!;~n;.<u:!.grof its r~ilers.

Ln f u r t l ~ e l ~ i ~of
~lce
t11i.i dc.sig,u ra, trnnslation of lhc s h o r t I r c ; i -
zisc call(:c! %'it,: C ~ I . I ~ I ( : I L ; I ~oji' L ~t11.e~'~~C~~~;'OTL
Rr?yth~~r:,c,t S c i i , which gives an nccomlt of

&heancient; commerce o r Egypt, Arabia, auiP

'Bnclia, is nea.rly ready fo'or public:btiorl, : L I ~
this mill bc fc~llowr.tlby tmns1:~tionu:' !he
aarrativcs of the D3~21c~loi~im 111~:t:iit~il of
h d i a a s giv~eil I);? .4t-ri:in : L ~ ~ t (l . ! I L I ~ ~ ; ; ill
fltc:ir ro!;po~btivc. Il i:.!l~ric:: i ! i ' A.lc:~:;t~~d~r.
 PAGE
... . .. ..
L n t r o d ~ ~ c t i o n .... .. .. .... .. ...... .. .,.......

Fmg. r. A 11 1Cpiiome of' M~~gast,l~crii..s ...

' m g . 1. R ( : I I : I I . ~ . J .Piot~yoos
IL~IL~ ............

E'rag, :TI.
01 t i ~ cI j o u ~ ~ t l ; ~ :of ~ i ~Il-irlin,
:s its
go11c1,nl (,'lrni~~cl;er, and its
...
i l ~ r c r s .. . ............ .........
Prag. [IT.
O f tile Dou~lclaricsof I n d i : ~...
A . 3 , OC tile Ecimitlaricu :11111 J C x t c ~ ~ t
of Lnilia .................. .........

Frag. . 01 the Biac of' II&L .........*..

F r q . I , i)l
i l i v S I Z Cor lntliz ... .........
Fray. V l l . (-)I111~:S I of ~ 1ntli:i ... .........

1+ng. -\TIIT.OL't,il~.S ~ x eof India ............

Fr:i,g. IS. Of t l ~ cref t i r ~ gof ~ 1 1Ns m r , and

sllndoms tblling in contra,ry
.
ciirectinns .... .... ...... ...... ...
Fhg. X. 01 the setting ol' t h e Bear ......
F1r;y:. XI:. O E t h e Fert,ilil;p of 1l d i n ... . . .. ..
Fmg. XI1. Of some Wild .Beast,s of India..
Fmg. S J T L Of incliau 11pcs .. ... ... ..........
...
Rmg. XITI. 13 ... ... ... .... .. .................. ..
F r a g . XI\'. O f \I'i~~godScorpions mirl Ser-
pents ... ...... ... ............ ......
I X O f tlit: ~ L A of'L I n~d i ; ~a, n d the
..
need ... .... ..... ... . ...... ......
I'I.:I~. XV. I? 01' sonle Ei:asL.- 01' I I ~ I ~ ~...;... I.
Frag. XVI. Of the Boa,-Co:~s~ricmi. .........
l'i.:~y: SVTT. Oi' rlir Elc-<t.tri(l i ; ~ l...... ... ....,.
F'l.;ig. . X T T l l l . O ~ ' T : I ~ ~ I . O I,...
J:~~I~
 Yriig.
--
XIST-. Of i\l,~~sii~e
'l'iw? ...............

I SX. Of r 11;. !. l ~ l n , . :nlid tlir Gn!igi:v

C. rag. X X . .I3
7
.........................
... ......

Trng. S X T . Of the ilircl* \il;!- ............

Fmg. SSTJ. OP Llle Riocl*Silan ............

Flag. S.'iJlI. Of 1111: iCicoi, ,-il;i,o ............

F~.ng. X S l V . CIT tile N1.1mbc17of T~i',li:ili

Ri~-ei,-........................

.Frng. XXTT. Of t,llc? city P$Jb,:lil!~~ti.n ......

Prsg. XSVI. 01'I'S1;n!i;~utra,:!1111tllr ? l l i ~ ~ i .
ners of the TuiJ.iniis.........

Frng, XXVIJ. Of i;he 3Tnnncrs oi' t h c I n -

dians. ..........................

Fmg. SX\TT. B ....................................

Pmg. X;i\'I I. O ...................................

E'rag. S l ~ i l ID. ....................................

Pmg. SS VIII. OT i l l - Euppers of tlle 111-

din113...........................

Frng. XXTY. Of Ifabnloas Tribes ............

Fvi~g. SSS. Ol Fobulous Eaces ............

Fmg. SSS.B ....................... . .........

Fmg . S S X I . Of t h e r x e of >Ien mit'l~out,

Moul;!1.; ........................

Frag, XXXII. Of the seven Caste3 amollg

t h c Tndiniin ..................

Fr:.rg. XXXIII. i)T thc s r r c n C'ilstc~ E U U O I I ~

the Tnrlinns ..................

: h g . SSXTV. Of t l ~ n Atlniinixtrntion or
Tubiic A F:.irs-of the use
ol'Iiorses 2nd G l e ~ h m ~ t ~ s .
I?~.ng. ?I);Xi;'V. Of t 3 1 ~ u:c of TTor.s~~::m d
.Elepi~:lnts. ....................

i'!y.. yy.: ... i . ):' '!':lq?hniit;:.....................

I'h
whclller epic, l y ~ i c o, r clremnlic. 'J111eylnust, how-
ever, lluve kilown of ics csibteaue eb early as the
licroi~:L imcs, for we i i ~ dfrom Hornel. that t h e y

the u t t w ~ n o s tverge of the world, snd ~ ~ h i c hlike ,

t h e E l l i i c p i o of the West, wn:;inIial~if.etlby a, Yaoe
of men whose visngos were scorched bluck by the

i?.liassilu~os ~epmseulsthe S,LIISIC~IL Itiwiinr~, ' tin,'

inutnl Pound in abnud:rnce in 111~i.,l,tndi;, oil the (.,'i~.,l. of
India. ; and clc.p/iix is uniluubledly u o ~ n c c t c ~with l ibl~ia,i-,lin
S~usk!.iL ~ ~ ; t i u uI'm Lho cloluoslio clopllrtnl-il, initial
i ~ l ~y~ r ~ ~ 1 l ~, , ~ ~ ~ ~ ,,L(~~i ~ .~ i ~ :
: ~ l l , ~I:,~:inL;
sidering as pertinent to both tlicso conntries
narointions,whether of fact or fiction, which con-
cerned 11ut ouc of thorn cxclusively. This c~pleins
why mc find in Greek 1iterai;ure mention of peonliar.
or fabulous races, both of tnen and other aaimals,
which oxisted apperently in duplicate, being repre-
sented sometimes as located in India, nndsome timed
in Echiopia or the couutriei thcreto adjacent.$ We
conlmrdly wonder, whenwe consider thedistant and
secposterod sitnation of India, that the first con-
ceptions which the Grceks had of it should h a w
Imcn of this nebulons character, bnt it seems some-

Ai6lonec, 7.01 6 ~ ~ 6 26e6aia~a1,

1 i'uxaro~dv6p&~,
Oi piv Bvuop;vov 'Ympiovos oi G'dv~lvros.
(The Ethiopians, who are dividod into two, and live a t tho
world's oncl-one port of them towords tho setting sun, tho
other tomarils the rising.) Herodotos in several passagos
montions tho Eastern Ethiopians, but distinguishes them
from tho Inclians (sco particularly bk. vii. 70). ICtBsias,
howcver, who wrote somomhat lator t h m Herodotos, fro-
quontly calls the Indians by tho name of Ethiopians, and.
the find ilisorimiuation bctween tho two races was notlnaclc
till tho Maliedonian invssiou gave the Wcstorn world more
correct views of India, Alexander himself, as wo loam
from Stmbo, on first reaching tho Indus mistook it for
tho %lo.
r Inst:r~iucs i u point s r e the Skiapoclos, Kyusmolyoi,
IJygmniCi, l'tyllui, Himantopodes, Stornophthalmoi, Ma-
!irol)ioi, :~uilLLe Ndirolrcgh~loi, thc >ilartilrhora, and t h ,
LCri~lv~tLi~.
h,lrilly a11y t h i ~ gof irnl~urtrzilcc rogar tliug it l'ro111
(,he espcditions wllicli wcrc ancocssivoly undor-
talcen against it by thc Egypliails ~ d c Scsostris,r
the Assy~*iaas ul~lul*Somiramis, a i ~ dtho Pc~'si:iiiis
first uncler ICyrus :~ndal'termards n~lclwDarcios
tho son of Hystnsp5s.~ Pcrlfirps, :LS Dl'. Robcrtsuu
has o b s o r ~ e ~ they
l, clisdaiuucl, tlr~ro~lglipriilc 01
their own suporlor enlightcnmcnt, to pay attcntiou
to thc transactions ofpcople whom they consiclcrccl
;IS barbarians, especially in conntrics far rcnlotc
from their own. Ent, illmhatcror may tho fact may
bc accountccl for, India continue? to bo to tho
Greeks little bettcr than a lsnd of mystory nnd
lhblc till tlic t i n m of the Persian wars, mhcll for
tho firs^ tilnc t l ~ c yI~ccamedistinctly nwnrc of its
cxistencc. Thc first llistorian who spcnks clcwly
of i t is H c lr a t a i o s of Miletos (LC, 5-1,9-4Stij,ll
livecl for some yc3rri ill Tcrhiilr pi*iv:~Lop l ~ y ~ i c i m
L L ~

to Iting Artascrxcb Mnir1115n, C O ~ ~ C L L ~C n~ ~i ~ l ~ r l a l ~

during his slay fbr 3 trcaiisc OII India, tlic GrsL
work 011 the snbjcct written in tlic GrecB l a ~ i -
. ' ~ descriptions vcre, ui~forLunately,
~ L K L ~ c His
~itistcclby a large intermixture of Table, and it v n s
loft tio the followers of Alexander to give to tho
Wcstorn world for tlie iirst timc fairly occurale
:~cconnt;sof the country nncl its inhabital~ts.. Thc
great conqueror, it is well l i n o ~ ncarried
, sciclitifio
inen with him to chroniclo his schiovcments, o ~ i d
dcscribo the conntrics to which hc might carry his
arms, and soim of his officers were also moil ol'
litcrnry cnlturc, wlio could wield thc p c ~ 3sl mcll a 5

#' "TIE fmv pnr:iculors agpropriato to rnclio, : L I ~ C ~ I L -

sistiint with t i . ~ l h ,o l ~ t i l i ~ i1~y
c ~ lC L k i i ~ s ,are almost couliud
to somothiug rcscu~l~liug a J?scl.ipl;ion of i h e c ~ n c h i ~ o i ~ l
pl;%~lt, the fly, :und tho heouliful tint ol~taiilodfcom ii;, with
a g:.iuuii~c l~icturcof tho inonboy and tho lxwrot; tlm two
s had (IoubL!~ss lecu iu PCL&I, : b n d flnwc~cd
a n i l ~ ~ u l1w
outtons ciublamuocl with Ibo glowing coloum ci iLie I ~ L O ~ I I
chiuh. wcw p y u h ~ b l y5s IULIU~Icoveted 117 ilw fsir I'ai.ai,l~is
111 illc L:~r,alusof Suss a d Ei:b;~teutl.as they still aru
 !,I,? ;nr{~i~l. !I-~c>t, I l ~ w t ~ \ p ! i, , t ii ~I I I ~ ~ x I I I ,(l '~~l r~l ,t I

~ T O ~ > O ~i i~i.Ii2nd : I Yi ~I ~ r~nM

i o i r s ~ . ~ l n t i ~i ~i ~glti~ s~i(,li
n o, I
:IS LI1o~ei3fE : ~ ~ t o . 1 1 i o g n ~ tN o is: a, r ~ l i o : i ,
O n r s i l~riiion,ArisIol)on1os,T\-a.llisl,he-
11 (: s. :11111 ~ h l ~ e r s l.'llcse works are all lost, but
t,llcir substance is lo be founcl colldcnsccl iu Stmbo,
Pliny? i n d Arrinn. Subsequent to tiiesc rvriter,~:
were some otlie~,s,who made considerable adi1ii;ions
t o the stock or information regarding India, among
whom may be inentionecl D 8i ~na c 11o s, who re-
sided for % long time in P a!i b o L; h r a, mhi~!:rr lie
was sent on an embassy by Sclenkos to A 11i t 1.0-
c h a d 2 s , the ~ u c c c s s o ~of- S a n d r n l ; o t l , o ~ ;
P a t r o I< 1 6 s, the admiral o f Sclcnkos, who i-:
cnllec?by Strabo the lcast rncnilncions of' a11 writ,ei.s
concerning India ; 'P i ;a :) r; t 11 c u i: s, a d i : ~ i r d(IS
Lhe flcet of Pi;olemnios Philadclpl~os; and X e g n s -
the11i.s. who being scnt by Seleukos Nikator on a n
eml~assyto Snndmkottos (Chnndra,qiipta),~t h e
king of the Pmsii, whose capita! mas Pn1ibothi.n
(PB$nlipntra, now P$t;n&),wrote a mork 011 Inclia 01
s~zchncknomledged worth that it formcd the pria -
eipnl source whence snccccding writers drew tlieiv
accounts of the co~iiltrg. This work, which appears
T1:clin: g i ~ i n ga summnry o l its contents, ancl, liar-
i n s cstimn~ctl its d n c and authority, concludes
~ i t l ahl uuticc: of those authors who wrote on Indin8
d t c r his ti1nn.T I have t r a n s l n t ~ (in ~ thc latter
part of the scqncl a fern hstrnctive pasmges from
this Introtlxction, one particularly which success-
Cally vi~ldicatesMegasthciGs from the cilnrge or
mendacity so frcqucntly preferred ngninst him.
Ncnnwl~ilcthe following cstracts, tlxnslated I r o n
(:. Miiller's Prolare to his ct1il;ion of the .T!u~lih,
mill place i~cforethe readcr all the informntion that,
!:an be glc,znecI rcgnrcling MegasthcnGs a ~ his ~ l
~ c ~ i ~ l xf1~)ln
~ s s y:L C : I I , C ~ I I ~
~ crntiuy a l ~ cnmliaviso~~
? I)(

,111 tlir ~ I I I : ~ tc\c-.

, ' I ~ I wliicl~
, I E I L ~t h c r e h
.TI.ISL~ t ~ i i s (XIT. I ) s ; ~ y s o r S t ~ L x k oN~ i k 1 t 1 1 1 . ~

Hc c m m ~ ~ ~ mEl uw' , ( - ~ ~ I K ~IITI iLp l ~ : t w l : ~ ~t +~d, c ~ n o ~

31 li;l~ivi.;,.~lxrlloilCri,s,A l z : ~ t h : ~ ~ ~ a. ~ ll~ci~i ls~: s~,I'i,l~.l~ist~ir,
~:~lc~~
Sf i.:tl,u, ;\l:lciui,; IJF 'l'yw, : I , I I I ~l 'Idr111y ~I,IIIOII::
t l ~ v Gri~rl;e;
. L I I ~i '. ' 1 ' 1 ~ w n t i ~
V:IPIY
1~ . i f h t n s , 32. Vipsn,nius A ~ ; r i l ~ i x i ,
I I I I 1 i 1I n u s I 111r
1:,2ul:lllu.
 kos) crossed the lndus and waged war on
Sandrokottos, Iring of Ihe Inclions who dwelt
about it, until he made friends: and entered
into relations of' marriage with h i m ' So also
Strabo (xv. p. 724) :-' Seleukos Nilcator gave to
Sandrokottos' (sc. a large parL of Ari:ln&). Conf.
p. 689 :-' ?'he Indians afterwards held a large part
of A r i d , (which they had received from the
Makedonians), ' eutering into marriage relationa
with him, and receiving in return five hundred
elephants' (of which Sandrakottos had nine thou-
sand-Plinius, vi. 08-5) ; and Plnhrch, i l l e ~62 . :-
' F o r not long after, A n d 1. o k o t t o s, being king,
pl-esenbed Seleulcos miLh fivc hrmdrecl elephants,
and with six hundred thousand men attacked and
subdued all India.' Phylt~rohos (Fragm. 2 8 ) in
Atheneus, p. 18 D , refers to bonm other monder-
ful enough presents as Ibeing sent to Seleulios by
Sandrokottos.
" D i o d o r u s jlib.xx.),inscttillg forththeaff'aix
of' Seleukos, has not said a single word about
the Indian war. But it mould be strange that
that expedition should be mentioned so incidentally
by other historians, if it were true, as many recent
writers have contended, thal Seleukos in this war
reached the middle of India as far as the G a n g e s
andthe town P a 1 i m h o t h r a,-nay, even advanc-
ed as far as the mouths of the Ganges, and there-
Fore left A.lcsander Ear behind him. T h i ~ba~eless
theory ha.; bee11 wcli re!'uL~dby L J . (~D F~P e~d i~~ p
I d . 6 I), by A . G . Sc hlegel (Be?lii1,er C n l r , d , ,..

113. w d i n , ; . . in Diudornc, xvii. 03 ; P h a, r r a, a i i in

I , I i i I i d , I I : . 1 .i 9 S.3
, ~ f - ' t ~i I ~ ~ I I 1.I; .
place, Xchcoanbeck (11. 13) i n e n t i o ~ ~the s passage
of Justinus (I,ii. 10) where it is said that no one
had euterecl lndi,z but Semiramis nncl Alexander ;
whor~cc it n~o111d q1pcr.r tll:it the expedition
of Selenkcs was considered so iasiguificnnt by
T r o g u ~ nots even to l x on n pni' vith the Indian
mar of A1esnndcr.j- Then he says that Arrinnus,
if he had kniomn of tlmt reincrtc crlicdition
of Seleulros, wo;~ld donl~ticss hnve s p o l i ~ n iiif-
L'ercntly in his I;l,rl;kir ( c . 5. 4), T P I I C ~ C I he says
chat hlcgast11eni.s did noL travel over iniach of
ladla, ' h u t yet more timil those who invaded i t
aimg ~ i t A h lexander the son of Philip.' Now in
Lhis passage the author could have compared Meg-
asthen& much more suitably and easily with Seien-
k0s.f 1 pass over other proofs of less moment, nor

+ &Xoreover, Schwanbeck cdIs attention (p. 14) to tho

wnrds of Appianus (i. I), where when he saps, somewhat in-
accnr.ltely, that Snndraliottos v a s king of the Indians around
the l n d u s ( T ~ Vvep1 T ~ V'IVI%V ' I v 8 0 v ) he seems t o mean
that dhe mar nras c a r r i d on on the boundaries of India. But
this is of no importance, for Appianns has rGu m p i a6rhv
'XV~L'W,'of t h e I ? ~ d i a m~ r o t m dit,' as Schvnnheck himself
has myitten it (p. 13).
Thc following possage of the Indian comedy nl?cd~&.
~?J;sho,sffi seems lo favour tho India11 expedition :-'' Mean-
while Kusnmapnra (4.e. PQ.tdipntr&,Pa!imhothra) tho,cib.g
of Chandraguph nud Lhe king of the monutnin rcg~ons,
mas invested oil overy side by t!le Kiritas, Tavanas, Kambo-
jas, Persians, Balctri:~ns,a,nd the rest." But '' that drama"
(Schwanbeck, p. 181, "to follow the nutl~orityof Tliilson, mas
wriiton in the tenth c e n t u q adter Christ,-cerlaudv ten cen-
turies after Seleulios. When even the Indian histo<ians halve
no ;~nIhorit,yin history, what prooF can dr,ltn:m give writteu
;,hi, the n,rm? of Selenlios evm wncll~tlt h e rrgior;
>P t,he (fnngcs. Lc! 11.: n o w cminine tlie pnssagt

