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Environmental Engineering and Management Journal September/October 2007, Vol.6, No.5, 451-465
http://omicron.ch.tuiasi.ro/EEMJ/

Gh. Asachi Technical University of Iasi, Romania

______________________________________________________________________________________________

SOLID WASTE IN ROMANIA: MANAGEMENT, TREATMENT AND

POLLUTION PREVENTION PRACTICES

Ana-Maria chiopu1,2, Ion Apostol1, Monica Hodoreanu1, Maria Gavrilescu2

1
S.C. Salubris S.A.,Iasi, Romania
2
Technical University of Iai, Chemical Engineering Faculty, Department of Environmental Engineering and Management, 71
Mangeron Blvd., 700050 Iasi, Romania

Abstract

The paper analyzes some aspects of waste management in Romania and, in particular, in Iasi County, in view of the European
perspective. Urban and rural waste management is considered and collection, transport, processing, recycling or disposal of waste
materials is discussed relative to the National Waste Management Strategy and the National Plan for Waste Management, as well
as European and national legislative framework.
It was showed that land disposal will continue to be a disposal option but due to stricter regulation. Also, some problems with
reference to waste management hierarchy and pollution prevention practices that reduce or eliminate the amount and/or toxicity of
generated wastes released to the air, land or water before any management practices, treatment or disposal are explored. Local and
regional authorities are heavily and increasingly involved in the management of waste. In most cases, they are responsible for
developing and implementing municipal waste management plans based on the medium to long term. Solid waste management is
regarded much more than a technological issue and usually involves managing a large workforce and working together closely
with the public.

Keywords: landfill, management, pollution prevention, solid waste

1. Waste management in European perspective principle or, as the case may be, to waste producers,
according to the producer responsibility principle.
1.1. Overview

