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During Mitosis
Somatic cells, or cells of the body, divide through mitosis. From each
original parent cell, two identical daughter cells are created. In the parent
cell, each chromosome is composed of two identical sister chromatids.
During the anaphase stage, these chromatids normally separate, and one
chromatid goes into each daughter cell. However, when nondisjunction
occurs, the chromatids do not separate. The result is that one cell receives
both chromatids, while the other cell receives neither. Each daughter cell
then has an abnormal number of chromosomes when mitosis is complete;
one cell has an extra chromosome, while the other is missing one.
The diagram below shows nondisjunction taking place in mitosis:
Mitotic nondisjunction
During Meiosis I
Gametes (eggs and sperm) are made through meiosis. One cell divides
into four daughter cells through the combined processes of meiosis I and
meiosis II. Meiosis I is similar to mitosis, but in meiosis I each pair of
chromosomes lines up next to each other in preparation for making
gametes, whereas in mitosis, the chromosomes are all in one line. In
anaphase of meiosis I, nondisjunction happens when a pair of homologous
chromosomes does not separate. In the resulting cells, one cell has two
copies of a chromosome, while the other cell has no copies. When each of
these cells goes on to divide into two cells during meiosis II, the four total
cells produced will all have chromosomal abnormalities.
During Meiosis II
Down Syndrome
The three most common types of trisomy that are survivable are Trisomy
21 (Down syndrome), Trisomy 18 (Edwards syndrome), and Trisomy 13
(Patau syndrome).