Irrigation

Ninth Lecture

Alignment of Canals

Irrigation canals can be aligned in any of the three way:-

1- Watershed canal.

2- Contour canal.

3- Side slope canal.

1- Watershed canal :- It is the dividing line between the catchment areas of two drains
(streams) as shown in figure below. In such a canal, water flow by gravity, an either side of
the canal, directly or through, small irrigation channels.

River

Watershed canal

River

2- Contour canal :- in such case, the canal is general aligned parallel to the contours of
area except that the longitudinal slops required to generate sufficient flow velocity are given
to it.

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3- Side slope canal :- It is aligned at a right angles to the contours i.e, along the side
slopes. Such a channel is parallel to the natural drainage flow and hence, does not intercept
cross drainage, and no gross drainage works are required.

tenth Lecture

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Irrigation

Irrigation and Drainage

Networks
The direct irrigation scheme using a weir or a barrage, as well as the storage irrigation
scheme using a dam or a reservoir, required a network of irrigation channels for to supply the
water to the irrigated areas and network for drainage to remove unwanted surface and
subsurface in such a way that water-logging and salinity do not occur.The entire network as
irrigation channels is called channel system.

Irrigation Network :- The channel system consists of :

1- Main canal

It is the principal channel of a canal system taking off from the headworks or reservoir
or tail reach of a feeder. Also called main line. It is a large capacity channel and usually
there is no direct irrigation from it. Small capacity ditch distributaries running parallel to
the canal are taken off from the main canal to irrigate the adjoining areas. Main canal
deliver supply to branch canal and main distributaries.

2- Branch canal

Branch canals of capacity over 10 cumecs take their supply from the main canal and
convey to the distributaries. Very little direct irrigation is done from the branch canals.
(sub-branch) is a canal which takes off from branch canal but has capacity higher than
distributary.

3- Distributary canal

A canal which taking off from a main canal or branch canal and distribute their supply
through outlets into miners. They are aligned either as watershed channels or as side slope
channels.

4- Minors

It is a small capacity channel usually taking its supply from a distributary canal. It
supplies water to water courses.

5- Water course

A channel taking off from a distributary or minor canal and serving farm channels or
field channels.
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6- Farm channel (Field channel)

A very small channel taking off from the water course and irrigating field. Generally it is
unlined and has triangular cross-section.

7- Water course unit

It is the area irrigated by one water course and divided into farm units. Water course unit
is bounded at the sides by open collector drains and at one end by a distributary canal and
at the other end by a secondary or branch drain.

Drainage System:- The drainage system consist of :-

1- Main drain

Open drain which removes drainage water from the project area to the outfall drain.

2- Branch drain

Receive water from main collector drain and discharging water into a main drain.

3- Main collector drain

Also was called secondary drain, receive water from collector drains and discharging
water into branch or main drains.

4- Collector drain

A small open drain receive water from surface and sub-surface field drains and is
discharging water into main collector drain and may be also take the escape flow at the tail
of distributary canal.

5- Field drain

Smallest drain of the system controlling the water table under the field or below root
zone, and discharging water into collector drain.(usually use perforated P.V.C. pipe).

Irrigation Network Drainage Network

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Main Canal (M.C) Main Drain (M.D)
Branch or Lateral Canal (L.C) Branch or Lateral Drain (L.D)
Distributary or Secondary Canal (D.C) Main Collector or Secondary Drain (M.C.D)
Water course (W.C) Collector Drain (C.D)
Farm or Field Channel ( Farm water course) Field or Farm Drain

Irrigation Network Drainage Network

Intermittent flow
Placed at high levels
Flow direction from large to small canal
Good quality
Main advantage is water distribution
Designed against the flow direction
Executed with floe direction
Continuous flow
Placed at low levels
Flow direction from small to large canal
Salty
Main advantage is water collection
Designed with the flow direction
Executed against flow direction

M.C

W.C1
D.C1
F.C
W.C2 F.D
L.C2 W.C4 L.C4
M.C.D

C.D
D.C3 3
L.D M.C.D L.D 8
Irrigation

D.C5

M.C.D

M.D M.C. or M.D

D.C M.C.D W.C C.D
50m
30-35m 20-25m

Boundary Project

M.C.D D.C L.C D.C

40-45m 30-35m
M.C

L.C

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D.C Irrigated
W.C 1000Area

1500m D.C
D.C
C.D
C.DC.D Max.3000m
Max.540m 8
 Irrigation

Example (24) : Calculate the discharge along the D.C. if C.E. (D.C.) = 95%, C.E.(W.C) =97%,
W.D. = 0.9 Gl/sec/1T.ha., irrigation unit = 60ha.(T).

