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Unit:
INDE1001 Engineering Foundations: Design and Processes
Author:
Danielle Morris
Student ID:
19182201
Figure 1: Angled view of Water Turbine Design (produced using Sketch up online)
The purpose of this design evaluation is to be able to mark the design using the agreed criteria
formed by Star Engineering Inc.
This project required us to design an alternative energy source that can be produced at a low
cost while being safe and efficient. The design also has to be simple enough to be constructed
by the community while not causing additional pollution.
The design criteria has been used to evaluate the design, allowing each member to compare
their scores with each other, resulting in one design being picked for prototyping. The criteria
made consisted of six main sections; Cost (25%), Cultural (15%), Ease of Construction and
Maintenance (15%), Climate/Geography (10%), Environmental Sustainability (20%) and
Availability of Materials (15%). Each category was allocated a total weighing that was
dependent on how important Star Engineering Inc. deemed it. Each section was then split up
into subsections where the design was able to be specifically evaluated. Cost was split into;
Construction (10%), Use (7%) and Maintenance (8%). Cultural was sectioned into; Social (9%)
and Land (6%). Ease of Construction and Maintenance focused on; Feasibility (7.5%) and
Maintenance (7.5%). While Climate/Geography was split into; Climate (5%) and Geography
(5%). Additionally, Environmental Sustainability looked at; Recyclable (5%), Renewable (10%)
and Environmental Impact (5%). Environmental Impact was a new section added to this report
as Star Engineering Inc. saw this having a greater importance, therefore, it was included as
Vanuatus ecosystems should not be harmed in this process. Finally, Availability of Materials
was broken into; Local (10%) and Recycled Materials (5%). The addition of Recycled materials
was made as it will allow less pollution, in using materials that would go to waste otherwise.
The Cost of Construction received a 7/10 due to it requiring multiple people to construct the
design, as the wood is extremely heavy. Cost of Use received 10/10 as the turbine does not
require any human interaction, therefore, the Cost of Use will be determined by the
community on what they think is a fair price. Cost of Maintenance received 8/10 as it is
Culture and Social received an 8/10, as it will allow the community to work together and will
enable them to develop their community in different ways, however, it can also change how
well the community interacts with each other due to new technology. Land received 6/10, as
the Artocarpus altilis trees will take up room, as they need to be produced to construct the
design.
Ease of Construction and Maintenance, focusing on, Feasibility received 8/10 due to being
made of local materials. Maintenance received 8/10 for being self-contained and requiring
little/no maintenance, except for when wood rots and rotor and gears need replacing.
Climate received a 6/10, due to the design relying on water flow of the waterfall, without it
the design would not work, causing the design to fail. Climate will also affect how long the
turbine will last, as certain temperatures and weather will cause the wood to rot quicker, and
ruin the gears and rotor. Geography received 6/10, for its high dependence on the waterfall
to stay as it is, if the waterfall changes it could cause the turbine to not work and therefore
fail.
Environmental Sustainability relates to Recyclable which got 9/10 as the main material is
Artocarpus altilis wood. Due to the design having a rotor and gears, which are not
recyclable, it did not receive full marks. The design uses renewable energy, thus,
renewability received 9/10, however, one mark was lost due to the gears and rotor not
being biodegradable. Environmental impact received 7/10, as most of the materials will not
impact the environment, however, the rotor and gears will. There will also be a degree of
deforestation, as trees will be chopped down, therefore, three marks were lost.
Availability of Local Materials gained 8/10, as most Materials are locally sourced, therefore,
allowing the design to be constructed quickly within Vanuatu. Recycled received 6/10, as
the turbine could alternatively be constructed from broken canoes and ores, as they are
Based on the information throughout this report, this design is not suitable to be
implemented in Vanuatu. Although it meets most of the criteria, the construction of this
turbine would be too difficult considering the mass of the wood. Therefore, it is suggested to
implement an alternative design, or use a more lightweight wood to allow the turbine to work
and be constructed with ease.
Table of Figures
Figure 1: Angled view of Water Turbine Design (produced using Sketch up online) .................. 1
Figure 2: Diagram of how a wind turbine works (Slideplayer, 2017) ........................................... 7
Figure 3: Free fall calculations (Anderson, D., n.d.) ...................................................................... 7
Figure 4: Breadfruit tree (Artocarpus altilis tree) (Growables.org, 2014).................................... 7
Figure 7: Side View of Turbine Design (produced on Sketch up online) ...................................... 8
Figure 5: Frontal View of Turbine Design (produced on Sketch up online) ................................. 8
Figure 6: Angled View of Turbine Design without sides (produced on Sketch up online) .......... 8
Figure 8: Side View of Stator Disk with coils (produced on Sketch up online) ............................ 9
Figure 9: Side View of Rotor with Magnet polarity (produced on Sketch up online) .................. 9
List of Tables
Table 1: Cost of Manufacturing .................................................................................................... 10
Table 2: Design Criteria ................................................................................................................. 11
Figure 2: Diagram of how a wind turbine works Figure 3: Free fall calculations
(Slideplayer, 2017) (Anderson, D., n.d.)