3nd ol' Alcsnndcr'a march, t1111s ] I I . O C ( ' E ~ Y :-' TIIC

ni,her jonrneys inxlc for 8clci~ltusXiliator are ns
i'oiloms :-One l~undrcd rind rjixty-eigllt miles i,c

iho ihligcs one Iliiiirlrcd m ~ dt , ~ c l r m e il~r. One

and I ~ ~ ~ I C I . C I , miles
linl~tl~*cil II to the Tthndopha,~
 . csplorc
~ ~ : I I I1.0 Llie l u c ~ r o~ . e r n o i , eregions of Aaia.
N o r i s Llrc st,:~t~~~irlllj of P1inil.1~ i n ni ]lILSHD@ be-
!'ore i j l i i ~ m o r e disliinct . (' I,1t?if1,')
//(! Si~!/.q, ' I!!I~;:
llii~srr~i, 01,i ,I 1101,07i,l!/ b;! l l i e oi,,,i,c qf ~ ~ b c r n i ~ ~l ii ~
~ ke r .
r:,.rd, mi.(;! ikc l;i~i,yls lulao vv.t.i! o/'
7ris G / ~ I ~ C I ~ S S O V S ,
o ,
1 ~ 1 ) ,!, S P ~ I V ~, i C
f l ~, 7S
~ ~ ~ ~ L I ' O OI G: L~,I,L t~~I ~
,S~ t ~ i 1 f~' 1 1L/IP
~~~L

/ / ~ ] ~ T I ~ I ~
( lIi ?d , (/ !~~ ~~ L
~ i i ; l lSi!(',;<*
:il , ~ ~ , / , ' O # ~ [ (/,I' , S/ r l y IZi!l.
. , ; I U ~ ~ 111, ,@t, LIIL i ~ L 11 1 1 fltw>7,:
I ! [I ~ ~ P ~ ~ ~ t u i ~ i t c ~?s I ~ ~ L O

::/,)I/, ,l 11, / / f , ' , l ? ? i t 7 1 1 h /~, u / / ~ - r ,/i ; / ; I ~ S (,[oT ~ W S ~ I ? L C P ,

f l ~ / ~ ~ ~ / , t , <(.1,~1l
/ I ~ ,~ ~ l~hi ci i~~. ~ /, P / / i l ~ . ~ ~ l i ' l ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ , f ~ r
~ ~ i, i<l ~. i?l/I!/

//I,!.I,! ~ ~ / I ~ . , I I I S 11,i!~'i?
~') ~ / i t v ! i (~ I I , l11.(?
1 1 ~ ? ~ I I ~ ?j' ~s ~ l i l i / i ~ , ~ ! i

i t I 1 ' S c l ~ w n u l ~ e cIll; ~ i n k -tlt?,l, I l;e

w n ~ i r li i ~. ( : i ~ i i ~ , ~ ~ ! i l~i ri i~ .
i ~, i. / . . . . 81 l r ' ~ ( i : oP I /l'r,/i~-
d Arachosia, and w11o sil,y3 that he often visited
Saudrskottos, Icing or 1,he Tncli:i,ui:,'--Arrisn, fl,~:p.
Alrn. V. vi. 2 (Frsgnr. 2) ;--.'To Raucl~~olii-~ti;o~, I;O
whom Negastlie~~ds came ona;l7einb~ssy,'-St;rn,tro.
xv. p. 707 (Fragm. 75) ;-' M r g n ~ t j . ~ e land ~ & DCiim-
a,chos weye sent on an emlmssy, the former to
Sa,ndrokotjtos a t Pnlimbothrs, the othcr to
A. 1 1i t r o c 11a c16 s his son ; and they left accounts
of their sojourn in the country,'-Strabo, ii. p, i O
(Fregm. 29 noti!) ; Megasthen& says that he often
visited Sand~~olrottos, the greatest king (nral~dmqja:
v. Bohlen, Alte Im%elz, I. p. 19) of the Indians, and
PGros, still greater that1 he :'-Arrian, Jnd. c. 5
(Fragm. 24). Add the passage of Plinius, which
Solinus (Polyi~istor.c. 60) thus renders :-' Xegas-
t h e s rcimi~utedfor some time with the Imdiort kings,
a,nd ~ w o t ea h i s t o ~ yof Indian afa'aims, that he nzl;gl~i
h a d clown, to posterity a fccithfd account of all t l d
h,e had zoihessed. D i o ~ ~ y s i uwho s , was semt by Phil-
udelphzrs do put the t w t l ~ ,to the test by pe~so?tnl iw
spectiom, zuvote also as wuch.'
"From these sources, then, me gather thal
Megasthendsll mas the representative of Selenkos
-
114th Olgmpind (KC. 323), and was firmly established in his
setrapy b y dill.ip;~t;cr( A r r i : ~ ~ Ue
y , ~ < ~ ~ c c e s ALOE.
.s. 5 SO, ed.
Diclot). He jolued Eumenes in 31G ( D i d xis. 1.4, 6 ) . but
bciug d l c d to account 117him he son& sat'uty in Ilight,
(iliicl. XIX. ssiii. 4), Aftcr the ~l~~ii~nti>l'EumenPs, .4ntii;onos
delivered to him the most t r o n h l i ~ ~ ~of ~ lthe
n c Ay~ymspidei~
(ibid. C, xlviii. 3). lLo mnsi hnw afterwards joincd Se-
laukos.
11 Bohlen (Alte IYL~IC'IL, I. p , 68) says that, iiIegasthen6~
was a Persian. Ko one gives this accouni of him but
Annius Viterbiensis, that forger, whom Bohlen appears t a
have followed. But it is evidently s Greek name. Strabo
(v. p. 243; comp. Velleiua Paterculus, i. 4) mentions n
Megafithen& of Chelkis, who is said to have founded
Gumre in Italy aloug with BippoklBs of Kum8.
 at the courl ol Sibyrlios, satlap of Arac:hosia, and
that he mas sent from tl~enceas the king's ambas-
sador to S a n d r o k o t i o s a t Palimbothra, and
that not once, but frequently-whether to convey
to him thc presents of Seleukos, or for some other
cause According to the statement of Arrianus,
Megasthen& alsovisited kingP6ros, mho was (Diod.
xix 14) already dead in 317 13.c. (Olymp CXV. 1 )
These events should not be referred to the period
of Seleukos, but they may very easily be placed
in the reign of Alexander, as Bohlen (Alte Indiela,
vol. I, p. 68) appears to have believed they should,
when he says Megasthends was one of the com-
panions of Alesander. But the structure of the
sentences doe8 not admit of this conclusion. For
Arrianus says, ' I t nppcars to me that Megas-
then& did not see much of India, but vet mo1.e
than the comp:~uiollsof' Alcunnder, for he says
that hc visited Sandrokottou, the greatest king
or the Indianh, i1nd PBros, even greater than
he ( K U ~ II:)p&i yr o h u p E ' ( o v ~ ) . y Wc should be
disposed to say, Ihen, t h t ~ he
t made a, journey on
some occasion or other to PBvos, if Ihe obscurity
of the langnnge did not lead ns to suspect it a
corrupt reading. Lassen (De Penfrq. p. 44)thinlre
the mention of Pbros a careless addition of a chance
transcriber, but I prefer Schwanbeck's opinion,
who thinks it should be written ~ a l l i p o u in T O ; T ~ ~
pEI[ov~, ' and who was even gl.enter than P d ~ o s . ' If
this correcbion is admitted, eveleything fits well
" The time when he discharged his embassy or
embassies, and how long he stayed in India, can-
not be determined, but he was probably sent nfta
hhe trent,y had been atrnck and friendcliil~ ha?!
were Lhe p a r k oL' 1,lic country which 1.10 saw ; ;mi
on t h i s point, Sullw:mheolr tllns m r h s (p. 21) :--

t the coaniry troversccl LJ

b l e w L l ~ clowcr ~ m r - of
'uhe G a ~ q c sonly by hemmy and report. It 1:;
cominonly suppoacd Lliui: 110 dido spent uome

known. This opiniou, homuvcr, is bascd oil n cor.

r u p t reading wl~icllihe etliLions oS Sijrabo cshihil.
For in all the MSS, of BI,I.;LIN (11. 7 0 9 ) id f o n l ~ d
~,,LLIISL~~[II,:~~,-~II:I:ILIIIC;LL L:S ;L i~cvicle11L ~ ~ ~ I ~ I Y L I L L I J I ~
AIL^. ,k.rvi~!,i:~!,( \ ' , v i , 2 ) LI,~LL, A l i y i , s h J i ~ ~ ~1 1C: d< !x!s:i~
-WI~ t(; i : , . t ~ ~ L ~ ~ ~ . ~ ! . ~ 'J-,,--,,
L,
, . -
:II~;LI
.I,. .LLI %I ~ ~ ~ ~ I I : ~ ~ I I ~
r.1~1 t;j,iy ? I I L L J ~ * ,
!: r~~!,helc::: h m n Lhe i,;rllc (1;
~)?,

~ , ' ~ t ~ ; L ~t,!!,~
l ; ~ ~\ ,lr1,l 1!11; r,::di1:;; :!l,i,~.:!'oc ~ d l j ~ : l l
r ~ r l . , l l l ~ l I ~ /!I.!
~,L ~ ~ ~ !i l ; ; l ~ u l . ~ l l ~ l , "
, !!l,l(l

rl'l~xt~ ~ L ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1- :I i ,d II LI L ~U YIC :t ~h %u une \ ~ S ; L h,

C.udia Sc:l~mnnbccliis n o t a i n i l i ~ i c l i l dt o beliuvi-.
011l l j i s poil:t, 11,: s:I\.- (17, ?IS)---
(',.L I113t ~ I ~ y ~ : ~ ; ~ , rreqnenllgl ~ c ! i ~ l s visi t d f~lc?inrecu!iL
,iv~itilrs,:tIl ~ r i t l ol nc coll..l:~lt, i b l l o ~ i t l g1Lobcrts011,

not solvc ;,lie i l u ~ xion.

i!!oc-s i Tor11c inislit I l a ~ ne m m t
i,y t h c ~ - o i & thuL B L c ~ : L ; ; L I I ~ I Lclni.irlg
~s his em-
!,);~ssy h l l'~,ef[~l~:ilL i!;i,crvicws wiLh L ' ~ ~ L L I ~ ~ ~ I ~ ; I ~ I I ~ ) ~ : I .
W i r 9 if 171; l(!fi!i 10 L11c c ~ J I I ~ c : . L , ~ O C S:LIIY 01,111;t~
xl)l:tit;t$iou ; - C C , I ! I m i ~ ~ ~ i , . , h i;1t1(1
) ) l f ,ill; act I I ( ~ot,l~t>r
vit,ll only one q T c , l,-;':i 11 : < l ~ i ~ l . ~ ~' I,Il[rI g
\ Y' -~<L~~II II ~ I \ I , , '
b r ~ i iI J Ic , l < ~ : ~ ~'7li~; E [ j i ~ ~YeI L~~ >' ~~GLS ~I I ).
~ t l . >'?:xu\.:!,i
ccimiiiy ihr: i,.lttliu o'i Llx cmil,::; ::111111) gniiw, : L I I ~
r%s:cr~~e:l?.tbc: lr.t'.c:v t I :je t ? i ~ v cs;-::-L::; hi;':. T1112y
t o l d of imts t1iggir.q I'I;I. gold, nili! Pnlw vi~11 :i~cely..

J30t,l1 of t111w tt:~:li ,vi!v; .:I-:III. :>.:j ;LIILIJ :,>:7:,tlor,t ci

l , l l i ~ : ~ , - i;o 9 0, 11 d ? IJ Ic o t t o r ,
I ' . ~ . l i ~ ~ l l ~ f ~\hgnstheili:s
D6im:~chos t o A 171 i t ~ c , c 1:I.1116:; 11is :::~t~.--rllri
;iucli n1.c clle uotev oi' tlic4ls ~ c q iIv1:c:c , nlirond. \ r l ~ i r l ~ .

5ernble them, no!. do m?y ot111:r of t l ! ? n , ~ ~ l ! ~ o ~ ~ ; t i c : s

c,n!)ii'(l i!~f:n f.lic$i~. ov;x p i y : . $ ;L ,q~enLp r t o f 11 i s
J)uL,'!:,f,r i~:l~i,?t I Ja ~~! j III[SLII,+
, II:L\-r;su c~:i;i~ely &A-
irnsted his veracity as one might cac;il; illl\:r they
,.
did from tl:cse ~ I I ~ ! G I I I ! ' I ~ ~ \i lid ~ ~ ' 1 rn~tfijhis,
IJhajtEratost;llu~~G:~ himself, who clitl i~oi;rj:iol,i: l i i n ~
y n ~ ' i l i g l ycln;;3
~ i l l RLIYL!,!~ ( 1 1 , h ! j j t11aI" he sl::t:; dowu
the brondtli oE I n d i l ~1'1~0111 !;I-IC i v g i ~ h c i . vr t11e

where he gives all nccc~nilt, o i IIorn,l;lds n,lld t h e

Tudinn Dionpi1.w: n l h u : g l i it so h:rpp~n,si.!l;~toli
oi;her matters d a o tiley r e g x d e d the ncco~mtgivcn
1)y others as t m e , rolher Ilian that of JXcp?tlinnl:,i.
"The Aryan Indians nere I'YOIII tho re~notcsi,pcrio~l
snrroi~ndecio n all sicks by incligc:lons tribes in n,
state of bavlmrjsm, f ~ o mhom ~n bhey diFCc~m.l boi,li
in mind nnd clisposition. They were mo.qt; n m t e l y
sunsil!lc of' this difference, mil gave iti n very p i n k -
~dr ~ l p r ~ w i o nFOP
. R R h:~l-imriixl:.. C ~ - P I 1)).I ~ : I I PS : i l l i ' .
I n d i a n r o ~ n n t c ~ t ~ r r sib
~ : I~I ~i qr iixc!ln
~ . t.o 1 1 : l . v ~ i ~ r i ~ t i
c,~ii,rvnLly~*i'~,t~,ili:il Oy t,l~i,rtidi:ltt\ : w 01' :L I N L I I I ~

minds is not easily perceived, h i ; Ihc I ~ l d i x i swet.(+

(1uic:k fio discern horn unlike the bnrlmrons t r i h c ~
mere t o tilemaelves in bodily figare ; a n d tlir

fixii,y t o this c n i ~ c c l ~ t i or,he

n , p o c k ,rizccl on it' ; I -
a basis hi, I'aitl!ei, c-u~q:;:irntiou, nnd eml~ellisb , , ~ l
it with lnbles. Other raccs, a n d iihcsr cri.11
Incliri.11, since tllcy had originnled in a n ittl.c1~1nis-
t.um or t r i h , or sincc they clicl n o t salEcicn~;l~-
follow I n d i m mnnncrs, and aspccidly tllc sysi,cir~

gory wit11 i,l~eimrb;u.inne. , A I I ~~~ ~ o ~ i re~lunl-

e ~ ~ ~ ~ t ~ ~ d ~ ~
ly hirloons of tispect, Accordingly i n tllc opic

tlieir r e t i n ~ i e ,nmong particului.iy the : ~ i ; -

tendants of 1Cuv6rn and 1i:irtilGya are described
in such a Innnney (conf. M ~ ~ h i i ~ ix.
b l ~2. X 3 st s e q ) .
that hardly nnytlliug Thich it is possible for t h e
.P i 2 A c 11 a s a!.c s i ! l u lmvc tlie -_i~111c c!~:~ra~teri,~-
tics n,s t l ~ ci';~l~oloi~.s ~ a c c u .:md ~ l i conly diA'ci,c~lcr;
> ~ i is L ~ I L Lwhile
i ~ e l . \ \ c ~1Iii:~m ~, L: bi11g1c\~!:\ i l ) ;!~~viI)nt.t;
t > ~ i l yi.5 .:,cril.~~~!t o u , t c l ~l x x , ii:ai!y !,I. :all of those
;IL all i ~ t ~ c !t ! r1 1 i t I l , ~ J , t , : t ? I < , ,,:*I ::. i i t I i l r vo11~~111

:.K)II 0 1 ~ 11i::i,,,i;!,,e (:\::'- t11>,,1 1i 8 ~ , ~ c i :,,,I:!!,

l,,: 01
ant1 coppoi. m c l irou in no slim11 I L I I ~ilt,iiy;
I i111t1
even ti11 a i d ot,l~ol,l uoia!,i, ?vliich : ~ r ~r : I I I L , ~ I - I ~ ~ : ~ ;
fureigu k i ~ i g: Sol* all uther ~laiiorl:, clwad t L i
overwhel tiling number a n d stuxigtii ui' t,lltr;;e
animals. '' [Thos b1esnn~l;:r tile *\l:li;edo~~ian,
after conquering all Asia, did not m:ilie wai.
up011 the Glangnridni,p as he did on all otl.iel,s ;
ibr when he h ~ i darrived with all his troops a t
the rirer C ~ ~ I ~am1 C Shad
. subductl all Lhe ofhe?
Indians, he a:~~!aclonecla s hopcl(~s::an il~v:~sion
of the C+ang:lriilai when he lenr~icllidial l h e r
posscssctl fool, tl~unsnnrlelephailts wcll tminec!
and eclnipl>cilIbr w:w. J 'V:lnotilcr river, abou:
t h e same size a s the Ctaages, c n l M t:ie I il d u s ,
has its source::. like its rival. iil the norih, and
falling into llle ocean i'orms on ils t r a y tliz
boiinrln.ry oC Lnclin ; in its passage thro~ighthe
saol s i l ~ i c l oi f h e 1 country iL r e c c i ~ ~ cnut.
~ s 11,
few tribatnry btrea,~ns which are ~ ~ : ~ v i g n b l e ,
the most not,nl,lc of ~ I I C 11ciiig
U~ the If 11 p n 11 i s ,
the I3 n d a, s p l: s, ;u1~1 llic A 1; e s i 11 B s .
Besiclcs t'hese ri~rcrst,licrc c11.c a g r m t mnng
others of every dosc~,ilblion,w l ~ i c lpermeate
~ liie
country, a ~ dsupply \\:ater Soy the n w i u r e of *
garden vogetnbles aucl crops of a11 sorts. ''Now
t o account for +,Tiei:i~c:i.s 11cin,g io nnmoroiis, and
t8he supply oi' wnt,i.r so ~ I ~ ~ c ~ : I , I ~ ~ I ~ I Ltl:e
I:IIIL~
native pllilos(~!~l!orsmcl j)~,orici~nts in natnl,nl
science adrailcc !Iic fo1lowi1-i;; reasons :-T11i.j.

,) C o d , L;I , I , I I > T J ~ ~ ~ l~[ j l, ~ ~ ~ - ~ ~ ~ l ,

"' r . i x f r w l . A:,[.v ~ l V.
Gonf. F r a g ~ ~s\i. . I?. c?, c. ri. 3.3,
'"""C m f , Fi,s:>il \ ,, i l l li,ri, d d . 701, 1-, p . 87 c. i,:,
2~1:.
 ~ ' b ydial t h z t:ijo uti:~e.. b r l l i k ! ~ .IL[:,~'OLII~J hlk----
those oL' t 1 1 ~,\-rl;ji I l i n ~ ~ :11i,1
i: i?:riri.rinl~!:::d nls~a
of the .I~~j.nIli-:ll,~? I ~ O I ' U~ l e ~ : . i tt,hiill
~ ~ l I r l i h , :.I-:
h h n ~tlll+ir \vnlc~.s,q r e e a b l y to nnti~rn~l law, flow
dowu i.ogr,l llcl, FI,. in1 d l sides to the plaina
beneoi,l~!\ v l l c l ~ i ll>t?y gmlanllq- snlnr,zi:e the soil
with m o j s t u ~ e ~i ~ n ~g~n~!i':.tt\n,
l n~~11i:itailenf
rivers.
l' A pec~~liari/,y is R ~ u n i lt o esist i n one of the
rivers of India,--that cniled he S i 1 1 a s, which
flows from a fountain bearing t'lle same name.
I t differs f ~ ~ o ralln other rivers in this ~espeot,--
t,hat nothing cnst into it d l float, bnC every-
thing, stmnge to say, h k s clown to the bottom.
(:?a,) "It is said that India, l ~ e i n gof c~iormous
size wlml taken as a whole, is pcoplc~lby races
11otl1 numerous ancl divemc, of which not even
one was originally of fol.eigu ilcscent, but all mere
eviclcntly indigenous ; 23andmoreover that India,
neither received a colony &om R ~ P O R nor ~ : sent
ont a colony t o a n y other nation. "'The legends
rmther infomi 11s tliafj in primilive times the
