Section 15

Digital Communications

1. If a symbol is selected from a group of 200 xs and 50 ys. Find the probability if a)
any of the x is transmitted b) any of the y is transmitted.

A. P(x) = 0.7, P(y) = 0.3 B. P(x) = 0.8, P(y) = 0.2

C. P(x) = 0.3, P(y) = 0.7 D. P(x) = 0.2, P(y) = 0.8

2. A TV picture frame contains 211000 elements and each element may take on 8
possible equiprobable brightness levels. Find the info content of each element and for
the whole frame. (Cannot be solved in OJT; Insufficient Formulas)

A. 7 bits/elements, 833 kbits/frame

B. 6 bits/elements, 433 kbits/frame
C. 5 bits/element, 333 kbits/frame
D. 3 bits/element, 633 kbits/frame

3. Calculate the maximum data rate without error for a telephone system with a
bandwidth of 3.2 KHz and a signal-to-noise ratio of 30 dB, also compute the number of
corrupted bits per second if 64 level encoding will be used.

A. 31.895 kbps, 3.2 kbits will be corrupted per second

B. 38.4 kbps, 6.505 kbits will be corrupted per second
C. 31.895 kbps, 6.505 kbits will be corrupted per second
D. 38.4 kbps, 3.2 kbits will be corrupted per second

4. Calculate the Baud and bit rate for a 64-level modulator that transmit symbols 12000
times per second.

A. 12 kBaud, 72 kbps B. 12 kBaud, 62 kbps

C. 6 kBaud, 65 kbps D. 6 kBaud, 72 kbps

5. Determine the channel data rate for the North American digital cellular system that
transmit 24.3 kBaud using DQPSK.

A. 72.9 kbps B. 97.2 kbps

C. 12.15 kbps D. 48.6 kbps

6. For a BPSK modulation with a carrier frequency of 80 MHz and an input bit rate of 10
Mbps, determine the minimum Nyquist bandwidth.

A. 1 MHz B. 5 MHz
C. 10 MHz D. 2.5 MHz
7. Calculate the bandwidth needed to transmit a DS-1 signal in a channel with a signal-
to-noise of 20 dB, and also compute for the spectral efficiency.

A. 231.89 KHz, 231.89 bps/Hz B. 1.544 KHz, 6.65 bps/Hz

C. 231.89 KHz, 6.65 bps/Hz D. 1.544 MHz, 231.89 bps/Hz

8. Calculate the spectral efficiency of an Audio FSK (FSK) that transmits 1200 kbps
using an FM signal modulated by tones of 1200 Hz and 2200 Hz, with a 5 KHz
frequency deviation. (Cannot be solved in OJT; Insufficient Formulas)

A.1.37 bps/Hz B. 12.45 bps/Hz

C. 0.083 bps/Hz D. 8.3 bps/Hz

9. A telephone modem uses QAM modulation with four possible phase angles and 2
amplitude levels. Calculate the maximum data rate that could be sent using this modem
in a voice telephone channel. (Assume 3.2 KHz bandwidth)

A. 51.2 kbps B. 19.2 kbps

C. 25.6 kbps D. 12.8 kbps

10. 5 Hamming bits are required for a data block containing ________ bits.

A. 26 B. 31
C. 21 D. 28

11. Calculate the expected number of errored bits for a digital transmission that has an
error probability of 10-6 and is 109 bits long.

A. 100 bits B. 1000 bits

C. 10 bits D. 1 bits

12. 7 error bits out of 5.7 million total bits is equal to _________ error probability.

(Cannot be solved in OJT; Insufficient formulas)

A. 6.81x10-6 B. 9.56x10-6
-6
C. 4.74x10 D. 1.23x10-6

13. Determine the number of bits required and the coding efficiency in encoding a
system of 50 equiprobable events with a binary code.