Since the mid - 1980s it has been

recognized that waste, as with other environmental
problems, is a global issue. Waste is now not only a
danger to the environment, but it is increasingly a
threat to human health and the way of life. Article 8
of the Sixth Action Programme sets down proposals
relating to the sustainable use and management of
natural resources and waste.
Waste generation is increasing in the EU,
and amounted to about 3.5 tonnes of solid waste per Fig. 1. Waste generation by sector
person in 1995 (excluding agricultural waste),
mainly from manufacturing, construction and Organising the collection, transport and
demolition and mining (Fig. 1) (EEA, 1998). disposal of municipal waste is one of the
Waste management includes all the waste obligations of local public administration.
collection, transport, treatment, recovery and Most communities use an integrated
disposal (Eriksson et al., 2005). Responsibilities for approach to waste management, meaning they use a
waste management activities shall be assigned to variety of ways to handle the trash produced by
waste generators, according to the polluter pays their citizens. Some of these include pollution
prevention, landfilling, recycling, composting,
 Schiopu et al./ Environmental Engineering and Management Journal 6 (2007), 5, 451-465
waste reduction, waste-to-energy plants, hazardous
waste disposal, and litter prevention and control
(Burnley, 2007; Moletta, 2002; Tchobanoglous et
al., 1993). Services of public sanitation are passing
through a period of major changes and of research
of viable solutions across the entire Europe (Hall,
2003).
In the European concept, sanitation as
public services of general interest has the following
characteristics:
universality;
equality of treatment;
continuity;
safety of people and of service;
adaptability and long- term administration;
transparency.
The main problems regarding the future of
these services that the European Union is raising
today are:
globalization and the opening of the
market for free competition;
privatization;
decentralization;
the strengthening of social cohesion;
sustainable development.
In most EU countries landfilling is still the
most common treatment route for waste and a
major change is needed in order to implement the
EU strategy on waste.
1.2. Waste management hierarchy
The Waste hierarchy refers to the "3 Rs"
reduce, reuse and recycle, which classify waste
management strategies according to their
desirability in terms of waste minimization. The
waste hierarchy remains the cornerstone of most
waste minimization strategies. The aim of the waste
hierarchy is to extract the maximum practical
benefits from products and to generate the
minimum amount of waste. Waste minimization is
the process and the policy of reducing the amount
of waste produced by a person or a society. It is
part of the wider aim of waste reduction which is
often described as a component of the waste
hierarchy. In the hierarchy, the most effective
policies and processes are at the top. Waste
minimization is also strongly related to efforts to
minimize resource and energy use. For the same
commercial output, usually the fewer materials are
used, the less waste is produced. Waste
minimization usually requires knowledge of the
production process, cradle-to-grave analysis (the
tracking of materials from their extraction to their
return to earth) and detailed knowledge of the
composition of the waste. The main sources of
waste vary from country to country. In the UK,
most waste comes from the manufacturing industry,
agriculture, construction and demolition industries.
Household waste constitutes a relatively small
452
proportion of all waste. Reasons for the creation of
waste sometimes include requirements in the
supply chain. For example, a company handling a
product may insist that it should be packaged using
a particular packing because it fits its packaging
equipment. Waste minimization has proven benefits
to industry and the wider environment (Gavrilescu
and Nicu, 2005; Macoveanu, 2005b; Tsiliyannis,
2007):
- reduces raw material costs
- reduces the cost of transport and processing
raw materials and the finished product
- reduces the waste disposal cost to other
parties (including collection, transport,
processing and disposal).
Waste minimization often requires
investment, which is often compensated by the
resulting savings. Waste reduction in one part of the
production process may create waste production to
another part.
There are government incentives for waste
minimization, which focus on the environmental
benefits of adopting waste minimization strategies
(Fig. 2).
Fig. 2. Waste management hierarchy
1.3. Waste management and pollution prevention
The increasing waste quantities are a
challenge that cannot be solved in a sustainable
way by efficient waste management and recycling
alone. This requires the integration of waste
management into a strategy for sustainable
development, where waste prevention, reduction of
resource depletion and energy consumption and
minimization of emissions at the source is given
high priority (Gavrilescu and Nicu, 2005; Nicu,
2001; Nicu and Apostu, 2005).
Waste treatment and pollution prevention
are different concepts having the same final goal:
environmental protection and resource
conservation:
waste treatment and minimization refers to
methods and processes for treating or
removing wastes from effluent streams;
pollution prevention refers to the design of
new processes or modification of
existing processes with a specific goal of
producing minimal wastes.
 Solid waste in Romania
Also, pollution prevention is any practice
that reduces or eliminates the amount and/or
toxicity of generated wastes released to the air, land
or water before any management practices,
treatment or disposal. Pollution prevention includes
the design or products and processes that will lead
to less waste being produced. As a total plant
philosophy, a pollution prevention program
examines and implements methods to reduce
hazardous, special and no hazardous waste. While
total waste quantities are a measure of resource
loss, the environmental impact of waste can not be
analyzed by looking at quantity alone. Hazardous
substances in waste, even in small quantities, can
have a very negative impact on the environment
(Fig. 3) (Steuerer, 1996).
There must be an ongoing and
comprehensive examination of the operations at
all facilities with the goal of minimizing all types
of waste products. An effective program will:
reduce the risks of criminal and civil liability
reduce operation costs
reduce need for transport and disposal
improve participation by faculty, staff and
students
enhance the college's image in the
community
protect the public health and the
environment
The highest priority for pollution
prevention is source reduction, followed by
recycling, treatment and disposal. Source reduction
includes the use of environmentally friendly
products and purchasing only the amounts needed.
Recycle whenever possible for paper, tires, oil and
other products as markets become available.
Treatment includes, but is not limited to,
stabilization, neutralization and evaporation.
Disposal must be accomplished through the
established hazardous waste program that should
ensures that wastes are properly handled and taken
to a permitted facility.
Fig. 3. Material flow and specific environmental impact qualitative and quantitative aspects of waste (EUR, 1999)
Limited current systematic and consistent
data hinder the development of projections for
future waste trends. Nevertheless, most waste
streams will probably increase over the next
decade. In 2010 the generation of paper and
cardboard, glass and plastic waste will increase by
around 40% to 60% compared with 1990 levels.
The number of scrapped cars should increase less,
by around 35% compared with 1995 levels.
2. Overview on waste in Romania
2.1. Preamble
Romania is an average-size country
comparatively with other European countries,
having an area of 238,391 km2 (the thirteenth
country in Europe as size) and a population of
about 21.7 million inhabitants (according to
statistical data for 2004) (PNG, 2004; SOP, 2006).
Natural resources represent an essential
part of Romanias richness and the exploitation of
these resources, both renewable and non-renewable
raw material, and their transformation into goods,
determines the social and economic development of
the country, environmental status and living
conditions of the population. In order to contribute
to the quality of life in Romania, natural resources
need to be exploited in a sustainable manner
(Macoveanu, 2005a; Macoveanu, 2006; Negulescu
and Ianculescu, 2005).
The government programme lays down
three basic principles for Romanias environment
policy, according to European and international
