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1)
physiologists in one specialty worked only with each other, concentrating their knowledge.
C)
physiologists began focusing on local species, rather than trying to study organisms from many areas.
D)
D
Page Ref: 2
2)
D
Page Ref: 3
3)
A
Page Ref: 4
4)
One theme in physiology states that the physiology of an animal is part of its __________, which is based
on its __________ and environmental influences.
A)
genotype; ancestry
B)
phenotype; genotype
C)
ancestry; phenotype
D)
phenotype; diet
Answer:
B
Page Ref: 4
5)
C
Page Ref: 4
6)
The first person to carry out well-designed and careful experiments relating to body functions was
A)
Hippocrates.
B)
Aristotle.
C)
Galen
D)
Ibn al-Nafis.
Answer:
C
Page Ref: 5
7)
When Galen tied off the laryngeal nerve of a pig and it stopped squealing, he concluded that
A)
B
Page Ref: 5
8)
A
Page Ref: 5
9)
Scientists studying physiology before the 1700s believed that it was based on
A)
C
Page Ref: 5
10)
A
Page Ref: 5
11)
Per Scholander, one of the first __________ physiologists, looked at diving mechanisms, warm-blooded
responses to cold environments, and fish swim bladders.
A)
invertebrate
B)
human
C)
comparative
D)
ecological
Answer:
C
Page Ref: 6
12)
C. Ladd Prosser
B)
Knut Schmidt-Nielsen
C)
George Bartholomew
D)
George Somero
Answer:
A
Page Ref: 6
13)
systems physiologist.
C)
organismal physiologist.
D)
ecological physiologist.
Answer:
B
Page Ref: 6
14)
Physiologists who study the interaction between an organism's unique physiology and its species or
population are called
A)
systems physiologists.
B)
ecological physiologists.
C)
integrative physiologists.
D)
organismal physiologists.
Answer:
B
Page Ref: 8
15)
One approach, known as __________, says that we can learn about one level of organization by studying
the functions at the level below it.
A)
reductionism
B)
emergence
C)
systematics
D)
bioinformatics
Answer:
Page Ref: 8
16)
A/an __________ physiologist studies how an individual organism alters its physiology in response to
environmental challenges.
A)
developmental
B)
evolutionary
C)
environmental
D)
organismal
Answer:
C
Page Ref: 8
17)
An individual who studies veterinary medicine falls into the category of a(n) __________ physiologist.
A)
medical
B)
comparative
C)
systems
D)
applied
Answer:
D
Page Ref: 8
18)
An organism is able to jump higher based on the attachment point of its muscles to its skeleton.
B)
An increase in pH (fewer H+) will change the interaction of bonds holding proteins together.
D)
C
Page Ref: 10
19)
D
Page Ref: 11
20)
small animals have a higher surface area to volume ratio, decreasing heat loss.
B)
small animals have a lower surface area to volume ratio, decreasing heat loss.
C)
small animals have a higher surface area to volume ratio, increasing heat loss.
D)
small animals have a lower surface area to volume ratio, increasing heat loss.
Answer:
C
Page Ref: 11
21)
Max Rubner's work suggesting that the scaling coefficient for metabolic rate should be 2/3 is based on
A)
A
Page Ref: 11
22)
both A and C
Answer:
D
Page Ref: 12
23)
it allows an organism to live in a wide range of environments that differ from its internal environment.
D)
B
Page Ref: 12
24)
D
Page Ref: 12
25)
seasonal cycle.
B)
circadian rhythm.
C)
lunar cycle.
D)
diurnal cycle.
Answer:
A
Page Ref: 12
26)
B
Page Ref: 12-13
27)
the point at which the (effector) organ or gland starts to change the environment.
C)
C
Page Ref: 13
28)
Vomiting
B)
A
Page Ref: 13
29)
developmental processes.
B)
environmental conditions.
C)
physiological conditions.
D)
D
Page Ref: 13-14
30)
C
Page Ref: 14
31)
C
Page Ref: 14
32)
both A and B
Answer:
C
Page Ref: 15
33)
C
Page Ref: 15
34)
D
Page Ref: 15
35)
in large populations.
C)
C
Page Ref: 16
36)
share some features only with organisms from this same group.
C)
both A and B
Answer:
D
Page Ref: 16
37)
FALSE
Page Ref: 4
38)
FALSE
Page Ref: 4
39)
TRUE
Page Ref: 5
40)
Most of the experiments before the 20th century were performed on animals in hopes of gaining
knowledge about human physiology.
Answer:
TRUE
Page Ref: 5
41)
Emergence says that studying individual parts of a system allows one to clearly predict how the system
as a whole will function.
Answer:
FALSE
Page Ref: 8
42)
The research done by a comparative physiologist is done with a (very specific) practical goal in mind.
Answer:
FALSE
Page Ref: 8
43)
The mechanical properties of tissue are dependent on the biological molecules from which it is made.
Answer:
TRUE
Page Ref: 10
44)
FALSE
Page Ref: 11
45)
FALSE
Page Ref: 11
46)
Organisms that are capable of homeostasis keep everything in their internal environment constant at all
times.
