The Concept of Verbs (hlmcR [tiantam])
Many different hlmcs can be produced from one [\l.M Ten different i\js can be
suffixed to a [\l M in ten tenses and moods. Each i\j has three voices. Then, each i\j is
multiplied into three persons and three numbers. If the [\l M is type U, in active voice the
whole thing has to be multiplied by two.
1 [\l M
X 10 i\js (tenses and moods): present, past, future, imperative, etc.
X 2 |ePLs (voices): active, passive
M
X 3 qNks (persons): 3rd person, 2nd person, 1st person
X 3 adQs (numbers): singular, dual, plural
+ 10 forms in impersonal voice
= 190 forms of hlc (if the [\l M is type U, 280 forms) for a [\l M
See the chart on the next page for the breakdown and explanation.
Since there are so many forms of hlmc for each [\l,M one must be clear about the
objectives of learning hlmc.
The objectives are to be able to:
`
1) Locate the hlmc qbR (verb) in a sentence.
2) Identify the [\l M of the hlmc, and look it up in a dictionary.
3) Identify i\j, if possible.
4) Identify |ePL. This is very important.
M and adQ.
5) Identify qNk
After identifying these, the hlmc will be marked in the format of:
` [\l M + hlm ` (i\j /|ePL /qNk
hlmcR = M /adQR)`
To achieve these objectives, the student can firstly focus only on forms of the verb in:
` (present tense)/Active voice (ilfhj)/3rd person/Singular
` (present tense)/Passive voice (iRfh)/3rd person/Singular
28
`
Topic IV The Concept of Verbs (hlmcR [tiantam])
Every single form of hlmc falls into one of the squares in this chart.
1. ` (Present Tense) 9 9 9 1
5. P ` (Imperative Mood) 9 9 9 1
9 = 9 forms (3 persons x 3 numbers); 1 = only one form (3rd person singular) in impersonal voice.
To form a hlmc, there should first be a haa\ [vivak:], intention, or desire to convey
something on the part of the speaker. According to the haa\, the elements of verb, namely
[\l,M i\j, |ePL, qNk,
M and adQ, are decided.
For example, if the speaker wants to convey he draws in Sanskrit, elements of the
verb will be:
[\l M : `
is k (1P) to draw
i\j : ` (Present tense) The action is happening at present.
|ePL : ilfhj |ePL (Active voice) The agent of the action is denoted by the verb.
M
qNk : M
|RqNk (3rd person) The agent is neither the speaker nor listener.
adQR ` : `
viadQR (Singular) The number of the agent is one.
30
Topic V Conjugation in ` (Present tense)
Topic V
In this book, the abbreviations used for 3rd, 2nd, and 1st person are III, II, and I,
respectively.
31
Topic V Conjugation in ` (Present tense)
Because an additional suffix g is suffixed to [\lsM in the 1st L, all the gs end with g.
The ready-made final forms of the gs are shown in the last column of the table below.
L s Ll `
LR (1P) to go L
} a |\[\jZ `
} a (1P) to live }a
hw |ZZ `
w (1P) to see qe
R |Z w{Z d `
QR (1P) to salute QR
`
|\qZ Q (1U) to lead, to carry Qe
ql Ll `
ql (1P) to fall ql
o[M gaLRQ Z `
o[M (1P) to know oP[
^ nt\e\R ` ^ (1P) to be ^a
a n hQa\nZ `
an (1P) to dwell an
32
Topic V Conjugation in ` (Present tense)
[\l M (root) : `
^ nt\e\R (1P) to be
i\j (tense/mood) : ` (present tense)
|ePL (voice) : ilfhj-|ePL (active voice)
`
gR (stem) : ^a
M
RRqNk II/1 II/2 II/3
^ahn ^a ^a
(2nd person) You are You two are You all are
* Within a word, when a short g is followed by a LM letter (g, v, or ), the latter one (the
M letter) is the substitute for both. In other words, short g + L
L M = L.
M
` R. `
** The last g of the g is elongated (b f ) when followed by a or
33
Topic V Conjugation in ` (Present tense)
w gbwfQ Z `
Qw (4P) to perish Qe
l kM | l `
lkM (4P) to be pleased M
l_
Qsl L\haZq Z `
Qsl (4P) to dance Qs
qkM q
M `
qkM (4P) to nourish M
q_
w kM wPkZ `
wkM (4P) to dry M
w_
hbw ghln}fQ Z `
hbw (6U) to show hbw
M RPZ
R d Rd `
M (6U) to set free M
Rr
sw nwfQ Z `
sw (6P) to touch sw
h gjha\nZ `
h (6P) to write h
ha w |aZwQ Z `
haw (6P) to enter haw
ns} hanL `
ns} (6P) to create ns}
34
Topic V Conjugation in ` (Present tense)
M
2. Consulting [\liPw [dhtukoa7]
[\lsM are defined by P=ini in his original book called [\lqM \ [dhtup;ha7]. [\li
M Pw
[dhtukoa7] is a book in which these [\lsM are arranged in Sanskrit alphabetical order.
One of the objectives of studying hlmc is to be able to identify the [\l M of a hlmc by
tracking back to the original form of the [\l.M Only then [\li
M Pw can be utilized.
While tracking back to the original form of the [\l M from the modified form in hlmc,
the understanding of the types of modification of simple vowels helps.
Original
Modification
For example, by looking at }ehn, the first guess of the [\l M would be }e,` which is
M Pw . In that case, one can try to find }Z (je), h} (ji), or } (j) because
not found in [\li
`
the ay of }e (jay) is most probably a modification of e, i or . ay is the result
M form of i or .
of gea\e\a-nh from e. And e is a L
In the same logic, ^ [\l M is tracked back from ^ahl.
Similarly, from ljhl, when lj` is not found as a [\l,M one can infer that the [\l M
M modification of or .
would be ls (t6) or l (t) because ar of lj` could be a L
Exactly the same thing can be said to zjhl to find (h6) [\l.M
In the case of wPdhl, when wPd` is not found as [\l,M wd `
M (uc) can be guessed
M in the 1st conjugation.
because a penultimate // of a [\l M can take L
M
Assignment on [\liPw
Do Exercise #2 in the last part of this book.
35
Topic V Conjugation in ` (Present tense)
When a particle in the |\hb-L is used together with a [\l,M it is called an qnLf
[upasarga]. An qnLf may change the meaning, may not change the meaning, or may
enhance the meaning of a [\l M to which it is added.
E.g., 1: ^ (1P) to be
` ^ = to be possible
gQ M + ^ = to experience; gh^ + ^ = to overwhelm; | + ^ = to appear; nR +
Assignment on qnL\f
Try to memorize the 22 members of the |\hb-L.
Do Exercise #3 in the last part of this book.
7
The final m` of m` is an indicatory letter and is removed. Thus only is seen in use.
36
Topic V Conjugation in ` (Present tense)
4. ` (Present Tense) in ilfhj |ePL (Active Voice) with Q Zqb [\l M (tmanepad root)
M if applicable.
The formation of g is the same as for type P. The g takes L,
Because an additional suffix g is suffixed to [\lsM in the 1st L, all the gs end with g.
i\ b `
i\w (1A) to shine i\w
o\[s \Q Z `
o\[ (1A) to negate o\[
el |e Z `
el (1A) to strive el
jR M \e\R ` `
jR (1A) to play, to rejoice jR
`
M^ k \^Z `
^ (1A) to obtain ^
asl M alfQ Z `
asl (1A) to be alf
w^M b `
w^M (1A) to shine wP^
kZas nZaQ Z `
nZa (1A) to serve nZa
37
Topic V Conjugation in ` (Present tense)
M
|RqNk III/1 III/2 III/3
rd
lZ lZ gcZ
(3 person)
M
RRqNk II/1 II/2 II/3
nd
nZ Z Z
(2 person)
M
tRqNk I/1 I/2 I/3
st
v azZ RzZ
(1 person)
[\l M (root) : `
^ (1A) to gain
i\j (tense/mood) : ` (present tense)
|ePL (voice) : ilfhj-|ePL (active voice)
`
gR (stem) : ^
M
|RqNk ^lZ III/1 ^Zl Z III/2
*** ^cZ III/3
*
rd
(3 person) He gains Those two gain They gain
M
RRqNk ^nZ II/1 ^Z Z II/2
*** ^Z II/3
(2nd person) You gain You two gain You all gain
I/1
M
tRqNk ^Z * ^\azZ I/2 ** ^\RzZ I/3 **
(1st person) I gain We two gain We gain
38
Topic V Conjugation in ` (Present tense)
M An additional
The formation of g is the same as for type P. g does not take L.
suffix e is suffixed for [\lsM in the 4th L.
b q b `
b q (4A) to shine b
qb Ll qb ` (4A) to gain qx
o [M gaLRQ Z `
o[M (4A) to know M
o
R Q \Q Z `
RQ (4A) to consider R
e [M n|z\jZ `
e[M (4A) to fight M
e
ns} hanL `
ns} (4A) to create ns
39
Topic V Conjugation in ` (Present tense)
The following [\lsM are frequently seen in scriptures, but their conjugation is not
analyzed in this book due to the complication in the process of conjugation. It is
recommended to become familiar with these forms, especially the forms in 3rd person
singular.
M
|RqNk gh III/1 III/2
nhc III/3
`
Mis ijZ is to do (8U) in ` (Present Tense) ilfhj-|ePL (Active Voice)
Since is is type U, ^eqb [\l M , two sets of forms are seen; one with qj qb suffixes
and the other with QqZ b suffixes.
qj qb\hQ Q Zqb\hQ
viadQR ` hadQR ` oadQR ` viadQR ` hadQR ` oadQR `
M
|RqNk ijPhl III/1 iMNl III/2
iMafhc III/3 iMNlZ III/1 iMa\fl Z III/2
iMafl Z III/3
(3rd person) He does Those two do They do He does Those two do They do
M
RRqNk ijPhk II/1 iMN II/2
iMN II/3 iMNkZ II/1 iMa\f Z II/2
iMNZ II/3
(2nd person) You do You two do You all do You do You two do You all do
M
tRqNk ijPhR I/1 iMaf I/2
iMRf I/3
iMa I/1
iMafzZ I/2
iMRfzZ I/3
40
Topic V Conjugation in ` (Present tense)
M
|RqNk }\Q\hl III/1 }\Q l III/2
}\Qhc III/3
41
Topic V Conjugation in ` (Present tense)
`
p\e\ a\hd to say (2U) in ` (Present Tense) ilfhj-|ePL (Active Voice)
When the first five qj qb suffixes follow, there are two forms.
qj qb\hQ Q Zqb\hQ
viadQR ` hadQR ` oadQR ` viadQR ` hadQR ` oadQR `
M
|RqNk a hl/ l / aM hc/ l Z III/1 a\lZ III/2 aM lZ III/3
(3rd person) z III/1 zl M III/2
z III/3 He says Those two They say
M
RRqNk a hk/ / II/3 k Z II/1 aM \Z II/2 Z II/3
II/1 II/2
(2nd person) z M You all You say You two say You all say
M
tRqNk a hR I/1 a I/2
R I/3
aM Z I/1
azZ I/2
RzZ I/3
(1st person) I say We two say We say I say We two say We say
qj qb\hQ Q Zqb\hQ
viadQR ` hadQR ` oadQR ` viadQR ` hadQR ` oadQR `
M
|RqNk bb\hl III/1 bt III/2
bbhl III/3 btZ III/1
bb\lZ III/2 bblZ III/3
(3rd person) He gives Those two They give He gives Those two They give
give give
M
RRqNk bb\hn II/1 b II/2
b II/3
b Z II/1 bb\Z II/2 b Z II/3
(2nd person) You give You two You all give You give You two give You all give
give
M
tRqNk bb\hR I/1 b I/2
b I/3
bbZ I/1 bzZ I/2 b zZ I/3
(1st person) I give We two We give I give We two give We give
give
42
Topic V Conjugation in ` (Present tense)
iRfh |ePL (Passive Voice) is used to denote the iRf (object) of action.
E.g., L} elZ S (The elephant is seen.)
Because iRf (object) is required in the construction, the [\l M has to be a niRfi-[\l M
[sakarmaka-dhtu7], that which indicates an action which takes an object. In some
dictionaries, niRfi-[\l M is indicated as v.t., transitive verb.
[\l M (root) : `
w (1P) to see
i\j (tense/mood) : ` (present tense)
|ePL (voice) : iRfh |ePL (passive voice)
`
gR (stem) : e
43
Topic V Conjugation in ` (Present tense)
L s Ll `
LR (1P) to reach LlZ (It is reached), LZl,Z LcZ ...
q p\e\ a\hd q ` (1P) to study q lZ (It is studied), q lZ ,Z q cZ ...
gn M ZqZ `
gn (4P) to throw glZ (It is thrown), gZl,Z gcZ...
k M \e\R ` `
k (6P) to wish _lZ (It is wished), _Zl,Z _cZ ...
M RPZ
R d Rd `
M (6U) to set free R M lZ (It is freed), R M lZ ,Z R M cZ ...
`
h gjha\nZ h (6P) to write h lZ (It is written), h lZ ,Z h cZ ...
\ gaoP[Q Z \ (9P) to know \elZ (It is known), \eZl,Z \ecZ ...
w wp wi ` (5P) to be able wlZ (It is possible to be done), wZl,Z wcZ ...
bwfQ Z `
(1A) to see lZ (It is seen), lZ ,Z cZ ...
o\[s \Q Z `
o\[ (1A) to negate o\lZ (It is negated), o\Zl,Z o\cZ ...
^\aZ |ePL (Impersonal Voice) is used to denote the action of the [\l M itself.
The [\l M in ^\aZ |ePL should be an giRfi-[\l M [akarmaka-dhtu7], that which
indicates an action which does not take an object. E.g., to be, to become, to stand, to sit, to
sleep, etc.). In some dictionaries, giRfi-[\l M is indicated as v.i., intransitive verb.
Also, when iRf (object) is not intended to be told, niRfi-[\l M can be used in ^\aZ |ePL
The steps of formation of hlmc are the same as the steps used in iRfh |ePL.
Action itself is denoted in ^\aZ |ePL. Since action is neither the speaker nor the
listener, and does not have any number, only 3rd person singular forms are seen in ^\aZ |ePL.
E.g., lZ III/1 gh Q\ 3/1 S (Burning is done by fire.)8
8
There is a regulation which tells that an undenoted il\f should be told in the 3rd case. Because the
il\f of the action is not denoted by the hlm`-|e, the il\f is told in the 3rd case. (P=ini-stra 2.3.18)
44
Topic VI Conjugation in other i\js
Topic VI
Since the main objectives so far have been covered by studying -i\j, beginner
M
students should defer studying this section and move onto the next section, nocs and
ha^hp-g.f They should come back to this section after completing the section on declension
`
of vowel-ending |\hlqhbis. It is recommended to study the Vowel Sandhi (gd-nh ) section
of Volume 2 of this series before studying this section.
The basic concept of forming hlmc is the same throughout all the i\js:
Modification of hlm-` |e
o hlm-` |es are modified according to i\j.
o There is similarity in modification among the i\js which have ` at the end. i.e.
`
, h, , s, and P. They are also known as hl-i\js.
o There is similarity in modification among the i\js which have m ` at the end. i.e.
`
m,` hah[hm,` w hfm,` m,` and sm.` They are also known as hml-i\js.
`
o Note that the last n becomes :, hanLf.
Modification of g
o For , P, m,` and hah[hm,` the modified forms of g are common.
In active voice, the modification is done according to ten Ls of the [\l.M
In passive voice, regardless of the L, e is added to the g without causing
M
L.
o For other i\js (h, , s, w hfm,` m,` and sm)` , the classification of ten Ls
does not make any difference.
In passive voice, e is not added to the g.
Combination of g and hlm-` |e
o The rules observed in combining g and hlm-` |e are applied for all i\js.
45
Topic VI Conjugation in other i\js
h ` (Perfect Past Tense) is used to express an action in the past which the speaker
did not see directly (qjPZ).
3rd person g gl M v lZ jZ
2nd person g M g nZ Z Z
1st person g a R v azZ RzZ
In qj qb, the |es are changed completely. Everything is the same as ` in Q Zqb.
If the [\l M ends with , III/1 and I/1 of qj qb are changed to . Thus ashu-nh takes
place between and , resulting in together.
Modification of g in h `
`
hR (Duplication) of the [\l M takes place when applicable.
