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Geoexplor 03GeologicalMapping
Courses Outline
y Part 1: (2) INTRODUCTION
y Introduction
y Concept exploration
y Part 2: (3) GEOLOGICAL MAPPING IN EXPLORATION
y Geological Mapping
y Remote Sensing
y PART 4: (4) EXPLORATION GEOCHEMISTRY
y Stream Sediment & Heavy Minerals Sampling
y Soil Sampling
y Rocks Sampling
y Biogeochemistry, Hydrogeochemistry, Gasgeochemistry
y Assaying
GEOLOGICALMAPPINGIN y PART 4: (2) EXPLORATION GEOPHYSYC
y Airborne geophysics
y Ground geophysics
EXPLORATION y Submarine geophyscs
y PART 5: (2) EXPLORATION DRILLING
y Type drilling
dr ll ng
y Drilling method
y Logging
y PART 6: (3) EVALUATION
y Seminar (Presentation, Groups Discussion)
y Mid Test
y Final Test
y Fieldtrip
Rosana MF@FTG2011
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EXPLORATION METHODS
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
A. Airbone Mapping
pp g B. Ground Mapping
Topographicmapping Thenatureof
Preliminary/Regional Whymakea Smart
Geological
mapping map? Mapping
Aerogeochemical surveys Mapping
Scale1:250,000~1:50,000
Aerogeophysical surveys Theuseof
Choosingthe
Aeromagnetic Choosingthe
h h satellite
ll
Detailmapping best
Electromagnetic bestscale navigation
Radiometric technique
Scale1:20,000~1:1,000 (GPS)
Gravimetric
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Geologicalmapisgraphical Makingageologicalmapisinvariablythe
presentationofgeological firststepinanymineralexploration
observationsandinterpretationsona
b d programs
horizontalplane
Geologicalmapisimportantcontrol
Geologicalsectionisidenticalin documentforallsubsequentstagesof
naturetoamapexceptthatdataare explorationandmining(including
recordedandinterpretedonavertical drilling,geochemistry,geophysics,
ratherthenahorizontalsurface geostatistics andmineplanning)
Mapsandsectionsareessentialtools Makingageologicalmapisafundamental
invisualizingspatial,three skillforanyexplorationorminegeologist
dimensional,geologicalrelationships
Theideasaredeveloped
fromlookingatpublished
Presentsaselectionoffieldobservationsandusefultothe Geologiststartthe maps;interpretingair Themappingsequence
extentthatispermitspredictionofthingswhichcannot fieldworkwithideasabout photos,remotesensing; dependsonthepostulated
thegeologywhichhasto aeromagneticdata;aero geologydrivenfromthe
beobserved bemapped geochemicaldata;or ideas
followedanintuitive
hunch
Twodifferentkindsofgeologicalmap
largescale factorobservationaloroutcropmaps
smallscale interpolationmadebyremotesensed
imagedata:satellite,radar,airphotographs,
aeromagneticmaps
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Mappingg
Mapping
withtape Satelliteimageryprovidesuitablebasefor
onpegged regionalmapping
and
grid
compass
Geologicalmappingprocedure
11
Surveyprocedure 12
y Survey y Establishingcontrolpoints
y Establishingcontrolpoints y EstablishonedifferentialGPScontrolpointfor
p p
y Compassandtapetraverse earlystagemappingworks.Tiealltraversesfrom
y GPStraverse thispoint.
y Forgridmapping establishcornerpointsof
y Factgeologydatacollection gridusingdifferentialGPSorTotalstationEDM.
y Pitandtrenchmapping
y Prospectscalesurfacemapping y Compassandtapetraverse
y Districtscalemapping y TobeconductedonlyifGPScannotbeused.
y Useoffieldmanualforstandardsymbolsand y ImportantingriddingifareahaspoorGPS
codes signal.
y Mapgenerationandarchiving y TraversesshouldbecorrectedusingCSS
g
y Mapscales y GPStraverse
y Mapfoliosystem y UseGarmin60Csxfor2dmappinginearlystage
y Mapinterpretation mappingworks
y GISmapsgeneration y UsedifferentialGPSforgriddinginopenareas.