law: ensuring the protection and conservation of
nature, the protection of biological diversity, and
the sustainable use of their components. An
important problem in Romania as regards
environmental protection is the management of
waste. This notion covers activities of collection,
transport, treatment, recovery and disposal of waste
(Nicu, 2001; SOP, 2006).
453
 Schiopu et al./ Environmental Engineering and Management Journal 6 (2007), 5, 451-465
Waste represents an enormous loss of
resources both in the form of materials and energy.
Certainly, quantities of waste can be seen as an
indicator of the material efficiency of society.
Excessive quantities of waste result from (Costi et
al., 2004):
inefficient production processes;
low durability of goods;
unsustainable consumption patterns.
Data regarding the management of waste
in Romania make a distinction between three main
categories of waste (NWMS, 2004; SOP, 2006):
Municipal and similar waste: the totality of
waste generated in the urban and rural areas,
which comes from households, institutional
and commercial sources, service providers
(household waste), street waste collected from
public spaces, streets, parks, green spaces,
construction and demolition waste, sludge
from the treatment of urban waste waters;
Production waste: the totality of waste
generated by industrial activities; it falls into
two categories: non-hazardous production
waste and hazardous production waste;
Waste generated by medical activities: this
is waste generated in hospitals, clinics,
medical offices and it falls into two
categories:
- hazardous medical waste which
includes infectious waste, medical
sharps, pathological wastes, including
organs, waste coming from infectious
disease departments, etc. and
- similar wastes, including other
categories of waste outside the
categories mentioned above, falling
into the category of similar wastes.
During 1998 - 2004, the ratio between the
first two categories varied from one year to another,
the average values being 29% municipal waste and
71% production waste.
Table 1. Waste quantities generated (million tones)
(SOP, 2006)
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Municipal 6.77 8.07 8.96 8.82 9.58 8.43
waste
Production 22 17 18 22.25 24.50 30.54
waste
In the EU countries, there are two major
tendencies regarding the organization of the
sanitation public services (EUR, 1999):
one is the tendency of globalization of the
services and opening of the market, along with
the appearance and the development of big
companies, transnational sometimes;
the other is tendency of the governmental
and local authorities to maintain the control, by
associating the private companies in public-
454
private partnerships, in the handling of these
services.
In Romania, waste management was not
taken in consideration before 1990. Although
important progress has been registered since then,
there are necessary important resources to improve
waste infrastructure and the developing of a
proficient waste management.
In most of the counties, the existing
infrastructure respects only to a degree the
Directive regulations regarding the waste. At the
moment, the European legislation regarding the
waste is transposed in the Romanian legislation in
an extent of 80%. The National Plan for Waste
Management (PNG, 2004) was adopted by
Government Decision No. 1470/2004 (GO, 2004).
Based on this strategic document, the Regional
Plans for Waste Management contain general
information regarding waste management in
Romania, necessary steps regarding the prevention
of waste generation and the reducing of waste
generation, recycling methods, the list of
monitoring indicators etc. At the same time, this
national plan briefly presents the means and
prepares the implementation of the community
acquis regarding waste management (PNG, 2004;
Puscasu, 2005).
Up to now, waste public services in
Romania considered the municipal waste. In urban
area, the municipal waste management is carried
out through specialized services belonging to the
municipalities or through sanitation companies. The
ratio of urban population covered by sanitation
services increased from 73% in 1998 to about 90%
in 2002-2003 (SOP, 2006).
In rural area, there are no organized
services for waste management, the transportation
of waste to dumping sites being made individually
by each generator. Only a limited number of rural
localities are covered by organized services for
waste management, and especially rural localities
situated in the neighborhood of urban centers. In
2003, about 5% of the rural population was covered
by sanitation services, whilst in 2004 this ratio has
increased to about 6.5% (SOP, 2006)
2004 Moreover, outside the counties/regions
8.19 where ISPA projects are implemented, there is no
integrated approach when it comes to municipal
28.51
waste management (Tchobanoglous et al., 1993).
Before current legislation was adopted, there were
public/private partnerships in order to build solid
waste landfills or for waste collecting and
transportation, but not for selective collecting,
reaching waste recycling targets, composting
facilities or the closing of the not conform landfills.
Hence, it is necessary for the existing waste
facilities to be extended in order to create proficient
systems for waste integrated management on a
regional/county level, and also to be considered the
waste categories that need specific measures of
 Solid waste in Romania
treatment and elimination (Caruso et al., 1993;
Gavrilescu and Nicu, 2005; Nicu, 2001; Robu,
2005).
2.2. Strategic principles and objectives
The waste management activities are based on
several principles in the context of sustainable
development, which implies (NWMS, 2004;
Macoveanu, 2006; Nicu, 2001; SOP, 2006):
- the principle of protection of primary
resources that highlights the need to
minimise and enhance the efficiency in the
use of primary resources, particularly non-
renewable resources, with an accent on the
use of secondary raw materials;
- the principle of preliminary measures,
which is associated with the principle of
BATNEEC (Best available techniques not
entailing excessive costs) and states that
the current state of technological
development, requirements concerning
environment protection, selection and
implementation of economically feasible
measures have to be considered in any
activity (including waste management);
- the prevention principle, which sets up a
waste management hierarchy, in the
decreasing order of concern: avoiding
waste arising, minimising waste quantity,
treatment for recovery, treatment and
disposal in environmentally sound
conditions;
- the polluter pays principle, correlated with
the principle of producer responsibility
and user responsibility, states the need for
setting up an adequate legislative and
economic framework, according to which
waste management costs should be
covered by the generators of waste;
- the substitution principle that emphasises
the need to replace dangerous raw
materials by non-dangerous raw materials,
in order to avoid hazardous waste arising;
- the proximity principle, correlated with the
autonomy principle, which proclaim that
waste should be treated or disposed of as
close as possible to the site where it was
generated; moreover, exports of hazardous
waste should only be made to countries
where appropriate disposal technologies
are available, and with the observance of
the conditions applying in international
waste trade;
- the subsidiarity principle (in correlation
with the proximity principle and the
autonomy principle), states that
responsibilities should be assigned in such
a way as to allow waste management
decisions to be taken at the lowest
administrative level above the source of
generation, but based on uniform regional
and national criteria;
- the integration principle, means that waste
management is an integral part of the
social-economic activities generating the
waste.
These principles are achieved by applying
some instruments, such as (Macoveanu, 2005a;
Macoveanu, 2006; PNG, 2004):
- regulatory instruments
- economic instruments
- statistical instruments
- other instruments:
implementing existing legislation and
monitoring implementation;
drafting waste management plans;
setting up committees that include
representatives of all the factors involved in
the management of certain types of waste;
performing product life cycle assessments
and eco-balances, with a view to
implementing best practices in waste
management.
2.3. The waste re-collecting, collecting, lifting and
transportation system
Municipal wastes are collected at local
levels by the local authorities who have this
responsibility (Law 139/2002 to approve the GEO
No. 87/2001 regarding the sanitary public services).
Every local authority (municipal councils) is
obliged to organize this service for the population.