Answer:
FALSE
Page Ref: 12
47)
Answer:
TRUE
Page Ref: 12
48)
Positive feedback loops maintain a variable within its set point range.
Answer:
FALSE
Page Ref: 13
49)
Water fleas (Daphnia pulex) produce either long or short spiky tails depending on the presence of
predators in their environment. This is an example of polyphenism.
Answer:
TRUE
Page Ref: 14
50)
FALSE
Page Ref: 15
51)
Adaptation is always beneficial to an individual, even if the environmental cause for the change is no
longer present.
Answer:
FALSE
Page Ref: 15
52)
FALSE
Page Ref: 16
53)
homeostasis
Page Ref: 4
54)
Hippocrates
Page Ref: 4
55)
Claude Bernard proposed the concept of __________: organisms maintain an internal environment, even
when the external environment changes.
Answer:
milieu interieur
Page Ref: 5
56)
The scientist __________ studied the adaptations of animals living in harsh or unusual conditions, such as
the camel.
Answer:
Schmidt-Nielsen
Page Ref: 6
57)
A __________ physiologist studies how an organism's structures and functions change throughout life.
Answer:
developmental
Page Ref: 8
58)
A __________ physiologist studies pressure gradients, flow, and resistance in the heart and blood vessels.
Answer:
cardiovascular
Page Ref: 11
59)
Max Kleiber used data on body mass and metabolic rate to generate the __________ equation.
Answer:
allometric scaling
Page Ref: 11
60)
An organism that maintains its internal environment regardless of changes in the external environment is
called a __________.
Answer:
regulator
Page Ref: 12
61)
Physiological processes that change in a predictable pattern on a daily basis are said to follow a
__________.
Answer:
circadian rhythm
Page Ref: 12
62)
antagonistic controls
Page Ref: 13
63)
Glucose levels in the blood are maintained by the antagonistic hormones glucagon and __________.
Answer:
insulin
Page Ref: 13
64)
The genetic makeup of an organism, the __________, can be expressed in a variety of ways and has major
effects on physiological traits.
Answer:
genotype
Page Ref: 13
65)
Environmental factors can cause __________, or a range of phenotypes from a single genotype.
Answer:
phenotypic plasticity
Page Ref: 14
66)
acclimated
Page Ref: 14
67)
__________ of a population occurs when environmental stressors favor survival of certain genotypes,
leading to their increased levels of reproduction.
Answer:
Adaptation
Page Ref: 15
68)
When a large portion of a population is wiped out and the genetic base is rebuilt from a small group of
individuals, then the __________, a type of genetic drift, may result.
Answer:
founder effect
Page Ref: 16
69)
Describe some of the factors that led to an explosion of physiological research in the 1960s.
Answer:
Increased numbers of scientists, improved technology, and ease of travel led to an increase in the number
of interactions and types of experiments, thus increasing scientific discovery. These interactions also
included individuals from a number of different disciplines coming together to work on a single problem.
Page Ref: 2-3
70)
Why was Vesalius's work, which disproved some of Galen's earlier experiments, so important?
Answer:
In any scientific research it is important to have reproducibility. In the case of Galen, his work was so
renowned that no one questioned his results. Once some of the work was shown to be incorrect, it opened
the door for further research on physiological subjects.
Page Ref: 5
71)
Explain how a cell and molecular physiologist can be a developmental and applied physiologist as well.
Answer:
There are a number of ways to categorize the work that physiologists do. It can be divided by level of
organization, processes, or the type of science (pure vs. applied). In this case a physiologist could study
the process of development at the cell and molecular level with the purpose of preventing birth defects.
Page Ref: 6-9
72)
Explain why it is important to understand chemistry and physics before studying physiology. Be sure to
include some examples.
Answer:
Physiology follows the laws of chemistry and physics. Just because an ion is diffusing in a physiological
system does not mean it will not interact with other ions or form chemical bonds. Understanding that
fluids flow from areas of high to low pressure helps one understand the cardiovascular system as well.
Page Ref: 10-11
73)
How does an organism's body determine whether to utilize short-term or long-term strategies for
maintaining homeostasis?
Answer:
It always costs energy to maintain an internal environment that may differ from the external
environment. The key question is cost versus benefit. If the difference will last a long time, it will be
beneficial to invest more resources early on, which will allow the organism to maintain other functions
(e.g. growing fur in winter). On the other hand, if it is a short-term difference (e.g. hot sun at noon), then
less expensive measures may be more appropriate.
Page Ref: 12
74)
Organisms may have identical genotypes, but depending on their environment, expression of some genes
may be more beneficial than others. Thus, environmental factors can regulate which genes are expressed
at any one point in time, allowing for different phenotypes (physical expression), from a single set of
genes.
Page Ref: 13-14
75)
Explain why a certain mutation in a genome may not continue to be beneficial after an environmental
stressor is removed.
Answer:
Expression of certain genes always contains certain costs and benefits. In some cases, expression of a
mutated gene may be very costly in some aspects. However, if this mutation allows for survival and
reproduction, the benefit outweighs the cost. On the other hand if the environmental stressor is removed,
the cost may exceed the benefit. Those individuals with the mutation now lose the advantage because
they are "spending" resources on a useless protein rather than one of current benefit.
Page Ref: 15