When h takes place, an extra syllable similar to the [\l M is observed before the [\l.M
M
RRqNk o^ha II/1 o^a M II/2
o^a II/3
(2nd person) You were You two were You all were
I/1 I/2
M
tRqNk o^a o^haa o^haR I/3
(1st person) I was We two were We were
46
Topic VI Conjugation in other i\js
LR Ll `
LR (1P) to go }L\R (he went), } Rl M , } R M ...
a d qhj^\kZ `
ad (2P) to speak a\d (he spoke), dlM M , d M ...
| \e\R ` | ` (6P) to ask q| (he asked), q| l M , q| ...
e\ |\qZ e\ (2P) to go ee (he went), eel M , ee M ...
` Z
b\ b\Q b\ (1P) to give bb (he gave), bbl M , b ...
`
M[\ [\jqPkeP [\ (3U) to put, to grant b[ (he granted), b[l M , b[ M ...
\ w{\h n PLeP \ (1P) to blow b (he blew), b l M , b M ...
w^M b `
w^M (1A) to shine M ^M Z (he shone), ww
ww M ^M \lZ, ww
M hM ^jZ,
M hM ^kZ, ww
ww M ^M \Z, ww
M hM ^Z, ww
M ^M ,Z ww
M hM ^azZ, ww
M hM aRzZ
`
M^ k \^Z `
^ (1A) to obtain Z^ Z (he gained), Z^\lZ, Zh^jZ
Assignment on Conjugation in h `
Observe the forms in 3rd person singular.
Do the h ` portion of Exercise #7 in the last part of this book.
47
Topic VI Conjugation in other i\js
` (First Future Tense) is used to express an action in the remote future, i.e., not of
today. hlmcs in ` are rarely seen.
Modification of g in `
` added to [\l.M If the [\l M is marked S in [\li
l\n is M Pw , is added before l\n. `
M takes place if applicable.
L
M
tRqNk ^hal\h I/1 ^hal\ I/2
^hal\ I/3
48
Topic VI Conjugation in other i\js
q p\e\ a\hd q ` (1P) to study qhl\ (he will study), qhl\j, qhl\j , qhl\hn, ...
RbM zk RbM ` (1A) to rejoice RPhbl\ (he will rejoice), RPhbl\j, RPhbl\j ,
RPhbl\nZ, RPhbl\n\\R, ` RPhbl\Z, RPhbl\zZ, RPhbl\zZ, RPhbl\zZ
}Q |\^\fa Z `
}Q (4A) to be born }hQl\ (he will be born), }hQl\j, }hQl\j ,
}hQl\nZ, }hQl\n\\R, ` }hQl\Z
Assignment on Conjugation in `
` + l\n +
Observe the elements in the forms. E.g., ^a + ` hR, q ` + + l\n +
` hR, etc.
49
Topic VI Conjugation in other i\js
3rd person hl l hc lZ Zl Z cZ
2nd person hn nZ Z Z Z
1st person \hR \a \R Z \azZ \RzZ
Modification of g in s `
is added to [\l.M If the [\l M is marked S in [\li
M Pw , is added before . In this
M
tRqNk ^ha_\hR I/1 ^ha_\a I/2
^ha_\R I/3
50
Topic VI Conjugation in other i\js
L s Ll `
LR (1P) to go LhR_hl (he will go), LhR_l , LhR_hc ...
ab p\e\ a\hd ab ` (1P) to say, to tell ahb_hl (he will say), ahb_l , ahb_hc ...
` Z
b\ b\Q b\ (1P) to give b\hl (he will give), b\l , b\hc ...
`
Mis ijZ is (8U) to do ihj_hl (he will do), ihj_l , ihj_hc ...
/ihj_lZ, ihj_Zl,Z ihj_cZ, ihj_nZ, ihj_Z,Z ihj_Z, ihj_Z, ihj_\azZ, ihj_\RzZ
RbM zk RbM ` (1A) to rejoice RPhb_lZ (he will rejoice), RPhb_Zl,Z RPhb_cZ
`
M^ k \^Z `
^ (1A) to obtain lZ (he will obtain), lZ ,Z cZ
}Q |\^\fa Z `
}Q (4A) to be born }hQ_lZ (he will be born), }hQ_Zl,Z }hQ_cZ
Assignment on Conjugation in s `
Observe the elements in the forms and try to conjugate the above [\lsM for yourself.
` _ + hl (For combining g and hlm-` |e, the same rules are for ` are
E.g., ^a +
applied.)
Do the s ` portion of Exercise #7 in the last part of this book.
51
Topic VI Conjugation in other i\js
4. P ` (Imperative Mood)
In qj qb,
of III/1 and III/3 becomes .
There will be no suffix for II/1 if the g ends with g. Otherwise, hz is the suffix.
Others are like m.`
M is added before suffix.
For tRqNk,
In Q Zqb,
The modified forms for ` are used as the basis for further modifications.
v at the end becomes R. `
M v at the end becomes .
In tRqNk,
For II/1 and II/3, the suffixes are and R, ` respectively.
Modification of g in P `
The formation of g is the same as for ` (present tense) in both ilfhj and iRfh
|ePLs.
52
Topic VI Conjugation in other i\js
M
|RqNk ^al M III/1
^al\R ` III/2 ^ac M III/3
M
RRqNk ^a II/1
^alR ` II/2
^al II/3
(2nd person) May you be May you two be May you all be
M
gn M ^ha `
gn (2P) to be g,M \R, ` nc,M vh[, R, ` , gn\hQ, gn\a, gn\R
L s Ll `
LR (1P) to go Ll M (May he go), Ll\R, ` Lc...
M
RbM zk RbM ` (1A) to rejoice RPbl\R, ` RPbZl\R, ` RPbc\R, ` RPb, RPbZ\R, ` RPbR, `
RPb, RPb\az, RPb\Rz
jR M \e\R ` `
jR (1A) to play, to rejoice
jRl\R, ` jRZl\R, ` jRc\R
`
`
M^ k \^Z `
^ (1A) to obtain ^l\R, ` ^Zl\R, ` ^c\R
`
}Q |\^\fa Z `
}Q (4A) to be born }\el\R, ` }\eZl\R, ` }\ec\R
`
RQ \Q Z `
RQ (4A) to consider Rl\R, ` RZl\R, ` Rc\R ...
`
53
Topic VI Conjugation in other i\js
L s Ll `
LR (1P) to go `
Ll\R (May it be reached), LZl\R, ` Lc\R, `
L, LZ\R, ` LR, ` L , L\az, L\Rz
q p\e\ a\hd q `(1P) to study q l\R, ` q lZ \R, ` q c\R ...
`
k M \e\R ` `
k (6P) to wish _l\R, ` _Zl\R, ` _c\R ...
`
M RPZ
R d `
M (6U)
Rd to set free R M l\R, ` R M lZ \R, ` R M c\R ...
`
bwfQ Z `
(1A) to see l\R, ` lZ \R, ` c\R ...
`
`
M^ k \^Z `
^ (1A) to obtain Ol\R, ` OZl\R, ` Oc\R
`
`
R k nzQ Z `
R (1A) to pardon l\R, ` Zl\R, ` c\R ...
`
Assignment on Conjugation in P `
Observe the elements in the forms and try to conjugate the above [\lsM for yourself.
Do the P ` portion of Exercise #7 in the last part of this book.
54
Topic VI Conjugation in other i\js
m ` (Simple Past Tense) is used to express an action in the past, but not of today.
In qj qb,
III/2, II/2, II/3, I/1 becomes l\R, ` lR, ` l, gR, ` respectively.
` the end disappear. For III/3, l also
For others, and n at ` disappears.
In Q Zqb,
III/3 becomes gc.
Others remain in the original forms.
Modification of g in m `
The formation of g is the same as for ` (present tense) in both ilfhj and iRfh
|ePLs.
An augment g is added before the [\l.M
` LR (1P)
E.g., gLl = ` ` ilfhj/III/1
+ m/
` Qw (4P)
E.g., | + gQel = ` ` ilfhj/III/1
+ m/
Note that the augment comes before the [\l,M not the qnLf.
If the [\l M begins with vowel, is added and ashu takes place with the beginning
letter of the [\l.M
`
E.g., l = (1A) ` ilfhj/III/1
+ m/
55
Topic VI Conjugation in other i\js
M
|RqNk g^al ` III/1 g^al\R ` III/2 g^aQ ` III/3
(3rd person) He was Those two were They all were
M
RRqNk g^a II/1
g^alR ` II/2
g^al II/3
(2nd person) You were You two were You all were
M
tRqNk g^aR ` I/1 g^a\a I/2
g^a\R I/3
M
|RqNk n l ` III/1 \R ` III/2 nQ ` III/3
(3rd person) He was Those two were They all were
M
RRqNk n II/1
R ` II/2
II/3
(2nd person) You were You two were You all were
M
tRqNk nR ` I/1 I/2
I/3
L s Ll `
LR (1P) to go `
gLl (he went), gLl\R, ` gLQ...`
ab p\e\ a\hd ab ` (1P) to say `
gabl (he `
said), gabl\R, ` gabQ ...
hw |ZZ `
w (1P) to see `
gqel (he `
saw), gqel\R, ` gqeQ ...
\ LhlhQast \ (1P) to stay ghll, ` ghll\R, ` ghlQ...`
w gbwfQ Z `
Qw (4P) `
to perish gQel, ` gQel\R, ` gQeQ ...
ns} hanL `
ns} (6P) to create gns}l, ` gns}l\R,gns `
` }Q ...
`
Mis ijZ is (8U) to do gijPl, ` giMNl\R, ` giMafQ, ` gijP , giMNlR, ` giMNl, gijaR, ` giMaf, giMRf
` M afl, giM\f , giMa\f\R gi
/giMNl, giMa\fl\R,gi ` M NR, ` giMhaf, giMafhz, giMRfhz
bwfQ Z `
(1A) to see l, Zl\R, ` c, \ , Z\R, ` R, ` Z, ahz, Rhz
56
Topic VI Conjugation in other i\js
L s Ll `
LR (1P) to go gLl (It has been reached), gLZl\R, ` gLc ...
q p\e\ a\hd q ` (1P) to study gq l (It has been studied), gq lZ \R, ` gq c ...
hw |ZZ `
w (1P) to see gel, geZl\R, ` gec ...
bwfQ Z `
(1A) to see l, lZ \R, ` c ...
RQ \Q Z `
RQ (4A) to consider gRl, gRZl\R, ` gRc ...
Assignment on Conjugation in m `
Observe the elements in the forms and try to conjugate the above [\lsM for yourself.
Do the m ` portion of Exercise #7 in the last part of this book.
57
Topic VI Conjugation in other i\js
hah[hm ` (Potential Mood) is used to express a command, wish, etc., and also is used
`
in making a conditional or hypothetical sentence. E.g., e j jZl l w\hc \l S` (If one
remembers vara, there will be happiness for him.)
`
The standard |es for hml are used as a basis.
In qj qb,
e\ is attached before the |es.
M .`
III/3 becomes en
If the g is ending with g, the e\ is replaced by e. ` The e is
` elided when |e starts
`
with consonant. The g at the end of g and of e together M
becomes v by L-nh .
In Q Zqb,
`
III/3 and I/1 are replaced by jQ and g, respectively.
` attached. The e at
e is ` the end is elided when |e starts with consonant.
Modification of g in hah[hm `
The formation of g is the same as for ` (present tense) in both ilfhj and iRfh
|ePLs.
58
Topic VI Conjugation in other i\js
M
|RqNk `
^aZl III/1 ^aZl\R ` III/2 ^aZe M III/3
M
RRqNk ^aZ II/1
^aZlR ` II/2
^aZl II/3
(2nd person) May you be May you two be May you all be
M
tRqNk ^aZeR ` I/1 ^aZa I/2
^aZR I/3
L s Ll `
LR (1P) to go `
LZl (May one go), LZl\R, ` LZe M ...
q p\e\ a\hd q ` (1P) to study `
qZ l (May one study), qZ l\R, ` qZ e M ...
hw |ZZ `
w (1P) to see qeZl, ` qeZl\R, ` qeZe M ...
s hdc\e\R ` s (1P) to remember jZl, ` jZl\R, ` jZe M ...
hdc\e\R ` (1P) to contemplate \eZl, ` \eZl\R, ` \eZe M ...
w gbwfQ Z `
Qw (4P) to perish QeZl, ` QeZl\R, ` QeZe M ...
ns} hanL `
ns} (6P) to create ns}lZ , ` ns}lZ \R, ` ns}eZ M ...
M
|RqNk `
\l III/1 \l\R ` III/2 M III/3
M
RRqNk \ II/1
\lR ` II/2
\l II/3
(2nd person) May you be May you two be May you all be
M
tRqNk \R ` I/1 \a I/2
\R I/3
59
Topic VI Conjugation in other i\js
q \ `
q (5P) M , ` e\l\R
to pervade e\l M , ` eM M ..
\ gaoP[Q Z \ (9P) to know }\Q e\l, ` }\Q e\l\R, ` }\Q e M ,
`
Mis ijZ is (8U) to do iMe\fl, ` iMe\fl\R, ` iMe Mf , iMe\f , iMe\flR, ` iMe\fl, iMe\fR, ` iMe\fa, iMe\fR
` M ajQ, ` iMa\ , iMae\\R, ` iMaR, ` iMae, iMaahz, iMaRhz
/iMal, iMae\l\R i
asl M alfQ Z `
asl (1A) to be all, ale\l\R, ` aljQ, ` al\ , ale\\R, ` alR, ` ale, alahz, alRhz
`
M^ k \^Z `
^ (1A) to obtain ^Zl, ^Ze\l\R, ` ^ZjQ, ` ^Z\ , ^Ze\\R, ` ^ZjQ, ` ^Ze, ^Zahz, ^ZRhz
jR M \e\R ` jR (1A)
` to rejoice `
jRZl, jRZe\l\R, ` jRZjQ ...
RbM zk RbM ` (1A) to rejoice `
RPbZl, RPbZe\l\R, ` RPbZjQ
}Q |\^\fa Z `
}Q (4A) to be born `
}\eZl, }\eZe\l\R, ` }\eZjQ
RQ \Q Z `
RQ (4A) `
to consider RZl, RZe\l\R, ` RZjQ ...
L s Ll `
LR (1P) to go LZl (May it be reached), LZe\l\R, ` LZjQ, `
LZ\ , LZe\\R, ` LZR, ` LZe, LZahz, LZRhz
hw |ZZ `
w (1P) to see `
eZl, eZe\l\R, ` eZjQ ...
`
M^ k \^Z `
^ (1A) to obtain `
OZl, OZe\l\R, ` OZjQ
60
Topic VI Conjugation in other i\js
`
The standard |es for hml are used as a basis.
In qj qb,
III/3 becomes n. `
e\ is attached before the |es.
In Q Zqb,
`
III/3 and I/1 are replaced by jQ and g, respectively.
` attached before l and
n is ` ` |es
of
` attached. The e at
n e is ` the end is elided when the |e starts with a consonant.
Modification of g in w hfm `
M does not take place in qj qb. In QqZ b, L
L M takes place if applicable.
61
Topic VI Conjugation in other i\js
M
|RqNk `
^e\l III/1 ^e\\R ` III/2 ^e\n M III/3
M
RRqNk ^e\ II/1
^e\R ` II/2 ^e\ II/3
(2nd person) May you be May you two be May you all be
M
tRqNk ^e\nR ` I/1 ^e\ I/2
^e\ I/3
L s Ll `
LR (1P) to go `
L\l (May one reach), L\\R, ` L\n M ...
v[ asu `
v[ (1A) to grow vh[k , vh[k e\\R, ` vh[k jQ, `
vh[k \ , vh[k e\\R, ` vh[k R, ` vh[k e, vh[k ahz, vh[k Rhz
62
Topic VI Conjugation in other i\js
`
The standard |es for hml are used as a basis.
To these standard forms, there are many changes according to [\l.M This is well
explained through P=ini-stras.
Modification of g in m `
According to [\l,M extra suffix n, ` n, or g is added.
Like for m,` an augment g/ is added before the g.
M
|RqNk g^l ` III/1 g^l\R ` III/2 g^aQ ` III/3
(3rd person) He was Those two were They all were
M
RRqNk g^ II/1
g^lR ` II/2
g^l II/3
(2nd person) You were You two were You all were
M
tRqNk g^aR ` I/1 g^a I/2
g^R I/3
63
Topic VI Conjugation in other i\js
Assignment on Conjugation in m `
Do the m ` portion of Exercise #7 in the last part of this book.
64
Topic VI Conjugation in other i\js
9. sm ` (Conditional Mood)
`
The standard |es for hml are used as a basis.
, an additional suffix to the [\l,M is attached to hlm-` |es in this chart.