inhabitants snbsisted on snch fmits as the e a r t , l ~
yielcled sponi;aneonsly, nncl were clothed with
t'lie skins of the beasts L'onucl in the country,
as was the case wiLli ihc Urceks ; and that, in
like ma,aner as wi:lh l h m , the arcs and other
applianrcs which iinpr-ove ltulno,n life mere p a -
clno,ll~ i u v o n t ~ r l ~Necessity hemelf tenching
.--- .

':I C , ~ u i ,T>~;~:III, :XI\,~,.

 Now some, ns I h a m olrenily s:~i11,~'nplio:.ili>:
thn,L there Irew 1.1meiilclivitlnn~laof Ll~ismme, vho
'lived in cliTi'cvcnf ngrs, nssigu to each n,ppiwl~~,i:ii c
aul~iercments. Thoy say, then, i;hol the mosfi :ill ,
cieuli oi'chem mas 111 cl o s, and that :LS tile C O I I I I ~ . J - ~ ,
~ i t its
h genial ten:pei4atnre, pro~lnccds p i tnnr-
ously the vine-Lree in g x n t alrrunrlunce, he mnc
the first v h o crushed grapes and c!i~scoce~e~?. the
use of the properties of nine. In like waixiela Iw
a~scertnineclml~nt cnltnm was requisite f o i Ggs and
other h i t trees, znd transmitted this knorulcdge
ho ofter-times ; rind, in a wold, it was he 1~1loLh~~nc!
oub how i;l!c-;c frnits should Ibc ga~herecl in,
;vllence also he mas called L 6 n a i o s. This same
'IXonilso:;, l ~ o m c v c they
~ ~ , call :11~oR a t n p B g 13 11,
fro~il~ iulincss. 27'1'1~cplace nlilo1lg ille mo1111.
h i u s TYILCPCDionnsofi restored his ti>oops to
Z~cdLh was callccl 118 r o s ; From whiuh cii,.

c * r ~ ~qra!>c:<
sli i l ! tllc T T ~ I I C J ~vllot~ce
I - C R R11c
, vos c:~ll-
e(l L 6 11:I, i o D . I-Iaving ill like inanuclmi ~ n p : i ~ , t c ~ i
1.0 d l 3 kilowludgc of his olllcr invenlioris, 11e ub-
L:~inecl aftel. his dcpaTi;ure R n m nmollg Inc.11
inmortal honour from those who l i d Ix~iciii,cdby
11is labours. It is rartller said that the place i:.
pointed out in Iildis even to this dny whore I11e
god hnd l~een,a n ~ ltl-iat c i t i c ~w e called by hi.'
11a1nein the verasculnr dialects, nnd Ihnt m:uiy
ot]her irnportnut evidemes still exist of his hnvi~lg
been born in Indin, about mliich it wonld Ile i d i -
oua to wcorite.
 ; t , l l ] , ~ [ ; ~ ,I,(,~ c ~ ~ I.U L ~ J L ,t ,lk Gl,e?L:> l K l \ , ? Li,:l-Lli~.
iuitte,-j to p o s l n r i t ~the l ~ . ~ . i ! l ! . i i7olii'ri'n;i~ ~2 1 l l c

c,ltl, t11:~l r)io1111,0<VT-X.,, I1r~311in 1~;:; , / i ~ / / , ,' ;, ,

fIl;!,/,,,s" l-r;:~i,~:;ift:l? tiiis L~~riieti big : ~ i ; t t s ~ i~ : o ~ ~
+,g i , l ~ eart)iCicial ~ I Y I ~ Z L ~ Lo ~ f ~I I :~+ J, . ~I III I; ) I : L I I ~ . s ~
comm-~ulic:~I,c:,l 1111. secrei i.o i-lla Tntlinii.r, : t l l i !
taught i;hem lilt! way to nml;,: wi~i,.,:IS \ Y I : I ~ :I.:
o t h e ~w t s cou(lncivc1Lo Iialrinl~\vull-l)~~ing. "Fie

was,besitles, tlle h n n d e r of 1:1,rgcc : i i ies: v hicli

lie fwmcd by ri,nioviqs llIle villaz~i- to conve-
uien t si kcis, n l d o he also showed i he peoplo how
to wo~s111 ip bile clcity; m i l i !ltroiluc.c~Ilams 17.ng-i
"
coorts of jnst,ice. En-inviltc t1111s 11.cllic~etlalt lo..
nether rum]:, q e a t . mil ~irilileT V O I ~ C S ,lie v7:w 1.r-
garilc~1;as a, c!ciiiy mlrl g:~;nc~cl imrnol.inl llono-i~rs.
It is relntted n l w 01' l ~ i i ntlmL IIC 1 ~ d~~1o n w t iih
his n,'iil) n greni, host or I Y O I I L ~ I Imil . employecl?
i n mar:sh;dling 1I:s troops rur Iiattie, ijrnms rind
qmlsxls, ns t'he irumpet Ilndnot, in his days bee];
inveniid; " 1nc1 t l l d ad-er ~,cigllingo\rer the
whole of Tlidio h r t>wom i l filly gcnm ?ic died of
old age, while his ~ : o n s succ.ci:iliny , t o the go-
v e r ~ ~ n l c n transmittoil
i-, t ? : ~sceptre in ~ ~ n b r o k e n
s u c w x ~ i o ni o L1ii.i~poste~.ii~,. A L I:i.st,, nfr;ey
l u m g gener:~~cii?n::I d C O I ~ : ~ . m d gone, the s o .
vereignty, i t is mid. mas tlii;solrecl, nncl d e n ~ n -
<:mi ic go.irtwrl l l c l l l i,s \vcxrcx:<el,"1) iu tiii: ci t,ics.
(::It.) ' ' \ ~ I I ~ * I ! , t811tw,:~t.t, t,lic t twlitious rcmy:lr.,i
;ngD i o 11 11 s o ::, : L I I I I 11;:. cle,ic~iwclrnitsC I I ~ I . P I I !
: m u n g Ilie laclians \vlio i l l l ~ i ~ b1'11~
~ tI ~ i l l - c ~ t ~ ~ i l ~ ~ y
"They further :cssert t h d 11.e r k l ;? sll duo
was boru amoug t l ~ c l n . ""'rlrey :lssiglt lo hiur,
like the Cireclcu, the club amcl the lion's skin. l-le
far, s~wpauscdiriliei' men in personal si:rongl:h alld
prowess, and clenruci hen. am1 lmcl oC e1.d i~casts,
6 5 N a r q i t i g many wives hc beg01 ~u~lrny s1111,<.I j t l l .
one c1au~lili:ronly. Thc sons haviu: rcacl~cd
man's estale, he cliviclecl all Inclin iut'o e r l i d por-
tions for his cllilclrcn, whom he r r i d e kings in
cliffercl~lparts of his cloruinio~ls. Hi:prvvided
similn~lyI'or 11ii; onl,y rlalrglii;er, m11om lie re:~red
,. ,
up and innde :L riwon. " ' I:le TV:W the l ' ~ ~ ~ n c l i ' ~ - ,
d s o , of 110 sm:~ll~ ~ L I I I ~ I J V I , o(' d i e d , the most 1-e-
nowned alld g~'r::~~,cst 01' which he cdlecl P a I i-
b o t h r ;L. 1-Ie built thcruia many snmptnoub
pLlrla,ces, and q r ~ t l c ~I Yl ~ L I I ~i I ~L \,\,:tlls
s LL ~ L I ~ U C I Y I L I : ,
populstion. The ciby h e rc11:Liiie2~ with trenches
of notable dilnc~l~ions, wliicll wcrc filled with
water introc1nccr.l S13om the river.. 'j7 IScid~l5n,
accordingly, ahcia his reniovn? 6~1111among mi?l~.
obtained immortal h o l ~ o u r; nncl 11i.sI Icoccudan ti;,
having reigned Tor l u m y g~.clic'~xtions and sig-
nalized theiiiselvcs l7y 2r.cai ni:liicvclnc~lts, mi..
ther made m y espe~liiionbeyoncl l l ~ econtinct,
of India, nol- s a l t out a.ny colony ahvoad. " A B ~
 !;d, I ~ l~ w ~ m n yyews had g w e , ni ost
~ I O ~ W P ~ ; I :d
01' the ci~.lc,s;~tlopled (lie tk~ii~ocmlici"o1,111o;
2,uvurr~menC,Illo~igh sonie re~:~ineci l,!lc. Iii~~g!!
uni8il Lhe iuvasion of /,he count~*y by A I c s :la11-
d e r. " OOE sever,zl remarka,ble cnstonls exisling
~ n o i 111~ l ~ Iuili;~ils, theye is one prescribed by
i,hei~*t~iicielit pl!ilosophcrs which one may 1,cg:11d
as L I ~ L I Idrnirrz?~le
~ : for thr: lam ordains tliat
n o o11c among them shnll, nndc18 a n y c i ~ ,
callis::unccs, bc n dave, bnt l i d , en,jovi~~g f~,cc.
dom, thoy slid1 rcspeci; the equal right lo ii.
which d l possess : for tllo;je, they / / m ~ r / l ~w-110 L,
have learned n e i h r lo ~lominccr ovcs 11or t c
wirige Lo others will attain lhe lifc: beii, a ~ l n p t e t l
for all vicissitudes of lot: for it is buL fair a n d
reason:lbk t o institute laws n l ~ i c lbind ~ nl!
eq~mlly,b ut d l o w p o p c ~ t yLo be 1111cven1ydis.
tribui;ed.
(40.) Tl1t!\~llolc1~o17ullltiono h d i ; is~ divided
into seven castes, ol'whiuh the$,oL is forme8
by llle collective body of Ihe P h i 1 o s o p h e s s,q[
which in point of n n n ~ b e ris inferior t o the
othel*classes, bul in poiili; (;I' dignity preiiminenl
over all. E'or the pliilosophc!~., being exempted
Li.0111 :dl pc1b1.i~ ili~tic:;,arc nci~llcl'Llie rnastel,~
nor the sorv:u~tsoi' oL11~i.s.'l They wr, l i a v c v e ~ .
c'uyi~gcrlI J priv:iLe ~ persons to oITc>rIhe sawilic:c:j
i - I L I I ? in liiblil-no, :mil lo celcb~,alo t l ~ eobserl~~ic:j (.,I
.

s/[ , ~ L ~ < ; U ~ I / ' B Ui ; L[ i , . l j t , , Died. > i i ~ [ / ) i uI ti/! A r t ,

NU., ( ' 8 111. J!'L,,,;,II-L ...ih. i!! 1 , ' : w!. V, [)I) 91 ''?
:, . ,; ,lIhl ~i,
w w n by L L I C l ~ r ~ , ~ ~ i ; ~ ~ ~ i l ! a ~ ~ . ~
c!jl.) '' '['l~c,]Lt~,.//i r u k t ; ; u r l l i c I * I. i n
c;,~.strc(
: 1 s t l , c m :~oillc:WC : I . ~ ~ ~ o u ~ . owlrilc:
KS,
o~lle~:; n l i i l i ~t l ~ c wliiuh h i l , , l x ~ ~ ~ r l ~ i l ~ :
i n~l)!cm::~~ts
.:,nil ol!icrs h i 1 mchd ill Ll~cirdiff'ercnt c,:~ l liii;;,,
This cl:ld;c ir; 1101 oj!ly cscmplccl SIULI 11oyi11:;
 P,OOI< I.
FRACIX.
11.
Arr. E,opecZ. Alea. V. 6.2-11.
(!I' fi'v L ) ~ t d r < , o.fi ~Iwddn,
~ ii.9 Q ~ ~ i ~ w n l
CViamcte~.,and ils .Rivers.$
kccn~~cling to Eratosthen&, and 1legaslhenEc
who lirecl wit>h ,'i b u r t io a ille satrap of'
A r. a, c 1-1 6 s i a, and who, as 1.x h i m s ~ l ft,ells us,
often visited 8 n 11 d E a k o t t o s 5 t h e k i n g of the
Indians, I n d i s foi.ms the la,rgest of the four parts
into which Southern Asia is divided, while
the smnllest part is that region which is iaclnd-
r r l between the Euphrates and our own sea,
T h e i,mo remaining parts, whjch are separated
R-om t'l-it. ot'her~ by the Euphrates and the
Tnrlns, nnc1 lie between these rivers, are scarcely
or snficicnt size to be compnred with India,
a w n shonld they be taken both together. The
si~111c m ritcrs sag thn't Inclia is bouncled on its
C o d . Epit. ad init.
5 The n:ams of Chandragupta is writton by tho Greeks
! h n ~ l ~ o I a ! i t ~ :S
, audrakottas, Sandra?inttou, And~okottos,
,~nrl( h e , [ ) S.i,nciroknp'coa. Cf.$ohleg;.l, P;hl,. I n d . 1,24#5.-
;3chwauh?rIi, p, 12, n. 6.
Drnctical Bnomleclge or S L I & ,j~~lj;i.:::, o).idLnx<
it mai; by llis Lhinliing t11:~tT I ~ I ! I : Llily I > C L ~ : ~ ~ ? C ~ ~
:the ai.!tumilal oqnino.; . I . R I ~ 1.1:o wl~iic!, t~api~:,
a n ~ lby 11i.s co~lLr;rclictil?,:yI.!.? & s . - c ! . ; i ~ij[' : ~ 2.13-
g ~ s t h c u C -tlmt
; i c t!lc ::o~;!ilcl.n1 :11'L.i oe' T!l,ii:;
5hz c o n s t ~ l h t i o n of tllc 1 1 ~ (II;I~I~!I::LIY:L?
':~~ f1.011:
~jiew,ancl ~ 1 1 a c l 0C!! ~ ~ i;l~l O ~ ) ~ ~ : : i, l: iC~I~: : c t i o ~ ! s , ~ - -
pheno~nenawllic?i 11~:ia:::i~!l~.:~i L ~ I:S I: 1 . 1 ~ ~5 1 .x m
in India, .thereby exhibiting ti!;: :ihccl::s! i p b -
. .
ranee, I-Tc h c s n ~ t: ,q p e in &:s : ) ~ I I ~ . bnk I~~II,
ncousss UOimacLm of i!;:!o~,iinoe foT ns:;c.:i:ig
that the Bea1.s do no-where in India disnjipcni-
from sight,,nor sllnclo~mfall in oy!,csitf, dire.;.
tioas, as hlegast!lcn.:';j sn;~p8~sc:7,.
YRXX xo
Plill>, Ili\l. .':I/. Y I , 2 2 , 8"
qf t h e iTcii!iwy/ ( i f fi!c7 : , l i - 1 ; 3
Nest [to t l ~ cP r a R i i] in tilit i:lr c ~ i o l .me the
31o n e d e s :;:I;! the S n a r i, t o iv11o:u Cclon~o
N o n n t JI a 1 e LI s, or1 m11ich sl~adoi:s 51111o:mds
the northin winter, nncl ill slllnlnci. to tllc south,
for sis m o n t h s adtcrnnicl y .g Tlli Tlcnrs, Bnctoa

-4I.\~,LII\>,
lj, 2 ; ) .
5 '' The 1I~rld;~'i wnulcl S P P : I I L I ' J C f1.c :!:%in pt-o!ilc xs
the Moi~cde;i of Pli:~,;,m h < ~i:1 t i 1 ~ l i r , S w r i , oc,, 11,icd
the inlsnd connLry t,o t h o snnlh rf ill0 I ' : ~ ' . l m \ l ~As ~ i this .
is thr ?:::<ct po:;itirnof tile c o u ; r i . y i , F I:I- \i~"ocl:!s.'!:i! Suilrs,
I t,hinlk 1: ql~ii.:c irmin that :L .v Inj,i,.t i t h t , ::: n.8, 1 : t c o nx
t h X j u c l ~ sI L ~ JSt: ?:.i of Pliuy. In x~:r,:b r ~~as;,:!:e
F'!i;ly nleni.tin:i t h n 3i:m!ei a n d I&tlli n, ocoup?it~;. tha
country between the Cs1iu::o ::;id tho Gn~ip,,s. A l n o n y t
.the 'Xdli there was a m s n u h i n u r v ~ d?bI:!.llus. which
s11es :I, ye:^ :LI;~UL;LII x,:,i L L WI 1 I C s o i 1 i s i l \ \ . : i y ~
proiinot.i\o. X11cl1 i'rliii, i.1 l r , ~ , ~ l l ~i)v ~ ctii .iu ! ~ :j
a n d the r o o t s olpInili ,>, I,:I!,~i ~ i:!:,ly
t o f i , 7 1 1 I T L ~ I
,;I
are smect 11oth !>ym! 1u.c ;!ntl )1; c:~~i,lior~, sincc: 1.111i
moisl,~~rc 11y \vl~ichthey n m nn~urislrodis l i o n ~ ' c d

thcn6s staccs, Iildi;i i:j r ; ~ ; ~ l ~ v1)).

~ . a tl' l , : 5,111111,::.
rains, nut1 li~,:plaiiis n1.c o \ ~ i : ~ i i ~ ~ ~ i .I)~ii.i:r;~
c~il.
 .-
1 ::{.I;.CX!J,
Liir.~~,,
, .~,.T17, i. S7,-p, 703
Q i E C O ~ ~ L1!-,'ic7
,~ R;(!.,:i ,!f I,l/!;(?
h c o r ~ l i v gLo ?ic~;;:-n:~;l;c:lc', +;I]? I y y s t ligero
a m f o n ~ i ~alnw:g
l LLII:: P r o s i i, I)r:lllg 1lcnr1~
twice Ihc: sizc of thc lion, a n d 31, sin!~ir; h t R
tame ti;:.f>l.lcd I ~ p h in(:n r hnviii; ~c.ii:!!ti n mule
by the 1~i:~clei.leg ovclyon-ered i t and drnggcci.
it t o him. 2'i'lie 11io111;rgsw e 1;~rgerIli:m t h o
I w ~ P , ~ iL ~ o ;~ tl1c.y
s a:.': \ ! - ~ L ~ L L , r8.;c?l:t in llic fxe.

w l ~ i c lis~ l.~lai.:!c,1.i1o1lq11 i!lc c o : : ' , x ~ yi g observed

e c i 'I'i~iiirI d s :ire mori. t1:;1.11 two cubii.~
in lcngl!~. T l ~ c y: I I , : : '.cry tn~i:.~, 8 . ~ n~ o1t of a
mali,:ioi~,: c!h!!osii i011 : so that t h c p 112illier at-
, ,
I ! : I 1L O I ;.ijonos n r : clrLg 1111 rnhicli
Etre of tl~wcolol~ib o? rixl:!<inc-c:lyc, and swectcr
t l m l fis.:or lloncg. "III. ,sonic pnrt:; of t h o C ~ U I I -
t r y t h c w are sc!~-y~lits l \ \ - o r:nbits 1o11qx-llic~I~
~ ~ : c like bnts. They fly
hnvo u ~ c u i l ) r m l ! ~ ~r.iiiyi
n l m n t I)> niqh t, w11~1i i.li($j.Ic I ihll (21~311sof ~ l r i n e
o r swc:lt>, \v:lich blistcl, 1,lie &in of poiXsons not
on lheir gllard, with piitrid SLIICS.There are
also vingc!;l scori~~crns of an e s i ~ ~ ~ i , r i l i n asize. ry
'Ebony gl.o\m tl~cl.c. T!\crr :I?,?~ l m (log.: of
p - m t rl vc~~,zill nnil roi;lwyT, \ ~ l i ; c : i l will :lot let.
L ~ I C ~ 1~011.1
Y 1 i ! L \ i , I ' ~ ) i i,$' ;JOP.I'(!L~ into their
no:;lril.-: il!t,g l,;i[: i.i, c'.;qc~,lg t b ~ tt'hc eyes
of soinc b ~ ~ c w !i,loitcd,~i~c a n d t'lie e p of others
fall ont. Eorll n lion :liicl n l.1111wcro held. fast
by n clog. The bull was seized by the mnzzle,
;:nd di('c1 I.,cft51:(:>1 . 1 , ~L I , ~ ~ c: m1i1~1 kme tgdkc~1 or.
 H e (MegxsthenC.;.;) says there w e monlicyn,
vollcrs of roclcs, which climb prcci1,iccs mhcttcc
they roll down stones upon tllcir ~ L I P S L I ~ I * ~ ,
"'Tost animals, h e says, which arc tame wiih us
we wild in Inclio, and h e spcalis of horses which
are one-homed and have heads like those ol'
clcer ; %nd also of yoecls some of which grow
stmight L I ~to the l~eighi;of Lliirty ~ ~ ~ ! j u , i i ~w? ,hl j k
a w wporteil to hove a nalni'nl ~ > L , ~ I > C I I : , ~ Lriob;: oii!y
bo fight among tl~cmsclvcs, Ly butlillg wilh
Lheiv homs, b u t to disli7:y n like niiilnosity
agoias: tho female, a i ~ to l he S O o h j i i m t e in Ll~cii'
quarrels that thcy will nofj clcsiht Lill ;L wol.sLul