In small towns there is only one sanitary company,
but in the large cities there are many companies
involved in this activity. In rural areas, the activity
of waste collection from the population and
economic units is not organized, excepting the rural
areas located near the cities. It is estimated that
only 5% of the rural population benefits of these
services (PNG, 2004).
The waste collecting in Romania is done
in containers supplied by the sanitation operator. To
this end, there are used 4 m3 containers, 1.1 m3 euro
bins (poubelles) on wheels, and also poubelles of
120L and 240L placed in specially arranged places.
They are usually emptied mechanically (Table 2).
Table 2. The situation of the recipients for municipal
waste collection (1999) (PNG, 2004)
Recipient types Number
Euro bins 143,720
Metallic bins 112,862
Containers 29,914
Bags 149,872
Other recipients 47,480
Total 483,848
455
 Schiopu et al./ Environmental Engineering and Management Journal 6 (2007), 5, 451-465
In the areas with individual houses there
are used personal containers, improvised most of
the times, of different sizes, property of the owner,
that have to be emptied manually, or containers
supplied by the operator (Porfiriu, 2005). There are
seldom used uncovered 4 m3 containers, usually
employed to transport the earth from construction
or the debris resulted from demolitions and which
now are transported with special vehicles, unloaded
directly at the landfill. These containers are very
old (before 1990), out of order, inconvenient and
uneconomical. Only sporadically can be seen
containers (poubelles painted in different colors or
special containers) for separate collecting of
recyclable materials (Bucharest, Iasi, Timisoara,
Ramnicu Valcea, Slatina, Pitesti, Buzau). These
containers usually belong to the operators. The
recyclable materials are temporarily stored in
certain locations that do not have special technical
equipment so that they can be prepared for their
handing over to the Collecting Centers of
revaluating materials.
In the last years the separate collection
was introduced in Romania only as pilot projects.
For example in Iasi the project aimed to recover the
paper and cardboard waste. The project budget was
USD 50,000. The pilot project focused on a certain
pilot area containing economic units in the city
center for one year (1999-2000). Over 80 tones of
paper and cardboard waste were collected. The
paper was sold after a sorting process or bulk
pressed in packs. The reduced quantity of paper and
cardboard waste separately collected was due to the
economical units lack of motivation. Because the
paper sorting process needs a minimum of 10,000
tones/year to be an economically feasible solution,
the separate collection did not continue or develop
to the city or county level (PNG, 2004).
2.4. Situation of the landfills
In 1998, in Romania there were 250
landfills for urban waste. Unlike 1990, many small
landfills have been closed and some of the large
landfills have been cleaned. In 2004, 251 landfills
for municipal waste were functioning, out of which:
- 15 complying landfills;
- 236 non-complying landfills.
In 2005, 3 complying waste municipal
landfills started to function and 4 non-complying
landfills were closed (SOP, 2006).
Regarding the 116 not dangerous landfills:
- 11 landfills fulfill the requirements of Directive
1999/31/EC;
- 4 landfills will fulfill the requirements by
2009;
- 101 landfills that now are not conform to the
requirements will be gradually closed (36
landfills will stop depositing on 31.12.2006, 42
landfills between 01.01.2007 and 16.07.2009,
456
and 23 landfills, using waste hydro-transport
installation will be closed down by the end of
the transition period- 16.07.2017) (PNG,
2004).
Out of the total 18 complying landfills, 11
had been built before the European norms regarding
landfills were introduced into the Romanian
legislation, but they comply from the construction
point of view with these norms (Constana, Chiajna,
Brila, Piatra Neam, Sighioara, Sibiu Cristian,
Ploieti-Boldeti, Vidra, Glina, Bicoi and
Cmpina-Bneti). They do not require major
investments in order to meet the standards; the
costs necessary for the improvement of the
operation and monitoring activities were estimated
to about 3.5 million Euro. The other 7 were built
according to EU norms and they began to operate
during 2003, 2004 and 2005 (Braov, Buzu-
Glbinai, Arad, Slobozia, Costineti, Oradea,
Craiova). The investment costs necessary to ensure
compliance of the existing municipal landfills have
been estimated to Euro 1,775 million (SOP, 2006).
Today there are 13 authorized ecological
landfills: Constanta (Navodari), Sighisoara,
Chiajna, Vidra and Glina for Bucharest, Boldesti-
Scaeni for Ploiesti, Baicoi, Banesti, Piatra Neamt,
Sibiu, Braila, Buzau, Sacele for Brasov county and
it is in an advanced stage of implementation
another objective in Mofleni for Craiova county,
waiting to be opened soon (Porfiriu, 2005). Two
public authorities obtained ISPA funds for the
implementation of integrated waste management
systems: in Ramnicu Valcea and Piatra Neamt. The
opening of these two objectives is scheduled for
2006- 2007. Other municipalities have opted for
the association in public-private partnerships and
the realization of regional projects for waste
management: Mures and Calarasi- Ialomita
counties, Arad, Oradea, Craiova Town (Porfiriu,
2005). Fig. 1 illustrates the situation of landfilling
in Romania from different projects.
Apart from the landfills in urban areas in
Romania there are 2,686 dumping sites in rural
areas, the most having a surface of 1 ha. The
closure and cleaning of these spaces will be done
until 16 July 2009, in parallel with the extension of
collection services in rural areas, the organization
of transport and transfer systems and construction
of zonal landfills (PNG, 2004; SOP, 2006).
As regards the landfill of waste, the
following objectives are established (IP, 2004):
reduction of the quantities of waste going
to landfills (by preventing generation,
material and energetically recovery);
reduction of the quantities of
biodegradable waste going to landfills
(introducing the separate collection and
recovery of certain types of municipal
waste and mechanical biological treatment
of the municipal landfilled waste);
 Solid waste in Romania
Fig. 4. The situation of landfills in Romania in 2003 (Porfiriu, 2005)
providing the conditions for the landfill of
the hazardous treated waste in order to
reduce its hazardous content;
implementation of the waste management
plans both at county and regional level.
2.5. European regulations for waste management
and transposition in Romanian legislation
EU waste management legislation falls
into three main categories:
- Framework provisions on such matters as
legal definitions, waste plans,
requirements for the statutory
authorization of waste facilities and the
regulatory control over waste movements;
- Operational standards for particular types
of waste management facilities, such as
landfills and incinerators;
- Initiatives affecting priority waste streams,
such as packaging waste and end-of-life
vehicles.
The last few years have seen a switch of
emphasis away from the former two options to the
final category.
The most relevant European regulations on
waste are:
- Directive 75/439 on the Disposal of Waste
Oils
- Directive 75/442 on Waste
- Directive 91/157 on Batteries and
Accumulators
- Directive 91/689 on Hazardous Waste
- Regulation 259/93 on the Supervision and
Control of Shipments of Waste within,
into and out of the European Community
- Directive 94/62 on Packaging and
Packaging Waste
- Directive 96/59 on the Disposal of
Polychlorinated Biphenyls and
Polychlorinated Terphenyls (PCBs/PCTs)
- Directive 96/61 concerning Integrated
Pollution Prevention and Control
- Directive 99/31 on the Landfill of Waste
- Regulation 1420/99 establishing Rules and
Control Procedures to apply to Shipments
to Certain Non-OECD Countries of
Certain Types of Waste
- Regulation 1547/99 determining the
Control Procedures under Council
Regulation 259/93 to apply to shipments
of Certain Waste to Certain Countries to
which OECD Decision C(92)39 final does
not apply
- Directive 2000/53 on End-of-Life Vehicles
- Directive 2000/76 on the Incineration of
Waste
- Decision 2000/532 on a List of Wastes and
Hazardous Wastes
- Regulation 2037/2000 on Substances that
Deplete the Ozone Layer
- Regulation 1774/2002 laying Down Health
rules concerning Animal by-Products not
intended for Human Consumption
- Regulation 2150/2002 on Waste Statistics
- Directive 2002/96 on Waste Electrical and
Electronic Equipment
- Directive 2002/95 on the Restriction of the
Use of Certain Hazardous Substances in
Electrical and Electronic Equipment
457
 Schiopu et al./ Environmental Engineering and Management Journal 6 (2007), 5, 451-465