Modification of g in sm `
is added to [\l.M If the [\l M is marked S in [\li
M Pw , is added before . In this
M
|RqNk g^ha_l ` III/1 g^ha_l\R ` III/2 g^ha_Q ` III/3
(3rd person) He could be Those two could be They all could be
M
RRqNk g^ha_ II/1
g^ha_lR ` II/2
g^ha_l II/3
(2nd person) You could be You two could be You all could be
M
tRqNk g^ha_R ` I/1 g^ha_\a I/2
g^ha_\R I/3
65
Topic VI Conjugation in other i\js
`
Mis ijZ `
is (8U) to do gihj_l (He `
could have done), gihj_l\R, ` gihj_Q
/gihj_l, gihj_Zl\R, ` gihj_c,
gihj_\ , gihj_Z\R, ` gihj_R, ` gihj_Z, gihj_\ahz, gihj_\Rhz
Assignment on Conjugation in sm `
Do the sm ` portion of Exercise #7 in the last part of this book.
66
M
Topic VII The Concept of Nouns (nocR `
[subantam])
Topic VII
The Concept of
M
Nouns (nocR `
[subantam])
M
1. What is noun (nocR `
[subantam])?
As seen so far, there are only two types of words in Sanskrit language: verb (hlmc
qbR),` that which ends (gc) with verbal suffix (hlm)` , and noun (noc
M qbR),` that which ends
with nominal suffix (nqM ).`
In a sentence in Sanskrit, there has to be one verb, either written or implied. All
other words are nouns. All these nouns are connected to the verb, either directly or
indirectly.
A noun conveys a thing or person and how it is connected to the verb in the
sentence.
M
2. Constituents of noun (nocR `
[subantam])
M
The literal meaning of nocR ` that which ends with nqM [sup].
is `
` a type of |e (suffix), which can be called nominal suffix.
nqM is
M
nocR `
consists of two elements:
M
Noun (nocR `
[subantam])
`
= Nominal base (|\hlqhbiR [prtipadikam]) `
+ Nominal suffix (nqM -|e [sup-pratyaya7])
`
A |\hlqhbiR [prtipadikam] `
indicates a thing or a person. nqM -|e [sup-pratyaya7]
indicates how that thing or person is connected to the verb in a sentence.
67
M
Topic VII The Concept of Nouns (nocR `
[subantam])
`
By suffixing different nominal suffixes (nqM -|es) to a |\hlqhbiR, ` according to the
M
relationship to the verb and the number, different forms of nouns (nocs) are produced.
This is what we call declension of noun.
Observe how a noun is declined from a single |\hlqhbi into twenty-one different
forms by suffixing twenty-one different suffixes according to seven types of cases and
three numbers.
|\hlqhbiR ` `
nqM |e (nominal suffixes) M
nocR `
(nouns)
(nominal base)
Num. Sing Plu- Num. Sing-
Case Dual Case Dual Plural
-ular ral ular
1st case nM }n ` 1st case j\R j\R j\R\
j\R
+ 2nd case gR ` ` wn ` = 2nd case j\RR ` j\R j\R\Q `
[rma]
3rd case \ O\R ` h^n ` 3rd case j\RZ j\R\O\R ` j\R
4th case mZ O\R ` On ` 4th case j\R\e j\R\O\R ` j\RZO
5th case mhn O\R ` On ` 5th case j\R\l ` j\R\O\R ` j\RZO
6th case mn ` n ` R ` 6th case j\R j\ReP j\R\\R `
7th case hm n ` nqM ` 7th case j\RZ j\ReP j\RZk M
`
That which immediately precedes the suffix is called g [aga]. So, when a nqM -|e
[sup-pratyaya] is suffixed to a |\hlqhbi, the |\hlqhbi is given the status of g. It is the g
`
which then undergoes any necessary modifications based on the nqM -|e. `
nqM -|es also
undergo some changes based on gender and ending-letter of the |\hlqhbi.
68
M
Topic VII The Concept of Nouns (nocR `
[subantam])
This two-fold classification is the factor which makes the difference in declension
among different |\hlqhbis.
i. Genders
69
M
Topic VII The Concept of Nouns (nocR `
[subantam])
9
If applicable, a feminine suffix ( |e ) such as or is suffixed.
70
M
Topic VII The Concept of Nouns (nocR `
[subantam])
10
Refer R\zZjn\h in Volume 2 for gd, ` abbreviation of vowels. Also, refer P=ini-stra 8.2.39 in
` gd changes
z-nh in Volume 2 for how d of ` ` g}c.
into } in
71
M
Topic VII The Concept of Nouns (nocR `
[subantam])
`
4. Nominal suffix (nqM -|e [sup-pratyaya7])
`
nqM -|ees indicate two things.
i. Case (ha^hp [vibhakti7])
There are seven cases (ha^hps) from 1st to 7th, whose meanings (ha^hp-g\f )
will be studied in the next topic.
`
ii. Number (adQR [vacanam])
There are three numbers (adQs): singular (vi-adQR),` dual (h-adQR),` and
plural (o-adQR).`
`
By these two factors (case and number), every suffix of twenty-one nqM -|es is
unique, as seen in the chart below.
Number
Singular Dual Plural
Case
1st case n M [su] [au] `
}n [jas]
2nd case `
gR [am] ` [au;] `
wn [as]
6th case `
mn [as] `
n [os] `
R [m]
`
nqM -|es are suffixed to |\hlqhbi to convey:
i. The role which the |\hlqhbi plays in the sentence by case (ha^hp )
ii. The number of |\hlqhbi by number (adQR)`
72
M
Topic VII The Concept of Nouns (nocR `
[subantam])
M
5. Objectives of learning nocR `
`
1) Locate the hlmcqb first and mark it. qehl w (1P) to see + /ilfhj/III/1
1/1
M
2) Mark all the nocqbs - j\R n le\ 3/1 nz 0 q M \h 2/3 qehl III/1 S
3) Ask questions to find out i\ji and non-i\ji by asking questions and finding ha^hp-g f
M
of the nocqbs.
1/1
Q: Who sees? (i qehl?) Look for 1st case since the hlmc is in ilfhj |ePL .
1/1
A: j\R qehl Of the word j\R , |\hlqhbi is j\R, which is gi\j\c-qh M w{ in ilfhj |R\
to qehl, in singular (1/1).
Q: What does he see? (i\hQ 2/3 qehl?) Look for 2nd case since in ilfhj |ePL undenoted
iRf is told in 2nd case.
A: q M \h 2/3 qehl Of the word q M \h, |\hlqhbi is q M , which is gi\j\c-Qqn
M ihw{ , in
iRfh hl e\ to qehl, in plural (2/3)
Q: With whom does he see? (ie\ 3/1 nz qehl?) Look for 3rd case since a word
connected to nz (together) is told in 3rd case.
A: n le\ 3/1 nz 0 qehl Of the word n le\, |\hlqhbi is n l\, which is i\j\c- hw{ ,
`
in nz lsl e\ in singular (3/1); nz is geR (0).
73
Topic VIII Meanings of Case Endings (ha^\f [vibhaktyarth7])
Topic VIII
Meanings of case endings
(ha^\f [vibhaktyarth7])
This section will be well comprehended when studied along with the next topics on
declension.
`
In Sanskrit language, every noun ends with a nominal suffix (nqM -|e [sup-
pratyaya7]).
`
Nominal suffixes (nqM -|es) are twenty-one in number and they are divided into
seven cases (ha^hps [vibhakti]s) and three numbers, as seen in the chart below.
`
ha^hp literally means division. The nqM -|es are divided into seven, and each
division is called |R\ ha^hp (1st division), hl e\ ha^hp (2nd division), and so on.
`
ha^hp (Division) of nqM -|es (nominal suffixes)
Number
Singular Dual Plural
ha^hp (division)
|R\ [pratham] (1st) nM }n `
hl e\ [dvity] (2nd) gR ` ` wn `
k [:a:;h] (6th) mn ` n ` R `
74
Topic VIII Meanings of Case Endings (ha^\f [vibhaktyarth7])
Each ha^hp conveys different meanings. The meaning (g f [artha]) of ha^hp is called
ha^ f [vibhaktyartha]. This ha^ f is added to |\hlqhbi to express the role of |\hlqhbi
played in the sentence.
ha^hps are called by different names as seen in the chart below. To avoid the
possible confusion caused by mixing up i\ji and ha^hp, in this book we refer to the ha^hp
by the numerical names (1, |R\, or 1st case) rather than the other names (nominative, etc.),
which are also associated with i\ji.
75
Topic VIII Meanings of Case Endings (ha^\f [vibhaktyarth7])
A. i\ji-ha^hp
B. Non-i\ji-ha^hp
`
Address to get the attention of the listener (nP[QR [sambodhanam])
76
Topic VIII Meanings of Case Endings (ha^\f [vibhaktyarth7])
A. i\ji-ha^hp
The 2nd case which is in the sense of iRf is called iRfh hl e\ [karma=i dvity]
B. Non-i\ji-ha^hp
A word connected to the following words: (These words govern the 2nd case.)
` gQ M 0 n
E.g., qbZwR 2/1 1/1 ` oP[hl III/1 S
aZb\Q 2/3
77
Topic VIII Meanings of Case Endings (ha^\f [vibhaktyarth7])
A. i\ji-ha^hp
`
ijR (instrument)
The 3rd case which is in the sense of il\f is called ilfhj lsl e\ [kartari t6ty]
1/1
E.g., 3) bQ bZabtZQ 3/1 zZQ 3/1 \xlZ III/1 S (The rice is eaten by Devadatta by hand.)
B. Non-i\ji-ha^hp
zZl M (cause) of an action
The 3rd case which is in the sense of zZl M is called zZl lsl e\ [hetau t6ty]
M Q 3/1 RQ_R
E.g., 1) qeZ M ` ^lZ
2/1 III/1
S (One gains human birth because of pu=ya.)
M is zZl,M therefore it is in the 3rd case.
qe
78
Topic VIII Meanings of Case Endings (ha^\f [vibhaktyarth7])
A. i\ji-ha^hp
`
nb\QR (recipient of action of giving, etc.)
` called nb\Q Z dl
The 4th case which is in the sense of nb\QR is M [sampradne caturth]
hw_, to whom the agent wants to connect by the action, is nb\QR, ` thus it is in
the 4th case.
B. Non-i\ji-ha^hp
Purpose of action.
M
E.g., 1) qe\e 4/1 ` e}lZ
bZa\Q 2/3 III/1
S (One worships devas to gain puya.)
o QR (indeclinable, salutation)
E.g., hwa\e 4/1 QR 0
S (Salutation to iva.)
o h (indeclinable, welfare)
E.g., h 0 }QO
Z 4/3
S (May there be welfare for the people.)
o \z\ (indeclinable, an exclamation used in making oblations to the gods)
E.g., \e 4/1 \z\ 0 S (This oblation is to Indra.)
o Etc.
79
Topic VIII Meanings of Case Endings (ha^\f [vibhaktyarth7])
A. i\ji-ha^hp
`
gq\b\QR (origin, etc.)
` as\l 5/1
E.g., 1) R 1/1 ` qlhl III/1 S (The fruit falls from the tree.)
E.g., 3) j 1/1
\l 5/1 ` jhl III/1 S (vara protects people from sorrow.)
` Qj\Q 2/3
` iRR 1/1
E.g., 4) }\l 5/1 ` }\elZ III/1 S (Lotus is born of water.)
` \ijR 2/1
E.g., 5) q\\e\l 5/1 ` g[ lZ III/1 S (He studies grammar from the teacher.)
80
Topic VIII Meanings of Case Endings (ha^\f [vibhaktyarth7])
B. Non-i\ji-ha^hp
The 5th case which is in the sense of zZl M is called zZl qrR [hetau pacam]
E.g., 1) qafl 1/1 ` hl 0 [R\l 5/1
ah R\Q 1/1 ` \elZ III/1 S
(The mountain has fire. is known beucase of smoke.)
` nR 1/1
E.g., 1) RQ\l 5/1 ` hahw_lZ III/1 S (Speaking truth is greater than silence.)
81
Topic VIII Meanings of Case Endings (ha^\f [vibhaktyarth7])
A word connected to the following words which govern 2nd, 3rd and 5th case.
82
Topic VIII Meanings of Case Endings (ha^\f [vibhaktyarth7])
B. Non-i\ji-ha^hp
The 6th case used in the sense of connection is called nZ k [sambandhe :a:;h]
83
Topic VIII Meanings of Case Endings (ha^\f [vibhaktyarth7])
A. i\ji-ha^hp
`
gh[ijR (locus of agent or object of action)
1/1
E.g., 3) bZabt M 7/1 h"hl III/1 S (Devadatta feels affection in his son.)
qZ
84
Topic VIII Meanings of Case Endings (ha^\f [vibhaktyarth7])
B. Non-i\ji-ha^hp
`
o nhl is a 7th case singular declension of nl (being).
In masculine
hakeZ 7/1 nhl 7/1 - when there is an object,
7/2 7/2
hakeeP nlP - when there are two objects,
hakeZk M 7/3 n M 7/3 - when there are three or more objects,
In neuter
i\jZ 7/1 nhl 7/1 - when there is a cause,
7/2 7/2
i\jeP nlP - when there are two causes,
i\jZk M 7/3 n M 7/3 - when there are three or more causes,
In feminine
`
w \e\ 7/1 n\R 7/1 - when there is a doubt,
7/2 7/2
w eP nP - when there are two doubts,
w \n M 7/3 nl k M 7/3 - when there are three or more doubts,
o The word nhl etc., may or may not be present in the sentence.
85
Topic VIII Meanings of Case Endings (ha^\f [vibhaktyarth7])
86
Topic IX Declension of Vowel-ending Nominal bases and Pronouns
Topic IX
Declension of
Vowel-ending Nominal bases
and Pronouns
Declension in Sanskrit is the making of different forms of nouns from one nominal
`
base (|\hlqhbi [prtipadika]) by adding different nominal suffixes (nqM -|es [sup-
pratyaya]s).
87
Topic IX Declension of Vowel-ending Nominal bases and Pronouns
88
Topic IX Declension of Vowel-ending Nominal bases and Pronouns
`
Declension of |\hlqhbiR j\R (Rma), gi\j\c-qh M -w{
`
adQR (Number) `
viadQR (Singular) hadQR ` oadQR `
ha^hp (Case) (Dual) (Plural)
`
nP[QR (Vocative) zZ j\R S/1 zZ j\R S/2 zZ j\R\ S/3
In 3/1 and 6/3, takes place when applicable. (Refer -nh (8.4.2) in
Volume 2.)
f - takes place. (Refer R[
In 7/3, R[ f -nh (8.3.59) in Volume 2.)
89
Topic IX Declension of Vowel-ending Nominal bases and Pronouns
M
Complete Topic VI Consonant Sandhi 7. gQ\j of Volume 2.
Observe the forms in the 2nd case.
` added at the end.
o In 2/1, R is
o 2/2 is always the same as 1/2 for any |\hlqhbi.
` added at the end.
o In 2/3, the last letter g is elongated and Q is
In this manner, make forms in the 2nd case with all the gi\j\cqh M -|\hlqhbis in the list.
Study the meanings of 2nd case in Topic VIII - Meanings of Case Endings.
Do Exercise #10 in the last part of this book.
` Volume 2.
Complete Topic VI Consonant Sandhi 10. R of
Observe the forms in the 3rd case.
M
o In 3/1, Q is suffixed with L-nh . can happen for the suffix.
o In 3/2, the last letter g is elongated before the suffix O\R. `
o In 3/3, the last letter g is changed into and hanLf is added at the end.
In this manner, make forms in the 3rd case with all the gi\j\cqh M -|\hlqhbis in the list.
Study the meanings of 3rd case in Topic VIII - Meanings of Case Endings.
90
Topic IX Declension of Vowel-ending Nominal bases and Pronouns
` Volume 2.
Complete Topic VI Consonant Sandhi 4. }R of
Observe the forms in the 5th case.
` b ` is added.
o In 5/1, the last letter g is elongated and l or
o 5/2 and 5/3 are always the same as 4/2 and 4/3 for any |\hlqhbi.
In this manner, make forms in the 5th case with all the gi\j\cqh M -|\hlqhbis in the list.
Study the meanings of 5th case in Topic VIII - Meanings of Case Endings.
Do Exercise #13 in the last part of this book.
91
Topic IX Declension of Vowel-ending Nominal bases and Pronouns
` Volume 2.
f R of
Complete Topic VI Consonant Sandhi 9. R[
Observe the forms in the 7th case.