rival is liillcd o~~trigllc.Illit, again, not ouly i;,
cviwy mclnbcr of the bocly of this animal eadneil
w i i l ~great strength, bnt s n c l ~is blic polcl~cy 01'
i L r l > u ~ , that
tl liotl~ingcan riitllslnld it. I t l o v ~
to liul in socluilod pasi;~u.cu,and wnuclcre about
:dotic. imt a t thc rnttinl,r sonson it R C C ~ S tlli:
socict ::of Lhe femde, ancl is then gentle tomu:,cl,.
her,-II::~, tllc t w even food in company. 'L'l1c
.<c:tso~~ being o w l , a d he Pomalc prcgnanl;, the
111ciinnICcwlc~::dn again Lccomes ferocious altd ace1~:-
solilnde. The fonls, it is said, are talien mhcn
c l ~ ~ i tyoung
c to thc king of the B r n s i i, and w c
set to figlil; each other : ~ ltllc grcizt pul~lics p c t
Lnclcs. No f ~ ~ l l . g v o wspecimen
l~ is rclliembcrcd
Lo 1in?1~0 e m r bee11 canghi;.
(31.) The traveller ml~ucrosses the ruonntaiuu
whiah skirt t l ~ a tfrontier of India which is lnotjL
inland meets, they say, with ravines which :~ru
olot~hcclwill1 very c h s e jnnglc, in a district c;llliirl
by L I I ~I ndians K o r o n d n.7 Thcse raaincx a ~ * c
said l o be tha 11a~ultuof a pecnliar I.;ind oi' nni~na!
s11alm'l like a satyr, covurccl all ever .vvith dl~aggy
hail.; m d lluoing :I hi1 lilic a horse's, clcpo~idi~~g
rrolrl il;s L'LIIIIII. 11' t h ~ e~ ~ ' c a l u arc r ~ slull I ~ I -
tnolcstecl, tllcy liccli rviLliili Liic c r ~ i ~ ~ l ( :livi~ig
e s , 011
t h e wild ~ ' Y L L ~I ~Lu l;
. ;slioiilil l l ~ c yIlca,~.l l ~ cl l ~ i ~ ~ t ~ t ~ . ! ; ~
- - - - . .- ---

!., ,>>;>,#
l<<;h,,
bhe ~ t o ~ l c s .Somc arc said to hove bccn l~roltglrL ,
Ihouyll with dificnlty and ofiicr long i i ~ t c r ~ i r l t, u; ,
:hc I' I. ;Ls i i, bu1; t11esc wer'e eit;ller.hiillbri~ig I ( ~ . O I L I
tliscases or mcrc fctudeij: l m v y will1 young, t l ~ c
Cormer being too wcuk Lo escape, o~itl l l ~ elaLt,,:~.
being impcclcd by the b~irdcnor Lhc mornl,,-Conl'.
Plin. Hist. Nfit. VII. 2 . 17.
FmLic;ai.SV!.
Pliuy, I&t. Ylt. WII, 1.1,1.
OJ' tlic Cvo-I:u+~aLi~icl,.
i s in I rtdia.
Accoldiny i o l [ c ~ ~ x s t h c n i .sel.pc11
s~
%row to MLLCII i~ ; j i % lhat
~ t h y swallow s h g s and
bulls whole.
Solin~cu,5 2. 31;.
Ro hngc arc tlic a r p c l ~ t uthi~bt h y smdlum iicil:
;vholc, w c l otlrcr animals uf c q a d siac.
F ~ : . l XVII.
~~.
~ i . 7'~
JXr+ l l k t . . l ~ ~ i t TTI.
O j tBc Elccl~~c'~;
E,d
 Pl:.icnl. S I X .
Anti:.on. Oaryst. GB7.
i-?!' i l t o r i ~ a cl:,,'us.
Megasthends, tlie anthor or the lii.rbihx, IUPII
i,iorls t;l~nt>1 1 ~ ogi7ow
s in the h l i n , n Sen.
Pnacn~.XX,
A1,Y. f,; 1 . -4. 3-13.
Of / / I C F ~ i t ! x $ 'i;~,! i!h U~i~~!/,',s,$
See trnnslntiou of Arrian.
P n a ~ uX
. XE.
Pliny. i%.ist, Aic~t.V I. 21. 9-29. 1.
The P P i 11 a s tj and the C a i 11 n s (a trilsnlnry
of the Ganges) are bet11 navigal~lerivers. The
tribes which dwell by the Oangcs are the C n,l i 11-
g =,I/ nearest the sea, and higher up the Xandei,
also the Maili, among whom is M O L I I &IaIlus, ~~
the bonlldary of all that region being the Ganges.
Some have asserted that this river, lilic the Nile,
rises from u~lknornnsonrccs, m c l i n i~ similar way
waters the country it flows through, while other^
trace its source to the Slrythinn mountains. Nine-
Lees rivers are said t o flow into it, of which, bc-

J Conf. Epit. 15-10, and Notes on Arrinn, ImZ. h a d , vol.

V , pp. 331, 332.
5 V. L. Purims.
11 A rrmt :wrl widely diffuacd tribe settled mainly IJC.
tween Ihe MahWnadf nnil tlic GotlhvarP. Their capitd
P b r t u a l i $ (called by l'loleluy K a l l i g r n ) , on t i w
DI:~hOu;rdl,hiqi~ermp thar the site of K[ia,tak. The nnmt3 it:
p w s i ~ v c din l< o r i n g a,, n grcot prirt 31 the mout,ll of the
G0ll~~\W?,
tlo\vu z steep and rocky cllnn~lell i i i l g ~ ~ins a lake
:i.s:;ooii as it reacllee tllc level p1ai11, vilience it
iseucs forth v i t h n, gentle currellt, beiqg nomhcre
less than eight n ~ i l c s b r i x ~ i l , vhile its meal:
breac1l;h is n, liulldretl stnrlia, mid it,^ 1cn.f dep1,ll
l,wcnt1yfnt,homs.:Y'

I n India the largest rivers arc the G o 11 g e s -

mlcl Lhe I 11 3 n s,-thc

G a n g e s , as some maintain,
rising from nncertaiu Bources, and, like Ihe Nile,
7 V. L L Canucam, Vamnm.
* " Tlic Bh?:.imCC (which mo shall here reglzril as the
true Gaugcs) First comes to light near Gmigotrl, in the terri-
Lory of Gorhwil, in lat. 30" W, long. 79" i", isi.ui~lgEwiri
nndor a very !urn arch, nt tho basc of a ywnt suun~-lml,
estimated to be 300 feet thick, which lics l d m c o u the loi't,y
~noiultaiustermed St,.Pi~trick,SL.Guorge, mrl the Pyramid,
the tmo higher I~nvingelevations abovo tlic wn, 1.c3pectivuly,
OF 22,793 and 22,654 fcot, n r d the other, on the opposile side,
havingan elevation of 21,373. From the brow of this curious
mall of snow, and imirwcii:~tel-vabove the outlet of t h e
stream: large and hoary icklcs &mncl. They ax formed,
by the freezing of the lneltod snow-water a t the top of the
bed ; for iu the midc?le of the day tho snn is powerful, and
t,he matcr produced by its action falls over this place in
.
cascade, but is froaou a t night . . . At SitlcltP the river
may be said Lo break though tho ' IIimfilay~ysProper,' and
d;he elevaiion of the mat~:w:ly is Lcro 7,608 feet. At
Devprfi~i t is joiued on ihc lcft sido by tho dlakunnda. . .
. . .
. . . . b'rom Dcvprhg the united stroam is now called the
Cangcs . . . Its tlcsccut by the Dehro D h is .rnLher
.
rapid to Eayidwir . . . su;iietimes cnllod C;ulig2dwrm, or
' the gate of the Unugm, being situate on ils wcsicrn or
right bsnlr a t tho soulbcril l~nseof the Sivalili range, here
i n t r m r r k ~ dby a ravine or gorge by which the river, finally
lenviii:: the inountniun~isi.r$ou, commencc1s its conr, c iivcr
Lhc p ! . ~ i n osE L I i t i d ~ i ~ ~ ~'1'11~
i l l ~ 1. )1~~adt~ll
or t11,~ ri,wr ~ L I tile
~ L L ~ I SI ~V ~ : I , Y U. ~is, r~cprr;w~~l<,cl
t o 1)t.nf1i11~ ~ ~ i l t ~ " - ' l ' / ~ ~ ; t ~ ~ ~ l , ~ ~ ,
 > V P Y ~ ~ I I \ V I I I ! <i h I,:I,III< , \V~III(? 01~11, I > I I I I I ~!L~IA[$ 1
I ~ I , , : ci ,l l I,IIL; ; ~ I < ~ I , ~ I ~ ; L II II I ~ I L L ~ ~ ; L ~ I111
I S .111tIi;iL ~ C I Y ~
I , , ;II?,O L I I C EIuj~at~is,+ :LV C J , . ~~101,le: I - ~ v I ' IT*T ,~ I I , I I
I ~ J I ~ I I I ~ ~L I ILC l i n ~ i l (.11' AJI,\:IIII~LI!I~'s I ! I W C I I ,:I,+ 1111,
d t , ~ ~ ,SrU sL u p UII L L , ~ II:LI~I<< k3liYy. '1'111: I(KI,:I
i l l ~ e C;~LII~I:S is cig11j: IIIIIUS, ; I , I I ~ 1 1 1 1 ,
i , i , c : ~ ~ i l lof'

- I . ~ : : L ~ C S L ~ w c i ~ t y .lk deplit w lic~r~e Il?;l.sl i s f i l l lp

O I I I : I ~ I I L I C ~ I Y Y ~ I'ceL.

Cllllf. l ~ c ~ l ~ y l l . sxr.i .
I y 1 1 I t 1 1 1 1 1 1i I I ~,llta,

1,u1, O I , I I ~ I . , o ~ d y t l i ~ w; w l ~ i l c A I L ~ , ~ L L ~ L ~~I~II~',~:
:.:ty8-
Lhctt t l ~ cI I ~ C ~ ~l jYl , Ic L i t l i 8 1is~ ii IIII~I~'!I.c:I[ :lL1tli:%,h1111
it;, 1u:svt t l e p l l ~Owotlty o ~ . , q ~ i i : r ~ .
Fruxr. X X l .
A I , In,7,
~ 6 3-3.
0)'t ! ' ! ~Bil~! i, &'ilLw.::
AX;~ i ~ ; t , ~ ~ , , i:la
Ct iAo.nv I , ~ ; ~ ! : ,
FI;!.OX.X2CJ.J.
B m : s o n ~ ~ :I
d ,icwZ,
~, [;),I,.C, I. J,, 1!!I.
Of t l i ~731h0,, ? ; / , I . : .
T h w o is India a, riodl- ca'lc~lt l ~ c8 i l ; s~.
ill

nnrrletL di;cr. the fonntaiu 1'1-0111 w l i i c h it iiowta,

on ~vhichnothing mill iioni I.ILLL i:; i ~ l i ~ o wii1l 1 h

f l'lw \PIIIC
, ,~ I IjK N ~ i l ~ i ! (jr
~ i S.~:?v,j,
s
2
S t r : i h :(I:;, Di, 1. 11. ::7, :x11,1
: I ~ ~ I N :ILII I ,m
YmI ~i y~m ) ,~ ~
writtv \ V ~ I < !I I~I IL I I I I (otl
~ I I ( ~ t 1 1 1 1 ~1,,11,.
~1 IIII,~
,fm!,x?..]~,4IU)
,JIICIw h ) w :ICCOII:IL 111~y
pmis<:<l, ~ in I > ~ I I . ~?~
r t .l U.
I ,1e0/,,
1.~
I:I., kt!),
. 'Y11ci I I , I I ! Ii?!
~ , W I ~ ~ L I ~2ihIi7s
~II ~ I TI ) ~ < ) N !I c I Y ' ,
In S(~xl)o S k i a s , l n ~ t11t51.
. XiX{:<: i l l l l ~ t(: ' ~ i i l c i ~111.
~ ~:11c:111~1
i,
G,~cw.
, ! L I ~ ~ I Il l ! ~ ~ . i ~ . , ' c c~. I ~ ! I I . , Xi!), I,,!. ~ , ~ ~ ! $i 1 t ~mi ! ~, , ~
I'U~)ITIT\:I,;.:i:t;.
],~!?>:,~.,i~~~; L , ~ . , < v ,11'1
i : ,\I.:\ i l I t ~ . t t!,:~lh,lI \ , i
t;tIr!c ( . 4 c i 1 . ? ~ /iib.1 i 1;. (i::)~ ' ~ W I I I I I I ~ ~ ; . I , lil
I I :I:LLILPIJ :---" 'I'IIC
I I I C L X I I !~. I I I I I!II:L!,
!\ I , I # , j , i , ; \ 1 :;I! I , , i ; I 112' 1 1 , > r l 1 , I I I ; I I i l
~ ~ l r i l i~i ~ ~w s r::l,iit~ ~~ I !: I I I : ; ~I TI I~i[,,
, I Y , I ~ W~ W r rP! [ l ~ f t ,!. ;,1:1 1 . ,
; , I I I ~ r~ollri~v:, , V I I I I ! , ,("( ~ O I I ,I l' ./ ~ ~ / ~ . ~ i ~I I~ l ~lL:.>.;.;
c 4 ~ , ,,I t
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 11:,~, (1. ,1111 I .1,1,,;,, ;/:. iil , , : ~ , ~"1'. ~ , I,',I)!~II"I:

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to
. ! i c c ~ ~ ~ ~ l i ~ i y i ~ f., l . . , L ' ~ c > . ~ t ,I 1 , h:> l::;,:. , , i , ti;d;(,i,

:IIT l'011i1t1 L IL~ . I ~ L ~ Y,!:'

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F Y : \ XX
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~ , //! tt, , > ~ ~ ~ ~ 0: , i.t,,,,~,, ,J,~,t'i(,,!,:,
~ ..?;.,t,~!l,,.,,,,

It is ~ I W L ~ Z I; ;~ ~ i ( ~l ;I;;I I ~ I ~ J; m l i : ~ : ! 1.1,) ILOI,

Y : ; ~ Y II~OIIUIII:>U?S 1 0 ~ 1 1 0 ( L C Y L , ~ ; 1 ) s ~ LC,I 'i,i;,r
-- - -. ...
11 'I'lli; \\*,I , no1 , ) I ] :,:I#IIC or ,!v,! , , : T ; ~ ~ I I ~ ~J, ~
I ~: ~ < , \,,,I
~ ~ ~ , I ,
\n;.13 L.Y!<,':: 11' tt; <I#,,l. , , I < , ' , A < >b , : , , : , ' I , I : , , , , I : , , ,.-
"i 11 l i l . o t l : ~ c , i ~ l ~sil
: ;, ti:' t,:l~i..l '',. ; , I;,: II,,I,~, ill (;,lll,,-
w,cl ~ I II : , b , ' : i < ~ . ~'l'ih , ~:.-,I;L~:I < ) ! ~ ' , , i , , , ! , I , # , ,, : 1 : : ,,,
(,;K?it,~) '11 b . , ~ ..Ih.. , I ;:,' i I t , ;I.(,! I ,,', ' , I
8 1 ti,

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 vl1.i itv'; o i i i c , i i 1rtt.I' ltrt-?,,1 1 't,l:i>.~t{ i i i [it'<.:

1 lie t;~,~l,!;s i l l \$, 11i1:l1 t i ~ (, ~~+~l se l ) ~I ~ ; ~ l ( +

1 ! I ( , ~l I~- ~ ~ : at.(?
, , I I E'~I:~L!II(, t 1.1 1 JIYS(,I,.;C I I I I , ~ I . I ~ I L , I tory
I X , ~ T<ltl:~f,l?.

I ~ 2 i i t 'U S Lhck cjt.icf3 it is f-,lid l l l : ~Lltc ~ rt111111)cri

:to g w n l t,lini it. muuot LC si,::tcil ~viiii111w:isio11,
i , i l l , liiai; such cibics ns ,>re :;i!r:~:rtcil on tlrp l~:r;ili-

: I [ ' t.i~c1.sor on i l i r . s e w x n s i am Z~liiltof' ivnciii

ins1.eni.i or h i c k , h i n g m e w t t,j last only i'~31. a

i i t i l c , - ~ ~( I c s ~ I ' ~ I c : ~ v c : pri: tllc I I G L V ~rains ~yiiich
p o n ~dowll, n116. thc r i v ~ , ~: ~. :l . i i ?v h c n they o\.i'13-
flow t.l~cGr1);1~111is ml(1 ~ I I I I I I ~LIIC ? : l>laitis,-wi~il~:
~~:~
ilioso cilic!:: ~ ~ l l i c:,(nut1 ll oil cuixlm,nJing citrrn-
i nI I l ? ~ i i ~ c t : w:lye : : bnilf, of bricl; nuti
m u d ; t ' l ~ n t(110 p t t c > h t cit'y in ludin, is i;l~ni
irliicil is caIl(,h 1 ' a 1 i li! b o LLra, irl t l ~ ed ~ ~ n l i -
nions o f 1110 F Y:L s i r 11 3, \T~II,:.c t81ir,s?.rcam:; o r
L I I ~ 1; 1. n n n o l,o n n n~iiltl:,, CI n 11g c , F;nnitc.--
[.he C;;ingcs bcil~xLhi? grxxitc;t, o r d l rivers; :t.it~!
hlic Il:tmmolro:~.;being I m h , : ,!,LCi!iiril I:~vgcst
ai' lutli:l,u r i v i ~ ~ tiii)ligI~ a, g ~::lor( t!im llie gmnt-
esi r i v c r ~C ~ ~ ~ C W I; IhC t~ it G is sillnllcr tlia[i t l ~ e
Ctangc:; wilcrc: ii LdIs into it,. 31 o g a s I. Li c 11 i. r;
it-lrorm:; ns t11:ic t l i i ~ciiy s t r e t c ~ c di l l lhi: in-
11:1,1)ih311 q n a r ~ e r sI i j : ~ nC ~ S ~ W I I ~.lm;ih C (XI cad:
.side o r eightBJ-sindial n.11~1 t,11xLi(:i I ~ i ~ c dwzw ~h
li Si c:iw ~i ;i;\in, nild thnt a d i t ~ hclicompusse:l il,
all ;vni~cl,vb,h:r7iv;:I.>; six h~mcl.rccIfeel; i11 bw:~tl!1 1
:~11<1 tlli1'1,~.c:;l>it;; k dcp&, ~ 1 1 ~ill&i 1 t h \dl
q,xi( c r o \ , - ~I .v;;: ~ ( ~I r ~5 il\wrq :mcl ?i:ijtll b t ~ ~ - ~ ~ ( l -
sixl; ~ I I ~ 'Y!tt; X . >;:LII.~C ~ w i k klls ~ , 113 ~ I I I ~ I I I T
!.hi:: I,, I I I : L ~ . ~ C ; L I , Il':~i,i
~ :ilji>~l1 t 1 d i ~ t.b:> I 311 t L 5
 ~[IL!I:u,,; :,ite I' I W; t , 01' ~ , L , P I u I , , :I,, : i : ~ v
ml : ~ r ~oi,i5
'We 1,3,I< e cl :E I ~ oI 11 i a , n 8 : L I , I \ (,II(> l ~ i t l i z , :\'I,!
~~:<
11,tl.c:50 rat-in :~gr'l>c'lnt:~~t,. 'I'III! I ~ : ~ ~ ~ ~ !I~:I~I~~I~III~~:~~~~
hr~\vovr:~., Iloltl t.lie I1o 1 o 1 8 as sl:irc.:i, :lntl t l ~ r w
F11:lots do sci-vile ltlbonT ; bat t h o 1~ i ~ 41s l i :i i~l i
nol, I,\.I,II I-~sc nlicns ns sla,:rrs, :11:11iiiii~li 1 ~ : s:I ~
vo~intryi~~mvr!f Illci~-o \vn.
Pn.\c;\r. S S V I I .
Strah, XV. i. K-Xi,-pp. 'iO(J,lO.
OJ tl'c: ~ tll~
~ ~ 1 1 ~ 7{O ~ ~ ' r : I;iii%l:t~li-.,
s

Tho Intlinns all livo 1'!ipIly, (!S~IUC:III,;I TV 1101

CII cnrup. T1~r;y~li,jli?;sa ~ I ' C : L I , ~ m iiscipl
i i~~c(i
1 1 ~ 1 1iltucle,
1 and conr;c~jric:~~~.iytllc'jr obsorvo goo^ i
iivilcr. '['heft is or very r:im occi-irrc:ncu. ; \ I t , -
'

i:.nsLilen& says that Lhosc: Who mnrc ill i81iv

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Iny
cninp of $ & l l l ' l ~ ~ k ~T-clicxiil : i , 4!~0:OOc)
111i.,n,foimcl. t h t the tl~uf'ls~.c~;,ortcil ou :any onr:
il:~,ydid not cscced iho rnlne of Imo 111ntI11,c~I
drnchinm) nud t l i i ~among a peop!a who l r n w
no written lw.~,i,bnL w c igaoran l of wrii ir~g..
nntl iniist tllcrefore iu nll t,lic bnsii~chsO F l i Tt:
t , ~ u s t o memory. Tl lc!;; l i x , nei7ertldc;:a, 11n1)
pily enough, I~cing si::~pla in t h i r inan.n,'!x
mil 6 - u p l . Tl~c:y IIC v w cl~~ink wino excnpt n,i.
~ac:rificos.~! 'l'lwir bcvcragu .is a liq~1013coni-
pl>~Cdfrom ricc instead of barley, and tl~c:i:*
f ~ o dis prit~cip:!lly a ricu-potta:;.o.:~Vl~esim-
plicity or their lams nncl t l ~ c i r ci,~ii,~~nt:i,; i.
.- .~
.-
Q,l c* p ~ o l ~ : i IS
'I'lli!, w i ~ ~ X:IR ~ lO
y ~ ~I IJI IZ~ : , ,
(;,lrvv : ! l l 8 l V I P , , , L I U 'l,,,,l>l,