They are transposed in Romanian Decision no. 2000/532/CE,

legislation as follows: amended by Decision no. 2001/119
Framework Directive no. regarding the waste list (that replaces
75/442/EEC on waste, amended by Directive Decision no. 94/3/CE regarding the waste
no. 91/156/EEC list and Decision no. 94/904/CE regarding
Law no. 426/2001 amending hazardous waste list);
Emergency Ordinance no 78/2000 regarding Government Decision
waste regime no.856/2002 regarding the evidence of waste
Government Decision 123/2003 management and the amending of the waste
regarding the amending of National Plan for list, including hazardous waste;
Waste Management Regulation no. 259/93
Directive no. 91/686/EEC regarding the control of waste
regarding hazardous waste; transportation in, from and to European
Directive no. 75/439/EEC Community;
regarding waste oil, amended by Directive Government Decision
no. 87/101/EEC and Directive no. no.1357/2002 regarding the pointing of the
91/692/EEC; responsible authorities with the control and
Government Decision No. monitoring of the waste import, export and
662/2001 regarding waste oil management, transit;
completed and modified by Government Directive no. 86/278/EEC
Decision no. 441/2002; regarding environment protection and soil
Directive no. 91/692/EEC in particular, when sludge from the water
regarding batteries and accumulators that purifying plants is used in agriculture;
contain certain dangerous substances; Directive no. 2002/96/EC
Directive no. 93/86/EC regarding electric and electronic equipment
regarding battery labeling; waste (EEEW);
Government Decision no. Directive no. 2000/53/EC
1057/2001 regarding the regime of batteries regarding taken out of use vehicles;
and accumulators that contain dangerous Besides the European regulations
substances; mentioned, the Community Aquis in the field of
Directive no. 99/31/EC waste management also contains:
regarding waste storing; The Directives regarding waste from
Government Decision no. titanium dioxide industry (78/176/EEC,
162/2002 regarding waste storing; 82/883/EEC, 92/112/EEC)- the transposing
Order of the Ministry of Waters is not necessary because in Romania this
and Environment Protection No. 1147/2002 industry doesnt exist;
regarding the amending of Technical The Regulation regarding the supervising
Normative for waste incineration; and control of waste transport
Directive no. 2000/76/EC (259/93/EEC)- the transposing is not
regarding waste incineration; necessary because it will automatically
Government Decision no. activate and it will be directly applied in the
128/2002 regarding waste incineration; moment of Romanias accession to the
Order of the Ministry of Waters European Union, respecting the transition
and Environment Protection periods requested for waste importing (4
No.1215/10.01.2003 regarding the amending of years-green list; 13 years - yellow and red
the Normative for waste incineration; list).
Directive no. 94/62/EC Apart from the Community Aquis contents
regarding packing and packing waste; and framework regulations for the environment
Government Decision no. protection, the Romanian legislation also contains a
173/2000 regarding the regulation of special series of regulations regarding waste management,
regime for the administration and the control of as follows:
polychlorinated biphenyls and of other similar - Government Decision no. 87/2001 regarding
compounds; towns sanitation public services, amended by
Order of the Ministry of Waters Law no. 139/2002;
and Environment Protection No. 279/2002 - Government Decision no. 21/2002 regarding
regarding the establishment of Technical towns and rural places administration;
Secretary for Management and Control of - Government Decision no. 188/2002 for
Chemical Compounds designated in the Waste amending the regulations regarding the
and Hazardous Chemical Substances conditions for discharging the waste waters
Management Department; in the aquatic medium;

458
 Solid waste in Romania
- Order of the Ministry of Health No.
536/1997, for amending the Technical
Regulation regarding the management of the
waste resulted from medical activities and
the Methodology of data collecting for the
national data-base regarding the waste
resulted from medical activities;
- Law no. 98/1994 regarding the establishing
and sanctioning of the contraventions to the
legal regulations of hygiene and public
health.
3. Romanian case of waste management and
treatment
In Romania waste statistics were
introduced in 1993 using a Romanian waste
catalogue (199395). Since 1995 the waste
statistics have been based on the European waste
catalogue, although the official adoption of the
European classification system was only issued in
Government Ordinance No 155 in 1999. The
European waste list has been transposed into
Romanian law in 2002 by Government Decision No
856/2002 on keeping records on waste and on
introducing a new waste list. The first survey
according to the European waste list is to be carried
out in 2003 with 2002 as the reference year.
Romania has collected data on waste
generation regularly since 1993. Since 1995, data
has been collected according to a classification
based on the European waste catalogue (EWC), and
the methodology has been improved and adapted to
European requirements steadily. As a result, a
comprehensive and homogeneous set of data is
available from 1995 to 2000 without major breaks
in time series. The latest data reported to Eurostat
refer to 2000. Additional information is available
from the draft national strategy for waste
management in Romania (Eurostat, 2004)
3.1. European aquis in Romania concerning waste
management
In European aquis from Romania is very
well specified that no-dangerous industrial solid
waste disposal it will be possible until 31.07.2009
in existing conform or no conform landfills or in
conform no hazardous landfill from urban areas.
No-dangerous industrial solid waste for which no
other valorization method are not available, for
example treatment or direct elimination it is not
feasible, will be disposal only in conform landfills
for no-dangerous solid waste until 2009.
In the same time Romania intent to reduce
the solid waste volume who is no conform disposal,
from the estimated quantity 3.75 millions of tones
in 2004 until to 2.2 millions of tones in 2013. In
2004 it was disposal approximately 383.500 tones
industrial solid waste.
After the negotiations for Chapter 22
Environment, Romania obtained transition periods
until December 31st 2013 for getting the
performance target in reutilization/valorization
program. For this valorization/treatment target
(25%, respectively 50%) and in the same time the
specified targets for each packing categories and
increase until 2013, Romania must develop new
installation for recycle and recovery in order to
reach a proficient waste packing management is
necessary to have an appropriate system for
selective collection of the municipal solid waste
(PNG, 2004).
Out of the 42 counties, 7 counties are
implementing integrated waste management
projects, co- financed by ISPA Program. Another
11 counties have built new facilities, especially
waste landfills, inside public-private partnerships.
Despite all these, waste production in Romania is
still at a high rate (approximately 34.08 million
tones in 2002); the recycling percentage is still low
(approximately 20% of the entire waste quantity in
2002); selective collecting is mostly implemented
by pilot centre. In addition, the most stringent of
problems is represented by the large number of old
waste landfills, both in urban areas and in rural
ones, which affect the environment and human
health and, as a consequence, they must be closed
as being non-conform with the legal requirements.
On the other hand, the investment supply in the
public services infrastructure also aims to eliminate
in this sector the disparities between different
regions (Puscasu, 2005).
3.2. National Strategy and Plan for Waste
Management
3.2.1. Short presentation
According with the EU requirements, the
national strategic documents for waste management
contain two main components, as follow:
- the Strategy for waste management the
frame setting the Romanian objectives in the
field of waste management;
- The National Waste Management Plan
representing the implementing plan of the
Strategy containing details regarding the
actions necessary to be develop to reach the
objectives set in the Strategy, the way to
develop these actions, including terms and
responsibilities.
Based on the Framework Directive and
Directive no. 1996/61/EC (on Integrated Pollution
Prevention And Control - IPPC), a first National
Waste Management Strategy was developed that
brought together the sectoral strategies of the
ministries involved. The National Waste
Management Strategy was developed by the
Ministry of Environment and Water Management,
according to the responsibilities reverting to this
459
 Schiopu et al./ Environmental Engineering and Management Journal 6 (2007), 5, 451-465