M
o In 7/1, the last letter g and the suffix become v by L-nh. (g + = v)
o 7/2 is always the same as 6/2 for any |\hlqhbi.
f R. `
o In 7/3, the last letter g is replaced by v and n M is suffixed, with R[
In this manner, make forms in the 7th case with all the gi\j\cqh M -|\hlqhbis in the list.
Study the meanings of 7th case in Topic VIII - Meanings of Case Endings.
Do Exercise #15 in the last part of this book.
92
Topic IX Declension of Vowel-ending Nominal bases and Pronouns
Among nafQ\Rs, g-ending |\hlqhbis in masculine decline like j\R, except for 1/3, 4/1,
5/1, 6/3, and 7/1, which are printed in bold in the chart.
M
o In 1/3, is suffixed with Lnh, resulting with v. It looks like the form in 7/1.
However, 7/1 in nafQ\R is different from j\R-w{. Thus there is no confusion.
o In 4/1, is suffixed.
` suffixed.
o In 5/1, \l is
` suffixed, instead of Q\R in
o In 6/3, the last letter g is replaced by v, and n\R is ` j\R. n `
`
of n\R becomes f . (Refer R[
R[ f -nh (8.3.59) in Volume 2.)
` suffixed.
o In 7/1, hQ is
When naf (all) is used in singular, it generally indicates the whole part of a thing,
1/1
while when naf (all) is used in plural, it generally indicates all the members. E.g., naf
1/1
as (the whole tree); na 1/3 as\ 1/3
(all the trees)
93
Topic IX Declension of Vowel-ending Nominal bases and Pronouns
94
Topic IX Declension of Vowel-ending Nominal bases and Pronouns
`
nafQ\Rs lb ` (that), eb ` (that which), vlb ` (this), and hiR (kim) are used in the language
very often. The declensions of these words are very similar to g-ending pronouns, like naf,
because they decline just as g-ending |\hlqhbis: l, e, vl, and i, respectively. The
only exception is in 1/1 for lb ` and vlb.
nafQ\R-|\hlqhbi lb ` (that) represents a thing or person who is away from the speaker.
`
E.g., n LhR_hl S (He will come.); lZ abhc S (They say.); lhQ ^ha_\hR S (I will be there.), etc.
`
Declension of nafQ\R-|\hlqhbiR lb ` (that) in masculine
95
Topic IX Declension of Vowel-ending Nominal bases and Pronouns
`
Declension of nafQ\R-|\hlqhbiR eb ` (that which) in masculine
11
A clause is a unit of words in which one verb is seen, or implied. A clause is a part of a sentence
and not a sentence by itself. A clause is incorporated into a sentence by utilizing a relative pronoun.
E.g., I found what I was looking for. I choose that which is proper.
96
Topic IX Declension of Vowel-ending Nominal bases and Pronouns
vlb ` (this) represents a thing or person who is in close proximity to the speaker. E.g.,
1/1 1/1
vk M
qNk S (This person); vlZ 1/3 as\ 1/3
S (These trees), etc.
lb ` (that) and vlb ` (this) are often used together to show that which was discussed in
previous sentences is the same as this which is under discussion in the current sentence.
1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1
E.g., vi |hnu Qsq Sn vk M
qNk S (There is a famous king. He is this man.)
`
Declension of nafQ\R-|\hlqhbiR vlb ` (this) in masculine
97
Topic IX Declension of Vowel-ending Nominal bases and Pronouns
`
hiR (kim) is an interrogative pronoun.
E.g., i 1/1
vk 1/1
M
qNk 1/1
`
S (Who is this person?); iZ 1/3 lZ 1/3 S (Who are they?); iR 2/1
` S (Why?); i 6/1 qM
qehn II/1S (What do you see?); i\l 5/1 1/1
n 1/1
S (Whose son is he?);
iZ k M 7/3 bZwkZ M 7/3 elZ III/1 S (Where, in which places, is it seen?), etc.
`
Declension of nafQ\R-|\hlqhbiR hiR` (what) in masculine
`
When eb ` and hiR.are used together, it means whatever.
E.g., eZ 1/3 iZ 1/3 }Q\ 1/3
` &PiR 2/1
vlR 2/1 ` qhc III/3 j 1/1 ` jhl III/1 S (Whoever
l\Q 2/3
people chant this verse, vara protect them.)
` masculine
Assignment on lb, eb, vlb, hiR in
98
Topic IX Declension of Vowel-ending Nominal bases and Pronouns
M ih (neuter) \Q [j=na]
4. g-ending in Qqn
g-ending neuter |\hlqhbis decline like j\R. The only difference is in the first two
cases, which are always identical for any neuter |\hlqhbis.
`
Declension of |\hlqhbiR \Q M ih-w{
(knowledge), gi\j\c-Qqn
adQR `
ha^hp viadQR ` hadQR ` oadQR `
99
Topic IX Declension of Vowel-ending Nominal bases and Pronouns
`
Declension of |\hlqhbiR naf M ih-w{
(all), gi\j\c-nafQ\R-Qqn
100
Topic IX Declension of Vowel-ending Nominal bases and Pronouns
`
Declension of nafQ\R-|\hlqhbiR lb ` (that), in neuter
`
Declension of nafQ\R-|\hlqhbiR eb ` (that which), in neuter
101
Topic IX Declension of Vowel-ending Nominal bases and Pronouns
`
Declension of nafQ\R-|\hlqhbiR vlb ` (this), in neuter
adQR `
ha^hp viadQR ` hadQR ` oadQR `
`
Declension of nafQ\R-|\hlqhbiR hiR` (what) in neuter
adQR `
ha^hp viadQR ` hadQR ` oadQR `
102
Topic IX Declension of Vowel-ending Nominal bases and Pronouns
-ending and -ending |\hlqhbis have similarities which make them decline in the
same manner. These similarities are discussed on the next page.
`
Declension of |\hlqhbiR zhj (Vi:=u), i\j\c-qh M -w{
adQR ` viadQR ` hadQR ` oadQR `
ha^hp (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)
103
Topic VIII Declension of Vowel-ending Nominal bases and Pronouns
Observe how the letter at the end of an -ending |\hlqhbi is modified in the declension.
remains as it is in [hari7] 1/1, [harim] 2/1, [hari=] 3/1, [haribhym] 3/2, 4/2, 5/2,
[haribhi7] 3/3, [haribhya7] 4/3, 5/3, and [hari:u] 7/3.
is modified into b f in [har] 1/2, 2/2, S/2, [harn] 2/3, and [har=m] 6/3.
` [haraya7] 1/3, S/3 and [haraye] 4/1.
is modified into ge in
M in [hare7] 5/1, 6/1 and [hare] S/1.
is modified into L
` [haryo7] 6/2, 7/2.
is modified into e in
is modified into in [harau] 7/1.
The letter at the end of an -ending |\hlqhbi will be modified in the declension in
exactly the same manner as at the end of -ending |\hlqhbi.
remains as it is in [guru7] 1/1, [gurum] 2/1, [guru=] 3/1, [gurubhym] 3/2, 4/2, 5/2,
[gurubhi7] 3/3, [gurubhya7] 4/3, 5/3, and [guru:u] 7/3.
is modified into b f in [gur] 1/2, 2/2, S/2, [gurn] 2/3, and [gur=m] 6/3.
` [gurava7] 1/3, S/3 and [gurave] 4/1.
is modified into ge in
M in [guro7] 5/1, 6/1 and [guro] S/1.
is modified into L
` [gurvo7] 6/2, 7/2.
is modified into e in
is modified into in [gurau] 7/1.
104
Topic VIII Declension of Vowel-ending Nominal bases and Pronouns
` N
Declension of |\hlqhbiR L M (teacher), i\j\c-qh M -w{
hl e\ (2nd case) M ` M M `
LNR 2/1 L 2/2 LQ 2/3
k (6th case) M M M `
LjP 6/1 La( 6/2 L\R 6/3
nR (7th case) M M M M
Lj 7/1 La( 7/2 LNk 7/3
nP[QR ` (Vocative) M M M
zZ LjP S/1 zZ L S/2 zZ Lja S/3
Make declension charts for the i\j\c and i\j\c-qh M *-|\hlqhbis listed above.
Do Exercises #24 and #25 in the last part of this book.
105
Topic VIII Declension of Vowel-ending Nominal bases and Pronouns
|\hlqhbi ils f is derived from is [\l M with the suffix ls which denotes the agent of the
action. All the words derived by addition of the suffix ls decline in the same manner as
discussed here. The basic declension is like zhj. The difference is in bold in the chart.
2/1 2/2
hl e\ (2nd case) il\fjR ` il\fj ilQf ` 2/3
3/3
lsl e\ (3rd case) i\f f \R `
3/1 ilsO 3/2 ilshf ^
106
Topic VIII Declension of Vowel-ending Nominal bases and Pronouns
Now we can take a closer look at the declension process. Declension is done by
`
suffixing nominal suffix (nqM -|e [sup-pratyaya]) to nominal base (|\hlqhbi [prtipadika]).
`
The nqM -|es ` in
were originally taught by P=ini with indicatory letters, or l [it]
`
grammatical terminology. Before being used, the l letters `
are removed from the nqM -|es,
as seen in the next chart.
`
nqM -|es `
(nominal suffixes) without l (indicatory) letters
Singular Dual Plural
1st case `
n [s] [au] `
gn [as]
2nd case `
gR [am] [au] `
gn [as]
3rd case [] `
O\R [bhym] `
h^n [bhis]
4th case v [e] `
O\R [bhym] `
On [bhyas]
5th case `
gn [as] `
O\R [bhym] `
On [bhyas]
6th case `
gn [as] `
n [os] `
R [m]
7th case [i] `
n [os] n M [su]
1st case `
n [s] [au] `
gn [as]
2nd case `
gR [am] [au]
3rd case
4th case
5th case
6th case
7th case
107
Topic VIII Declension of Vowel-ending Nominal bases and Pronouns
`
By suffixing the nqM -|es, the |\hlqhbi is termed g. The last letter of g is modified
`
in a certain manner in each section. Then the g and the nqM -|e are combined. Sandhi
(phonetic change when two sounds meet) may take place if applicable.
Modifications of of -ending g
adQR `
ha^hp viadQR ` hadQR ` oadQR `
j ` j `
|R\ (1st case)
[kart] [kartrau] [kartra7]
j ` j ` b f ()
hl e\ (2nd case)
[kartram] [kartrau] [kartn]
` )`
e (j
lsl e\ (3rd case)
[kartr] [kart6bhym] [kart6bhi7]
` )`
e (j
dlM (4th case)
[kartre] [kart6bhym] [kart6bhya7]
qrR (5th case)
[kartu7] [kart6bhym] [kart6bhya7]
` )`
e (j b f ()
k (6th case)
[kartu7] [kartro7] [kart=m]
M (g+j)`
L ` )`
e (j
nR (7th case)
[kartari] [kartro7] [kart6:u]
nP[QR ` g j ` j `
(Vocative) [karta7] [kartrau] [kartra7]
`
For the rest, e-nh takes place between and the beginning letter of
the suffixes.
108
Topic VIII Declension of Vowel-ending Nominal bases and Pronouns
There is no g-ending feminine |\hlqhbi. -ending |\hlqhbi is the basis for declension
of vowel-ending feminine |\hlqhbi. The ending letter of i\j\c- h-|\hlqhbi in this
section is from a feminine suffix .
`
Declension of |\hlqhbiR L\ (gag), i\j\c- h-w{
`
In qb section, nqM -|es are simply added to |\hlqhbi.
109
Topic VIII Declension of Vowel-ending Nominal bases and Pronouns
110
Topic VIII Declension of Vowel-ending Nominal bases and Pronouns
When pointing to a feminine word, g-ending nafQ\R takes a feminine suffix and
becomes -ending feminine |\hlqhbi. The declension is similar to L\ with exceptions
listed below.
o When hmls (suffixes with m,` i.e., 4/1, 5/1, 6/1, and 7/1) follow, the last letter of
g, , is shortened and suffixes are modified into , \ , \ , \R, ` respectively.
` suffixed, instead of Q\R in
o In 6/3, n\R is ` L\.
`
Declension of |\hlqhbiR na\f
(all), i\j\c-nafQ\R- h-w{
111
Topic VIII Declension of Vowel-ending Nominal bases and Pronouns
`
When pointing to a feminine word, lb, eb, vlb, and hiR become l\, e\, vl\, and i\
respectively with a feminine suffix and decline like -ending nafQ\R.
`
Declension of nafQ\R-|\hlqhbiR lb ` (that), in feminine
adQR `
ha^hp viadQR ` hadQR ` oadQR `
`
Declension of nafQ\R-|\hlqhbiR eb ` (that which), in feminine
adQR `
ha^hp viadQR ` hadQR ` oadQR `
112
Topic VIII Declension of Vowel-ending Nominal bases and Pronouns
`
Declension of nafQ\R-|\hlqhbiR vlb ` (this), in feminine
adQR `
ha^hp viadQR ` hadQR ` oadQR `
`
Declension of nafQ\R-|\hlqhbiR hiR` (what), in feminine
adQR `
ha^hp viadQR ` hadQR ` oadQR `
` feminine
Assignment on lb, eb, vlb, hiR in
113
Topic VIII Declension of Vowel-ending Nominal bases and Pronouns
The ending letter of i\j\c- h-|\hlqhbi in this section is from a feminine suffix
. Some of the derived |\hlqhbis, such as ils,f ePhLQ, ` ^Lal, ` nl, ` take this feminine suffix and
become -ending feminine |\hlqhbi.
`
Declension of |\hlqhbiR Qb (river), i\j\c- h-w{
`
In qb section, nqM -|es are simply added to |\hlqhbi.
f takes place. (Refer R[
In 7/3, R[ f -nh (8.3.59) in Volume 2.)
114
Topic VIII Declension of Vowel-ending Nominal bases and Pronouns
Except for S/1, for all the forms in the declension of -ending feminine, the last
letter of the |\hlqhbi either remains in the same form, or changes into e, ` as a result of e-`
nh with vowel-beginning suffixes, as seen in the following chart. 12
`
The underlined nqM -|es are special for -ending feminine |\hlqhbis.
`
Modifications of of -ending |\hlqhbi with nqM -|es
adQR `
ha^hp viadQR ` hadQR ` oadQR `
Make the declension chart for |\hlqhbis bZa , qsha , and ^Lal
Do Exercise #30 in the last part of this book.
12
Note that there are some exceptions.
1) (Goddess Lak:m) in 1/1 is , with hanLf. It declines like Qb for the rest.
2) (Goddess Lak:m), [ (intellect), (humility), ^ (fear) in 1/1 are also with hanLf. The last
`
letter is changed into e when suffix beginning with vowel follows.
`
3) (female) in 1/1 is , without hanLf. The last letter is changed into e when suffix beginning
with vowel follows, but the change is optional in 2/1 and 2/3.
115
Topic VIII Declension of Vowel-ending Nominal bases and Pronouns
`
Declension of |\hlqhbiR Rhl (intellect), i\j\c- h-w{
Forms in black are like Qb (-ending feminine). The rest are like zhj (-ending masculine).
116
Topic VIII Declension of Vowel-ending Nominal bases and Pronouns
M
Make the declension chart for |\hlqhbis gQqqht, hp, Lhl, |\h, hM l, and shl.
Do Exercises #31and #32 in the last part of this book.
-ending feminine |\hlqhbi and -ending feminine |\hlqhbi are omitted in this book
because they are rarely seen. However, their declensions are easily made by following the
principle of the correspondence of and . Refer back to 7. /-ending in qh M (masculine).
117
Topic VIII Declension of Vowel-ending Nominal bases and Pronouns
`
14. Pronoun bR [idam]
`
bR (this) is a nafQ\R |\hlqhbi. It indicates an object which is close to the speaker. vlb `
`
(this) is closer proximity to bR (this).
`
bR (this) declines in all three hs (genders), agreeing with the h of the word it
qualifies.
`
In masculine, bR declines as g in nafQ\R, except as indicated below in black.
`
Declension of nafQ\R-|\hlqhbiR bR` (this) in masculine
`
In neuter, bR declines like in masculine, except for the first two cases shown below.
`
Declension of nafQ\R-|\hlqhbiR bR` (this) in neuter
` qh M . * There is no vocative.
The rest declines like bR in
118
Topic VIII Declension of Vowel-ending Nominal bases and Pronouns
`
In feminine, bR declines as in nafQ\R, except as indicated below in black.
`
Declension of nafQ\R-|\hlqhbiR bR` (this) in feminine
119
Topic VIII Declension of Vowel-ending Nominal bases and Pronouns
`
15. Pronoun gbn [adas]
`
gbn (this) indicates an object which is away from the speaker, but is still seen by the
speaker, unlike lb ` (that) which is away and not seen.