 A11iongtllc T ~ l i l i , n i l sm e TT!~~Cii: n n n l ~ i rLO ~ ~,cro'r,~-
n, loan or. n L ? I ~ ! ) I ~ s ~1 ( 1, : ~I I I ; ~ . C I ~ I I Y ni,l:im.
~JT All
~,III?c ~ m l i i nm ~1 1 (1r1 i?,k(3 l i l : ~ ~ ! , ;Iii111
. I ; , , , I , , , I;,,,;
 Fn:r:x. SSBTII.
A I I I ~ i,;,
~ ~11,I . lY$,
S !,lie I'11t7hw;.
01' !/IP S & I ~ ~ I ! Y0.r
! \ l c r p i l ~ r l ! mi,ll Llie ~ n r m ilwoli l of his Ilrdii~n,sag.: tllhi.
WIIW t l ~ t , ! I I ~ ~ ~ are
:LIL B n : ~ p l ! in~ ~t n l l l ~ ia placed L e T o l ~
:~.i
enob pwaou, this bpi~ig like a t,i.ipoli. l'11el.e is pl;~oecl
upou it :L go1~le11 b owl, into wliicl! 1.bey f i i ' s t p n t pic(=, I x d e d
,I.: o m would Imil lmuli-y, n u d llieu tlicy add unug : ~ l : h t i a s
prrlx~re~ a.caosili~lr:
l ! o .[tt,linli rcccipts.

Bi:I, dcvin i ing into ihbles l x says t1hnvw wr

icc.11 five n p u s and cvcu Llircc s p w i u hrigi;i~l,,
some of w h o ~ nwmt the mnc, h:l,ving on17 t w o
o r i l i c c s above Lhe month tllrocgh which khey

siwg,
aq I-Tomel~l~:~ .s is wngecl by iJle cranes, and
a,lso Ily p n l ~ i , r ~ i c l g owhich
s, oro as large as geese.?
T,I , ~ I <II ~III;:, 1,11eii, 011eo>-c hk:l I I L (111:I I L I C L I I L L (.,I
II I , , ~ I * li~~,clic u!, Lhc hair S [ , L L I I L L ~ I ~ ~ , GNCL, ;.wd Ll~ci~
~ I I ' v x > ~+ I; I~L \ ! < ~ ~ ; q; (17L ~ I ( , A111 11 1i L C c c s L L iI t ~O~

~ w u [ ~ wi(I~o~11
Ic nosLriIh, w110 (IC\~IILLI~ (~v~:~~~~Lhin,g,
c a l U\V ~ . m n ti, ~ ~ iMU i l h r t - l i v e d , m t l ciic hSorc
i~lil age S L I ~ C * I * V L I I I ~ . ' : :T11c I I ~ I ~ C palt
Y of i l ~
~11011111lIl'~~l'li~li':i I';LI. O\.cl' L ~ I C 1 0 ~ ~lip. 1 ' !' Wit11
I'UK:CL*I.[Lo l l ~ c31 y IJ o c I) u I' c ;li 11s, who livc a
.i;lluus:~ntlycays; t11oy gi \ c tlic s m l c accourll as
I S i ~ n w l i d i ~ ~' ~~ I ~ ~ L La11~1 H J sot, IICY rr~,ytl~o!i~~i(:al
wrilws.jy lU TIIC slorg Lvld Ly 'Yilllng.crlOs, Ilr;~,t
 .
( I , 1 I I t i ~ n !l ,l,er,i:~li.~.:?.I I.:' '10:; 6,)

i s p i d by
.;I)III LIII;~!,? m i t l t~l1:11a p v t , 01' 1~11is
wag oi' tri1:iile to Llic 1;illg.
E1r:at:\r. X X S .
Plin, 71ii.t. N a t . 711. ii, 2.L-2'2.
I,?[, ~ C J r Sa w s .
Accortiing to lhcgn,stllenils, 011 a m o u h i n cn,lieci
N n I o S t11cl.c livc IXICII whose fmt am t u ~ s i ~ n . \
 " " , e , " " c " m

'? 111,<m1 l l o ~ l ~ s];(~:lI?

?-i 01 3 I3A*C <jib ~?:r!Il : ~ l l i l ~ ~ l ~ l ~

,,IIE 8o1m1d.ir J ~ ~ f ? i ; : ; i ~ , ,IIG i ~ ! : ~ l ; m , d (.,I' I),ISI .'

;!:I,\ I : II>L:IY~~I \ ~~I(?:,I: it,+:
~ i : i [ i r , ( t\,,, ; L Y C C G ~ ; ~ ~ : I ~' tI i iil,i,

..II;I~,(,S, nnii -r:-lic arc i::tlicd S i, 7 1- i i. : i , . I L ( ,

v p r r b 1 c 4 ::1>0(cr CL -:I;,
1.I\,:I!.," ,, , l , ? l ~ , ' ! . j T ~ ~ l l i ~ ,;l ~ l l t
,$-

,>I' l i ~ f l i : (>>I ~ , I1.,17 <:;I,.(, I V \ ; : ! , : 1 i ~ I;, a , > !r 1,!1(, < ;,; 1 1

.,(. ,
?.I,-, I l ~ oA F ttc,m i: n-lin 7::-, t 3 i I , , , # , ,11 ; is !it, ,

, Y V , ~ I , / , I L C - ~ I %I J , ~ L ~IT~I;,,!I
L ~ > i -, ' 1 1 , , , I , T I ~ ~ I , T , ,-xi:-:!
g. t l ! ( b

':,tjI'lt d f i \ \ ~LJII.II~ :ljjt.,:i i,I.tl I ( :."> ~ : ir ' 1 , ,: : : ! I ~ I J

w\>,>1 i ' T ~ll;C!7I21~ 1); ~ ~ ~ ' ~ : ; d ~ ! ' '>l l ll <' ?l ' ]',1':'\'1711?~'
i ~ i l ~ n t cI:;?x l l,l+ III:,;~ I,:!,!, '1'1. ,\. {,;,I, iti,i;:~. :I,II~.~'
11111

I ; i i I :I . I I , , tl',,i,
, ~ ~ , , ~ : :T,s ~1 r \ ~ -
, c x ~ , i ( : ~ ; ,,;' jV18717.~;: . !,,;(;t , :,,, 1 i' :,; ,1:,,,1 ,$-,

1 il,i : i i ~ i ; i ~ , , , 7':,. , ' .1 ,. 1 ' ! '

~. -
; T I P , , , : # , ;! ',$ ! , ; , ( , : \ I , I I
I , I . I ! , I , , ; : ! :I,I> (,!tf,',

, .
.:;,<8,t,, ll,85,p > , , I, : l ~ rjl,l,
; ~ I Y ) I I ~:L. ; V ~ I I \I$ , , > f i i X L , \ , Ill;, 1 i!l ~ I I ( , > I I
.- ~- - .~ -

\ (t;ll,,,l 1 , , !,I, ,, I,>',>,,

:, ',',I \:,I >!I I 11, , ,111 I L ! , ~ !, , , , U C
A,,,',,,,,, ,,l,~,', ,, ,,#&, :,
 ' R ~ ~ lhe ~ I AI s ,i,o~111 i, 111t'!~rlw~itde:t pi:-^
:;l't,li~I ~ , ~ I I I ~tI, 1; 1I'I~ ' I:I i~t; s13, i I 11 n XI .i & I I ( ~
T7)- 1111 i ct 8 nm snitl 10 hnvo .tl~c~i~~nl:otLe. They
n1.i. (::II:II illvcc S ~ ) ~ I ill
W 1 1 e i ~b-lhnt l1 is, ~-mtinova
? 8 1 ~~c:vc:n-~z~~tl-tnicilty
:~l~ i~lcllcs. Thcir clinl;~,teis
s;i,lul~i~ions m i l they enjoy a p c ~ p d t " a 1P ~ ) I . ~ I I ~ ~

~ i ~ i l st l: ~ c. l l ~of:^,
~ r1r:~rricx'oCmour.lains wllii.11rise
on llie i ~ o r t h . Tlwy :%ret,he mu;c wl~oin'Homer
x i c ~ ~ l i o nnss 1:cing hai-nsseil by i;he :~ttnclis oE
Ll~c cl.nncs. ' The: s h r y nlx:~;i, i,11c11: is- h t .
-in~)untcclOII LIE baclis of L':;III:~ nntl g:.c:~Ls,and
~ ~ ( l ~ ~ wi{,il ~ c i l L h y I ~ L I T ; ~ I I I O W I ~i~
i ~ ~ l:LITOWS,
,:l~,il~g-i,i~~:e d l in n Lccly t;o the sea,, ncct ~!esti'oy
t h e r ; g :3,1:11
~ Llie yijv 112 lllese IPiv(19. I L Iclre:;
'I,l~rw:LI wr,ys three ~~roi:Llislo fnii;lll LliEs g ( ~ b i . 1 ~
c:~~.ripaign,rbiiil \ ~ c r ~ ii; : not ladc.ri8:~lx:nLhey
d ileii:ur? thenlselves ag,zinrt the vast
, c l ) ~ ~ lnot,
Suclrs of snbscillieal years. Their liui;s are ma&
r)t' clay a i d rc::::~l,lrc~.s ;211cl egg-slidla. [Aristotle
S ~ L Y Ahhnt L h y livc in caves, but otherwise h e
gives the snmc ncconnt of tllcni :w o l l ~ e r s . ] .. . .
["b Brnn~Iii.~sins we l a w n t l l ; ~ it l ~ c r cis :~,pcopie
belonging to this race, wl~ie11is c a l l d P a u d a,.
T 8 and sr:ttlcil in ll2.e valleys, who live two hun-,
dm1 yeel's, Imving i n youth horny hn,ir, w-hiolr
in old n,ge trims I~lncli. 011 t l : ~other hand,
otllers do not live beyond the age of f'oi'Ly,-
r~i:n>rlly ~ olnteclto the M n c r o b i i, whose wornem
- c w oflklwi ng b c ~ tonce. i\gnt,I~iz~~l~iti;,s sna
fl~c:smni? o f I,lirin, adding ttll:i.i,I,llPy s11l):iist nu
Sacufits,::,ud :II.L~ ~ w i f Lof foot'. ' Clitarclns a,nd
ii
nccollci n t ' : i i ~ n i n nlongnnge, bllt only b ~ l i ,anti
11,~~re i i c ~ ~g rci n l t i t i ~, j ~ ~ w s,:I!]
. l < ~ C , - i ; ~ c < n r ; w:id
t h a t in wtrie ~ ~ a rthe t j femal~;s hear oil'.;l~t,ing IIIII,
once, nucl t h n t t h e cliildron aim3rvhiLe-l~ai~.crI from
their b i r t h , k c . ] . . . . . . . . . .
. .
T h o ~ cmho 1ii.e nenl- the source oB the i ; i ~ ~ l g ~ ; ,
reqniring nor:litl;; i l l Ll~c,lialie oi'i'oocl, sul)~i;r,o n
 XY
F~A~ ~ XIIT.
AL.
Strob. XV. 1.39-41, 46. I!),-pp. Y O ~ ? ~ l707. .
Oj't1,d ,Sr.wi~C L ~ A ,[ !~t , 'l S
o , ~ g t11e 1 , 6 1 1 ~ , ~ 1 ? ~ .
(39) Accorciing t u him (Bleyastho~iBi;)t he popu-
Intion of India is divillc~li u t u :;c\-c~i I , , L I , ~ : : . The
p h i 1 o s o \J h c I! s :!IT fi1.5t i u L ' C ~ III j~~, tform tile
snlallest, class in point or nnmher, "Their s e ~ r i c e s
areemployed pri-roLe!yL,y persons v I ~ om.i.;11to offer
~ ~ c l . i t i w01's ~ : L . ~ O I , I I OI L I I ~ I - , : L I C I . ~ I ~rit,~::,n l ~ d also
pub!ic;ly by the i t i ~ ~ gill q wI1;tl is c;cl!ctl ll!c C;i,eal
BYnocl, w l ~ e r e i l ~ :tt I,he b c g i l m i ~ ~ gu i t,lie n e w
yenr dl Lhe p l 1 1 1 i ~ o ; ~ i l eare r s gnt,l~eredtogether
before the k i n g at Lhc gat.^, T T ~ I C I Lany philoso-
pher n h o may lmr c coili~~iil.i.i.clan!. II;( 1'111 s u g
gc,,Liou Lo \vriLiugj or o l ~ a c l ' ! C L ~d11y 117Ci!Il?j for ii-n-
p r o ~ i l l g r 11,: crops nncl Lha cnt8Llc, or for promot-
g pulblic i n i c ~ c t : t .~OI:I;II.CY
i ~ tlic ~, it publicly. If
2 n y one i i cloccu~eclg i\~iugh l s e i~~i'ot.rt~i~tion lill,ice,
the lav cc~nclelnnshim to :.1 zilenb Ihr t;he re.,t oi
his llte, I J I L L he rrho ~ I I , L , - - \ O I I I ~ I advice .~ I - . I,\-
6rnptid ~ V O I paying ~ I itllv Ca..;~..ior c o i ~ t ~ ~ i b u c i u i ~ i .
m e I:, ~ 1 1 0li71'n: the I~ulliof bllc population, ;uid : I I ~
in diq~o"t,ior? mu.: inilil sild :;c~:~.lc. T~IL.,.;L L ~ E

50 town, ciLlicr Lo tnkc part in its tnmnlts, o~ for

Liny other p n ~ y ~ c" 11
. thcrcfoi*c IXL ~ i r ~ r ~ w ~ i i c ~ l t -

keep csttlc, n ~ i d1,o d l di.;~ngl11animals or lct t l ~ e n i

ont on him. 111v u t a r n Cor clc,zril.g tl:c h11i1 OC
wild b e x h nncl fowls mllicl~ dorour ilic scccl:,

-
and li -.c 1111;icrtents.
N ~ I U .S7;S !'I. C i r l l h i \ s 111,!1!.

OF wild nni~nals.
[So mnch, Lhen, o n Ihe xi~l~jcct
former sinploy r ~ st hcir concjjntors the cour.t;ez:~r~.~
of t h e city, and t h e latter the conrteznns ol' bile
camp. T h e ablest mlcl m o s t t r n s t w o r t h y mcii ; L I , C
xppoiutcrl t o fill these cflceu.
~ ~ L c a n - i s ~ sor tile c o n n c i 11 o r i
T h e S C ! Z ' C ~ class
a n d a s s e s s o 1- s of t h e king. T o them belong the
highest posts of gouernmclrc, Ihc tribunals of
jnsticc, nncl t h e g e u c r d administrsltion of public
tlllLil.>,$ NO cue is a l l o ~ e c tlo marry ont of l i i ~
 t i l e 1;~11;1,as is done in Eggp! , :aid il~,s~lc:c:L
GIIYI., I he
sluices by mhicll v r ~ t e ri s let ont from the ~llnin

t;~scs,nut1 sul~erintcllilt l u O C C U ~ : L ~ ~c0nnec1-

U ~ S
ed w i t h 'I~and,as I l ~ u , $ cor ille I Y U I ~ L ~ L , L ~ ~ L L ' I1
' ~1
~1. ~
 ,. .
,.!l*jl!l~il i l l l o , ;>:110,1i!+ of ti!?? IKL?~!. 1 % 1llPl-cj ~ -
Jwr, of t , l [~i ~ r )look ~ , a,Sl;ei-e\.-~,j~ l ~ i ~ t ~ ~ ~ i ~ ~ l ~ ~ t i ~ ~ ~ ; ~
1 1

i 11i: i111:IwIri,~l ; L I Y :. ! t ' l ~ n ~ ~LIII, n I ~ ' : ~ ~ ~ ~ o I I ; !~ I , ! , > I I ~ !

t o the pi1 I c i .:inmc~;t ~ or I ~ ) I ' . ~ ~ ; I I ~ ~ I ' \ . '1'0 t ; l ~ i - ' : . , ~
t 1 1 i , ) - s s s i p lorlgi~~gs, :~li,ltlloy liccl> \v:atc*llover
t11t,i1,1111j~l~;s of IilL by I ~ I ! X I I OS ~; ~ 1 1 0~ s ~~ ~ I ~ s o I I : ~
~ v l r to1 1~ r ~ ~ i lto : c t l ~ c r n f o ~ n s , ~ i i ; 'I'licy ~ : ~ ~ k<scoimt
~i+.
1,ii(:111 011 i;he im,y I ~ ~ I I t11c.y P ~ icave t l ~ con111 c ry, I H - ,
in t , l ~ r : eycnt of i-licir ilyilig, fi)l,\a~~r[1 t,llcir 111.0-
pertmyt o t h i r r u l n t i v ~ ' ~Tlii!y ;. tnke cnm of t:hoin
wlien they are sick, nncl if t l ~ c yilic l ~ u r ythorn,
'Tlic t,hird lmly coi1;tists or t11o:;o IYILO i ~ ~ i l ~ l i y e
~ i l c na n d how biri113 ant1 ilcntlis occliy, n.ii,li
t11c view not only of levying ~1, tas, bnt also in
o ~ i l o ~that . births and deaiihs among both l1i~11
r ~ ~ ilow t l may not escape i8hccognizance o l C:ov-
ernnicnt. 'The ibnrth clnss ~ u p e ~ i u t c n rtrnile ls
and commerce. I t s ~ncalhers have cliwge oi'
wcigl~tsa nd mensores, rind see that the prodiicts
i n their season arc sold by pnblic notice. No
one is nllon-ed to den1 in moi3cthnn one lrincl o r
cornmoditg nnlcss he pays a dooble tax. 'rl.'lic
fifth clnss supeyvises manafactnred aitic!ox,
w-hich they sell by poblic notice. W h a t is new
is mltl scparntely fiom i v h d is old, and there
is a fine for mising the two togetlier. 'The
sixth and last clnss consists of Lhose who col-
lect the tenths or the prices of the n-rt'icles field.
F'IYLII~ in the payment of thi:j tax is pn~.iislleil
with rlent'l-I.
'f;l~i'11 iblY? t l l ~ ?~ 1 1 1 1 1 ~ ~ ~ivJlif!/l i i ~ l i ~ L I I W I ~ 11odi1,:;
 FlLil.~X. xxxv.
AZliau, JILL A I ~ ~ I IKILL
?. 10.
61J'2/21: ZLSD (f ~ I W S ~
C~St tElepl~u7~lc.
(l
Cf. F T S ~ UXXXIV.
I. 13-16.
TVl~cni t is said tlm1 nu Indian by springing
foi.war~lin front of a llorsc call check his speed
a n d hold him J~ack,this is not Lruc of all Indians,
but only of auch as have been trained from boy-
hood to ulallnge I~orses; for it is n practiuc v i t h
thcm to control their liorses with bit aud bridlc,
and Lo make them move n t 3 measnrecl pace and
In a st8r,zig-ht course. l'l~~mynci~ller,h o v e v c ~ ,
p l l Llieir tonguc by Llic! us(: L'C h i ~ i l ~ w : ! ~ L I Z Z ~ ~ S ~
nor torture the of of Llicii~moutl:. The pro-
fessional trainers break Llienl iu by forcing
them t o gallop round nucl ronlril in a ring, ee-
pecinlly whcu they see tl~enl ~tl'inci;oi*y. Such
as uuilert~nl<i!t'l~isw ork r c q i ~ i L~Ot Linvt: a S ~ V O I I ~
liarld as wcll ns a tllol.oogh h o ~ l d gul'~
 horses. T l ~ cg rmtest proficients Lcst Ihefr skill
by clri~iilig a, clla,riot round m l ~ lro~lncl in L:
ring ; and in truth it wonlc? be no L d i n g
Cent to contl~olwith ease a team of four high-
metbicd stcctls when whirling round in a circlc.
T h e chariot carrios two men who it besick bhe
cl~nriolccr. The wnr-elephant, e i t h in w11:lL
is callccl thc bower, or on his bare back in soolh,
carries three fighting men, of whom two shool
f i ~ ~ tl~
n csiclc, whilc one shoots from bchiud.
T l w c is :~lson fvarlh man, who carries in liis
Iiailil ?he goad w!~crzrnith lie gaiclcs Iho anilual,
mnc!! in t,lic same may as t l ~ cpiloh and captain
ol'a ship direct its coursc with the hclrn.
Pxai: JI. XSSVI.
Strnb. XV.1. 41-63;-1111. 70-1,-706.
Qj ~ l q l l l l ~ ~ ~ ~ b ~ .

C01lf. X l ~ i t: ., k-56.
( F r a g ~ nYXYI
. I I.6 has pi~cccilcilt his.)
A p~iv:tteperson is n o t allowed to keep either
a Eiurse or mi clcphnnt. Thcsc nnim:~lsal+eheld
to be l l ~ cspeuId property of the king, and
persons a r c appointed to td,-c care of them.
The rn:tnner ul'hiulling the elephant is this,
Roouil m Law p;~Lcl~oi' g m u n d is clng n deep
hrench :lbouL tirc 01' six sLndia in csbcnt, and
over Lhis is Ihrowll a vcry uarrow bridge whici:
access to the cllclos~ir*c. Into this en-
closure are introclnoccl t l m c or f o w d' Lhc h l -
t,yained i'eiuale elepllauiu. Tl:c men tl~~cn~sclvc:.
lie in ambush in conceald h~;l:j. ' T h e wi!ci
 rlep1iant.i do u o f appt,oncl~thi* trnp in t 11c ~ 1 )7 -
Lime, bnt ihey e u t w ~t at oigbt, going i l l ollr
bg one. ' TTTI1(.n all Ilnw pnclwl the eui r*:znw,
the men secrolly cloie i t np ; illen, introclncing
the strongest of the talne figl~tiilgc l c p l ~ n ~ t ~ ,
they Gght it ont will1 tlic wild oucs, whom a t
the snme time they cnfceble with hungel..
'\JT1ml the latter arc now overcoinc wilh lit-