institution following the transposition of European In accordance with the provisions

legislation in the field of waste management and
according to the provisions of Emergency
Government Ordinance no. 78/2000 on the regime
of waste, approved with amendments and
completions by Law no. 426/2001. The strategy
was drafted for the interval 2003 2013, and it is to
be revised on a regular basis, according to technical
progress and environmental protection
requirements. The National Waste Management
Strategy aims to create the necessary framework for
the development and implementation of an
environmentally and economically sound integrated
waste management system.
The County Waste Management Plans
were also developed starting with 2001. Based on
the National Strategy and the County Plans, the first
National Waste Management Plan was developed,
as a stage-level plan that was adopted by
Government Decision no. 123/2003.
The National Waste Management Plan
was elaborated based on the European and national
legal previsions in this field Framework Council
Directive 75/442/EEC on waste, amended by
Council Directive 91/156/EEC, Council Directive
91/689/EEC on hazardous waste, transposed in the
Romanian legislation through the Governmental
Emergency Ordinance 78/2000 regarding the waste
regime, approved with modification and
amendments through the Law No. 426/2001. The
elaboration of The National Waste Management
Plan has as aim to establish the necessary frame to
develop and implement an integrated management
system for waste management, efficient from
economic and ecologic point of view. The National
Waste Management Plan was elaborated in the
period 2003 2013.
contained into the Article 8(1) alin.7 of the GEO
No. 78/2000 regarding the wastes regime, approved
with modifications, through the Law No. 426/2001,
The National Waste Management Plan will be
periodically reviewed considering the technical
progress and the provisions for the environmental
protection, with a periodicity of less then 5 years.
These national waste management
documents were later improved by the contribution
of extended working groups, whose membership
included representatives of the central authorities,
employers and professional associations,
associations of local authorities, universities and
NGOs, as well as German, French, British and
Japanese experts involved in PHARE twinning
programmes and the technical assistance
programme offered by JICA.
3.2.1. Elimination and recycling of municipal waste
According to PNG, (2004), waste
management data for Romania refers to two
important waste categories:
municipal waste and similar generated in the
urban and rural areas (domestic waste from the
population and from the economic units, waste
from the sanitary services, domestic wastewater
treatment sludge, construction and demolition
waste, excepting the industrial waste)
industrial and agricultural waste, including the
mining industry waste and the waste from the
energy production.
In 1998 2002 the ratio of these two
categories varied from one year to another, the
average being 6% municipal wastes and 94%
industrial waste (Table 3).

Table 3. Municipal waste generation in 1998 2002 (tones) (Source: ICIM waste database)

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

1 Municipal waste 6,325,570 7,543,399 8,658,191 8,268,057 8,810,358
1.1 from the population 2,960,671 3,802,208 3,422,355 3,578,450 3,648,864
1.2 from the economic units 1,268,859 1,432,622 1,955,731 1,486,486 1,577,597
Total quantity of mixed collected 4,229,530 5,234,830 5,378,086 5,064,936 5,226,461
waste
1.3 Separate collection n.d.a. n.d.a. 122,681 491,916
1.4 Voluminous n.d.a. n.d.a. 34,982 56,174
1.5 from parks and gardens n.d.a. n.d.a. 1,232,900 136,947 212,745
1.6 from the markets n.d.a. n.d.a. 106,891 124,922
1.7 from the streets 415,640 491,886 612,558 752,446
1.8 uncollected 1,680,400 1,816,683 2,047,205 2,189,062 1,945,694
2 Urban sludge (U.S.) 122,865 132,053 141,342 145,879 146,461
3 Construction waste 319,560 397,290 162,140 407,575 621,253
TOTAL 6,767,995 8,072,742 8,961,673 8,821,511 9,578,072
Note: n.d.a. = no data available D.M. = dry material Source: ICIM waste database