Solution L.C.
Qg = 0.9 60 = 54 L/sec
W.C. W.C.
C.D. C.D.
L/sec W.C. W.C.
C.D. C.D.
Qoutlet from D.C = 56 6 = 336 L/sec W.C. W.C.
C.D. C.D.
W.C. W.C.
C.D. C.D.
Water losses in D.C. = 354 336 = 18 L/sec 3
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M.C.D M.C.D
D.C

Q in D.C at km(2.75) = 2 56 = 112 L/sec

Q in D.C at km(1.75) = 112 + 6.6 1 + 56 2 = 230 L/sec

Q in D.C at km(0.75) = 230 + 6.6 1 +2 56 = 112 + 6.6 1 + 56 2 = 349.2 L/sec

Q in D.C at km(0.0) = 349.2 + 6.6 0.075 = 354 L/sec (D/S of head regulator)

Discharge of Drainage Networks

Drainage water = Conveyance losses + Part of farm losses + Artesian ground water

(Total gross ) + (Gross Net) Divided on Gross

Drainage water =

Example (25) : Given water duty = 0.96L/sec/1T.ha., A.E.=65%, 70% of farm losses go to
drain C.E.(w.c) = 97%, C.E. (D.C) = 95%, C.E. (L.C) = 96%, C.E. (M.C) = 98%, Area of C.D11
= 30 hectares, Area of C.D1- 9 = 60 hectares. Find discharge along M.C.D.2 ?
Q2 Q2 Q4
C.E (w.c) = (Q5/Q4)
Q3
C.E (D.C) = (Q4/Q3) Q4

C.E (L.C) = (Q3/Q2) C.E (irr.net) = (Q5/Q1) Q1 Q3 Q5

C.E (M.C) = (Q2/Q1) C.E (irr.net) = C.E(w.c) C.E(D.C) C.E(L.C)C.E(M.C)

C.D11
w.c 30ha
Solution
C.D9
60ha

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C.E =0.97 0.95 0.960.98 = 0.866 C.D7

Drainage water = Gross C.D5

C.D3

C.D1
= 0.96 M.C.D4
M.C.D2 D.C
L.D
Q in C.D11 = (0.36 30) = 11 L/sec
Q in C.D1 9 = (0.36 60) = 22 L/sec

Distance Discharge (L/sec) in M.C.D2

From To
2.975 2.5 11
2.5 2.0 11+ 22 = 33
2.0 1.5 33 + 22 = 55
1.5 1.0 55 + 22 = 77
1.0 0.5 77 + 22 = 99
0.5 0.0 99 + 22 = 121

Checking :- Area = 560 + 130 =330 ha (T)

Q in M.C.D2 = 330 0.36 = 120 121 L/sec

Example (26) : Given W.D = 1.1G L/sec /1.T.ha, C.E (W.C) = 98%, C.E(D.C) =97%, C.E
(L.C) =97% , in M.C = 96% , A.E = 60% on farm, losses are divided as follows:-

30% runoff & 10% runoff losses go to the drain. C.D

W.C1
C.D18
Area drained by each collector = 45ha. W.C2 W.C3
C.D16
C.D
Area irrigated by add W.C = 45ha. W.C5
C.D14

Area irrigated by even W.C = 60ha. W.C4 W.C7

C.D12
C.D
W.C9
Calculate the discharge along D.C1, and in M.C.D1. C.D10

W.C6 W.C11

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C.D8
C.D
W.C13
C.D6

W.C8 W.C15

C.D4
C.D
W.C17

C.D2

W.C10 W.C19

Solution

Irrigation Network

Q at Farm gate = 1.1L/s/1ha 45ha = 44.5L/s for odd irrig. Unit.

Q at Farm gate = 1.1L/s/1ha 60 ha = 66 L/s for even irrig. Unit.