11 12
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collection 14
y Pitmapping
y mapat1:500scale(100metresperA4
y Trenchmapping
mapsheet) y mapat1:100scale(10metresperA4
y projectdatafrommidbench
j td t f id b h mapsheet)
y maprocktypebycolouringthe y mapthefloorofthetrench
groundsideofthebenchlinewith y colourthemapbasedonlithology
appropriatelithologycolour(field
manual) y describefeaturesinlonghandusing
abbreviationsinfieldmanual(format:
y mapalterationbycolouringtheair
sideofthebenchline texturelithoalteration
mineralisation)
y indicatestructuralcontacts(dip/dip
direction)usingappropriatesymbol y indicatestructuralcontactsusing
y sketch(orphotograph)thebenchface
( p g p ) appropriatesymbol
asanoffsetdiagramparalleltothe
benchmap.
Organizationalhintsforefficientmapping
Faults,jointandcontactlithology measurement
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Mapping factgeologydatacollection 17
Mapping factgeologydata 18
y Trenchmapping y collection
Detailedprospectscale
y mapat1:100scale(10metresperA4map mapping
sheet)
y mapat1:1000scale(dataplottedinfield
y mapthefloorofthetrench bookorA4millimetersheetsand
y colourthemapbasedonlithology transfertomapfoliosincamp)
y describefeaturesinlonghandusing y drawoutconfigurationofoutcropas
abbreviationsinfieldmanual(format: actuallymeasured(usesolidlinefor
texturelithoalterationmineralisation) outcropanddashlinesforfloatsor
y indicatestructuralcontactsusing subcrops)
appropriatesymbol y colourthemapbasedonlithology
y sketchonewallofthetrenchasoffset y describefeaturesinlonghandusing
diagramsparalleltothetrenchfloor abbreviationsinfieldmanual(format:
map. texturelithoalterationmineralisation)
y decideonthesamplingcut(eitheralong y indicatestructuralcontactsusing
wallorfloor)andinterval appropriatesymbol
y tabulatefromtosamplingintervalon
theA4map
Mapping factgeologydata
MapGenerationandArchiving
collection 19 20
y Districtmapping y Mapconsolidation
y mapat1:5,000scale(plotdataona
y Pitmapping:consolidatemapsinto1:500
1:5000scaletopomap),useGPSfor
locatinginthefield p ( y )
benchplans(usemylarsheets)
y sketchconfigurationofoutcrop(use y Trenchmaps:plottrenchmapsonto1:1000
solidlineforoutcropanddashlines factmap
forfloatsorsubcrops)
y Prospectscalemapping:maintainafoliomap
y colourthemapbasedonlithology
y describefeaturesinlonghandusing
system(donotdigitisefactmaps,canbe
abbreviationsinfieldmanual(format: scannedandthenregisterinGIS)
texturelithoalteration
mineralisation) y Mapinterpretation
y indicatestructuralcontactsusing y Pitmapping:Useoverlaysonthebenchfact
pp g y
appropriatesymbol mapstointerpretgeology(withstructures)
andalterationinseparatemylarsheets.
y Prospectanddistrictscalemapping:Use
overlaysofthesamesizeasthemapto
interpretgeologyandalterationasabove.
y Generateinterpretivesectionsatthesame
scaleasthemaps.
20
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Mappingoutcrops:usemultipleoverlays
MapGenerationandArchiving 22
y Mapfiling
y Maintainanorderlyfilingsystemofhardcopy
y Colorseparationismaintainedbyplotting: p p j ( g
mapsintheprojectoffice(hangersormapp
cabinets)
y Lithologic contacts,faults,veins,andotherstructuralon y Mapinterpsaretobedigitisedandincluded
basemap intheGISfilesfortheproject
y Ensurethatfilenameofshapefilesarecorrect
y Pervasivealterationandalterationhalosonthefirst andupdatedeverymonthwiththecentral
server
overlay
y Mineralortheis oxidationproductsonsecondoverlay
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Smallscalemapshowsbroadregionalpatternsofrock
distributionandmajorstructures
Intermediaterangescalecouldbedescribedasdetailed
regionalmapping;idealscalewhencombininggeological
mappingwithregionalprospectingorregional
geochemistry
Largescalemapisappropriateforshowingthefeatures
whichdirectlycontrolandlocalizeore
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Idealforregionalgeologicalmappingontopublishedmap
bases
Idealforregionalprospectingandregionalanddetailed
geochemicalandgeophysicaldatacollection
Somelimitationsshouldbenoted:
GPSneedsanunobstructedlineofsighttothesatellitewhichprovidethe
locationsignal
l l
RelyingexclusivelyonGPSfornavigationcancreateseriousproblems
GPScannotprovideaccuratepositioningonairphotographs
Plottinglatitudeandlongitudecoordinatesinthefieldisdifficult
REMOTESENSINGAPPLICATION
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