460

The quantity of municipal waste generated
varies from one year to another and, in the last 6
years, a general ascending trend was recorded
determined both by the increase of the consumption
and by the increase of the population covered by
public sanitation services in centralized system.
Data on generation and management of
municipal waste in 2004 are presented in Table 4.
The biggest part of the total municipal
waste is represented by the household waste and
similar waste, generated from households,
respectively from economic units, commercial
activities, offices, public institutions, sanitary
establishments.
Table 4. Municipal waste generated in 2004 in Romania
(SOP, 2006)
Waste type Generate Waste
d waste recovery
Collected household waste 5,161 74
and similar waste
Waste from municipal 840 9.5
services (including sludge
from wastewater treatment
plant
Constructions and 715 0.5
demolition waste
Non-collected waste 1,482 0 1,482
(estimated on the basis of
the average generation
ratio)
Total municipal waste 8,198 84
Their composition has varied in the last
years, the biodegradable waste representing the
major part (Fig. 5). In 2004, the biodegradable
waste represented about 49% of the household
waste collected; the glass and plastics represent also
important quantities (SOP, 2006).
Fig. 5. The average composition of household waste
collected (5,161 million tonnes) (SOP, 2006)
Municipal waste is still stored, in a higher
grade, while selective collecting and waste
recycling are still insufficient. Regarding the waste
recycling and revaluation, the National Plan of
Waste Management established certain targets for
different waste categories (Wehry and Orlescu,
2000; PNG, 2004):
Solid waste in Romania
material and energetic revaluation of
approximately 50% of biodegradable waste
by 2013;
energetic revaluation of approximately 50%
of the wood dust quantity by 2013;
global revaluation of 50% and individual
revaluation of 15% of plastic quantity by
2011;
recycling of 22.5% of plastic by 2013;
recycling of 60%, according to the weight, of
paper and cardboard and 50% of metal, by
2008;
recycling of 15% of wood, by 2011;
recycling of 60% of glass, by 2013.
Only six municipalities developed systems
for waste selective collecting and composting of
biodegradable waste. The treatment of
biodegradable municipal waste is taken in view
Disposed only at pilot projects level (Nicu, 2001; Nicu and
waste
5,087 Apostu, 2005).
830.5 3.2.2. Packaging waste
In the last years, private economic
operators started activities of cardboard and PETs
714.5 supported collection. In some localities, the activity
of placing certain deposit/collection points where
the population can deposit (with or without
remuneration) wastepaper, cardboard, glass, plastic
has started. In Romania, there are authorized
8,114 institutions in glass, paper and cardboard and
plastic industry, which started to take the waste
from the collection points in order to recycle and/or
recovery. In some cities, pilot stations for
biodegradable waste composting were set up.
A special attention must be given to the
prevention of packaging waste generation, ensuring
their revaluation/recycling, as well as minimization
of the risk determined by the presence of hazardous
substances in the packaging (Gavrilescu et al.,
2005; Gavrilescu and Nicu, 2005; Gavrilescu,
2006). Separate collecting, sorting, processing and
finale recycling of packing waste will be carried out
so that a packing waste recycling rate should reach
55,1% and a packing waste revaluating rate of 62%
(785.225 tones) by the end of 2013 (Wehry and
Orlescu, 2000).
3.2.3. Hazardous waste
The management o hazardous waste has
become a worldwide problem. This waste category
has the biggest impact over human health and the
environment. A proficient waste management
represents a complex problem and requires a
coherent and methodical approach, able to pursue
their prevention in the first place. The prevention of
hazardous waste producing must be scheduled
according to the raw materials finite products and
implied technologies management. The prevention
of waste producing not only would reduce waste
management costs for the concerned companies,
461
 Schiopu et al./ Environmental Engineering and Management Journal 6 (2007), 5, 451-465
but would also save energy and resources, leading
to much lower production costs.
Particularly for small and medium
businesses it is necessary the applying of the
environment protection measures. Romania doesnt
have a developed service net regarding hazardous
waste management to ensure the services of
hazardous waste collecting and/or the
revaluating/treatment. In Romania there are a small
number of services operators for hazardous waste
management. They usually ensure the collecting,
without transportation services, because of the
insufficient transportation capacity. The
transportation of hazardous waste is ensured by the
waste producers (Wehry and Orlescu, 2000). With
all these, more than 89% of the total hazardous
waste quantity is generally stores or stocked near
the generator source, with minimal transportation
costs. Exceptions are medical wastes, waste oil,
collected and transported waste in order to be
treated/revaluated and/or final disposal.
Romania must develop a hazardous waste
management system that is able to fulfill the
following objectives (SOP, 2006):
the reducing of the possibilities of
hazardous waste storing in the same place
with other industrial waste;
the developing of waste collecting and
transportation services to the authorized
facilities of treatment, recycling and/or
final disposal, to the interest of the
industry;
collecting and transportation activities
regulation and control, in order to ensure
hazardous wastes safe transit;
the avoiding of excess of regulations and
of the redundant regarding the regulations
and the control.
As to wastes from constructions and
demolitions, in Romania, today, their total quantity
is smaller compared to the member states of the
European Union. Only a small percent of the waste
from constructions and demolitions is separately
collected and stored, thus resulting small quantities
in this category. Generally, this type of waste is re-
used. There is a black market of re-used waste
from constructions and demolitions because of the
high costs of constructing materials and the
populations growing needs.
Concurrent to the economical development
of the country, the activities of constructing, re-
constructing and renovating of the existing
buildings and the demolition of the old ones that
cannot be renovated, will lead to the substantial
growth of the quantity of waste from constructions
and demolitions and to the change of their quality.
Thus it is necessary the promotion of investing in
re-using, recycling, treatment for their adequate
recovery/elimination, by strict segregation of
construction waste from demolition waste in all
462
regions (heavy urbane, urbane and rural) and their
utilization after pre-treatment in road rearranging or
other activities.
Regarding the medical waste, hospitals
must act in order to minimize the total quantity of
this type of hazardous waste. For final disposal of
medical waste the three existing private
installations must be improved and the old
incinerators from inside the hospitals must be shut
down, in steps, according to the existence of zonal
authorized hazardous waste incinerators. For the
pre-treatment of hazardous medical waste there will
be implemented mobile or stationary specific
technologies (Wehry and Orlescu, 2000).
As to the electric and electronic equipment
waste it is necessary to be given a special attention
to the developing of a selective collecting system,
as well as to ensure optimal solutions for stocking,
treatment, revaluating, recycling and disposal,
towards a rational ecological management. The
collecting of electric and electronic equipment
waste is made taking into consideration the value of
the contained recyclable materials. Across the
country there are approximately 300 economical
agents authorized to collect metallic waste from
both individuals and juridical persons, at least one
of them existing in each county. They collect
electric and electronic equipment waste, especially
the large ones and with a high content of recyclable
metal (such as washing machines, boilers,
refrigerators).
There are no specialized centers for
selective collecting of the electric and electronic
equipment waste. The treatment is realized by
disassembling, cutting, balling to the end of
revaluating the metal. There is one disintegrator in
Bucharest, with a capacity of 8000 tones/month,
that helps treat certain categories of electric and
electronic equipment waste, with a high content of
recyclable metal (refrigerators, washing machines,
boilers etc.).
Today in Romania there are no
recycling/revaluating solutions for:
activated glass;
plastic;
textiles, resulted from disassembling/treatment
of electric and electronic equipment.
In Romania, today, there are no solutions
for construction of waste integrated systems in less
developed regions/counties and applying the
hierarchy of waste, (Gavrilescu and Nicu, 2005).
The end of this strategic compound is the
improvement of the waste management standards,
according to the hierarchy of waste (prevention,
selective collecting, revaluation and recycling,
treatment and disposal, the closing of those non-
conform landfills). Romania has specific
commitments to this end. The accepted transition
periods for reaching the European standards
regarding waste management, assume (PNG, 2004):
 Solid waste in Romania