Q inlet of W.C (odd) = (44.5/0.98) = 50.5L/s

Q inlet of W.C (even) = (66/0.98) = 67.4L/s

Q outlet of D.C1 = (50.5 10) + (67.9 5) = 844.5 L/s

Q inlet of D.C1 = (844.5/0.97) = 870.62L/s

Losses in D.C1 = 870.62 844.5 = 26.12L/s

Losses /km = (26.12/2.3) = 11.36 L/s/km

Distance Discharge at D.C1

From To
2.3 2.05 50.0 + 67.9 + 11.3 0.25 = 120.7 L/s
2.05 1.8 120.7 + 50.5 + 11.3 0.25 = 174 L/s
1.8 1.55 174 + 50.5 + 11.3 0.25 = 294.7 L/s
1.55 1.3 294.7 + 50.5 + 11.3 0.25 = 348 L/s
1.3 1.05 348 + 50.5 + 67.4 + 11.3 0.25 = 468.7 L/s
1.05 0.8 468.7 + 50.5 + 11.3 0.25 = 522 L/s
0.8 0.55 522 + 50.5 + 67.4 +11.3 0.25 = 642.7 L/s
0.55 0.3 642.7 + 50.5 + 11.3 0.25 = 696 L/s

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0.3 0.05 696 + 50.5 + 67.4 + 11.3 0.25 = 816.8 L/s
0.05 0.0 816.8 + 50.5 + 11.3 0.25 = 868 L/s

Drainage Network

Drainage water = Gross

C.E for irrigation Network = 0.98 0.97 0.97 0.96 =0.885

% Farm losses = 30% (2/3) + 10% = 30

Drainage water = (1.1)

Q in C.D =0.275 L/s/1ha 45 ha = 12.375 L/s

Distance Discharge in C.D

From To
2.25 2.0 12.375
2.0 1.75 12.375 + 12.375 = 24.75
1.75 1.5 24.75 + 12.375 = 37.125
1.5 1.25 37.125 + 12.375 = 49.5
1.25 1.0 49.5 + 12.375 = 61.875
1.0 0.75 61.875 + 12.375 = 74.25
0.75 0.5 74.25+ 12.375 = 86.625
0.5 0.25 86.625 + 12.375 = 99
0.25 0.0 99 + 12.375 = 111.375

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D.C

Water Levels in Irrigation Units H.G.L

W.C
Average value between W.L Gate
W.L
in W.C and irrig. Unit =0.5m

Minimum value = 0.3m W.L

D.C
W.C
Maximum value = 0.7m

Points to be considered in selecting the slope:-

1- Try to make the slope of the Hydraulic Grade Line (H.G.L) in the (W.C) was equal to the
slope of the ground level along the irrigation area.

2- Try to make the slope of the Hydraulic Grade Line (H.G.L) less than the max value to
avoid :

a- Soil erosion or (scour).

b- Supercritical flow and hydraulic jump.

3- Try to make the slope of the Hydraulic Grade Line (H.G.L) larger than the minimum
value to avoid sedimentation in the canal.

4- Try to make the slope of the Hydraulic Grade Line (H.G.L) real number for easy in
construction. E.L = ( Eo + 0.5 ) + S.L

E.L =( Eo + 0.5 ) +
S.L

0.5
Beginning
Eo

End

Example(27) :Calculate the water level required at the beginning of the (W.C) in order to
irrigate the whole unit. Assume:- 30.50
29.50

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Minimum slope of W.C = 20 cm/km
29.00
Maximum slope of W.C = 150cm/km 28.50
28.00

solution

Average slope of the natural ground = (30.5 28.0)/(1.5) =1.67m/km

Slope of the natural ground > Maximum slope of W.C

There for, use S=150cm/km = SMax.

W.L at km=0.0 to irrigate km=0.0 = 30.5 + 0.5 = 31.0

W.L at km=0.0 to irrigate km=1.5 equal to

W.L at km=0.0 to irrigate the middle of W.C =

H.W(15) :Given a W.D of .85 G.L/s/T.1ha, C.E in W.C = 95%, and in D.C = 97%. Drainage
coefficient () =2mm/day for the layout as shown. Calculate the discharge along D.C1 and
M.C.D2? if length of the W.C =1400m.
L.C
Km=2.0 C.D3
C.D77

W.C2 W.C1

C.D5 C.D6
Km=1.5
W.C4 W.C3 M.C.D4
M.C.D2
C.D3 C.D42
Km=1.0
W.C6 W.C5

C.D1 C.D2
Km=0.5
W.C8 W.C75

Km=0.0
L.C

H.W(16) : Calculate the W.L required in W.C5 in order to the whole area. Assume :

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Minimum slope of W.C = 35cm/km

Maximum slope of W.C = 200cm/km

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