tigue, the boldest of the drivcrs dismonni ~111-
obserrcd, and each man c ~ ~ c c punclcr s his om11
elephnnt, a n d f ~ o mthis p o i ~ t i o n creeps under
the belly of t h e wild elcphant and Lies his
fect together. Whcu this i z done Lhey incite
the tame ones t o beat those whoso feet are tied
till they fa11 to the ground. They then bind
thc wild ones am1 the tnmc oues togclhcr ncclr
to ucck with thongs of raw ox-hide. To pre-
vcut them sElnlring theiuselves in orcler to tlirorv
off those who attempt to mounL them, l l i e mako
cuts all ronud their neck an& then put thongs
of leather into t h e incisions, so that the p m
obliges them to submit to their fcttcrs and to
remain quiet. Florn t h e n~ltnbcrcd~lgbh they
reject such as a r e too old or loo young to be
serviccrtble, and t h e rost they lead away to t h e
stables. Iiere thoy tic tllcir I'cct onc to anoil~er,
and h5tcn thcir ncclc:, to a firmly fisecl pillar,
and trtuic tllem by hcinger. 1AFtcr this they
rebtorr. tl~oir btrcngth with grcen reeils and
grass. '['hey ~ i c teach~ t t h c u to bc obedient,
whirll l iwy et&c~L 11y inoi11ing t IICIII, s i ~ l ~ o
G.~C{../,.; , \ , u d -t:l<.L o t l ~ e ~ ,L;?
- 3 f > : 1 ' < ; 2nd l-iie
m~i-ricof t,he i l i * ~ ~ l l a ." Few oL' ~ I I P I ~ I : I W found
diilionlt to tome, SOY they o.w no.i~~i~-n.llgmild so
2 n d ge11l.le ill t l i ~ i ~r 1is~)ositioll Ihnt iJlieynppi.ox-
imnte io mtior~nlc r e n i , ~ i ~ w Some . o r them hire
ilieir i1rive1.s rnlic,n fallen in bottle, xnd
carry them off in sefcty from Ihe field. Gtliem,
when Llleir ~nnstershave s o ~ ~ g refuge hi I,et)ween
their forelegs: l ~ n v cfonSht i n t l ~ c i rclcrcnce and
saved llicir lives. If in n fit of anger they
kill either [)he mnn wlzo fcecls or t,lie mnn who
Smin8 ~,IIOIU, t,l]c;y pine so milch for tlicir loss
i h n l they ~ C n s cto lalie food, a n d so~notimes
die of hnugrr.
V
' TL-cyeopnlnte like l i n i w ~ :111cl , the female
ensts hct. calf clirfly in spl'ing. JL is Ilic season
?or the male, when h e is in licnt nu13 becomes
I't:l,ocious. A t this time he disclim~gcsn, falty
sihst,ancc tlirougll an orificc near the tcmplcs.
J i is also t h o xcnson for i,lle fcmnles, when tJliu
col~responclingpni.sn,gc opens. l T ' l l e y go wit19
yoimg for n period which vnrics from sist:cen to
cightcen months. Thc clam sucliles licr cnlr
!hsix ycnrs. '' Most of h m live as long nfi
rnc.11 who attain csl.l.crne long:.cvit.y,rind solnc lire
o v c ~two l ~ l ~ n c l ~ ~ ~ l jTe hn yr sare . liable to mnlig
dihtk:1111m"qnn.~ndare not easily cured. l5 The
a.c~rlcily~ O I -~ liscn~scs or i,he cyc is to ~vnsliit with
cows' niill:. F o r lnost o f i.lieir oL11er disrases
drnngl~ts oS 1)lncl; v i n w ~ e ntlnliilisiei~eili>ot b c u ~
F o r Ihr cure of their ~oniiil::tliey are mnclr ie
3~;:j,iiovbjlfi,jl,:i',)i, :i111;: j ~ : i y ; i OIII, II?III. 1 h e ~ r
WI>VS aye ~ O I I I ~r(>jl
II r v i ~11 T W~ I I I J ' , ; !11&>!11.
F R I I .ir.
; XXSYTT.
Art,, I t d , ell. 1:;-I I..
( P s n < ~ nXSSIT,
. coiilcs ImCore tliis.)
(St,,- 1 1 1 t s ~.i~au..lnLiou Arriuu's l~~tZil~,c,)
LFw.i(,nr. S S S V I S . B.]
Alinu, Ifist. Arri;,i. X l I . 4.1.
Of l 3 l q J l m l ~ S .
(Cf. $r~,gin. X S S V I . 9-10 m d X S S V I I . 9-10
i d . C. XIV.).
1 o India nn clcpl.~antif c m g h t when Cull-gl*omuis difi-
cnll; to tamp, nntl lonqiiig fov i'l.imIum tl~irstsFor bluoll.
Silonl11it I,(, I J ~ ~ I iu
I I chnins,
~ ~ iiiis iSs:1,~rt~l.ltcs it still I I I O ~ P ,
1 it 1 I 1 1 tto n I '1':ic l ! ~ ~ l i . ~howerel.,
us,
wa,x it mitli food, n,nd -c$'l;Ic pncify i t with vnrions things
J'OY vhich il Ims :I likiliy, Lhcir nil11 I~cingt o GI1 its stoniacll

nuJ to sootho its t c ~ u p i v . C u l it is b ~ i l :l uigry nil11 them,

nnci Lnki's n o ucificc of l l ~ i ~ mTo . n h L Jcvicc do Lhcy thcn
w s n ~ , !? T11cy ~ i l i gt i ) i t t!~t'ir l d i v e u e l o d i c ~ auil
, sooih
i t wit11 lhc music of an i n ~ i ~ w a eiu~ lcomulou t use wI~ic11.
lws ~ 0 strings7 ~ and~ is calloil n sl~imlcrpsos. Tho crcat.urc
now lxiclrs up its cars, yields to tlle soothing strnin, onrl its
nnger fiubsides. Thou, though thcrc is an occnsional out-
burst of it)s snl?pressccl pnwion, it gradually turns its oyo l o
its food. It is thou freeil from its l ~ o u ~ lbsu, t ~locsnot, seek
lo FSCDpC, beiug outllrdlccl r i t l i tha music. I t oven tnlci-.:,
food eorcrly, nu$ lilic a lusurious guest rivctcd to the
Ecstirc boar~l,has no wish to go, from its l o w of ibc mn~io.
F n a a ~ S. S S V I I I .
a l i a u , liist.Anin%.X I I I . 7.
Of i 7 l~l / '~, < ~ C i1s! [~ ,E~ ~ L ; ~ , ~ ~ I / ~ I / S .
(Cf. I h g l u . XYXVI. 15 nnd SXS\-11. 15.)
r
I1he I m l i n n s c w e the n.o~-indsol' i h c l i \ l ) h d n
w l ~ i c hI j h t > r~nich, in t h e innnncl, I'ollom-ing :-
They h e a l i 1 1 ~ 1 1 1i ll Lhe n7:ry in n,liich, 2:; p i 1 0 1 ~ 1
applying and inscrti~igpieces of porlc, hot but,
~ t ~ i~&&ing
ll thc blcocl. T l q cum opllthnlmin
wiib colvs' milk, which is first used ns n fomei1l;-
ntion for the eye, 2nd is l l m injected into it;.
Illle animals open their cycliils, a d fincling tllcy
1

cn11 sec bctlcr arc cleliglltc:d, nild n1.c scnsible of

bhcr Lstl<i;l like human bcings. I n proportion nR
their Lliudncss climinishcs llicir clcligi~i;
ovcin.
How, nut1 h i 3 is a tolien that tllc disease II:IR
1)ecu C L I ~ T J .T l ~ c~wueiiyfor otilcl* clistemprlx
i80 which they w e liablc is black wine; ant1 il'
this polio11 f d s Lo morlr a cnrc nothing cljc (:nu

lhictnl. XXXIX.

these nuts. Amoug tho Derdni, n p e a t t l ) i be

o T Indians, who inhabit the inonnl;ains 011 llle
c m L e n l burclcrb,f t11cl.e is :w olcvaie~lplnic:~u;
:~bonI, 3,000 ~ t n d i a in ciicnit. 13cncitlll t l ~
sui41~cot h c ~ cal-c miiics of gold, aucl hcrc ac-
cordingly arc foniid thc a n t s which dig for tlial
mctal. Thcy are not inferior in size to )lilt1
foxes. Thcy ruu wit11 alnaziilg spccil, n n J live
by t h e produce of the c l ~ a s e . Thc Limo when
they dig is winter.$ T h y throw np h a p s of
eartli, as moles do, a t tho mouth of tllc mincs.
The golil-clust lias to bc snbjcclcd to L: little boil-
i u g Thc people of tlic ncighboulhooii, C U L U ~ L ~ ~
sccrctly will1 bcasts of bnrclcu, carry this oil: IC
lllcy c c u c opcnly the a u k ~ v ~ u l cnttnck
l ilicrn,
am1 p ~ i m u cthcm if tlicg flecl, nm1 woulcl clcstroy
both then1 a d their c.~Ltlc. So, to cIluct the rob-
Itcry witl~ontbiiug o l ) ~ c l v d t, h y lay down in
several cliLKcrc~111placc.; pieces ol' lhe flesh of
wild bcasls, ancl ~ h c Llio n ni& msc 1)y this dc
vice ~lihpersod thoy carry off blii: gold-clubt.
Tllcso are tho D R 1%d m of I'liuy, tho D :I,?.& d ro, i of
l'toluluy, s u d the D a r a d a s of S;~nsk!.it liloralurc. " T h o
Ditrcls t a x uot nu oaliuct mco. Accoriiiug t u tho accounlij
of moderu tr,av~!It>r~, Lhcy consist of w w r d wild and prc-
di~101.ytribes d w c i l i ~ ~;~utoug
g Lhe mouutainii ou Ihe uortll-
wed; froulicr of KAiu4r an2 b y the haulrs of the Iuclus."
I d . A'ttt. lac, cit.
j; Tho ts)ilo-land of Chojotol, Boo J0u.i'. R. GEO+ ~h.
vol. XYSIX. p p l i D sorjq.-Eu. k d . A i t t .
5 " Tho tniuws of Tholi-Jt~lung; 111 spitc of tho c o l ~ l ,
profer worliinq l u winlor; m ~tho l ~ I L I I I I UT
~ ~ their
C ~ tcul:.,
which in smurncl. ainouul:~ Lo t h e u h u u i i ~ c ~ rkt.:; l, 11,
ncarly six huudred in w i u i c r . 'l'L~ty ~I.CEEI. 1110 willl~I., ;I:;
f h o I'roanu snil ~ L o u:jtitrici.j\ I P [I, J ~ C iId uot likely Lu trt.d!Ic!
then1 much by i'alliug in."-l,.(.
'This l l v y scll to ally tl'nclcr t11c:y =cot wilhl!
wliilc it is still in tllc sln.tc of ore, for t,bc art o f
fusing melds is ~ 1 ~ 1 i n o r nton tlicni,(l]-

'!thy gcl the gold frum s ~ l t s . Thcso OI~:.LLIII.C w j:~rger

I i
~ l u nfowu, hnt nro in uthcr rcsl~ccklilto the i ~ u t sof our
own cr~unli*y. T h y dig ho!cs in tllc oarlh like other auis.
T h e hoo,p which they throw up cuusihts of gold t h ~~urc:;l,
and brightest in nll tlic ~ o r i d . The monuds arc pilcd u p
close lo cnch o t h r ill rognlal- order like l.il!ock~ oi yoltl
dust, mhorcl~yall r;ho l>lniuis ~uailccfi~lgi.~;c, 11. i. Llficnil,
thcrcforc, to look loi~nrclcit l ~ cmu, and mnuy w h o hnvc nt-
iempto11 to do tilid ~I:LYU t h ~ r 1 ~ 1iit'>Lroyeil
)y th& cyc!3i&l.
T h e pcople who are ucst ~ ~ c i g h b o n rto s tho nuts, with re
vicw to pinndcr Ll~c.~:Lco.lis, CTliPH tl~t:i ~ ~ i ~ ~ r v c ui li ~u g~ e r t ,
which is of no gn-::t I ' S L C IU ~I I~J ,U U ~ Cun
~ wnguus t o which
they hnvo yokctl LhL,i:. swiflust homs-i. Thcy arrive a1
uouu, a t i u o whcn Lhc nllts hnvc gone ~1uJcrgronnc1,nud n l
 ~ I I K (I P;:, :LUIIi l i ~ o i ~ ~I: l ~~ o: : ~I p ~~~ , i I~nfl rs:i,,lj ,-I!
thcsc c o ~ m t ~ i egso o i l - \ i i l W grow, and f o i ~ i l
wine is prmlnco8]
(59) I\Ieg:~sille& nl~iliosa iiifl'ci:ent division
of' tlic pliiloeopl~el~s, saying lhat they are of Lwo
kii~ds-one of ml-iich he calls tho G rncli lnanc5s,
and llre other the S a. r m a 11 e s.'B The 1': r n c h-
m a n c s are 1~c:it csLcemcc1, for t h y m c more
eonsislcut in tllcir opillioni;. From the timc of
theil, cm~ccptiollin tllc womb l l ~ ya rc u n ~ l c ~
lllc y ~ n r c l i ; i n (:arc of' 11::lrl~cdmcu, who go to
o ~ * I I I I ~ L ! l~ l l ~I I Y C ~ ~ ~ ~ IOCC ' Cu s i n g
Lllc! ~ i i u t l ~a1111,
souic incantaliuns for 1;hc wciihrc ol' licl~soli'a i ~ ~ l
ller ~ u l l ~ o ~b *d nx , in renlity give her p r a i l c ~ ~ i ;
hints and co~ulrc'l;~.The rvomell who listen nl~ish
willingly oro tliou,qht to bc tho i m s t fbrtnmtc in
t # l i t ichilclrcn.
~ Al'tcr thcil. l ~ i r ~1110 l i children a r c
LIIIL~UI' the cxrc of one pcrhoil :II'LW :~nothur,and as
-
:g :L siUCc t-lic m o r ~ Sl n p p i i ~ m s(the Ponn r ~ i c d.;1, CIP-
iueus: ot i \ l h ~ . ~ u d y i ;C~O) T I Y ~ ~ J I ~toI ~tho S 1ct LCI. wit11 t lit'
B:l,uskyit ~ o L&kci;~nnir d ( i . e . :I!I :rsr:ciic), it is cvidcut 11~111,
t h e FOYIII:. I ' q ~ l ~ i i v n s . r n i lI ' s p p i v a s , which aro Fnnnd ill d l
the BISS. of Sl.rxIio, n r c incnnmt. Tho misC:dx u w l 1101:
sni,pn$o os, siuuu ~ l ! c811 TYIICIL ~ 1 o s ~ I .wilt y L ~ ! I Logit.l~i'~
diRi~mlittlo in fo1.111 from t h c syllaldc FA. I u Lhc S ~ I I I O
~!:ryClcmout'a ' i \ X X r ; p ~ nm ~ ust l x clinngc~l init, S t r : ~ l ~ o ' s
YAci;j~ot, c ~ J ~ ~ ~ ~ I \\it11 : I I L I ~~ I&118k~it
, , ~ I I ~;.!G<II~, , Y ~ / / L C L -
~
' tho illan or 1 . 1 1 ~ fiwi L 1 1 i . i ~ c::\Cc,s ~ 1 1 0 ,a fter tile tevm o f
hi< l . o ~ ~ . s ~ hL . ~~: I !lI >t l ~I:. t \ \ ~ i g , , % I , \I::$ C I I I ,I.,YL 1 1 1 ~ 't l ~ i v ~ l
~ . , , < Ior I I ( 1I1 ~~Lt,r,:IIIOi 1 . 1 111, ~ ~~,~w+!txl r < :L) life in t l ~ c
(, ~ , , , ~ . . i l ~to
\ \ n l \ l - .{/~:,I,L)."~->:~,~I.,!,:II/I~ 1vlc, 1).4li; Tl. Il. \\'il,\.au, C r l n - . q .
'' rt i~ , I V : ~ J L ,~, !~ I I ( , . : ~ I,), I , " ' \ V I I ' , ILI? SIII,I,!,III,X
~ I Ii~tl,!-,
\\stx~(,, S O I I I I , ~ . ~ ~ ! ~ i - i , l i~, Ii Il ,i ,~, i~L,)
<I l)i: 1111(1~[11i~1~, ii~iil o ~ ~ I P I . : .
~1c.n)ill2 I ! I ~ I I I I I I,,. IIC.LI,\Yi./1,.11iy:11~11111111~!1~ 111.1, :1511111
uu Ihob & l , l < , h , 11111 I l l L ' t ! ] ~ i l l i ~ (~$ l1 ~l \ l , l s ~~V'III,- ~ hl : I [ ~ ~ I I ~ , ~ ~ : ! ~ ~ ~
uImsrevLhc L I ~ I I I Iw l l i i co:~L~,i~d Lli;iU iliry w i ~ i I?u~l~llii:,b* ."
; X I S C C ~ 1 1 ~ 1 0 1 1 I ~ I ~ ~ ;I ~ V > 011
~ T?lCiLl~ ] 3 0 i ! l k ~Il?ll

o p i 1 1 i i , 1 1 3(x)i~~(;id<b !.:j~(,k,,
~vii,11I , ~ I o Y ~of' [ l i e
l i l i c tli~,ruLllc?y say t , l ~ ; t;hc
~ l , wo~*lillmil :L Lcgili-
rnli~:g~:-~ndis liablc i,o rlc':<li.~~ciion, n8ndis in s11:~pc.
aphcric:ll, nlld t1iaij the L)uiLy \ ~ h on i a h i L : :mt?
w h o govcl,~lsil: is ili1ll1sc;l L111mng11:~11i t s pmk.
a'llcy h o l ~ lth:d various first principles opcrntc
i r ~tlic unircrsc, and that water was thc priil-
ciplo employcci in the maliinx ol' Ihc worlcl. h:
:~clclition to the four clcmci~ts !.here is n NL11
n,gcllcy: from which the ic:arcii a n d t h e s k w s
~vel-ep rodnccd.$ Tllc x x t h iu plncctl i ~ i the
V C I ~ ~ut'~ tho
C u n i ~ c 1 . s ~ .C o n c c l - ~ i i gcncr:~Liuii~
n~
tlild the 11ZttUrc of tlic old, all6 1iKtlIS oi,lici.
>u!rjcc:t~; tlicg cspwss vicws like tkcsc. 1 1 1 : ~ i i i -
iaincil by tho C;l,ccl<s. T1:cj- wrap UI: Lhcii
iloctrincs &oat il~nlioi.l:ili(-y :111(i f i ~ t ~ i rj~itl; c
munl, and k i n c l l d top;cs, in allcgorie.<, :~l'li:~.
the n l n m c r of Plato. Such arc his statc~u::~~l;.
regarding thu Brnc2m1ancs.
(GO) Of tlic S EL r 1n a 11 c s f j I~u tuellij us tll:~I,
 ~ L L V ; > V \ V ~ I I J : L I T ]lL'!d i l l ~ l l ~ ! <h~,llLlll'
t~ ?t,IJC ( ' : t i / ( ' !

Lllc 11y L o 1 i o i, 11 T b r y Ii,w ~ I I LIL? .ivocxl,-.,

~ S I I < , I Y : ILhcy ht~l):,isti ~ nl c : ~ ~ - w ill' Lri !>:, ; L I I ( I ~vihl

~ ' V L I,<, ~ I x1i1 nc:w ~ ~ V I I I C JII:X~C I ~ ~ S ~ Y ~ I Ii Iic I hk

U S 1 1 ~ s .T11cy r , b s t a i ~tirti~tl ~ ~ C S L L : L ~~ ~ L c I ~ ~ I I I ' , ~ :

~~1111 SL*O wino. ~ 'I'llc. colul~lul~icntcwill1 1111:

ki~igs,vlio consult Llic11l by Illcs.;cngc18s: ' c z i ~ ' ~ i -
i n g lL11c canscs of tliings! and ~ v h oLli~,ong!l tlic~li
\~orsliip am1 s ~ ~ p p l i c : ~tl;c t c duil'y. NcsO i i ~
hvnonr to lllc Iiylobioi arc t l ~ cpl~,~sici:ras, sil~ce
I l ~ c ~nrw c n ~ a ~ g cin d Lllc stncly of t l i ~i1:rtlii.c ol'
tnail. They w c fiiinpl~ ill tlli'il, 11:il!i~s, bi~!~1vi-lot
l i w iu ifhc iiclil-;. Tl~cll.root1 C O I I F ~ R ~or , < 1 . i : ~i r ~d
barley-~ircnl,which t l ~ c gcnn :?lw,y:y-:, t'ur tllc
~ l l ~:h~iillS~, l ' ~ ~ 01, l u x i \ T r l , ( X h illcw I\ll!l c11kr-