`
gbn (that), nafQ\R |\hlqhbi, declines in three hs (genders), agreeing with the h of
the word it qualifies.
`
Declension of nafQ\R-|\hlqhbiR gbn` (that) in masculine
k (6th case) M
gR_ M P
6/1 gRe 6/2 gR k\R ` 6/3
`
Declension of nafQ\R-|\hlqhbiR gbn` (that) in neuter
` qh M . * There is no vocative.
The rest declines like gbn in
120
Topic VIII Declension of Vowel-ending Nominal bases and Pronouns
`
Declension of nafQ\R-|\hlqhbiR gbn` (that) in feminine
k (6th case) M \
gR_ M P
6/1 gRe 6/2 gRk\R ` 6/3
Note: Among pronouns vlb, bR, ` gbn, ` and lb, the following order is generally used
based on the increasing distance from the speaker, vlb ` being the closest to the speaker,
and lb ` the farthest:
`
vlb ` (this) < bR (this) < gbn ` (that) < lb ` (that)
`
Assignment on bR and gbn `
121
Topic VIII Declension of Vowel-ending Nominal bases and Pronouns
e M b ` (you) and gb ` (I, we) are nafQ\R-|\hlqhbis. They respectively indicate the listener
and speaker. For example:
e M b ` (you) and gb ` (I, we) have the same forms in all 3 hs.
`
E.g., R m/1/1 bZabt m/1/1
S `
R f/1/1 q\afl f/1/1
S `
R n/1/1 `
hRR n/1/1 S
`
E.g., gzR m/1/1 bZabt m/1/1
S `
gzR f/1/1 q\afl f/1/1
S `
gzR n/1/1 `
hRR n/1/1 S
` LszR 1/1
E.g., a\R 6/2 ` , eaM eP 6/2
` S (the house of you two)
LszR 1/1
E.g., a 6/3
d\ef 1/1
` d\ef
, e M \iR 6/3 1/1
S (the teacher of you all)
E.g., j 1/1
` jl M III/1S (May the Lord protect us two.)
Q 2/2 jl M III/1, a\R 2/2
` bb\l M III/1 S (May he give to me.)
E.g., RZ 4/1 bb\l M III/1, RR 4/1
E.g., Q 4/3
` h 0S (May auspiciousness be on us all.)
h 0, gOR 4/3
E.g., RZ 6/1 hnhu 1/1
, RR 6/1 hnhu 1/1
S (my success)
` , aeP
E.g., Q 6/2 LszR 1/1 6/2
` S (the house of us two)
LszR 1/1
E.g., Q 6/3
d\ef 1/1
` d\ef
, g\iR 6/3 1/1
S (our teacher)
122
Topic VIII Declension of Vowel-ending Nominal bases and Pronouns
`
Declension of nafQ\R-|\hlqhbiR gb ` (I, we, the speaker) in all genders
adQR `
ha^hp viadQR ` hadQR ` oadQR `
* There is no vocative.
Assignment on e M b ` and gb `
123
Topic VIII Declension of Vowel-ending Nominal bases and Pronouns
17. Referring to the same object again (g\bZw [anvdea7]) with bR/vlb `
When one object is mentioned for conveying something, then, again the same object
is mentioned for conveying something else, that mentioning of the same object for the
second time is called g\bZw [anvdea7] in grammatical terminology.
`
When bR (this)/vlb ` (this) are used in g\bZw [anvdea7], they assume different
forms in the 2nd case (2/1, 2/2, and 2/3), 3/1, 6/2, and 7/2. In these cases, the |\hlqhbi is
replaced by vQ in all three genders. Note that they are not optional forms of bR/vlb.
g\bZw (referring again) of bR` (this) and vlb ` (this) in masculine
124
Topic X Declension of Consonant-ending Nominal bases
Topic X
Declension of
Consonant-ending Nominal bases
`
Declension is done by suffixing nominal suffix (nqM -|e [sup-pratyaya]) to nominal
base (|\hlqhbi [prtipadika]). This concept is most useful when declining consonant-ending
|\hlqhbis because most of the declined forms are made by simply combining |\hlqhbi and
`
nqM -|e.
While combining, Consonant Sandhi rules are applied in many places. Therefore,
all the topics in Volume 2 Phonetics & Sandhi have to be completed before starting this
section.
`
nqM -|es `
without l (indicatory) letter are suffixed to |\hlqhbi (nominal base).
M +
E.g., nL ` n 1/1
`
M
nLn `
1/3
1/3
M
nL
125
Topic X Declension of Consonant-ending Nominal bases
`
nqM -|es ` in
were originally taught by P=ini with indicatory letters, or l [it]
`
grammatical terminology. When being used, l (indicatory) letters are removed, as seen in
the next charts.
`
nqM -|es `
(nominal suffixes) without l (indicatory) letters
1st case `
n [s] [au] `
gn [as]
2nd case `
gR [am] [au] `
gn [as]
3rd case [] `
O\R [bhym] `
h^n [bhis]
4th case v [e] `
O\R [bhym] `
On [bhyas]
5th case `
gn [as] `
O\R [bhym] `
On [bhyas]
6th case `
gn [as] `
n [os] `
R [m]
7th case [i] `
n [os] n M [su]
`
nqM -|es (nominal suffixes) modified for declension in neuter
1st case `
-/gR [am] * [] [i]
2nd case `
-/gR [am] * [] [i]
* When |\hlqhbi ends with short g, the suffix is gR. ` Otherwise, the suffix is elided.
The 3rd case onwards is the same as for masculine and feminine.
Note that there is no 8th case. The suffixes of the 1st case (|R\ ha^hp ) alone are used
`
in the sense of vocative (nP[QR [sambodhanam]). However, the singular form of vocative
may be different from the normal singular form of the 1st case. For the sake of addressing
this only, the extra row for vocative (nP[QR)` is added in a declensional chart. To avoid
confusing with the original 1st case, abbreviations S/1, S/2, and S/3 are used in this book.
The student has to be aware that S stands for the 1st case in vocative (nP[QR).`
126
Topic X Declension of Consonant-ending Nominal bases
hl e\ (2nd case) `
gR [am] [au]
k (6th case)
nR (7th case)
127
Topic X Declension of Consonant-ending Nominal bases
`
1. -ending in qh M (masculine)/ h (feminine) nL `
M [suga=]
`
M (one
nL who counts well)13 is the simplest for declension among all |\hlqhbis.
Declension is done as follows:
M +
nL ` n 1/1
` `
nqM -|e `
without l letter is suffixed for declension.
M +
nL ` 1/1
` 1/1 is to be elided after consonant.
n of
nL `
M 1/1 This is the final form of 1/1.
M +
nL ` 1/2 nqM -|e
` is suffixed for declension.
1/2
M
nL This is the final form of 1/2.
Etc.
M ` (one who counts well) i\j\c-w{
` L
Declension of |\hlqhbiR n
hl e\ (2nd case) M
nLR ` M
2/1 nL M
2/2 nL 2/3
k (6th case) M
nL M
6/1 nLP M
6/2 nL\R ` 6/3
nR (7th case) M
nLh M
7/1 nLP M
7/2 nLn M 7/3
`
nP[QR (Vocative) M `
zZ nL M
S/1 zZ nL M
S/2 zZ nL S/3
nL `
M (one who counts well) can be masculine or feminine, depending on the gender
M . ` In either gender, it declines in the same manner.
of the |\hlqhbi qualified by the word nL
13
` derived from qnLf n M (well) and [\l M L (to
M is
The |\hlqhbi nL ` count) with zero-suffix denoting
the agent of the action. By this suffix, the whole thing becomes |\hlqhbi.
128
Topic X Declension of Consonant-ending Nominal bases
`
Words which decline in the same manner except for 7/3, where n becomes k. ` (Ref. 8.3.59):
z, , vm ` |\z\j (abbreviations used in P=ini grammar)
`
Assignment on -ending in masculine and feminine
`
z ` + n 1/1 `
nqM -|e `
without l letter is suffixed for declension.
z ` + 1/1
` 1/1 is to be elided after consonant.
n of
z ` 1/1 This is the final form of 1/1.
z ` + 1/2 `
nqM -|e is suffixed for declension.
z 1/2 This is the final form of 1/2.
`
z ` + gn 1/3 `
nqM -|e is suffixed for declension.
z 1/3
` the end of qb becomes hanLf. This is the final form of 1/3.
The last n at
....
z ` + 7/1 `
nqM -|e is suffixed for declension.
zh 7/1 This is the final form of 7/1.
`
z ` + n 7/2 `
nqM -|e is suffixed for declension.
zP 7/2
` the end of qb becomes hanLf. This is the final form of 7/2.
The last n at
z ` + n M 7/3 `
nqM -|e is suffixed for declension.
z ` + k M 7/3 ` suffix becomes R[
n in f because ` is preceding. (Ref. 8.3.59)
z0k M 7/3 This is the final form of 7/3.
129
Topic X Declension of Consonant-ending Nominal bases
`
2. l/b/[/^-ending `
in qh M (masculine)/ h (feminine) RNl [marut]
For |\hlqhbis ending with ` (consonants from 1st to 4th of the classes and sibilants),
the last letter becomes 3rd of the class at the end of qb. (Ref. 8.2.39)
However, it becomes hardened in 7/3, and optionally in 1/1. (Ref. 8.4.55, 8.4.56)
`
The steps of declension of RNl (wind god) are described below.
`
Declension of |\hlqhbiR RNl` (wind god) li\j\c-qh M -w{
M .`
The rest is like nL
Steps of declension
` n 1/1
RNl + ` `
nqM -|e `
without l letter is suffixed for declension.
` 1/1
RNl + ` 1/1 is to be elided after consonant.
n of
RNb ` 1/1 The consonant at the end of qb becomes softened. (Ref. 8.3.29)
`
RNl 1/1 Optionally, the last consonant is hardened. (Ref. 8.4.56)
RNl/RNb ` 1/1 These are the final forms of 1/1.
` 1/2
RNl + `
nqM -|e is suffixed for declension.
RNl 1/2 This is the final form of 1/2.
...
130
Topic X Declension of Consonant-ending Nominal bases
In qb section:
` O\R 3/2
RNl + ` nqM -|e
` is suffixed for declension.
` The consonant at the end of qb becomes softened. (Ref. 8.3.29)
RNb ` + O\R 3/2
`
RN O\R 3/2 This is the final form of 3/2.
` n M 7/3
RNl + `
nqM -|e is suffixed for declension.
RNb ` + n M 7/3 The consonant at the end of qb becomes softened. (Ref. 8.3.29)
` n M 7/3
RNl + The consonant followed by hard consonant becomes hardened. (Ref. 8.4.55)
RN M 7/3 This is the final form of 7/3.
b-ending words:
M `
nb - m. friend nafhab ` - m./f. one who knows everything
Rsb ` - f. clay qb ` - f. calamity
nb ` - f. wealth qhQkb ` - f. upani:ad
` b
Declension of |\hlqhbiR n M ` (friend) bi\j\c-qh M -w{
2nd case nl `
M 1/1 (Ref. 8.4.56)
M
nbR `
2/1
M 2/2
nb M
nb 2/3
4th case
M 1/2
nb
M 4/1
nbZ `
nM O\R 4/2 nM O 4/3
5th case nb `
M ` + O\R 3/2
M
nb 5/1
`
nM O\R 5/2 nM O 5/3
M O\R
nb ` `
3/2
6th case M
nb 6/1
M
nbP 6/2
M
nb\R ` 6/3
M ` + n M 7/3
nb
7th case M
nhb 7/1
M
nbP 7/2
nM M 7/3
M +
nl ` n M 7/3 (Ref. 8.4.55)
Vocative M `S/1
M /nb
zZ nl M S/2
zZ nb M
zZ nb S/3
nM M 7/3
131
Topic X Declension of Consonant-ending Nominal bases
`
[-ending words:
[M ` - f. hunger nhR[ ` - f. fuel
`
lM 1/1 (Ref. 8.4.56)
nd
2 case [M R ` 2/1
[M 2/2
[M 2/3
` 1/2
[M +
rd
3 case [M \ 3/1
M O\R ` 3/2
hM ^ 3/3
[M 1/2
4th case [M Z 4/1 `
M O\R 4/2 M O 4/3
` O\R 3/2
[M + `
5th case [M 5/1
`
M O\R 5/2 M O 5/3
bM O\R
` `
3/2
(Ref. 8.2.39)
`
^-ending words:
M ` - f. a name of meter
gQM ^ iiM^ ` - f. direction
`
Declension of |\hlqhbiR gQ M ` (a name of meter) ^i\j\c- h-w{
M ^
132
Topic X Declension of Consonant-ending Nominal bases
`
3. d/}-ending `
in qh M (masculine)/ h (feminine) d [6c]
`
Declension of |\hlqhbiR d` (hymn, mantra) di\j\c-qh M -w{
` n 1/1
d + ` ` 1/2
d + ` n M 7/3
d +
` 1/1
d + d 1/2 i ` + n M 7/3 (Ref. 8.2.30)
i ` + 1/1 (Ref. 8.2.30) ` O\R 3/2
d + ` ` n M 7/3
L + (Ref. 8.2.39)
` 1/1
L + (Ref. 8.2.39) i ` + O\R 3/2
` (Ref. 8.2.30) ` k M 7/3
L + (Ref. 8.3.59)
i ` + 1/1 (Ref. 8.4.56) ` O\R 3/2
L + ` (Ref. 8.2.39) i ` + k M 7/3 (Ref. 8.4.55)
`
d-ending words:
a\d ` - f. word d ` - f. skin
`
}-ending words:
h} ` - m. priest h^k} ` -m. doctor
`
Assignment on d/}-ending in masculine and feminine
Decline all the |\hlqhbis in the above lists by the steps shown, and do Exercise #37.
133
Topic X Declension of Consonant-ending Nominal bases
`
4. Q-ending `
in qh M / h ePhLQ [yogin]/ePhLQ [yogin]
`
The |\hlqhbi ePhLQ [yogin] `
is derived from the word ePL [yoga] by suffixing Q [in], a
`
suffix in the sense of one who has .... Thus, ePhLQ means one who is with ePL.
In the declension in masculine: (See the next page for the steps.)
`
In 1/1, the elongation (b f ) of the penultimate (q[\) and the elision of Q of
|\hlqhbi are observed, while in S/1 |\hlqhbi remains the same.
` |\hlqhbi takes place. (Ref. 8.2.7)
At the end of qb, the elision of the last Q of
`
Declension of |\hlqhbiR ePhLQ` (one who is with ePL) Qi\j\c-qh M -w{
M .`
The rest declines like nL
`
Q-ending words:
gh[i\hjQ ` - eligible person w\hfQ ` - the Lord Vi:=u
\hQQ ` - one who has knowledge w\hQ ` - one who knows the scripture
bZhzQ ` - one who has a body nn\hjQ `- sasrin
qhQ ` - bird n\hQ ` - witness
|\hQ ` - one who lives \hRQ ` - master
ahjQ ` - enemy zhQ ` - elephant
134
Topic X Declension of Consonant-ending Nominal bases
`
Assignment on Q-ending in masculine/feminine
Make the declension charts for the |\hlqhbis in the list above, both in masculine and
feminine.
Do Exercise #38 in the last part of this book.
Steps of declension:
` n 1/1
ePhLQ + ` `
nqM -|e `
without l letter is suffixed for declension.
` 1/1
ePhLQ + ` 1/1 is to be elided after consonant.
n of
`
ePL Q 1/1 `
Being Q-ending |\hlqhbi, in 1/1 the penultimate is elongated.
ePL 1/1 ` |\hlqhbi is elided. (Ref. 8.2.7)
At the end of qb, the last Q of
` n S/1
ePhLQ + ` `
nqM -|e `
without l letter is suffixed for declension.
` S/1
ePhLQ + ` 1/1 is to be elided after consonant.
n of
`
ePhLQ S/1 For nP[Q, the elongation of the penultimate (q[\b f ) and the elision of Q `
does not take place.
135
Topic X Declension of Consonant-ending Nominal bases
`
5. Rl/al-ending `
in qh M / h ^Lal [bhagavat]/^Lal [bhagavat]
`
The |\hlqhbi ^Lal [bhagavat] is derived from the word ^L [bhaga] (virture) by
`
suffixing Rl [mat], ` changed into a `
` Rl is
a suffix in the sense of one who has .... The R of
when |\hlqhbi ends with g/. Thus, the form becomes ^Lal,` and it means one who
has ^L.