A. 4 bits, 74% B. 6 bits, 94 %

C. 5 bits, 84% D. 2 bits, 87.8 %
14. What is the channel capacity for a signal power of 200 W, noise power of 10 W and
a bandwidth of 2 KHz of a digital system? APRIL 2003 (Cannot be solved in OJT;
Insufficient formulas)

A. 8.779 kbps B. 9.128 kbps

C. 4.751 kbps D. 6.143 kbps

15. Calculate the coding efficiency and redundancy of a discrete system with 105
equiprobable symbols.

A. 93.9 %, 6.1% B. 98.9 %, 1.1%

C. 95.9%, 4.1 % D. 97.9%, 2.1 %

16. 5.54 nats of information is equal to how many bits and Hartley respectively
(Cannot be solved in OJT; Insufficient formulas)
A. 4 bits, 4.4 Hartley B. 6 bits, 1.4 Hartley
C. 2 bits, 2 Hartley D. 8 bits, 2.4 Hartley

17. 1 dit is _________ bits.

A. 0.332 B. 33.2
C. 3.32 D. 1.44

18. A unipolar NRZ line code is converted to a multiple level signal for transmission over
a channel. The number of possible values in the multilevel signal is 32, and the signal
consists of rectangular pulses that have a pulse width of 0.3472 ms. What is the
equivalent bit rate for the multilevel signal? (Cannot be solved in OJT; Insufficient
formulas)

A. 28.8 kbps B. 56 kbps

C. 7.2 kbps D. 14.4 kbps

19. For quarternary phase shift keying (QPSK) modulation, data with a carrier frequency
of 70 MHz, and an input bit rate of 10 Mbps, determine the minimum Nyquist BW. ECE
Board Nov 2002.

A. 1 MHz B. 5 MHz
C. 10 MHz D. 2.5 MHz

20. What is the information density of AMI?

A. 2 bps/Hz B. 3 bps/Hz
C. 1 bps/ Hz D. 4 bps/Hz
21. Calculate the approximate bit rate of a communication system with a minimum
Nyquist bandwidth of 5 KHz and using Manchester encoding technique.

A. 5 kbps B. 20 kbps
C. 10 kbps D. 2.5 kbps

22. How many bits are needed to address 256 different level combinations?

A. 5 bits B. 8 bits
C. 6 bits D. 7 bits

23. An asynchronous communications system uses ASCII at 9600 bps with eight bits,
one start bit, one stop bit and no party bit. Express the data rate in words per minute.
(Assume a word has 5 characters or letters and one space). APRIL 2003

A.96 wpm B. 960 wpm

C. 9600 wpm D. 96000 wpm

24. Calculate the phase separation of two adjacent bits constellation in a 16 PSK
system?

A. 11.25 B. 5.625
C. 22.5 D. 45

25. 45 maximum phase shift of two adjacent bits combination combination is possible
in __________ .

A. BPSK B. QPSK
C. 16-PSK D. 8PSK

26. 300 Baud is equivalent to what effective bit rate if bits are represented by a single
voltage that can have one of 16 distinct values? (Cannot be solved in OJT;
Insufficient formulas)

A. 4.8 kbps B. 1.2 kbps

C. 9.6 kbps D. 2.4 kbps

27. A BER tester sends bits at 2000 Baud for 10s. There are total of 50 errors. What is
the BER?

A. 2.5x10-3 B. 25x10-3
C. 12.5x10-3 D. 21.5x10-3
28. Using 200 bit/frame at 200 Baud and 10s of transmission time, what is the
percentage of error-free frames when there are 500 errors spread evenly through the
10-s period? (Cannot be solved in OJT; Insufficient formulas)

A. 50% (1 every 2 frames are corrupted)

B. 0% (all frames are corrupted)
C. 25% (1 every 4 frames are corrupted)
D. 10% (1 every 10 frames are corrupted)

29. Consider a system that sends data in frames of 100 bits, including preamble,
message, and CRC bits, and each frame takes 0.5s. Calculate the BER, percentage of
frames with error when 1000 frames are sent.