1.3 Materials
Vanuatu contains a large amount of forests with many different trees. The design is produced
from wood sourced from the land to allow an
environmentally friendly approach to the production of
the product. Through the use of wood, it enables the
community to fix the turbines if and when needed,
allowing it to be a sustainable solution and limiting
pollution. Artocarpus altilis trees (As seen in Figure 4),
produce a type of Light Hardwood which will be chosen
for the construction of the turbine as the whole tree can
be used, thus none of it will go to waste (Walter, Lebot.
& translated by Ferrar, 2006, p. 119, 120). Artocarpus Figure 4: Breadfruit tree
altilis trees can be found throughout villages, as each (Artocarpus altilis tree)
(Growables.org, 2014)
village has about 10 to 120 different cultivars, most
importantly the wood is robust and is used for canoe paddles, thus will be a good choice for
the turbine (Walter, Lebot. & translated by Ferrar, 2006, p. 120). The pole that is found
through the turbine will be made from the wood too, however, it will be hollowed out so
1m
1.4 Specifications
Due to the design requiring a constant flow of water a 1.5m 0.3m
Assuming the mass of water is 100kg in mass falling at a velocity of 31m/s the water turbine
is expected to generate about 13.35 Watts in one hour (Easy Calculation.com, n.d.). However,
this result is theoretical, and as such the actual power generated will be less.
Total 72.5
As seen in the above table of criteria, sections 5.3 (Environmental Impact) and 6.2 (Recycled
Materials) were added to this report, to provide a more specific focus on the important
effects this design could have on Vanuatus environment.
The criteria of Culture has been separated into two subsections, social and land, thus has
been given a total weighting of 15%. Social refers to how this design could affect the
community in a positive way through being able to communicate with others from around
the world, while also changing the level of education that is offered to children. Due to Social
having a reasonable effect on the community it has been given a weighing of 9%. Land refers
to the space in which this design will take up, and also the effects on the land, thus a positive
or no effect would receive a high mark. Due to some land being Taboo land (ACIAR, 1997), it
is important to ensure the design does not use that space, thus land has a weighting of 6%.
Environmental sustainability is another section of criteria worth a total of 20%, and is broken
down to Recyclable, Renewable and Environmental Impact. Vanuatu is known to have heavily
polluted water (Index Mundi, 2017) thus, the water cannot undergo further pollution.
Therefore, there is a high importance for the design to be Recyclable, so it can eventually
decompose, and not leave a lasting imprint behind, thus has a weighting of 5%. Renewable
focuses on how the energy is sourced, such as using water or wind. This section also focuses
on what the design is made of and how it can be reproduced, therefore it has a weighting of
10%, as effective renewable energy is ideal. Environmental impact is scored with lowest
environmental impact being awarded a higher mark. This is important as it looks at what
lasting damages can occur, which is highly unfavorable, thus this section is worth 5%.
The Availability of materials has a weighting of 15%, and consists of two sections, Local and
Recycled. Local refers to the resources being located within Vanuatu, and can be easily
sourced, this holds a great importance, as it determines if there will be additional costs, if
materials were needed to be transported from other countries. Additionally, it also
determines how likely the community will repair the design (should anything happen), as the
materials will be local and can begin maintenance straight away. Thus Local has a weighting
With regards to Culture, Social received an 8/10, this is due to it allowing the community to
work together to build and maintain the design, it also enables them to grow as a community,
as they will be able to develop new ways of doing activities (such as building) and enable them
to have a new experience within schools and at home. Due to the design providing many
positive impacts it has received this high result, however, not full marks, as it could limit the
interaction individuals may have with each other, due to new technology. Land has received
a 6/10, although it will not take up much room, the turbine will be located under a waterfall
which will still use space. Additionally, the Artocarpus altilis trees will also use up space, as
there will be an increased amount, to allow a fast availability to the materials needed.
The Ease of Construction and Maintenance contains Feasibility and Maintenance. Feasibility
has received 8/10, as all the materials are local (with the exception of the rotor and gears)
thus it is a practical design that can we easily constructed, with regards to having all the
needed materials. Maintenance has received 8/10, as it is a very self-contained design that
should not require constant maintenance. It does not have full marks due to the fact that the
wood will eventually rot, and the rotor and gears will eventually need replacing and to replace
Climate has received a 6/10, as the design is very reliant on the climate to stay as it is, to allow
water flow of the waterfall. Without the water the turbine will not work, therefore, resulting
in a failed design, as it should be able to work all day and all year around. Additionally the
Climate will also effect the wood and how quickly it will rot, and how the rotor and gears
maintain themselves in the tropical climate. Geography has 6/10 also, due to having a high
dependence on the waterfall to stay as it is, if the waterfall changes in any way it can result
in the turbine not working.