Laill I.llc:nl as g i ~ c s t sin i,llei:. lioc::i,b. I:y 111ci~

~ I L U I V ~ C Lof ~ ~ I>~I;LYIII:I.CY
C thc'~ 111:ili~ III:I!'-

ri:lps Crnitfnl, n m l clrl crmino tllc ,dcs vl' I 11i.:

ullbl~ring. .Thcy cfcct ci.iTe,5 rnthci*by r'cgula!.
ilig die1 ~ l ~ n by i i tlic nsc of nlcilicincs. Thc
~c~uoclic~s II:OS~, cdc~[~i11~,[1 : I I , V oi11tluc11is : u ~ d11l;ts-
k r ~ . All olhcrs I l ~ coiisiclc,, c~ to I)o i n :I.grc:~l
rrrcnswc lwrniclo~biu Ihcir ~ l a L ~ w c . This ~ [ cl:~s~:
:~lli: L h oh^ cla,-s 111':ii:fi::i: t'ort,iLiitic, I,olli bg
i i n ~ l o l p i n g::lciive toil. :i!1t1 liy the t:nclar::ncc ol'
pain, so that illcy l'cxuiril~101. n n . 1 ~ 0 1day ~ ulo-
lioliicss in o m Gsccl attiti~de.'~'
and towns.
 XLII, :I.
F::'+>:-.lL
En: CII. J ' r i ~ ~E c~.~IX,
. ii,-pp, $U
,I c, Ij ((7~1,CUIIJII.li; <?'I.
E L Clnn, Ales.
Agrtin, in n.:hlition t o t,his, T ~ ~ v t h on
c i 11c w i t e z
Lhns :-
"AJc~g:!;;Ll~c!~(~s,
t i ~~r i ~t o ~n-l~"
. Iiwid j~iL11 Sc
hllkos X i h L o r , writes 1nino:jt c l e a r l y ol; Lhis poiliL
and t o this effect :-' A l l tlinL has b e e n said,' " $c.
Fnaoar. XLIZ. 6.
Gyrill. C m t m J ~ t l i : c ,IT.
~ . (Opp. ccl. Paris, 1635, T. QT.
13. 15 1 Al. L'L Ckm. ilks.$'

Arisiobonlos I h c Peripatetic scmemlicre i ~ r i t c s

to this cBcct :-" All that has beell said," &c.
Fn-iom XLIII.
Clem. .111~.
S ~ A , , .I, 11. 003, 1%: C (c3. Colon. 1GC'S).
Of t l ~ dP ~ L ~ ~ O S O
of ~Iiiidit~.
~I.CI~S
[Piilosophy, thou, nit?)all i t s h!chscJ a~lvauta,gcsto mnn,
iioarishcsl lhmg :1;,c,, ago among Illi' barbarims, iliii'osiug it;
li& nnlo!li: tlw Gcntilcs, m i l crcutually p o n o t m M into
Gl.cccc. It.; I~icroplmliamcrc tllc l i r q h t u srnong tho E:.;i.p-
tions, tho C h l d ~ ~ : ; ~among
u s the Assyrians, thcDriiidsn II I' 111g
Llv Ga~ilg,Ihi! S n r in a n 3: a 11 s d o more tho pliil~1s11plu.1.i~
ol' tllc :I .'L lit r i n u s mcl the I h l t s , the Magi among the
l ' I ~ ~ ~ iwino,
l l ~ ~;IS~ ,you h o w , suno~ulcod i~cft~rt3hanil the
birtli u l tho Sn\iour, being Icd by n, star till tlmy :~r!.ivcil
h 111,: land of Jutlza, auil among the Jncli:i:!s tlic G ~ I I I L O -
so~,l~i;i.;,n:d nthcl. phil~,::oplicr:~ iir Inrl~?.rousn:l!iur:~.J
T1lc1.e arc t v o scct:; o i ' l l l u s c I i d i a u plliloso-
p11cl.s-one callcd t h o S a r 111 h 11 a i mcl llic o l l i c r
~ l l cG r a c h ~ i l h a i . CI.IIII!~'(:LC~:! v i t h the Snrm5li;:i
xvc Ll~c~ i l ~ i l o ~ ~ ~ cEI~ y~1~o 11 i o i,.,! milo
c ; o~ lpl c~6Lhc
. --
L"!I i i ~, iI\, ,,~;12~),t l~,.,n~,ll C!y~,ilfi>llo\v~C I e ~ m m I,I!!
t3r
~ , V I , O:LLII IIi ~l ~ It i,~ I IN, 11.1I , I , : Li,,~ ,, 3r~~;~abLh@n@s to h i h -
1,,,111,1.:t h e I ' ~ > . i l ~ , i l ~\ 4~ iI I~O, I I I ( I,:liie~t~ u u l y ~w,lisc-j."-
50.
~ ~ ~ < ~ l l \ \ ~ i , 1).
l l l ~ ~ , ~ l ~ ,
T 'Y'IN: r,:ttd~ugI V l~ i J K
~ S i,, Allv!,ioi.
:tt5tII I P I , Ii\,c it1 riLiw 110-I, WCII i l l ~ O L I S P ~ '~I .' l t ~ , , ~
(~I~>I,IICL i11~11isslv~s lriL11 !,lie IJ:LI,I< n f I , w P ~ , I L I I s~ l l b
sist 11pou n.corns, :and clrilr!; n n t c ~I J ~lil'tiug it to
1 1n I I i l t i 1 1 Tlicy neit,!!e:. 1nnri.y
noi. l ~ e g e tc hililrc~i[likc Lliose nsccbics or o u r O X I I
cl:ly c.tllcd Lhc Enlcrnti.ini. Atu.~t!gtlrc T~iilin~ts nrc
Lhosc p 7 ~ i l u s 0 ; ~ 7 ~ :also
~ ~ , ~ .~: ~ l follom
i o tlic precepts
o r PJ o u lL 3,s ivllom tllcy h o n o ~ i r a3 n go11011 ac-
mlmt of his estrao~~dinnrp snnctity.j
faith in lire ancient lii:jiol.y oi' 1 d i a . 1 I:: pcoplc.,
:,;I)::, n r v e i d c n l : m c x p c c l i t i o l l :~i!i.o:~!i,n o r . { I - 2 1 ~
t l l c i r COLIIIJI'Y ever inv:tcleclallcl c'o~1qu1:1.ccl cc~ccpl
by F1~r;~l.;lc.s an11D i u ~ ~ j s oit^s oltb liiilcs, a1111by
the Jrnkc~loni:~nsin our owu, Yet SesGsLris
(#heEzvptian*
L ,, and Te:~rk6n Ll~cEtlliopiali nd-
~- -

10 t11c i ] 1 x 1 1OF S C , I I I ~ Y , IiIr i~ If ~i ~S i; t ~1116 x ~JI~!I;LI of !II:.,

celehr.;ttril rjliccti i i t t i l e Slh rr,t~trwyOF o u r cre-an ,il~uc1 1
v l ~ i c !is~ rjt~itr,~ I II I : ~ I ~ I I ~ c : ni111 ~ I I ~ l h c , / f f ' i ~ , i ~ h i c l iv e p j . b c . ~ ,
Simn O L \ I ~ Y,-n!irr,~s~.r~.;,~idit:!:(I:,: ct!n~liLinilof ihc N u A b .
iVrhl nt I t t ~ l i:,~~f l ( ,IIIP r Vmii~.I ~ I I I ~ ~ S .
" K ~ L . L , I ~o , \ \ ; ! l . l , 1111, llli'lllll' 0 s l;lr (;Ill C C I I I ~ I ~ , ~ of 1'111
era,, nn1s1 d s o I I ; ~ I F ~c;irrktl I+ ltib a r t t ~ , <CYPII Lo (111, I ~ i d u , ; .
J3ibt!oricd Lr:~<li! igon ;!t I ,,il,utL11 t,i 1 1 i 1 , i the il<,+t r ~ d 0 1 o1i
K;~pisn,a n i i ~ i p ~ l ~ ipiby u l iu Lhc I I ~ I I ' S, CI ;~~ I ~ I I $ 1 1 ' l , l ~ i >
I<iiphl;s (Plin. TI. 3 3 ) ; a . d in t h c ICPWI. wi'i~ttl [lii,
As:mlkeui,i~~ia n d Ilir A:~i:~licni:~ns, iii~liwnon.; ~ . r i i ~ ~< i' f,
C i : ~ n < l i ~ r&re ; ~ , ~ I ~ L ! < I I I I P I I~ I I I O I I ~ Itis tri111iia r i ~ s[.\ irri:t 1 1 ,
fw!~ii,il, 1. 3). 'i'mditim fnrLhor rtxmint~~id i I I I I ~ , in rt:ti~ru.
iug From h:s c ~ p c d t i i , ) i ii t ~ t o111dk1, K y l n s h:t,cI seen !~i..
wliolc a r ~ n ypi'rix11 it1 [II,' 11,!svrt 5 o r fit tlt,t>,i:~( A l., ~ o,~
)I , l ~ ..
I . 2 , 2 ) 'J'lti l ' c i . - i : ~ l,~l ~ . t i ~ ~ i t ' :i t~1 t ii ~l ~~ t, ,,!iill.lr.~., ~ ~ I.:,;
lcit morn t h a n one Lraw iii llic g i ' c o g z ' l ~ l ~ni od n ~ e n u i ; ~ , L ~ ~ r e .
It; is sntlicicni 111 wcnll L!IP I I , I I I I < ? of t h o l i h o : l a l ~ h , ~uuc
ur Lltc , ~ T , L L :~iIiuentsof LIN: ICOl,li;k.
" \VLatoi~r:r 110 l i ~ rc e d Iii~l~!ric,~ l cliarnctur of I l l ? i.hpcdi-
Lions of Scmir:~~ni.::L!IL~ Kyrus, i L is i ~ i . h it~h al t t h i r C O ~ .
quesls on t h e lnilus wcsc only I I W I ~ I I I . : L I . ~ a.cijuihi(i<.1i7,
siuce a t tho cpocll wlicn D:irei<i Jl y s t n a ~ ~ Srsn o n ~ ~ ! ~tlh: ,~l
tluone t!ic c:~sLcl.n f ~ m t L i ~ .01 r tlic c t i ~ p i r e (lid noi go
I ~ ~ ~ A o rud d l n 4 n (the Ilir,.c~~yr i t i if t l ~ cZoml tchls, thta
1 i ~ , x o iccalis
, ~,r' t l ~ icuneiform
* inscription:^, i h c il ~.rolii~ail,
t)f & L ~ I ~ ; I I I I I ~ I -~I ~ r , ~ f i l p ihc I l y ~p r o ~ ~ i i ~ofw s1 < ~ ~ ~ ! ( 7 ~m1c1 11,~1~'
tlf (,"~I[I:,,L, of o ~ . i \ t ~ gr<>:r,!ioliy)-tl~:~t
~ic is ( 8 , ,.,~y,O w p r i s
, i f bfgl:Anisih r:lticli lio c ; r d of i h o S u l i l t r h c i l ~ l i ~OlF
nl<,~rntains. This fact i , ~ c > ~ :i11id1~11
I 11y i 110 ~ Y L L~ r iLI i t ~ ~ ~ t : ~ l
i j l s c ~ i p i i n ~of i I:ianiitnu~i,n l ~ i c l iiiii1im:;itci l,lw last c : ~ s ! ~ ~ . t i
,y,n~il~ , i c ito \vliicll Dnrcios hncl c*:~i.lrii:clhis : I I T I I S :tL L I i t ,
1~110~11 ;viicn tl~w l ~ i o n u ~ ! i i rn~. ts c l . . ' ~ l i ' ~ 1ri'i~is . \ \ , I < 1~ for,!
11c I~nll:~c.hicv~vl his n.el!-lmo\in cott~l~~r'sl, of C I I P \;t!lr-y 01
111,' I t ~ , l uI,"--St. 3rmtii1, lY111,lcb u 1 , 1 f i ~ ' L ~ O ~ \ ~ ~ ~ I ~ I I , ! L L ? I ~ , ~ ~ [ I ~ ~ ~
t ~ tI , , I / ~ I Id Ce ,1 ~ ' 1 ~ 1 i p11. k , 11, ml,[.
< c i , ~ , ~ t ~( ,, i: ~, l l mS~,?o,":.i
l , l >y D i ~ ~ < l nl11+:2 ~ ~ ~~r :1 ~1 ~i r , 1 1 1 y
I,,VII i , l c ~ ~ i , !villi ! ~ ~Rl , ! I I I ; ( <I ~~ I >third Ling of 1 1 1 ~ - 19th
~lyu;i.,!y of Jl,incllio, t h e ~ u u f Scli, x11t1 Llic: t';~lher of
JIcncplithah tho Fhamob of Lhc l h i l u r . I q x i u a , hr>m-
erer, from :L stnrly of i h Tablet of Ilamuscs 11. fo11ur1at
dbydod in Egypt;, m c l uom i n t h o Eritish M U E I Y I I II,,:. II,
b8.c~l u r l lo i.ientiSy l11111 w i ( h t h e S ~ i o ~~ Cl iUI)?
~ C)S~I.~:I.;CI~
o";.hc g c n t 19th dyunsty.-Sce I l c i ~ ut, cij l l l d r J . t j c t ~ t i i ~ !: , ;
OJ' t l ~ cSL'UO)L~ 01Orie~~lali~~s.
I n t o ~ . ? ~ ( b L i oCOI:!II~CSS
~~d
11. /I 1.
I) i o 11 y s o 8, X e g a s ~ l i e n ~nsa d some fenr arm-
i l l o ~ sw itli llim co~isiJerentitled Lo credit, [but
tlie majority, nmocg whom is EmLost,hcnOs,
ronsidcr t!lcm incredible and f~~bnlous, l i t c the
dories cnrrenb among the Greeks .... ...I
8. Ou such gro~uldsthey called a particnlar
race oCpcople Nyssaians, nud ill& city N y s s s,y
which Dionysos hail Counilecl, aid Llic moiin-
t:tin which rose above thc city 11i! r o 11, assigning
:L:;Llicir ~-casonfor br-siowil~gtllese liarnes that
ivy gron7:; tllerc, mid dsi) llle vim, although its
!'ruii; dosj 1il1t come i o perSwtion, as the clusters,
oii acconni, or lllc Ileavi~lcssof the mins, f'dl off
lire trees I~cforeripening. They t'urL1ier called
ihc O r y ti r L: ii a, i descenclant~sof Dlouysos, be-
c a l w t'ile vine grew ill their ronntry, and t l l e i ~
processions wcre ooutlocied with great pomp,
and their I L ~ I01L1 ~going forth to wmn and on
o t l ~ e or cca:,ior:s iuwoheil in Bacchic hshion, with
t i r ~ ~ i nI~eating,
s while l h y were dressed in gay-
colonred r o l ~ e . ~which, is nko rt ccstom among
other I~iilians. Again, mhen Alexancier had
captnrcd ai the first assnillt the ~tock callecl
4 o r n o s, t l ~ cba.;c: of which is washed by the 111-
c? us n e w its source, his folio wem, magnifying the
af~~ir,afErmecl tlio 1 IlOraliles Lail thrice assau!i;ed
the name roc!; m d hadbeenthrice repulaecl." They
 SLYTT.
fhii-\r~~!.
Aw, Ind. \r. 4.12.
(See t h e trn,nslation fif .lrriml$ rii!li/l.cl.)
Faacar. XT,VIII.
~Josephusi,'o~tt,,cl,d p i o l t . I. 21) ('S. 11, p. 451, Havorc.).
Of h'ub~ichodi~oso~.
(Cf. Fragm. S L V I . 9 . )
ll1egasthenOs also expresses the same opinion
,in the 4Lh boo76 4 his I m l i k a , w h e r e llc endea\-ours
t.o show that the aforesaid king o l the Baby-
lonians (Nabonchoclonosor) surpassed I ~ ~ I T L ~ ~ C Y
in courage and the grcataess of his achieve-
ments, hy telling us that he c~onqnerecl even
Ib?ria,.
l?n,iaar. XLVIII. 6.
J o i c p h , h i t . J u d , S.ii. 1 (T. I. p. 53S, Havere.).
[In ~ l l i ps lnco (Naboucl~oclonoso~)
ereuhed also
of st'one elcvalcd places for wallcing nbont on,
S I ~ I I Isli:;ht
V ~.cscmLlaucoI~ccrrccll tlw n ~ t r i b u t e sof the two
ilbitlc>, nod l ~ d w e r nt.il~?11.1:m~: ~ c ~ ~ ) I I : ' ~toI I ~t hc mythic
concclll iclu cil? cach. Kol, was nugthiny cnsier, sftm
. - - - - - - - -- hlmipirlej
- - - - ~ll:ld
- ori6uatecl
- the fichion t h a t Dionysos h i l
r,oamcd owl. t h e h s t , t h a i ~ t o stip!xm t h a t thc god of
l u ~ n r i n n ft ccnndity ]la.cl 111a,1chiu W L L to~ India, L: conutvy
s o r ~ m n i ! < : r l ~ fo15
l c ~ t sfertility. T J cnr~firm this opiniiJu
1llc.y m:ida use of a slisht : ~ n dncci~lcutnlagrce,ucut iu
tinines. Thus Mount 1 1 ; ~scemcd a n indication of tlii:
zml ti110 sprniig from tho thigh of Zeus j i 616s ~ p$pov).
,llins
,
tbcy Lhuogilt the I < y d r ; l l i ~ o(Oxgclrnkai) the 0 E s ~ r i ~ 1 ~
{JUit~!ljsosl~ec,lo%Lha vil~cj i l iu~ their ~ country,nnd tkiy
:;I\\' 111:tt,thcir kings clislilaynil q r c n t liomp in their proccts-
sions. Ou e~jnallysligill ci.ou;~,lstllcy ~clcutilir~d Ji~:shn:a,
nmothcr god whdlll khcy ~ L \ V~ o l ~ s t ~ i p miti1 ~ m l ,L I I ; ~ : I I ~ I E S ;
m i l wlicuevels, a s nluou9 thp Silme, they saw t h e skins of
w i l J I,vi~sl:.,or clubs, or (11c li;;i,, they assi1ml il !11:lt kt&-
it1t.h l ~ , i <
; Il( son^,' tir~w, i 8 r n t l ~ ~c v
l > ~ ~ tl tI, ~ ~ ~ p . ' ' - ~ ~ ] ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ , .
11. ,u.
 F~IAG!I,
S T J ' C ~ J . ~D.
~,
G,S y u d l . 'l', 1, 11..Ll!), ed, B ~ ~ I(11.I I221
~ . ed. l'uk, p, 177
ci1. Vcnct.).
Afeg,zuil~en5s, in his fofoibi.tii. b u o l ~o j ' [hi! lirdll;ci,
represents Nt~bonchoclvuoso~ as mightier than
H&~.aliies,because with g r e i ~ ct onrage and enler..
priae he cotlqueretl the greater part of Liihgn
and LbJria.
lfina~;11. XLIY.
Aih::'l !Us itp. ~ L1. 41 ( ~ 1Colon,
L ' ! h d ~~. ' A I ~EI'. . J I; -<>
11. 156 11).
Ly' X c t b o i ~ c ~ / i u . l i ~ ~ j ~ ~ ~ ~ r .
!,aj:; b l i i t l N : ~ l ~ o ~ ~ c l l o i l ~ ~~vlir.
311>g:1si~hen(:;, ~:~:,~~i.,
av33 mightier 6h;i.n Hi:~:ql:lc::,~ trlilc~.io~,l; a n v.r.
pxdi?io;l agaixst L i b p :~nc! ILCria, : i d t h r r
Ilaving conclucrcci h e m hc plantcd n colony of
thcsc pcople in t h e parts lying to Ihc right of
Pontos.

(Sce thc Lrnnslstiou of drrian's InJibo,.)

X .B.
F R A ~ L.
I'lin. Hist, hitit. IX. 65.
Of Pccwls.
,"juinc writel-s ~zllcgethat in smarms of' oysters,
a r among becs, individnnls clistinguished for sizc
nncl beauty act as leaclers. These are of wonclcr-
ful c~ulniilg in preventing tlietnsclves bcing
mugl~t,and are cagerly sought for by thc clivcrs.
Should they be caught, the others are easily
cnclored in the nets as they go mantlering about.
They arc thcu put into carthen pots, where they
arc burled deep in salt. Dy this proccis tho flesh
is all caten away, wid the hard concretions, which
aro the pcnrls, drop down to tlic bottom.

l'l~lugon. J f i i d ~ .33.
uj t h o P ~ l ? % i l i l iLwd.
l~~~

(Cf.lhs.111. XXX. Ci.)

31t::~:1~;ll~~:113s
:says Lll~~t
1111:w01ne11of thc P a ~ i d a i w
r ~ a l iboar
i ~ cliil~lrcliwlieu they arc six year;: oI';~,gc.
 Of the Ancicqlt Ilisfonl qf f11e f i ~ c l i m ? ~ .
For the 11ldions stand almost alone among thz
natioils in nevcl. I ~ n v i i ~migrntcd
q from their own
country. Froin thc t l ~ y sof Futhcr Dncchns to
Alesalicler the Great tlicir kings arc r c ~ l i ~ n c cnt, l
154, whoso reigns cstenrl nvw 61.51 yearc and
3 months.
Solin. 5 9 . 5 .
Fnthcr Bacchus wns t h r firqt who invaded
India, and was t,hc first of 311 vlio triumphed over
the vailquished Indians. F r o m hi111 Lo Blexancler
the Great 6451 years are i~eckoncdwith 3 inontlis
ndditional, the cnlcnlntion bcing innclc by counting
~ reigned in thr i n t ~ ~ ~ n c d i period,
blle l i i ~ l gwho ntc
to the ilninber of 153.

S r r . VII. ii. 3-9.5

Of Iialanos mzd JFmzdnxis.
This shows that Blesau~ler, notmithstaniling
the terrible ascendancy which the pa~sioil for