In the declension in masculine: (See the next page for the steps.)
` inserted after the last vowel of |\hlqhbi.
In nafQ\R\Q, an extra letter Q is
`
In 1/1, the elongation (b f ) of penultimate (q[\) of the extra Q and the elision of l `
` |\hlqhbi is observed.
of |\hlqhbi are observed, while in S/1 only the elision of l of
Other than nafQ\R\Q, it declines like RNl. `
`
Declension of |\hlqhbiR ^Lal` (the Lord) gc-qh M -w{ 14
2/1 2/2
hl e\ (2nd case) ^LacR ` ^Lac ^Lal 2/3
dlM (4th case) ^LalZ 4/1 ^Lab `O\R ` 4/2 ^Lab `O 4/3
qrR (5th case) ^Lal 5/1 ^Lab `O\R ` 5/2 ^Lab `O 5/3
14
All the suffixes in this section end with gl. M |\hlqhbis ending with such suffix are called gc.
136
Topic X Declension of Consonant-ending Nominal bases
`
Rl-ending words:
[Qal ` - one who has wealth ohM uRl ` - one who has ohM u
al -` one who has hax\al `- one who has knowledge
Rl ` - one who has wealth M ` - Hanumanji
zQRl
The following |\hlqhbis are derived with different suffixes than Rl, ` but they decline in the
same manner in both masculine and feminine. (Llal , l\al , ^al , etc.)
Llal ` - one who has gone lM al ` - one who has heard
pal ` - one who has said al ` - one who has seen
l\al ` - that much ^al ` - respectful way to address you
`
Assignment on Rl/al-ending in masculine/feminine
Make the declension charts for the |\hlqhbis in the above lists, both in masculine and
feminine.
Do Exercise #39 in the last part of this book.
Steps of declension:
In nafQ\R\Q section:
` n 1/1
^Lal + ` `
nqM -|e `
without l letter is suffixed for declension.
` 1/1
^Lal + ` 1/1 is to be elided after consonant.
n of
`
^Lac 1/1 `
Being Rl-suffix ` inserted
ending |\hlqhbi, in nafQ\R\Q an extra letter Q is
after the last vowel of |\hlqhbi.
`
^La\c 1/1 `
Being Rl-suffix ` elongated.
ending |\hlqhbi, in 1/1 the g before the Q is
`
^La\Q 1/1 ` elided.
Being the last letter of conjunct consonants at the end of qb, l is
`
^LaQ S/1 In nP[Q, the entire steps are the same as 1/1 except for the elongation.
137
Topic X Declension of Consonant-ending Nominal bases
`
6. wls- ending in qh M / h nl [sat]/nl [sat]
`
The |\hlqhbi nl [sat] `
is derived from the [\l M gn [as] (to be, to exist) by suffixing wls
`
[at6], whose content is only gl [at], a suffix in the sense of one who is doing .... After
some modifications, the form becomes nl,` and it means one who is existing.
In the declension in masculine:
` inserted after the last vowel of |\hlqhbi.
In nafQ\R\Q, an extra letter Q is
`
In 1/1 and S/1, the last l drops. Other than nafQ\R\Q, it declines like RNl. `
`
Note: the only difference between the declensions of Rl/al-ending and wls- ending
masculine is the presence and absence respectively of the elongation (b )f of penultimate
(q[\) in 1/1.
`
Declension of |\hlqhbiR nl` (being, one who is existing) wc-qh M -w{ 15
2/1 2/2
hl e\ (2nd case) ncR ` nc nl 2/3
15
`
The |\hlqhbi which ends with wls is called wc.(wls + gc with e-nh)
138
Topic X Declension of Consonant-ending Nominal bases
wls-ending words:
qdl ` - one who is cooking qel ` - one who is seeing
hll ` - one who is standing \el ` - one who is meditating
Make the declension charts for the |\hlqhbis in the above list in masculine.
Do Exercise #40 in the last part of this book.
139
Topic X Declension of Consonant-ending Nominal bases
`
7. gQ-ending `
in qh M (masculine) Q [tman]
2/1 2/2
hl e\ (2nd case) \QR ` \Q Q 2/3
140
Topic X Declension of Consonant-ending Nominal bases
Steps of declension:
In nafQ\R\Q section:
` n 1/1
Q + ` `
nqM -|e `
without l letter is suffixed for declension.
` 1/1
Q + ` 1/1 is to be elided after consonant.
n of
`
\Q 1/1 `
Being gQ-ending |\hlqhbi, in nafQ\R\Q the penultimate g is elongated.
\ 1/1 ` |\hlqhbi is elided. (Ref. 8.2.7)
At the end of qb, the last Q of
` n S/1
Q + ` `
nqM -|e `
without l letter is suffixed for declension.
` S/1
Q + ` 1/1 is to be elided after consonant.
n of
`
Q S/1 For nP[Q, the elongation of the penultimate (q[\b f ) and the elision of Q `
do not take place.
` 1/2
Q + `
nqM -|e is suffixed for declension.
`
\Q + `
Being gQ-ending |\hlqhbi, in nafQ\R\Q the penultimate g is elongated.
\Q 1/2 This is the final form of 1/2.
In ^ section:
` gn 2/3
Q + ` `
nqM -|e is suffixed for declension.
Q 2/3
` the end of qb becomes hanLf.
This is the final form of 2/3. n at
In qb section:
The same as ePhLQ. ` The last Q of
` |\hlqhbi is elided at the end of qb. (Ref. 8.2.7)
`
Assignment on gQ-ending in masculine
Make the declension charts for the |\hlqhbis in the list above.
Do Exercise #41 in the last part of this book.
141
Topic X Declension of Consonant-ending Nominal bases
`
8. gQ-ending `
M ih (neuter) Q [brahman]
in Qqn
`
The rules for declension of gQ-ending in masculine and neuter are the same. The
`
only difference is the modified nqM -|es in 1st and 2nd case in neuter, by which the gs for
singular and dual are termed qb and ^, respectively, and the suffix in plural is termed
nafQ\R\Q.
M
In neuter, n-|e in 1st and 2nd cases are specially modified as shown before.
* When |\hlqhbi ends with a letter other than a short g, the suffix is elided.
`
Declension of |\hlqhbiR Q` (brahman) gQ-gc-Qq
` n M ih-w{
3/1 3/2
lsl e\ (3rd case) \ O\R ` h^ 3/3
S/1 S/2
nP[QR ` (Vocative) zZ Q ` zZ zZ \h S/3
` qh M .
The rest declines like Q in
142
Topic X Declension of Consonant-ending Nominal bases
`
gQ-ending neuter words:
iRfQ ` - action [\RQ *` - place PRQ *` - space, sky
}7Q ` - birth Q\RQ *` - name
`
* In ^ section, the g of the last gQ disappears (optional in 7/1) and the form will become -
Q\ 1/2, 2/2
, Q\\ 3/1, Q\Z 4/1, Q\ 5/1, 6/1
, Q\P 6/2, 7/2
` , Q\h 7/1 or Q\RhQ 7/1.
, Q\\R 6/3
Steps of declension:
In 1/1, S/1, and 2/1:
` 1/1
Q + `
n M and gR are elided when |\hlqhbi in neuter does not end with a short g.
1/1 ` |\hlqhbi is elided. (Ref. 8.2.7)
At the end of qb, the last Q of
` S/1
Q + `
For nP[Q, the elision of Q does not take place.
In ^ section:
` 1/2
Q + `
The modified form of nqM -|e is suffixed for declension.
1/2
`
When applicable, R takes place (Ref. 8.4.2).
In nafQ\R\Q section:
` 1/3
Q + `
The modified form of nqM -|e is suffixed for declension.
` 1/3
\Q + `
Being gQ-ending |\hlqhbi, in nafQ\R\Q the penultimate g is elongated.
\h 1/3 `
When applicable, R takes place (Ref. 8.4.2).
In qb section:
The same as Q. ` The last Q of
` |\hlqhbi is elided at the end of qb. (Ref. 8.2.7)
`
Assignment on gQ-ending in neuter
Make the declension charts for the |\hlqhbis listed above.
Do Exercise #42 in the last part of this book.
143
Topic X Declension of Consonant-ending Nominal bases
`
9. gn-ending `
M ih (neuter) RQn [manas]
in Qqn
`
Declension of |\hlqhbiR RQn` (mind) gn-gc-Qq
` n M ih-w{
3/1 3/2
lsl e\ (3rd case) RQn\ RQPO\R ` RQPh^ 3/3
144
Topic X Declension of Consonant-ending Nominal bases
Steps of declension:
In 1/1, S/1, and 2/1:
` 1/1
RQn + `
n M and gR are elided when |\hlqhbi in neuter does not end with a short g.
RQ 1/1
` the end of qb becomes hanLf.
n at
In ^ section:
` 1/2
RQn + `
The modified form of nqM -|e is suffixed for declension.
1/2
RQn
In nafQ\R\Q section:
` 1/3
RQn + `
The modified form of nqM -|e is suffixed for declension.
` 1/3
RQ9 + `
Being n-ending ` inserted after the
|\hlqhbi, in nafQ\R\Q an extra letter Q is
last vowel of |\hlqhbi.
` 1/3 The penultimate of the extra Q is
RQ\9 + ` elongated.
RQ\hn 1/3 `
Within a qb, Q followed `
by n becomes M
gQ\j. (Ref. 8.3.24)
In qb section:
` O\R 2/3
RQn + ` `
nqM -|e is suffixed for declension.
`
(RQ + O\R 2/3 ` the end of qb as though16 becomes hanLf.)
n at
`
RQP+ O\R 2/3 QRP QR nh (Ref. Volume 2 in hanLfnh ) is as though applied.
` n M 7/3
RQn + `
nqM -|e is suffixed for declension.
RQ + n M 7/3 ` the end of qb becomes hanLf.
n at
RQn+ n M 7/3 ` hanLf when n follows.
The optional n for ` (Ref. Volume 2 in hanLfnh )
`
Assignment on gn-ending in neuter
Make the declension charts for the |\hlqhbis in the list above.
Do Exercise #43 in the last part of this book.
16
This becoming hanLf and its modifications are said to be as though because they do not happen
through the process of P=ini-stras.
145
Topic X Declension of Consonant-ending Nominal bases
`
10. k/k-ending `
M ih (neuter) Phlk [jyoti:]/d
in Qqn `
kM [cak:u:]
`
The declension is similar to gn-ending neuter.
` the end of qb becomes hanLf, like the n at
In qb section, the k at ` the end of qb does.17
Then hanLfnh modifications are applied, according to the letter which follows. (Ref.
hanLfnh )
`
When ^ (soft `
consonant) follows, n becomes jZ (PhlO\fR, ` etc.)
f due to the in Phlk. `
` n M becomes R[
In 7/3, the n of
`
Declension of |\hlqhbiR Phlk` (light) k-gc-Qq
` n M ih-w{
3/1 3/2
lsl e\ (3rd case) Phlk\ PhlO\fR ` Phlh^f 3/3
`
k-ending neuter words:
ghdfk ` - ray of light zhak ` - oblation
`
k-ending neuter words:
`
The declension is the same as for k-ending. Just change into , and into .
ekM ` - life [QkM ` - bow
17
`
k/k-ending `
|\hlqhbis here are derived with suffixes n and n, ` respectively. The n at
` the end of
146
Topic X Declension of Consonant-ending Nominal bases
In ^ section:
` 1/2 The modified form of nqM -|e
Phlk + ` is suffixed for declension.
1/2
Phlk This is the other final form.
In nafQ\R\Q section:
` 1/3 The modified form of nqM -|e
Phlk + ` is suffixed for declension.
` 1/3 Being k-ending
Phl< + ` ` inserted after the
|\hlqhbi, in nafQ\R\Q an extra letter Q is
last vowel of |\hlqhbi.
` 1/3 The penultimate of the extra Q is
Pl < + ` elongated.
Pl:hk 1/3 `
Within a qb, Q followed `
by k becomes M
gQ\j. (Ref. 8.3.24)
In qb section:
` O\R 2/3
Phlk + ` `
nqM -|e is suffixed for declension.
`
(Phl + O\R 2/3 ` the end of qb as though becomes hanLf, just like n at
k at ` the end of qb
does.)
`
Phlj+ O\R 2/3 M \ nh (Ref. Volume 2 in hanLfnh ) is as though applied.
LNf
` n M 7/3
Phlk + `
nqM -|e is suffixed for declension.
Phl + n M 7/3 ` the end of qb becomes hanLf, just like n at
k at ` the end of qb does.
`
Assignment on k/k-ending in neuter
Make the declension charts for the |\hlqhbis in the above lists.
Do Exercise #44 in the last part of this book.
147
Topic X Declension of Consonant-ending Nominal bases
`
11. gn-ending `
in qh M (masculine) dRn [candramas]
`
The gn-ending masculine is easy to decline.
In 1/1, the elongation (b f) of penultimate (q[\) takes place.
In S/1, the elongation (b f) of penultimate (q[\) does not take place.
In qb section, the declension is the same as RQn, ` gn-ending
` neuter.
`
For the rest, just simply combine the |\hlqhbi and nqM -|e. ` the end of qb always
n at
becomes hanLf.
`
Declension of |\hlqhbiR dRn` (moon) gn-gc-q
` h M -w{
M .`
In qb section, it declines like RQn. ` The rest declines like nL
`
gn-ending masculine words:
aZ[n ` - the creator M
nRQn ` - the one who has good mind
QhdiZ ln ` - name of a boy who appears in Ka;hopani:ad
148
`
Topic XI Nouns in Apposition (nR\Q\h[ijR [samndhikara=am])
Topic XI
Nouns in Apposition
`
(nR\Q\h[ijR [samndhikara=am])
In a sentence there can be two or more nouns in the same case. These two words
can be:
In apposition (nR\Q\h[ij [samndhikara=a])
When these two words indicate the same (nR\Q) object (gh[ij), they are
said to be in apposition. (nR\Q\h[ij [samndhikara=a])
1/1 1/1
M
E.g., 1) nj o\ ^ahl S (There is a beautiful boy.)
Not in apposition (h[ij [vyadhikara=a])
When these two indicate different objects, they are not in apposition
(h[ij).
1/1 1/1
E.g., 2) o\ L} d ^al S (There is a boy and an elephant.)
When nouns are in apposition, two types of relationship are possible. Note that the
relationship can only be determined contextually.
A. Adjective/substantive relationship
(hawZk-hawZ_-^\a [vie:a=a-vie:ya-bhva7])
B. Noun/predicate relationship
(=Ze-ha[Ze-^\a [uddeya-vidheya-bhva7])
149
`
Topic XI Nouns in Apposition (nR\Q\h[ijR [samndhikara=am])
They can be subject, object, or anything in the sentence. They can be in any case.
1/1 1/1
M
Ex. 1) nj o\ ^ahl S (There is a beautiful boy.)
M
Ex. 2) njR ` o\R 2/1
2/1
` qehl S (He sees a beautiful boy.)
The noun is known to both speaker and listener, while the predicate is known only
to the speaker, not to the listener. To convey what the listener does not know yet
` njR
E.g., 2) n\ o\R 2/1 M ` RlZ S (She considers the boy beautiful.)
2/1
In this case, the boy is the object and beautiful is the objective complement.
150
`
Topic XI Nouns in Apposition (nR\Q\h[ijR [samndhikara=am])
When the words are adjective and substantive, the adjective has to be in the same
When they are noun and predicate, the matching of gender and number is not
mandatory.
E.g., 1) \ 6/1 bZal\ f/1/1 ghQ m/1/2 S (The presiding deity of the nose is the two
Avins.)
`
E.g., 2) na\fh n/2/3 ahQ n/2/3 jR m/2/1 RZ I/1 S (I consider all objects as vara.)
18
M takes a feminine suffix and become nj
When used in feminine, the adjective nj M . It
M , ne%,
declines as -ending feminine, like Qb . (nj M M
nef , etc.)
151
`
Topic XII Indeclinables (geR [avyayam])
Topic XII
Indeclinables
`
(geR [avyayam])
d and
Positioning of the di\j 20 between words.
E.x. 1) A d B d S (A and B)
E.x. 2) A B d S (A and B)
o Unlike in English, there is no such usage as A d B.
19
Q Zhl hl geRS
20
Conventionally, the indeclinable d is referred to by the word di\j.
152
`
Topic XII Indeclinables (geR [avyayam])
a\ or
Same positioning as di\j
` vlhQ a\
E.g., lb ` a M lhQ a\ ` Q elZ S (That object is not seen there or here.)
hz indeed, because
Same positioning as di\j
E.g., ^P}QQZ hz [M \ w\hl S (By eating alone the hunger is appeased.)
gh z gh, [RP hz elZ S (Fire must be here because the smoke is seen.)
hl - thus
Converts the words/sentence that comes before into w{q (direct speech).