For the Availability of Materials, Local received 8/10, as almost all the Materials are locally
sourced, and therefore allow the design to be constructed with ease in Vanuatu.
Additionally, recycled has received 6/10, as the materials used can be from items such as
broken canoes and ores, due to them being made from the same wood. Although not
specified in section one, using these items will allow the design to be produced in a shorter
length of time, as they will not have to wait for the trees to grow. This lower mark is due to
the likelihood of there not being enough recyclable wood, therefore, trees will still need to
be cut down.
Individual Reflection
Throughout this process I have learnt that within my team there are those who like to lead
and those who like to follow and be instructed on what to do. This has caused problems as
myself, and one other, have tried to communicate what needed to be done. However, the
remainder of the team required a deeper explanation and frequent reminders. This was
most evident during the Stakeholders report, as we had to push and remind certain
teammates of deadlines. However, on the day of submission, we were still waiting on them
to finish their sections until only a few hours before the deadline. This poor organisation
and inability of certain team members to be independent is detrimental to the
Stakeholders. For example, if the chosen Stakeholders were children, a great deal of
research is required to understand their struggles and how the project would benefit them.
An in depth analysis is needed to shape the project so it minimalizes negative impacts upon
all Stakeholders. Therefore, through identifying their struggles, it enables the team to work
more effectively in improving our weaknesses.
Through my research of a potential design, to provide Vanuatu with power, I have been able
to learn about Vanuatu and their Culture. One important thing I learnt, was about Vanuatus
Sacred land, which they call Taboo land. I have learnt that Vanuatu has less than 10% of land
for the public, while the other 90% is privately owned and used for farming and private
housing (Australian Government, 2010). Due to having such a lack of space to build upon, it
has resulted in Vanuatu having a limited supply of electricity. Through knowing this, it
allowed me to take into account the limited areas in which a design can be built upon.
Vanuatu has a strong faith, and to be oblivious to their values would be highly immoral and
disrespectful. Through addressing this issue, in terms of lack of space, it has allowed me to
be more specific in my research to ensure the design will not damage the community and
their values. I believe this will benefit the stakeholders, mainly the elder individuals within
the community, as it will not have a negative impact on their culture.
Pipe Volume (taking into consideration to pipe is hollow with a 0.2m thickness):
V = ( (0.3/2)2 x 0.5) - ( (0.1/2)2
= 0.032986722 m3
0.033 m3
Ebay. (n.d.). Magnet Wire 28 Gauge AWG Enameled Copper 810 Feet Coil WINDING 155c
Red. Retrieved from
https://www.ebay.com/p/Magnet-Wire-28-Gauge-AWG-Enameled-Copper-810-
Feet-Coil-WINDING-155c-Red/1640827230?iid=171154241787
First 4 Magnets. (n.d.). 50 x 50 x 20mm thick (C8 Grade 3) Ferrite Magnet 6.8kg Pull.
Retrieved from
https://www.first4magnets.com/rectangular-magnets-c35/50-x-50-x-20mm-thick-
c8-grade-3-ferrite-magnet-6-8kg-pull-p3534#ps_1-2385
Australian Center for International Agriculture Research. (1997). Protected Area Assessment
and Establishment in Vanuatu. Retrieved from
http://aciar.gov.au/files/node/2305/mn38_pdf_39345.pdf
Anderson, D. (n.d.). The Splat Calculator A Free Fall Calculator. Retrieved from
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volume-to-kilogram-kg-of-water-weight.html
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calculator.php
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Red. Retrieved from
https://www.ebay.com/p/Magnet-Wire-28-Gauge-AWG-Enameled-Copper-810-
Feet-Coil-WINDING-155c-Red/1640827230?iid=171154241787
Energy.gov. (2014). Energy 101: Wind Turbines - 2014 Update. Retrieved from
https://energy.gov/eere/videos/energy-101-wind-turbines-2014-update
First 4 Magnets. (n.d.). 50 x 50 x 20mm thick (C8 Grade 3) Ferrite Magnet 6.8kg Pull.
Retrieved from
https://www.first4magnets.com/rectangular-magnets-c35/50-x-50-x-20mm-thick-
c8-grade-3-ferrite-magnet-6-8kg-pull-p3534#ps_1-2385
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http://mtc.com.my/wizards/mtc_tud/items/report(119).php
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D%29.pdf
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