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2.LumenMethodCalculations

Thelumenmethodisbasedonfundamentallightingcalculations.Thelumenmethod
formulaiseasiesttoappreciateinthefollowingform.

(1)

whereE=averageilluminanceoverthehorizontalworkingplane

n=numberoflampsineachluminaire

N=numberofluminaire

F=lightingdesignlumensperlamp,i.e.initialbarelampluminous

flux

UF=utilisationfactorforthehorizontalworkingplane

LLF=lightlossfactor

A=areaofthehorizontalworkingplane

2.1LightLossFactor

Light loss factor (LLF) is the ratio of the illuminance produced by the lighting
installation at the some specified time to the illuminance produced by the same
installationwhennew.Itallowsforeffectssuchasdecreaseinlightoutputcausedby

(a)thefallinlampluminousfluxwithhoursofuse,

(b)thedepositionofdirtonluminaire,and

(c)reflectancesofroomsurfacesovertime.

Infact,lightlossfactoristheproductofthreeotherfactors:
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(2)

whereLLMF=lamplumenmaintenancefactor

LMF=luminairemaintenancefactor

RSMF=roomsurfacemaintenancefactor

2.1.1LampLumenMaintenanceFactor

Lamp lumen maintenance factor (LLMF) is the proportion of the initial light
outputofalampproducedafterasettimetothoseproducedwhennew.Itallowsfor
the decline in lumen output from a lamp with age. Its value can be determined in
twoways:

(a)byconsultingalampmanufacturer'scatalogforalumendepreciation
chart,and

(b)bydividingthemaintainedlumensbytheinitiallamps.

2.1.2LuminaireMaintenanceFactor

Luminairemaintenancefactor(LMF) is the proportion of the initial light output

from a luminaire after a set time to the initial light output from a lamp after a set
time. It constitutes the greatest loss in light output and is mainly due to the
accumulationofatmosphericdirtonluminaire.Threefactorsmustbeconsideredin
itsdetermination:

(a)thetypeofluminaire,

(b)atmosphericconditions,and

(c)maintenanceinterval.

2.1.3RoomSurfaceMaintenanceFactor

Room surface maintenance factor (RSMF) is the proportion of the illuminance

provided by a lighting installation in a room after a set time compared with that
occurred when the room was clean. It takes into account that dirt accumulates on

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roomsurfacesandreducessurfacereflectance.Figure4showsthetypicalchangesin
the illuminance from an installation that occur with time due to dirt deposition on
theroomsurfaces.

2.2UtilisationFactor

Utilisationfactor(UF)istheproportionoftheluminousfluxemittedbythelamps
whichreachestheworkingplane.Itisameasureoftheeffectivenessofthelighting
scheme.FactorsthataffectthevalueofUFareasfollows:

(a)lightoutputratioofluminaire

(b)fluxdistributionofluminaire

(c)roomproportions

(d)roomreflectances

(e)spacing/mountingheightratio

2.2.1LightOutputRatioofLuminaire

Light output ratio of luminaire (LOR) takes into account for the loss of light
energy both inside and by transmission through light fittings. It is given by the
followingexpression.

(3)

Example1
Thetotal,upwardanddownwardlampoutputfromalampare1000lm,300lmand
500 lm respectively. Calculate upward light output ratio (ULOR), downward
lightoutputratio(DLOR),lightoutputratio(LOR)ofluminaireandpercentageof
lightenergyabsorbedinluminaire.

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Amountoflightenergyabsorbedinluminaire=10080=20%

AgreaterDLORusuallymeansahigherUF.

Asimpleclassificationofluminairesaccordingtotheirdistributionisbasedonflux
fractions,asshowninFigure5.Upwardfluxfraction(UFF)anddownward flux
fraction(DFF)areusedasabasisofcomparison.

Example2
FordatagiveninExample1determineupwardfluxfraction(UFF),downwardflux
fraction(DFF)andfluxfractionratio(FRR).

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Figure5FluxFractionofVariousLuminaires

2.2.2FluxDistributionofLuminaire

Direct ratio is the proportion of the total downward luminous flux from a
conventional installation of luminaires which his directly incident on the working
plane. It is used to assess the flux distribution of luminaire. Since the intensity
distribution pattern of the light radiated from a luminaire in the lower hemisphere
willaffect:

(a)thequantityofthedownwardfluxfallsdirectlyontheworkingplaneand

(b)thequantityoffluxavailableforreflectionfromthewallsinagivenroom,

Directratiodependsonboththeroomproportionsandtheluminaires.Direct ratio
hasalowvaluewithanarrowroom(smallroomindex)andaluminairewhichemits
most of its light sideways (BZ 10), and on the contrary, a high value with a wide
room(largeroomindex)andaluminairewhichemitsmostofitslightdownwards
(BZ1).

2.2.3RoomProportion

Room index (RI) is the ratio of room plan area to half the wall area between the
workingandluminaireplanes.

(4)

whereL=lengthofroom

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W=widthofroom

Hm = mounting height, i.e. the vertical

distancebetweentheworkingplaneand
theluminaire.

2.2.4RoomReflectances

Theroomisconsideredtoconsistofthreemainsurfaces:

(a)theceilingcavity,

(b)thewalls,and

(c)thefloorcavity(orthehorizontalworkingplane).

Theeffectivereflectancesoftheabovethreesurfacesaffectthequantityofreflected
lightreceivedbytheworkingplane.

2.2.5SpacingtoHeightRatio

Spacing to Height ratio (SHR or S/Hm) is defined as the ratio of the distance
between adjacent luminaires (centre to centre), to their height above the working
plane.Forarectangulararrangementofluminairesandbyapproximation,

(5)

whereA=totalfloorarea

N=numberofluminaires

Hm=mountingheight

Under a regular array of luminaires the illuminance on the working plane is not
uniform.Thecloserspacedtheluminairesforagiven mounting height, the higher
the uniformity or the greater the mounting height for a given spacing, the greater
theuniformity.Ifuniformityofilluminanceistobeacceptableforgenerallighting,

(a) SHR should not exceed maximum spacing to height ratio (SHR
MAX)ofthegivenluminaireasquotedbythemanufacturer,and

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(b)geometricmeanspacingtoheightratiooftheluminairelayoutshould
bewithintherangeofnominalspacingtoheightratio(SHRNOM)of
thegivenluminaireasquotedbythemanufacturer,i.e.

(6)

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