A. 25x10-3, 25% B. 2.5x10-3, 25%

C. 2.5x10-3, 50% D. 2.5x10-3, 50%

30. What are the percentage error-free frames when there are 500 error that occurs at
the average rate of 100 errors/sec for the first 5 secs? (Cannot be solved in OJT;
Insufficient formulas)

A. 40% (1st 4 frames has errors, while the next has none)
B. 20% (1st 2 frames has errors, while the next 8 has none)
C. 50% (1st 5 frames has errors, while the next 5 has none)
D. 80% (1st 8 frames has errors, while the next 2 has none)

31. Calculate the number of Hamming bits required for a 16-bit data string

A. 5 B. 3
C. 4 D. 2

32. What is the information content for binary 0 in a certain binary transmission system
if the probability of binary 1 being transmitted is 0.6. (Cannot be solved in OJT;
Insufficient formulas)

A. 1.32 binits B. 3.2 binits

C. 2.13 binits D. 13.2 binits

33. Calculate the Hamming distance to detect and correct 2 single-bit errors that
occurred during transmission.

A. 4, 7 B. 5, 7
C. 3, 5 D. 2, 4
34. For a __________ channel, we need to use the Shannon capacity to find the
maximum bit rate.

A. Noisy B. Noiseless
C. Bandpass D. Low-pass
35. What you see in an eye pattern is the effect of:

A. Too many bits high B. Too many bits low

C. Intermodulation distortion D. Intersymbol interference

36. For QAM, the two dimensions of its symbol space are:

A. Amplitude and frequency B. Amplitude and phase angle

C. Frequency and phase angle D. I-bits and Q-bits

37. The specs of the old Bell type 103 modem were:

A. 300 bps, full duplex, FSK B. 600 bps, full-duplex, FSK

C. 1200 bps, full-duplex, FSK D. 1200 bps, half-duplex, FSK

38. High-frequency radioteletype systems commonly use:

A. FSK B. AFKS
C. PSK D. QAM

39. The __________ product defines the number of bits that can fill the link.

A. Bandwidth-period B. Error detection

C. Bandwidth-delay D. Delay-amplitude

40. Block coding can help in __________ at the receiver.

A. Synchronization B. Error detection

C. Attenuation D. A and B

41. In _________ transmission, bits are transmitted simultaneously, each across its own
wire.

A. Parallel B. Asynchronous serial

C. Synchronous serial D. A and B

42. Unipolar, bipolar, and polar encoding are types of _________ encoding.

A. Block B. Line
C. NRZ D. Manchester
43. How many points will be on the constellation diagram of a QAM system using 8
phase angles and 2 amplitude levels?

A. 8 B. 32
C. 16 D. 10

44. __________ encoding has a transition at the middle of each bit.

A. RZ B. Manchester
C. Differential Manchester D. All of the above

45. Which encoding technique attempts to solve the loss of synchronization due to long
strings of 0s.

A. NRZ B. BnZS
C. AMI D. Manchester

46. Suppose a synchronous frame has 16 bits of non-data in the front and a 16-bit BCC
at the end. The frame carries 1024 bytes of actual data. Calculate the efficiency of the
communication system.

A. 80% B. 67.5 %
C. 85.12% D. 97.0 %

47. Baseband transmission of digital signal is possible only if we have a ________

channel

A. Low-pass B. Low rate

C. Bandpass D. High rate

48. Suppose an asynchronous frame holds 8 bits of data, a parity bit, and two stop bits
(it could happen). Calculate the efficiency of the communication system.

A. 33.3 % B. 83.4 %
C. 66.7 % D. 16.67 %

49. One factor in the accuracy of a reconstructed PCM signal is the _________.

A. Number of bits used for quantization

B. Signal bandwidth
C. Carrier frequency
D. Baud rate
50. In asynchronous transmission, the gap time between bytes is ________ .

A. Fixed B. A function of the data rate

C. Variable D. Zero

51. How many different characters could be encoded using a six-bit code?

A. 64 B. 32
C. 56 D. 6

52. FSK stands for:

A. Full-Shift Keying B. Frequency-Shift Keying

C. IEEE D. Frequency-Step Keying

53. The ITU is under the auspices of:

A. CCITT B. the U.N.

C. IEEE D. ANSI

54. PCM is an example of ___________ conversion.

A. Analog-to-Analog B. Analog-to-Digital
C. Digital-to-Digital D. Digital-to-Analog

55. If the frequency spectrum of a signal has a bandwidth of 500 Hz with the highest
frequency at 600 Hz, what should be the sampling rate, according to the Nyquist
theorem?