E.g., ijPhk hl LNM R\ abhlS (Teacher tells me you do.)
In Sanskrit, there is no indirect speech.
Where the quote starts is understood by the context only.
va only, indeed
Restriction
E.g., viRZa ijPhR S (I take only one.)
153
`
Topic XII Indeclinables (geR [avyayam])
`
ga[\jR (emphasis)
E.g., gz lM vaS (I am indeed happy.)
Q no, not
Q always goes with a verb.
` haxlZ S (There is no purifier equivalent to knowledge.)
E.g., Q hz \QQZ nw qhaR z
When compounded with a word beginning with a consonant, the form becomes g.
E.g., Q [Rf (in sentence) = g[Rf (in compound)
When compounded with a word beginning with a vowel, the form becomes gQ. `
E.g., Q \ (in sentence) = gQ\\ (in compound)
a as though, like
E.g., bZabt R a abhlS (Devadatta talks as though he is confused.)
dZl ` if
`
E.g., q\q ijPhl dZl Qji LhR_hlS (If you do the Ppa, you will go to Naraka.)
154
`
Topic XII Indeclinables (geR [avyayam])
When there is more than one action done by the same il\f (agent) in a sentence, the
`
last action has to be told by hlmc-qbR (verb). Other actions, which happen chronologically
before the last action, can be told by ge words derived from the [\l M of the action and the
suffix \ [tv].
For example, in the sentence Having remembered a verse, he knows the meaning.,
the action of remembering takes place before knowing. Thus, the first action is told by
suffixing \ to the [\l M s (to remember), resulting in s\ (having remembered), and the
action of knowing is told by hlmcqbR, ` oP[hl (he knows).
Note that each action can take its own iRf, ij, gh[ij, etc.
Action which takes place before the main action = remembering of verse
= [\l M + |e \ [tv]
= s + \
= s\ [sm6tv] (remembering, having remembered)
The main action = knowing of the meaning
= [\l M + hlm-` |e
` hl
= o[M +
= oP[hl (he knows.)
155
`
Topic XII Indeclinables (geR [avyayam])
`
LR (1P) to go + \ = L\ (having gone)
` approach) + e = qL (having approached)
o q + LR (to
` understand) + e = gaL (having understoood)
o ga + LR (to
\ (9P) to know + \ = \\ (having known)
o ha + \ (to know) + e = ha\e (having known)
is (8U) to do + \ = is \ (having done)
o gh[ + is (to be entitled to, to refer to) + e = gh[is (having made a topic of)
s (1P) to remember + \ = s\ (having remembered)
o ha + s (to forget) + e = has (having forgotten)
`
ns} (6P) to create + \ = ns@\ [s6:;v] (having created)
` release) + e = hans (having released)
o ha + ns} (to
`
w (1P) to see + \ = @\ [d6:;v] (having seen)
`
} (1P) to give up + \ = A\ [tyaktv] (having given up)
^} `
M (7U) M [bhuktv] (having eaten, having experienced)
to eat, experience + \ = ^A\
`
RQ (4A) to consider + \ = R\ (having considered)
`
zQ (2P) to destroy + \ = z\ (having destroyed)
hab ` (2P) to know + \ = hahb\ (having known)
156
`
Topic XII Indeclinables (geR [avyayam])
The following are |es and their meanings, which are suffixed to certain nafQ\Rs to
create ges.
`
ln [tas] in the sense of 5th case ending
`
eb ` + b\ = eb\ which time (to make a relative clause), (same as ehQ i\Z )
` )
lb ` + b\ = lb\ that time (same as lhQ i\Z
`
naf + b\ = nafb\, nb\ all the time, always (nafhQ i\Z )
\ showing a manner
21
When a word is repeated twice, it can be an indication of covering everything.
157
`
Topic XII Indeclinables (geR [avyayam])
158
Appendix
159
Appendix
`
o The meaning of qaqf bR has predominance. (qaqf b-g-f |[\QR)`
`
whpR (capacity) gQhl (not exceeding) e\whp (in keeping with ones capacity)
S e\ is in the sense of in keeping with.
M
2. lENk-nR\n (Type T)
qaqf bR ` + tjqbR `
`
o The meaning of tjqbR has predominance. (tjqb-g-f |[\QR)`
o Gender and number of the compound are the ones of the tjqb.
M (of teacher) iM (home) LNi
LjP `
M M R (gurukula)
3. oF hz-nR\n (Type B)
qaqf bR ` + tjqbR ` gqbR `
4. G-nR\n (Type D)
qaqf bR ` + tjqbR `
5. viwZk-asht (A new nominal base derived by keeping one word out of many)
R\l\ (mother) d hql\ (father) d hqlj (parents), R\l\hqlj (mother and father) a\ S
j\R j\R j\R S ; j\R j\R j\R j\R\ S
160
Exercises
ikhf c
Lhn
djhc
} ahl
QR\hR
qlhc
qehl
hlhc
j\hR
Qe\hR
L\hR
qehc
} a\hR
an\R
jhc
ql
161
Exercises
M Pw (dictionary of roots)
Exercise #2 [\li
M Pw and find appropriate [\l M according to the forms given in the list.
Consult [\li
gd\fR I/3 `
gd f (1P) to worship 1st person/plural M /odQR `
tRqNk We worship
khc
\bhn
dhl
}ehn
}q\R
lql
ljhl
bzhc
[\a
qd\hR
HR
F}\hR
abhn
az\hR
wPdhc
zjhl
znhn
162
Exercises
^ (1P) to be gQ M + ^ to experience M
gQ^ahl He experiences
` ^
nR +
`
LR (1P) to go ga + LR `
+ LR `
gh^ + LR `
gh[ + LR `
dj `(1P) to go + dj `
| + dj `
`
an (1P) to dwell hQ + an `
q + an `
s (1P) to remember ha + s
`
o[M (1P) to know | + o[M `
` o[M `
nR +
ab ` (1P) to speak gQ M + ab `
|hl + ab `
` ab `
nR +
`
F} (1P) to go qhj + F} `
b ` + +
| + haw `
`
q (5P) to pervade | + q `
is (8U) to do gQ M + is
q + is
\ (9P) to know ha + \
163
Exercises
^cZ III/3 `
^ (1A) to obtain They obtain. }\elZ
Z }\ecZ
o\[cZ b lZ
RPblZ qxlZ
RPbZ qxcZ
elcZ M nZ
o
jR\RzZ M \RzZ
o
jRZ RnZ
alfl Z RZ
alfc Z RlZ
nZalZ M
e Z Z
nZanZ haxlZ
w nZ haxcZ
^Z haxZl Z
^\azZ nslZ
wP^Zl Z g lZ
nzZ zlZ
elZ Z v}\azZ
i\wlZ v[lZ
i\wnZ lZ
^\knZ dZcZ
^\kZ becZ
all Z PinZ
cZ a[fl Z
nZacZ lZ
jRcZ qdlZ
w \RzZ e}\RzZ
el\RzZ nelZ
164
Exercises
`
(1A) to see qhj + `
` `
nR +
|hl + `
`
^\k (1A) to speak |hl + ^\k `
gQ M + RbM `
`
jR (1A) to play, rejoice gh^ + jR `
q + jR `
`
asl (1A) to be ghl + asl `
gQ M + asl `
hQ + asl `
| + asl `
ha + hQ + asl `
w ` (1A) to doubt +w `
`
j^ (1A) to begin + j^ `
`
nZa (1A) to serve q + nZa `
`
}Q (4A) to be born q + }Q `
gh^ + }Q `
`
RQ (4A) to consider gh^ + RQ `
qb ` (4A) to gain q + qb `
|hl + qb `
` qb `
nR +
165
Exercises
LR `
w `
QR `
Q
`
gn (4P)
qkM `
wkM `
`
k (6P)
hbw `
h `
\ (9P)
`
q (5P)
o\[ `
^ `
w `
nZa `
ad ` lZ
ga + LR `
gh[ + LR `
q + LR `
q + hbw `
gQ M + ^
q + ^ `
+w `
ha + \
| + q `
166
Exercises
h ` 7. ae Q ^ha_\R S (.)
2. `
u\ lR haaZ
w S (i .) ` [ nN\R Q ihj_hn S
9. R R
3. l: o^o z S (.I) `
10. q\qR ga\ hn S
6. wJ\Q b` M S (.K) `
13. o?Q ahb_hc S
`
7. aZb\n l [RfR qhQoo S 14. L |\ hn S
8. g}QfM eu `
M \l qjj\R, qj[R d |aasl Z S 15. Rz: ^P nZ S
`
11. aN hqljR qnn\j S (l .) `
18. eb\ ohM u hQ\ \hl lb\ ePLR ga\ hn S
P `
s `
1. gal M R\R S`
1. l ahb_\hR S
M ^a\}QfM S
2. hQ LeP
2. i R\ b\hn S (i .)
3. nZQeP ^eP RZ RZ j \qe S (.)
3. hi ihj_hl S (i .)
`
4. q\ f vl\Q nRaZ ` M Q qe
l\Q i ` S (.)
4. Q ePMZ S (.I)
5. ht qjcq S (.)
5. b RZ ^ha_hl S (L.)
`
6. l\Q hlhl ^\jl S
167
Exercises
8. R\ M S `
4. [gz] ^PL\Q ^ M e S (.)
M ^\jl S
9. e 5. [ae] }eZR S
`
10. wjR gh S 6. [lZ] Q }eZe M S
M S
11. ePL\e e 7. el ` eZ \l ll
`
` hz S
` hahQLfl\R S`
14. hQ}Lsz\l l 10. [Rf jhl \l S`
` \R S`
11. gzR
m `
M RZl S
12. ep
1. nR^al S`
`
13. e\ l aljQ l\ l al\ S
M
2. lbZa\Q|\hawl S`
14. iP jRZl S
3. nPRl S (iO .)
15. a M qOZl S
` n l S`
4. bR gyZ
16. o \R S`
5. ghll S`
17. na qsh\ bzZeR S`
6. bZa\ ge}c S
7. g\ g}\ec S w hfm `
` M g}\el S
8. |\\l a\e 1. RPP RZ ^e\l S`
` M afl S (.)
9. [RfZ Z nRaZl\ eeM M a hiR gi 2. gRsl [\j ^e\nR S`
`
10. j\}\ adQR ga l S` (.)
m `
11. wJ\ gOzc S (.)
`
1. a l R\R S`
M g^al S` (.)
12. n w{ lRM
2. [] R R\ LR S (.)
`
13. g}QfM vaR A\ jPqZ q\hawl S` (.P)
3. [] iRfzZl M R\ ^ S
`
14. R gwP `
\Q gwPd S
M S
4. R\ wd
hah[hm ` ` kR S`
5. R na\bR g
` ha}\Q e\l S`
2. vll i
168
Exercises
M QRl S
1. qNk 9. bZabt ghl S 17. ^Zb gh S 25. d i\wlZ S
3. } a qehl S M hc S
11. bZa\ l_ 19. }Q\ nhc S M
27. qNk\ elcZ S
M qhc S
5. q\ 13. d\e\f qhbwhc S 21. } a\ iMafhc S 29. hw_\ nZacZ S
7. as hll S M hhc S
15. q\ 23. }Q\ }\Qhc S 31. bZabt RlZ S
169
Exercises
M QZl Z S
1. qNk 9. } a R M lZ S 17. bZz OlZ S
M lZ S
4. n o 12. ^PL\ \ecZ S
M
5. bZz\ q_cZ S 13. bZz lZ S
M lZ Z S
6. z w_ 14. Pi\ |\ cZ S
7. \L _lZ S 15. lZ Z S
170
Exercises
j\R 1/1
` gQ M 0 y\RR ` 2/1 Lhl III/1 S
d\efR 2/1
`
hlmc qbR (verb) Lhl
`
[\l M (root) - LR (1P) to go
hlm-` |e (verbal suffix) ` (present tense)/ilfhj-|ePL (Active voice)/III/1
M
noc `
qbR (noun) j\R
`
|\hlqhbiR (nominal base) - j\R (gi\j\c qh M , a-ending masculine)
`
nqM -|e (nominal suffix) 1 (|R\ ha^hp , first case) /1 (viadQR, ` singular)
ha^hp-g f (meaning of the case) ilfhj |R\ (1st case in the sense of il\f) to Lhl
M
noc `
qbR (noun) y\RR `
`
|\hlqhbiR (nominal base) - y\R (gi\j\c qh M , a-ending masculine)
`
nqM -|e (nominal suffix) 2 (hl e\ ha^hp , 2nd case) /1 (viadQR, ` singular)
ha^hp-g f (meaning of the case) - iRfh hl e\ (2nd case in the sense of iRf) to Lhl
M
noc `
qbR (noun) gQ M (ge-qbR, ` indeclinable)
`
|\hlqhbiR (nominal base) gQ M
M
noc `
qbR (noun) d\efR `
`
|\hlqhbiR (nominal base) - d\ef (gi\j\c qh M , a-ending masculine)
`
nqM -|e (nominal suffix) 2 (hl e\ ha^hp , 2nd case) /1 (viadQR, ` singular)
ha^hp-g f (meaning of the case) Non-i\ji-ha^hp connected to gQM
M d\e QRl S
1. qNk M
6. qNk y\R |hl Lhl S 11. q ` lZ S
M neRf Z
M aZb qhc S
2. q\ ` &Pi abhc S
7. hw_\ bZa\Q |hl `
12. } a\ bZz\Q ^cZ S
`
4. hw_\ &Pi\Q jhc S `
9. bZabt as |hl R ghl S ` M
14. d\ef qbZwR gQ
5. } a\ bZz\Q q` _hc
M S `
10. }Q\ |\R gcjZ
Q } ahc S `
^Zb\Q o\[lZ S
171
Exercises
j\R 1/1
zZQ 3/1 R ` 2/1 swhl III/1 S
M
noc `
qbR (noun) j\R
`
|\hlqhbiR (nominal base) - j\R (gi\j\c qh M , a-ending masculine)
`
nqM -|e (nominal suffix) 1 (|R\ ha^hp , 1st case) /1 (viadQR, ` singular)
ha^hp-g f (meaning of the case) ilfhj |R\ (1st case in the sense of il\f) to swhl
M
noc `
qbR (noun) R `
`
|\hlqhbiR (nominal base) - (gi\j\c qh M , a-ending masculine)
`
nqM -|e (nominal suffix) 2 (hl e\ ha^hp , 2nd case) /1 (viadQR, ` singular)
ha^hp-g f (meaning of the case) iRfh hl e\ (2nd case in the sense of iRf) to swhl
M
noc `
qbR (noun) zZQ
`
|\hlqhbiR (nominal base) - z (gi\j\c qh M , a-ending masculine)
`
nqM -|e (nominal suffix) 3 (lsl e\ ha^hp , 3rd case) /1 (viadQR, ` singular)
ha^hp-g f (meaning of the case) ijZ lsl e\ (3rd case in the sense of ij) to swhl
`
1. bZabt z\O\ R ghl S M
7. qNk M
q\O\ nz y\R Lhl S
` ^ahc
2. bZa\ bZz Pi\Q gQ M S M nz alfc Z S
8. bZz\ L
M ecZ S
5. Pi\ bZa bZz gQ^
172
Exercises
bZabt 1/1
M 4/1 bZwR ` 2/1 bb\hl III/1 S
q\e
M
noc qbR ` bZabt
|\hlqhbiR -` bZabt (gi\j\c qh M )
`
nqM -|e 1 (|R\ ha^hp ) /1 (viadQR)`
ha^hp-g f ilfhj |R\ to bb\hl
M
noc qbR ` bZwR `
|\hlqhbiR ` bZw (gi\j\c qh M )
`
nqM -|e 2 (hl e\ ha^hp ) /1 (viadQR)`
ha^hp-g f iRfh hl e\ to bb\hl
M
noc qbR ` q\e
M
|\hlqhbiR ` qM (gi\j\c qh M )
`
nqM -|e M ha^hp , 4th case) /1 (viadQR)`
4 (dl
M (4th case in the sense of nb\Q) to bb\hl
ha^hp-g f nb\Q Z dl
`
1. j\R hwa\e aZb\Q bb\hl S ` Phl S
6. } a ^PL\e bZzR
M
2. qNk bZa\O\ &Pi abhl S `
7. hw_ RP\e aZb\Q ql S
Z qijPhl S
4. bZabt }QO 9. d\eO QR S
173
Exercises
bZabt 1/1
` qlhl III/1 S
as\l 5/1
M
noc qbR ` bZabt
|\hlqhbiR -` bZabt (gi\j\c qh M )
nqM -|e 1 (|R\ ha^hp ) /1 (viadQR)`
ha^hp-g f ilfhj |R\ to qlhl
M
noc qbR ` as\l `
|\hlqhbiR ` as (gi\j\c qh M )
nqM -|e 5 (qrR ha^hp , 5th case) /1 (viadQR)`
ha^hp-g f gq\b\Q Z qrR (5th case in the sense of gq\b\Q) to qlhl
` cZ S
1. }Q\ d\l hQalf `
6. \L\l RP OlZ S
2. z\O\ qlhl S M hl S
7. ^PLZO bZa l_
`
5. aZb\ d\e\fl hw_ \ecZ S `
10. ne\fl d h^- ^ahlS
M
11. qNk qM /qZ
M /q\l `
M haQ\ Lhl S
M
12. bZabt q/q M
\O\ qsi ` anhl S
`
14. aZb\ d\e/d\e/d\e\fl haQ\ Q \ecZ S
174
Exercises
M
noc qbR ` qM
|\hlqhbiR -` qM (gi\j\c qh M )
nqM -|e 1 (|R\ ha^hp ) /1 (viadQR)`
ha^hp-g f - ilfhj |R\ to jhl
M
noc qbR ` bZabt
|\hlqhbiR ` bZabt (gi\j\c qh M )
nqM -|e 6 (k ha^hp , 6th case) /1 (viadQR)`
ha^hp-g f n-k to qM
M
noc qbR ` &Pi\Q `
|\hlqhbiR ` &Pi (gi\j\c qh M )
nqM -|e 2 (hl e\ ha^hp ) /3 (oadQR)`
ha^hp-g f iRfh hl e\ to jhl
M w{ alfl Z S
1. i\w L M \ecZ S
Z bZa\Q\ L\
6. aZbO
`
4. bZa\Q\R w Z
bZaw lZ S `
9. \aj\Q\ hzR\e gzR gh S
5. bZabt q ` lZ S
M neRf Z 10. e\Q\ }qePh S
175
Exercises
1/1
j\R LszZ 7/1 hlhl III/1 S
M
noc qbR ` j\R
|\hlqhbiR -` j\R (gi\j\c qh M )
`
nqM -|e 1 (|R\ ha^hp ) /1 (viadQR)`
ha^hp-g f ilfhj |R\ to hlhl
M
noc qbR ` LszZ
|\hlqhbiR ` Lsz (gi\j\c qh M )
`
nqM -|e 7 (nR ha^hp , 7th case) /1 (viadQR)`
ha^hp-g f gh[ijZ nR (7th case in the sense of gh[ij) to hlhl
Complete the sentence by placing pronouns naf, vi, g, qj, and qa f in their declined forms.
