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Infrared: 30 Doradus in LMC
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LgsQ
m5QUbm8
The Life Cycle of Stars
Dense, dark
clouds, possibly
forming stars in
the future
Aging
supergiant
Horse
Head
Nebula
Thermal Energy (pressure)
Magnetic Fields
Rotation (angular momentum)
Turbulence
External trigger required to
initiate the collapse of clouds
to form stars. (Caused by
supernova possibly)
Star Energy
Nuclear Fusion a nuclear reaction in which to
atoms are fused together
Helium fusion
He + He Be + More Energy
4 H He + energy + neutrinos
http://www.seasky.org/cosmic/sky7a01.html
Star class overview
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7zYlW
Trp6JE
Important Characteristics of
Stars
Magnitude (brightness)
A measure of brightness of celestial objects
Smaller values represent brighter objects than
larger values
Apparent magnitude
How bright a star appears to be from Earth
Absolute magnitude (luminosity)
How bright a star actually is from 10pc
Intrinsic Brightness/
Absolute Magnitude
Recall that:
Magn. Intensity Ratio Betelgeuse
Diff.
App. Magn. mV = 0.41
1 2.512
2 2.512*2.512 = (2.512)2
= 6.31
5 (2.512)5 = 100 Rigel
For a magnitude difference of 0.41 App. Magn. mV = 0.14
0.14 = 0.27, we find an intensity ratio
of (2.512)0.27 = 1.28
Sample Problem
If Star A has an apparent magnitude of -4,
and Star B has an apparent magnidue of
10, how many times brighter is Star A than
B?
Absolute Magnitude
Equivalent:
d = 10(mV MV + 5)/5 pc
Sample Problem
If a star has an absolute magnitude of -10,
and an apparent magnitude of 20, how far
away is the star in pc?
The Size (Radius) of a Star
We already know: flux increases with surface
temperature (~ T4); hotter stars are brighter.
A Star B will be
B brighter than star
A.
Quantitatively: L = 4 p R2 s T4
Surface flux due to a
Surface area of the star blackbody spectrum
Example: Star Radii
Polaris has just about the same spectral type (and
thus surface temperature) as our sun, but it is
10,000 times brighter than our sun.
Luminosity
Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram
or
Temperature
Spectral type: O B A F G K M
The Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram
The Radii of Stars in the
Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram
Rigel Betelgeuse
Polaris
Sun
Giants and
supergiants are
extremely rare.
BRIGHT
HOT COOL
FAINT
So for example:
B2 dwarf (10 M) lasts 3.2 x 107 yr
F0 dwarf (2 M) lasts 1.8 x 109 yr
M0 dwarf (.5 M) lasts 5.6 x 1010 yr
Red Giant
Planetary Nebula
White Dwarf
Red Giant Phase
Common to all main sequence stars
Larger stars produce more massive red
giants
Planetary Nebulae
Often asymmetric, possibly due to
Stellar rotation
Magnetic fields
Dust disks around the stars
The Butterfly
Nebula
White Dwarfs
Degenerate stellar remnant (C,O core)
Extremely dense:
1 teaspoon of WD material: mass 16 tons!!!
White Dwarfs:
Mass ~ Msun
Temp. ~ 25,000 K
Luminosity ~ 0.01 Lsun
Death of Stars: High Mass
Supernova
X-
rays
The Crab Nebula:
Remnant of a
supernova
observed in a.d.
1054
Cassiopeia A
Piece of
neutron star
matter of the
size of a
sugar cube
has a mass
of ~ 100
million tons!!!
Images of Pulsars and Other Neutron Stars
The Crab
nebula and
pulsar
The Crab Pulsar
Visual image
X-ray image
What is a Black Hole???
Black
An object Holes Info
so massive Sheetthat not even
and dense
light can escape its gravity
Neutron Star
Formed if remaining star < 3x suns mass
Black Holes
Formed if remaining star > 3x suns mass
As fusion begins to slow down, the core of
the sun will contract
Temperature in the core will rise
Convection:
Cool gas
sinking down Bubbles of hot
gas rising up
1000 km
Bubbles last for
10 20 min.
Granulation
Transition region
Chromospheric
structures visible in Ha
emission (filtergram)
The Layers of the Solar
Atmosphere
Visible Sun Spot Ultraviolet
Regions
Photosphere
Corona
Chromosphere
Coronal activity,
seen in visible
light
The Magnetic Carpet of the Corona
Corona contains very low-density, very hot (1 million oK) gas
Computer
model of the
magnetic
carpet
The Solar Wind
Visible
Ultraviolet
Sun Spots (3)
Magnetic field in sun spots is about 1000 times stronger than
average.
Magnetic North Poles
Magnetic
South
Poles
11-year cycle
(Ultraviolet
images)