A. 500 samples/s B. 1000 samples/s

C. 200 samlples/s D. 1200 samples/s

56. High-speed modems equalize the line to compensate for:

A. Noise and interference

B. Uneven phase and frequency response
C. Low SNR
D. Inconsistent bit rates at either end of channel

57. The bits sent to allow equalization are called:

A. Gaussian bits B. Random bits

C. A training sequence D. A random sequence
58. PSK stands for:

A. Pulse-Signal Keying B. Pulse-Shift Keying

C. Phase-Signal Keying D. Phase-Shift Keying

59. In the equation C = 2 log2 (M), M is the:

A. Margin of noise B. Modulation index

C. Number of possible states per symbol D. Maximum number of symbols per
second

60. An eye pattern shows a good channel when:

A. The eye is maximally open

B. The eye is maximally closed
C. The eye is half open
D. The eye alternately opens and closes

61. Which coding scheme requires DC continuity?

A. AMI B. Manchester
C. Unipolar NRZ D. Bipolar RZ

62. A T-1 Cable uses:

A. Manchester coding B. Bipolar RZ AMI coding

C. NRZ coding D. Pulse-width coding

63. An Ethernet running at 10 Mbits/second uses:

A. Manchester coding B. Three-Level encoding

C. NRZ coding D. AMI encoding

64. Instead of a single bit, a QPSK symbol contains:

A. A byte B. 4 bits
C. A dibit D. A Q-bit

65. If the available channel is a ________ channel, we cannot send a digital signal
directly to the channel.

A. Low-pass B. Bandpass
C. Low rate D. High rate
66. In the equation I = ktB, I is measured in:

A. Amperes B. Amperes per second

C. Bits D. Bits per second

67. If an asynchronous frame is used to send ASCII characters in the form of bytes (8
bits), what is the shortest time it could take to send 1000 characters if each bit in a
frame is 1 msec long?

A. 5 seconds B. 0.1 second

C. 10 seconds D. 1 second

68. The __________ of a composite signal is the difference between the highest and
the lowest frequencies contained in that signal.

A. Frequency B. Period
C. Bandwidth D. Amplitude

69. For a ___________ channel, the Nyquist bit rate formula defines the theoretical
maximum bit rate.

A. Noisy B. Noiseless
C. Bandpass D. Low-pas

70. To reduce the need for linearity, /4 DQPSK uses:

A. Angles of 0, 90, 180, and 270 degrees

B. Angles of 45, 135, 225, and 315 degrees
C. Angles of /4, 2/4, 3/4, and 4/4
D. Double phase-shift angles

71. For QAM, a constellation diagram shows:

A. Location of symbols in symbol space

B. Separation of symbols in symbol space
C. Effects of noise on symbols
D. All of the above

72. ITU is an abbreviation for:

A. International Telephony Unit

B. International Telephony Union
C. International Telecommunications Union
D. International Telecommunications Units
73. QAM stands for:

A. Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

B. Quadrature Amplitude Masking
C. Quadrature Amplitude Marking
D. Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

74. Calculate the bits per second capacity of a system sending 1000 symbols per
second with 16 possible states per symbol.

A. 500 B. 4000
C. 250 D. 16000

75. ___________ encoding has a transition at the beginning of each 0 bit.

A. Differential Manchester B. RZ
C. Manchester D. AMI

76. How many symbols are produced by a QPSK modem?

A. 16 B. 4
C. 8 D. 2

77. Which modem is used to handle 9600 bps data rates?

A. FSK B. QPSK
C. BPSK D. QAM

78. An 8-PSK system has an incoming data stream at 2400 bps. What is the symbol
rate of the transmitter?

A. 2400 sps B. 600 sps

C. 800 sps D. 1200 sps

79. How many different symbols are available from an 8-PSK transmitter?

A. 3 B. 4
C. 8 D.16

80. How many bits are needed to address all the different symbols available in a 64-
QAM transmitter?

A. 4 B. 5
C. 32 D. 64