176
Exercise
1/1
e oP[hl III/1 n 1/1
abhl III/1 S
1/1
eb ` clause e oP[hl III/1
1/1
lb ` clause n abhl III/1
Of eb ` clause
hlmc qbR ` oP[hl
`
[\l M o[M (1P) to know
hlm-` |e /ilfhj-|ePL /III/1
M
noc qbR ` e
|\hlqhbiR -` eb `(bi\j\c qh M nafQ\R, d-ending masculine pronoun)
`
nqM -|e 1 (|R\ ha^hp ) /1 (viadQR)`
ha^hp-g f ilfhj |R\ to oP[hl
Of lb ` clause
hlmc qbR ` abhl
[\l M ab ` (1P) to speak
hlm-` |e /ilfhj-|ePL /III/1
M
noc qbR ` n
|\hlqhbiR -` lb `(bi\j\c qh M nafQ\R, d-ending masculine pronoun)
`
nqM -|e 1 (|R\ ha^hp ) /1 (viadQR)`
ha^hp-g f - ilfhj |R\ to abhl
177
Exercise
` declined forms.
Complete the sentence by placing pronouns lb, vlb, hiR in
1/1 1/1
E.g., n M
qNk RPblZ III/1 S
M ih (a-ending neuter)
Exercise #19 gi\j\c Qqn
1. 1/1
` gQ^
R 1/1 M elZ S 6. 1/3
hR\h 1/3 Lhc S
1/3
2. w\\h 1/3 gaLcZ S 7. 4/1
hR\e 4/1 a bb\hl S
3. 5/1
` wj j }\elZ S
g-\l 5/1 8. 5/1
` n R
i\j\l 5/1 M hlS
4. 6/3
`
i\e\f\ 6/3 i\jR ghS 9. 6/3
w\\\ 6/3 l }\Q\hl n S
7/1
5. gjeZ 7/1 \hQ alfc Z S 10. 7/1
|ijZ 7/1 vlb ` a\ elZ S
178
Exercises
1. eb ` gxlZ lb ` g-RS `
5. eZQ \hQ |\ cZ ll n\[QR S`
2. eb ` QZ \O\ elZ lb ` qR S` `
6. e\l i\j\l ` j }\elZ l l w\Z \elZ S
wj
3. e\hQ q\h qlhc l\hQ bz S M
7. e qNk `
olZ lZk\ \Q\R qwR _lZ S
M
4. qNk `
el i\e ` hl S
ijPhl lZQ jR gdf `
8. ehQ |ijZ `
Rz\a\\hQ nhc ll q\hR S
`
Exercise #22 geR (Indeclinables) derived from [\l M
M
1. } a\ L L\ RQ_Pi hQalfc Z S ` ^
7. } a\ LfR gQ M e RQ_Pi
M hawhc S
`
2. hw_ d\efR qL |T qshl S `
8. bZa | &Pi hh\ n aZb\Q qhl S
M
3. qNk ` Rf gaL
w\\\R g ` M hl jRlZ d S
l_ M
9. qNk aj\ e |\ gje Lhl S
4. j l \\ n Q w lZ S M
10. qNk \QQZ ^Zb o\h[\ l oP[hl S
5. hw_ d\ef qbZw ha\e qQM qshl S `
11. na\fQ &Pi\Q ` \ g\Q d
s ` na\fQ has
`
6. bZabt is \ [Q ^lZ S `
hw_ d\efR gh^Lhl S
`
Exercise #23 geR (Indeclinables) derived from nafQ\R
`
1. el aj\ eR gh ll n na }hl S 13. ihl ` R gQ
` ^ahl
M S
2. iMl w\\h qhn S 14. ihl Q` R gQ
` ^ahl
M S
3. el \QQZ RP ^ahl gl w\ q S `
15. g hl iZ hdl abhc S
4. j nafl ^ahl S ` Q l_
16. n iZ Qhdl UZ M hl S
5. e [R gh l ah gh S ` z hawhl S
17. ihdl Ls
`
6. l va nhl ll nR S` 18. ihhl bZ` w Z qNk
M hQanhl S
7. g a\Z qbZw gh S `
19. bZabt hihrl i\e ijPhl S
8. iM anhn S 20. hirQ a M gh S
9. vl\hQ a\\hQ iM ecZ S 21. n ihhl/iMhdl/Bhdl/ib\hdl Q` elZ S
M hl S
10. eb\ bZabt hR\h qehl lb\ n l_ `
22. iMlhl i\j\l `
qlhl S
11. e\ bZabt abhl l\ l qM abhl S `
23. vll ihrl Q` \elZ S
12. e\ z l\ gRM S
179
Exercises
6. RsaZ \z\ S ` Z LQ
12. Rz\o\ lhQ Z ` Qd
M o ` lZ S
180
Exercises
1. 2/1
` abhl S
i\R 2/1 6. 5/1
hdc\e\ 5/1
wPdhl S
2/3 2/3 6/1 6/1
2. i\ abhl S 7. bZal\e\ n\ abhlS
3. 3/1
ne\ 3/1 \elZ S 8. 6/3
` n\ abhlS
bZal\Q\R 6/3
4. 4/1
bZal\e 4/1 QR S 9. 7/1
` hQ\ gh S
bw\e\R 7/1
5. 4/3
bZal\O 4/3
QR S 10.
7/3
`
ga\n M 7/3 \QR gh S
1/1
1. bZal\ 1/1 QlZ S 10. 4/1
bZal\e 4/1 QR S
2. 1/2
n Z 1/2 ^al S 11. 4/2
` QR S
bZal\O\R 4/2
1/3 1/3 4/3 4/3
3. ga\ ^ahc S 12. |}\O h S
4. 2/1
` QehlS
nZQ\R 2/1 13. 5/1
h}\e\ 5/1
w{ }\elZS
2/2
5. qRZ 2/2 hbwhl S 14. 6/1
h e\e\ 6/1
|eP}Q hiRS
2/3 2/3 6/2 6/2
6. hdc\ }hl S 15. nZQeP RZ hlhl S
7. 3/1
We\ 3/1 nZacZ S 16. 6/3
` +\ ghS
ga\Q\R 6/3
8. 3/2
` qhbelZS
qR\O\R 3/2 17. 7/1
M
Lz\e\R ` hQanhl S
7/1
181
Exercise
`
Exercise #33 bR/gbn-w{ (pronoun idam and adas)
`
Complete the sentence by placing pronouns bR and ` their declined forms.
gbn in
1. 1/1
M
qNk 1/1
gh S 8. 1/1
` ^ahl S
wj jR 1/1
1/2
2. M 1/2 S
qNk 9. 1/2
QZ Z 1/2 YM jl S
1/3 1/3 1/3
3. M
qNk\ nhc S 10. ^l\hQ 1/3 }\ecZ S
4. 2/3 ` }hlS
Pi\Q 2/3 11. 3/1
\QQZ 3/1 a M \elZ S
5. 3/1
M 3/1 a M \elZ S
qNkZ 12. 2/1
` q^lZ n S
ZR 2/1
6. 6/1
M
qNk 6/1
`
\QR gh S 13. 1/1
\hei\ 1/1 ^ahl S
7/1
7. hakeZ 7/1 had\j ^ahl S 14. 1/3
bZal\ 1/3
^ahc S
182
Exercises
1. nL `
M Lhl S M [Q bb\hl S
5. bZabt nLZ
M
2. nL Lhc S M
6. nL qsi ` bZabt Lhl S
M qshl S
3. bZabt nL M
7. nL qM gh S
M
4. nL\ ge elZ S M
8. nLh nhl bZabt hlhl S
` }\Q\hlS
1. nafhal na 6. Rsb }\elZ S
`
2. d\ef qhQkbR qhbwhl S M qi
7. nb M Qe\hR S
3. n^\_is l aZ S `
8. qhb j }Q\Q jhl S
M nz qhQkb qhl S
4. j\R nb\ 9. bZabt [M \ Q qhl S
5. nafhabZ QR S 10. n nhR[ q\ Qehl S
1. a\i ` |e
M lZ S 5. h} h^k3 h^-\ nhc S
2. n a\d abhl S 6. d bZa a\e M S
M elZ S
3. d\ gQ^ 7. a\d hake ^\kR S`
4. bZabt h}Z [Q bb\hl S 8. a\hd g f ^ahl S
183
Exercises
`
Exercise #38 Q-gc qh M * (in-ending masculine)
`
Exercise #39 Rl/al-gc qh M * (mat/vat-ending masculine)
1. `
R\Q Q\j\e ohM uRl\ bZa S 6. qhQkb\ l\Eef ohM uRhZ gaLlZ S
M
2. [ Rc zQRc QRhc S 7. RlZ QR S
M
3. hax\ac zQRc QR\hR S 8. hax\al g\Q Q gh S
4. ^Lac qQM qQM QR\R S 9. ohM uRl\ Rl nwe Q gh S
`
5. ^Lal q ^Lal\ eR qhbelZ S `
10. ^Lahl gaLlZ nhl n ohM uR\Q ^ahl S
` ePL ijPhl S
1. n ^p nQ iRf `
4. va qel\ ^Lal\ vlb ` a\R pR S`
2. lZ ^p\ nc iRfePL iMafhc S M
5. nl qNk\l iZ` w }\elZ S
3. bZabt qdc nPRbt qehl S `
6. hake\Q \el n q}\elZ S
`
Exercise #41 gQ-gc qh M * (an-ending masculine)
1. \ vi S `
8. Q \QR \QR ` M lZ S
2. \ bZa\Q\ |R nahl S M
9. j\ qNk M
j\}qNk S
3. j\}\ \ qehl S 10. vlZ a\f \ hl cZ S
4. w\f[\ q\5\Q zjhl S 11. gR\Q ghQ nhc S
`
5. Q\ \QR hQ qehl S 12. \ Z Rhzh hlhl S
6. n Q RhzR\Q }\Q\hl S 13. Rhz\ j\}\ ^R\Q ^lZ S
7. qjR\Q Z QR S 14. q\5\Q A\ n j\\ j\}\ ^ahl S
184
Exercises
`
Exercise #42 gQ-gc M i (an-ending neuter)
Qqn
1. vi ^ahl S 9. Z QR S
2. n }\Q\hl S `
10. gl Q\h S
3. o?hQ iR\fh aZbQZ \ecZ S 11. hax\ hax\ hl lZ S
4. ePhLQ iRf iMafhc S 12. h hQ\ hQ\ hl lZ S
5. } a\ }7\hQ ^cZ S `
13. iRf\ hnhuR c bZal\ e}cZ S
6. Q iRf\ Q |}e\ Q [QQZ gRsl ^ahl S 14. iRfh l gh[i\j gh S
7. n bZabt hl Q\\ \elZ S ` ^ahc
15. } a\ }7hQ }7hQ R gQ M S
8. n hahb\ iRfh^ R M lZ S 16. iRfn M bZabt aj\ e }\elZ S
`
Exercise #43 gn-gc M i (as-ending neuter)
Qqn
`
1. ll RQ dhl S 7. RQn lZ} lqn\ OlZ S
2. l as q\fhQ \hn S 8. vlb ` \Q RQPh^ |\ lZ S
3. bZabt qhl S 9. RR LNM hwjn\ QR\hR S
4. he\h RQn\ nz alfc Z S 10. RQn bZal\ d S
`
5. vll Ph^ pR S` 11. bZal\ RQhn hlhl S
6. n\ ad\hn eZ nZ ^ahc S ` e ad hn haxlZ S
12. vll Lj
`
Exercise #44 k/k-gc M i (i:/u:-ending neuter)
Qqn
185
Worksheets for photocopying
[\l M (root) : ( )
i\j (tense/mood) :
|ePL (voice) :
`
gR (stem) :
[\l M (root) : ( )
i\j (tense/mood):
|ePL (voice):
`
gR (stem)
186
Worksheets for photocopying
`
nqM -|es `
(nominal suffixes) without l (indicatory) letters
`
adQR (Number) viadQR ` hadQR ` oadQR `
(Singular) (Dual) (Plural)
ha^hp (Case)
`
nqM -|es (nominal suffixes) modified for neuter
187
Worksheets for photocopying
`
adQR (Number) viadQR ` hadQR ` oadQR `
ha^hp (Case) (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)
|R\ (1st case) j\R 1/1 j\R 1/2 j\R\ 1/3
`
nP[QR (Vocative) zZ j\R S/1 zZ j\R S/2 zZ j\R\ S/3
`
adQR (Number) viadQR ` hadQR ` oadQR `
ha^hp (Case) (Singular) (Dual) (Plural)
|R\ (1st case) j\R j\R j\R\
hl e\ (2nd case) j\RR ` j\R j\R\Q `
lsl e\ (3rd case) j\RZ j\R\O\R ` j\R
dlM (4th case) j\R\e j\R\O\R ` j\RZO
qrR (5th case) j\R\l ` j\R\O\R ` j\RZO
k (6th case) j\R j\ReP j\R\\R `
nR (7th case) j\RZ j\ReP j\RZk M
`
nP[QR (Vocative) zZ j\R zZ j\R zZ j\R\
188
Worksheets for photocopying
`
hlmc qbR (verb)
[\l M (root)
M
noc `
qbR (noun)
`
|\hlqhbiR (nominal base) ( -i\j\c h , -ending )
`
nqM -|e (nominal suffix) ( ha^hp , case) / ( -dQR, ` )
M
noc `
qbR (noun)
`
|\hlqhbiR (nominal base) ( -i\j\c h , -ending )
`
nqM -|e (nominal suffix) ( ha^hp , case) / ( -dQR, ` )
M
noc `
qbR (noun)
`
|\hlqhbiR (nominal base) ( -i\j\c h , -ending )
`
nqM -|e (nominal suffix) ( ha^hp , case) / ( -dQR, ` )
189
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