non-hazardous waste landfills situated in urban
areas- transition period until 2017;
temporary stocking industrial hazardous waste-
2009;
industrial non-hazardous waste landfills-
transition period until 2013.
In order to respect the mentioned
commitments, there will be implemented integrated
waste management projects, according to the
National Plan and the Regional Plans of Waste
Management. Those projects will cover at least the
main urban and rural agglomerations, at county
level. The target beneficiaries are represented by
local/county authorities. The integrated waste
management systems will include the following
actions:
ensuring of the adequate facilities for the
collecting and transportation of wastes in the
aimed towns;
building of adequate treatment and disposal
facilities;
closing of non-conform landfills that are
dangerous for human health and the environment.
3.3. Waste management in Iasi county
3.3.2. Selective collection of municipal solid waste
in Iasi
The infrastructure of this program is to
place in every collecting center two containers for
differential collecting of paper/cardboard and
PET/plastics. In Iasi there are 1300 collecting
center for municipal waste from population.
3.3.3. Some figures
The generation rate for urban solid waste
per inhabitant and day, taking into calculation the
quantity of urban solid waste (municipal waste +
street waste) for 2002 is:
(665.776 m3 x 0.3 tones/ m3) : 365 days = 0.512
tones/inhabitant/year
0.512 tones/inhabitant/year x 1000 kg/tone : 365
days = 1.4 kg/inhabitant/day
If there are taken into calculation other
types of stored waste in 2002 (trivial industrial
waste resulted from economical agents and street
waste), it results a medium rate of waste generation
in 2002 of:

3.3.1. Overview (707.421 m3 x 0.3 tonnes/m3) : 390.000 inhabitants

The quantities of waste collected and = 0.544 tones/inhabitant/year
transported by the operators of sanitation services
fluctuate accordingly to the season, the number of 0.544 tones/inhabitant/year x 1000 kg/tones :
the population (especially during holidays), to the 365days = 1.49 kg/inhabitant/day
collecting frequency and last but not the least, to
the passing of the beneficiaries from one operator For the next 20 years there is foreseen an
to another. These wastes have a fluctuating increase of the quantity of generated waste,
structure and composition (Tables 5 and 6). reaching a generation rate of 1.6- 1.8
kg/inhabitant/day, as a result of:
Table 5. Average composition of the municipal solid the increasing of industrialization extent in
waste (Source: Iai City Hall) (Source: SALUBRIS Iai) Iasi;
the increasing of the tourists number, as it
Paper
Card- Glass Metals, Plas- Textiles Organic Others, Total is known that Iasi is a county with an
board % % tics, % % materials % important tourist potential;
% %
5.13 3.64 0.99 7.48 4.15 57.59 21.02 100
the increasing of the packaging volume
and of packaging waste;
Table 6. Average composition of the municipal solid the increasing of the citizens welfare;
waste in the actual disposal from Tomesti in 2001 2002 the improving of the waste management in
Iasi.
Fraction % from total quantity For the first stage of the project
Organic waste 32.94 implementation for Iasi metropolitan area,
Fine particles 30.82 the following estimate can be made:
Other incombustibles 12.66
1. population: approximately 455.268
Plastics 7.48
Glass 3.64 inhabitants, from which:
Paper 3.35 2. Iasi county: 375.750 inhabitants;
Textiles 2.41 3. rural areas 79.518 inhabitants
Sanitary textiles 1.74 4. generation rate:
Cardboard 1.78 for Iasi county: 1.70 kg/ inhabitant/day = 0.620
Metals 0.99
Other combustibles 0.86
tones/inhabitant/year;
Composites 1.13 for rural areas: 0.46 kg/ inhabitant/day = 0.168
Special waste 0.20 tones/inhabitant/year;
Total 100 the total quantity of waste forecasted to be
annually generated: 821.080 m3. of which:

463
 Schiopu et al./ Environmental Engineering and Management Journal 6 (2007), 5, 451-465
- from Iasi county: 375.750 inhabitants x
0.620 tones/inhabitant/year = 232.965
tones/year = 776.550 m3
- from rural areas: 79.518 inhabitants x
0.168 tones/inhabitant/year = 13.359
tones/year = 44.530 m3
As a result of the implementation of
national strategy requirements and of the new
regulations regarding the integrated waste
management according to the European Union
directives in the field, there is anticipated a
diminishing of the waste quantity, related to the
total generated and collected volume, which will
end up directly at the designed treatment and
stocking installation - the long-term target (Fig. 6)
(CE Directive, 1994a; CE Directive, 1994b;
Ianculescu and Ianculescu, 2002; Ilie et al., 2005;
Ilie and Gavrilescu, 2006).
Fig. 6. The relation between generated and collected
waste in perspective, as a result of the implementation of
national strategy requirements
4. Conclusions
The fundamental principles behind the
Community Strategy are set out in a three-level
waste hierarchy. This describes the three
fundamental concepts behind the EU waste
strategy, which are in order of preference:
- waste prevention
- waste recovery (including re-use, recycling and
energy recovery, but with a preference to
materials recovery)
- waste disposal (which includes incineration
without energy recovery and landfill)
These concepts are applied not only to
enhance levels of environmental protection, but
also to deal with the loss of valuable resources
implicit in the existence of discarded residuals. In
order to attain the goals of these principles in
Romania as a whole, as well as in its counties, it is
necessary to achieve a significant strategic waste
management planning on a regionalized basis, and
to ensure a dramatic reduction in confidence on
landfill, by encouraging the integrated waste
management approaches, which make use of a
range of waste treatment options to carry ambitious
recycling and recovery objectives.
464
Waste management activities are based on
the following principles: the principle of protection
of primary resources, the principle of preliminary
measures correlated with the use of BATNEEC, the
prevention principle, the polluter pays principle
correlated with the principle of producer
responsibility and of user responsibility, the
principle of substitution, the principle of proximity
correlated with the principle of autonomy, the
principle of subsidiarity, the principle of
integration.
The achievement of national and European
objectives in the field of waste management
practically calls for the involvement of the entire
society, represented by: central and local public
authorities; waste generators; professional
associations and research institutes; the civil
society. It seems to be necessary a greater
participation of the private sector in the provision
of waste management services. In addition, a more
effective and equitable system of waste charging to
stimulate waste minimization and recovery,
together with a greater utilization of legislative
initiatives to the scope of producer responsibility
initiatives to particular waste streams. Also, the
mobilizations of public support and participation
will generate the framework for expanding
awareness towards the waste management problem.
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