glory had acquired over him, was not altogether
without a perception of the things that are better ;
for when he ar~ivedat Tasila and saw the Indian

5 This fmgmcut is an oxtract f r o m Arriml's l ? ~ i i c ~ l i t i o ~ l

o,f A ~ C J I L I Imil
~ ? uot
~ , his Ir~~llka 3 s s k t d ( I I Y ,111 uvi'r.
sigl~t.):LL 1). 107. T l ~ li . r : r ~ ~ . . l a tisi i ~nccwilir~gly
~ uc~\vi l l .
st>rteil.
 FR,~GW
LII.
T.
Alien, I l k / . Ai1l:ia. STI. 8 .
Qf Eiepilnxts.
(Conf. L7rn$ln, ssxvi. 10, sssvii. Ill.)
,1 lie ~ l ~ p l i a nzvhen
j t. f(w1ing nt large o ~ d i n ~ d y
drinks nnter, lmt w11en unclergoing llir f:ltigues
of war is allowed wine,-not that sort, 111)\r~cvc.r,
which colnes f r o n ~tlie grape, bat nnotlw wl~icla
is p13ep:~reclfrom rice.11 Tlic nttc~idnnlsi v l l gn
in ntlrailce of their eleplinnts and gnt,lier t h n t
tlomcw ; for tiley w e w r y fond of sweet per-
d'mnes, and thcy are accordingly taken ont to the
mendoms, tllcn. lu 11c trninecl un,lcr t l ~ ci u f l ~ ~ c i ~ c e
of the smcetesi; fraginixc. Thc auiwal selects tlie
flowcrs according to t11i:ir s~ncbll, ; u d tlirows
them ns they are gatliero~lillto n basliet which is
held out by the trainer. Tllif; bciiig filled, anti
hnrvcst-work, so to slvxdi, completed, lie tl~cll
lmtllcs, and enjoys his bath wit11 nil the zest of n
coiis~~rnmate voluptuary. 011 retwniug from h t l i -
ing he is impatient to hnve his florvers, and if
t1w1.c is d e l q in bringing them he begins ronriug,
a ~ willd not tnste a morsel of food till all tlw
fluwei,s lie gathered arc placcd before him. This
i l o ~ c ,he takes the nowcl,s o u t o f the basket with
his tr1111l; nncl scnttcr:; t1lc111o\.c+I' the edge of hi,+
 X I I ~I I I ~ ~ , ,l' :~; y
rtlat~~rbls, ,l,,\.ice t h ( a i r iiue scmi,
-
tI1i1;

be, as it I , . , x 1 1 II 1 I l i e sl.rems,
also a good qtlnt~tityo r iIt~n1 xs lillc~'over his8
stall; for lie lovcs to have his: sleep m d c swect
a ~ plcxsnilt.
d
T h e Indian elephants wcrc ninc cubits in height1
nnil five in brendth. T h e largest clel)lrt~ltsin a l l :
the lanil mere tliose cnllecl the Praisiau, nncl n e s t ,
1o tlicse the Tasilan.

FRAGM.L I I I .
A 3 l i q 1Li;t. loi it!!. IIJ., (6,
Qf(I 1F7hile l?lq)hant.
(Cf. Fmgm, sxsvi. 11, sssvii. 11.)
An IilcIiail elephant-trainer fell in with a white '
elephant-call; wliicli hc brought when still quite
young to his homc, where lie reared it, a n d gm-
dually made it quite tame nncl rocle upon it. H e ,
became much attacllecl to tho creature, wllich 1
loved him in return, nncl by its affwtion recluitecl
h i m for its mnintcnaace. Now t h e Iring of the
I~idians,having h e m 1 of this elephant, wanted to ,
take it ; but the owner, jealous of t h e love it h a d ,
for him, aucl grieving much, 110 doubt, to tl1i11k ,
that anotller should become its mastcr, refused
t o give it away, and rnade off nt once to the
desert moluilccl on his favouritc. The king was
cnrnged at this, and sent men nl paruui~,miti]
ordcrs to seize the elephant, and at the same
time to bring back the Iilclian for pnnishment.
Overtaking the fugitivc they attempted to cse-
cute their purpose, but he resistecl and attacked
his assailants from thc back of the elephant,
avhicli in the affray fought on the side of its
injured master. Such wa5 the state of matters at
the first, but afterwards, when the Indian on being
wouncled slipped clown to the grouad, the ele-
phant, true to his salt, bcstrides him as soldiers
in battle bestride n fallen comrade, whom t h y
covcr with their shields, kills many of the
~ssnilants, and puts thc rest to flight. Then
twining his trunk aroui~d his rearer he lifted
him on to his back, and carried him home to the
stall, and remaii~edwith him like a faithful friend
with his fricnd, and showed him every kind atten-
tioii:X' [0 men ! how base are ye ! ever dancing
merrily when ye hear the music ofthc frying-pan,
ever rcvclling in the banquet, but traitors in the
hour of danger, and vainly and for nought sul-
lying the sncrecl name of friendship.]
 .i. l'l~~ohalily t!ic S;lnuli!'it Tuuqavenfi,, u o v lhe Tungn-
bllailm, ;L I;n.r;.o:~ITlucntof thc II~isIii!?L
17iflu Ii!,l. Ant. rol. V,p. 12S! n o h t . A docbine of the
V e t i ? . u t ~rj~llo~il of p l l i l o ~ u ~ h ya~co~x!ill; , to n.hirh t i l o tul .\,

is i~c;~wcil as in A ijhcath, or 1.nlltw u ~wccshionoi'SIII::IOIH.

Thc i i l s ~or i11nrr cnre is tho iuw!lt:~tual one, componcd of
Llw slimr mil :iilnj~lo( ~ I o ~ I w I : ~~Ym c c ~ ~ l i l ~ i:IIILL m d ,r ol~~ii <ling
0 ' L C I ! 1 I the c I 'l'i:rs \L'c,mldis
Ihr! 111cnt;r1 slleath, iu ~vl~ich ~niiid i:: joined with Lhc I!iw
cl,ilili<, n!,, :is SOIIIU LLuI~I,with t h o O I ~ L U oS F : ~ r t i i ~ i 'L'he ~.
111ir11 i o!~qiri.-~. i;lcic t i r p u a and tl:u \ ital i ' : i ' ~ ~ l l ~,iud ( ' s , is
c:~lli~ Illc
~ l org:niic o~,\-it;~l cmc. Thcac tlii,cc SIII~:LI.\I: (1, i,.:,~)
C O I I , - I i!,1,1 L!IC
t? ::~ilit!c C ~ ~ whirl> L C ;LLL~$I:<I> LLIP SOL^ i n 11:.
i r , l l ~ s ~ ~ ~ i g ~ : 'IIIIC ~ l i u1~x1 ~ i,.~: ., i i ~ l . i :1a7iw~t~1 i p 1 1of ~ 1L l ~ i ,I ' ~ , J I . (.
! > I ~ , I I I ~ : I I ~C .O~I ~ I I > ~ ! I C I ~~ I ~I ~ L L , L ~ ~I I~ YI <I I ~ , O ~ L ~ ~ :I II I ~I ,i~ x i , i ~ i h , the~l
gl'OdS ; J O I ~ Y~ .L ' C( . ' ~ ~ ~ ~ , ~ ! ~ ' ~. ?>. ,O~ ,~l !</ ~U' S~ L[ i ' ~l ' / ~ ~ l h h , , ~ ~ Of/ l ! /
llio U I ; I L L ~LIi>w~Il's IIS, r11.pp. 392.6.
3 ' l ' l ~.llliiiity )>elwb:cn(;w1 :LIIIIiigh1 i:j the hurclt'n of (lie
; , I , ) f ! , , i u r hulieht vcr.~e td ILL \ ' d ~
 ~ , < I I iI l~ ~ pFJ-?, ! I O I ' ' I I C ~ ! ns iiic suil 01- file, biit
(;i~11i,$v:it11 t l i ~ tlic?Vcr~J-l)j-
~i~ w l i i ~ ~i 1h~ 1 , i ltl h ~ y
d o I I O L I I ~ K I I a~ rticulate qpce1.11,b i ~ t t11v d i v o ~ i ~ , s +
of ~ ~ : : t s o n\~-lir.rely
, t he I~iilJeumysteries of Iinom-
irtlge are cliscarnetl i ~ ytlic wise. This light, how-
ever, rvliiclt, t l ~ e ycall t.he TVord, cliici think to be
htoil, is, t l!ey say, known only I)!. t h e B ~ ~ n c i i h ~ n n i ~ s
tlleinseli-es, becnwe flwy nl:)i~c hnve discarcled
m ~ ; i t ylj, wllic11 is t h e outermob!. covering of the
530111. T l i ~n~enlhers of this ' : C C ~ regard death
wit,ll co~itcmptuous i.ncliflercnce, nad, as we 1i2:re
seen nlmarly, tliey slwnys pronounce the mrne of
tl:c I?city v i t h a t o w of pecci!inr r e v c r c ~ i c ~and ~,
:irlorc hiin vitli hymns. T11c.y iwi.tl~ei11:rvc wives
o r 1 i i e P e ~ s o i i smlio desire i,o lend
n life like thcirs cross over i ' i ~ ~ tmhe other side of
tl!c river, and rem:lic with them for g o d , n e w .
returniag to their o m c o u i t r y . Tllesc d s o w e
ca!ied Urachl~~nnni;, d t i i o ~ ~ g tliey
ll clo not follow
t h e same mode of' life, for there are women in the
c o u n t ~ y ,f rom whorl3 thc native inhabitxlts are
sprung, nix1 of t1ie.e women t l ~ b v I ~ c s e t OK-
spring. 'With rcgaid to t h e Word, which they
cal! God, they hold that it is corporeal, nild thnt
it m a r s t h e body ns its extcrnal (:owring, just na
 m e mlears the woolleli .iurconl, rind thnt wlmi 11
divests itqelf or the body with which it is en-
wrapped it becomes mnnifect to the eye. T h c r ~
is war, the Bsnchhmans liolcl, in t h c body n ~ h e r ~
with they are clothcd, and they regnrd thc
body nu being thc fruitfid eonrce of wars, and, 8s
we have alseady shown,fight against it lilic soldiers
in battle conteiiding against the enemy. They
maintain, inoreovcr, that all men a w liclll in bond-
nge, like prisoners of was,T to tllcir own inilate
enen~ies,the sellsun1 nppetitcs, pluttoiiy, angcr,
joy, grief, longing tlrsirc, a d such likc, while if
is only the man who has triumphed oyer (hew
eaenii~swho goes to God. I)a 11 d a m i s accord
iiigly, to whom Alexander thc i\laliedoninn paid n
visit, is spoken of by the Ernchhmnas as a god be-
cause he coiqiicicd i11 thc warfare against thc
l~od?,niid on tllc other lmnd tiicy condemn I< a 1 R-
11 o 9 as one who Iiad inp pion sly apostatized from
tlicir philosophq . The Brachhmnas, tli~rcforc,
w-Yhcn t h y have ihuflccl off the I~ocly,sce thc pure
sunlight as fish sec it 1vl1c11 &heyspring 1111 out of
the wntcr into the air.

7 Goniparc+ Pln,to, Plcwdo, cap. 39, mllerc Soki,:i 18's

: q ~ w l ; n1.1f the soul su st prcseut confined in l h e body 113 ill :I
species of p i s o n . This was a doctrine of thc l ' y i h e y o l ~ ~ , ~ ~ ~ ,
whew ~ I I ~ ~ O B I I cvcu ~ ~ I Yiu, its m ~ s st triliing pecnliniil i v ,
beam mcl, a ciu<e wsenblblance lo LLr Ib~lin,una g m r t l y 1,)
f a v ~ u Lr Le supposition that it w a s 11iscc.Llglionomi~cl il.o)r~
it. Therewas ereu a tmditivu Illst I'yllngorss had visited
[ndia.
 FRAGM.
LV.
u s , 8, 10 c t s q . oil. Louilill. lli(i':.
I'al1:~cl.rZe D , , t ~ y t i u ~ t ~ i b pp.
( C n m e ~ a r Z, ibcll. g n o m o l o g . pp. 116, 124 el seil.)
O j Xdanos and Jfandmzis.
(CP.Fragrn, xli. 19,xliv., xlv.)
They (the Eragmancs) subsist upon such fruits
ns they cnn find, and 011 wild hcrbs, which the
enrthspontailcously produces, and drinkonly water.
They wandel. about in the moods, a i d sleep at
night on pallets of the leaves of trees. . . ,
a , . . . . . , . a . . . . .
" I< a 1 a 11 o s, then, your false friend, held this
opinion, but tic is despised and troddcn upon
by us. By you, howevcr, accomplice as he wns
iu causing liiaiiy evils to you all, Ilc is ho~iourccl
and worshipped, while from our society hc has been
c o i ~ t c m p t ~ ~ o ~ ~ s ontl p c aass tunprofitable. Biid why
n o t ? when everything vvhich wc trample ~ulcle~.
foot is an object of admiration to the lucre-lovii~g
Hi a 1 a 11 o s, your worthless friend, laut no fricnd of
ours,-a miserable creature, nncl more to be piticd
than the u11ha;~piest wretch, for by setting his llcnri
on lucre he wronght thc pcrclition of his soul!
PIcnce lie seemed neither worthy of us, nor worthy
of the friearlsllip of God, and hence he ilcitllcr
mas content to revel away life in the moods beyoid
all reach of' carc, nor was he cheered with the
hopc of a blessed hercaftcr : for by his love of
money lie slew llie very life of his misernble soul.
" W e li:tw, liowcvi'~.,i t ~ l m i g dus a sagc called
P a.i! 11.:). 111 i ,~ .,!,:,.: l ~ , j i ? ~ic.< .;IIV
~~ci~d::!
qr!l~rc !>e
 iiw 011 fi p d i ~01'f lenvrs; n n d wl./rcl.el i p linq l ~ i ~ i - ,

at hand the lhirntain of pe:lce, whereof lie drinks,

snclilng, as it were, the pure brensi; o f a iriolher."
King Alesanclei~,accordingly, when h e heard
of all this, m s ticsiroas of lenrniiig t h e doctrines
of the sect, aud so hc sent for this D a n d a m i s ,
as being their tenclicr :111;1 prcside~lt. . . . . . . , .
O n e s i l i r : ~ ~ ~was
: , h r c f o r e ilcspaiclicd to fetch
him, nnci when lie focjuid Lhe p e n t sage lie mid,
I' Hail to thee, thoii tcachcr of tlic Dragmanes.
rn

nhe 8011 of the inigllty god %CUB, king rblcxai\i:el*,

.who is t h e sovereign lord of' nil men, asks you
t o go to him, nnd if you co:i~pIy,he \+-illreward
you with great and splendid gl.iis, h a t if y o ~ i
refuze will c ~ of t yonr hcncl."
Dnndaiiiis, with n complacent smile, heard hi111
to t h e end, but did uot so niuch a s lift up his hend
Eroii~his couch of' leayes, a d mhiie still rchinii:g
his r e c ~ ~ i n l i c ~ntiiii~ilc
i:~ r c t ~ : ~ x e cthis l scornf'~d
anewer :-" God, the :',U~L'CII;C liilig, is never t h e
~ u t l i o r o ifilsol~iltu - r a g , ~ L L iCs t h creator ~ of light,
of pence, ofiif'e, ot'\v:lter, of tlie body of ~ n a n ,a n d
oi'souls, and these he rcccixu \rlll:u death s z h h r n
fri -
..,,being iu no r a y su!~.jc:ct to evil desirc.
3 1 0 1 1 ~is t.li~gi);! c t ' n ~ y
I~omagc,vlio abhors sinugiltvr
~ I K L ilistigntes 110 \V:LI,S. 13141 .iIc?:ai~~icr.is 11ol
God; silicc h c 11:ilst 1ai;ti.. c1i'~lcatll, aiLi h o ~ cilli i~
:;11cl1n i Ilc bc the w ~ r r l t ~il:a,ikl., s \\.llo has 1101 J ' C ~
~c-;tehcclthe ~ ' ~ l l . l ! l i ~51101
l' c C J ~ ' L ~ L '1 . i ) c:. '~il~clWi~Mt',
:url liau n u t yt i :;e,Ltcd Iliiii.,clf' oil a tlxoue
. .
ia!li~,1 ..;!.I :!uiii~ivi~ 2
1 ~ ~ > OI T~W~, . h.l~.\;~.ii~d~r ht!b
 neither a:; ycl ei~tered livil~g ~ t ~ It Ion ~ l e ~ ~1:iw ,.~-
does Ilr tlie coltme o f ~ l l e s u el ~h t u r ~ g it~h e
li110\\1

ccntral regioi~uof the earth, while tlie nations otp

its boundaries have uot so r~lucli as lienrd 11%
name.+ I f his preset11 rloruiilioils arc llot capaciolvi
enongh fcir his desire, let him cross t h e Ganges
river, and h e will f i i d :L region nhle tc sustain
rneil if the couiitry on our side be too n u r o w
t o hold him. I h m this, however, t h a t what
Alernncler offers me, a i d the gifts h e prcr-
mises, are a11 things to me ~ ~ t t c r l useless y ;
b~:t t h e t h i ~ i p swhich I prize, nucl fin; of real asc
n d w w t h , are these l e n w s r h i c h arc my lioase,
these blooming plnats wliieli supply liie with
chinty rd,> ~ l i Jd l c vxtw vliich 111y c l r i ~ i k ~
while all other possessioi~s anil things, wliicl~
are ainnssed with nnxioas c:lrc, arc wont to 1)rore
rl~inousto those who mnnss lhcln, a i d C ~ I I S Co l i l ~
sorrow 2nd ~ e s a t i o i i ,with wllieli e w r y poor mots..
tal is fully fraught. But as for me, P lie
upon the foresl lcnvcs, and, having 1 d i i i 1 g w l ~ i c h
rerlnires guardiilg, clctsc m y ryes in t r a n c i ~ ~ i l
slumber. ; whereas h a d 1 gold to guard, that
would, baliisli sleep. %'be earth ~~ti)l,!iesm e
with evcrytlliitg, er.cll as a molllcr her cl~ilclw ith
mil!;. 1 go wherever I please, : l i d tliere are no

* [ow i v 6 8 0 ~~;lR;,/im ~ r c ~ p ; I X B e v .Tho l ~ i ~ t i l\ rl ~ ~ . , i i ~ r L

t ~ ~ ~ n b i' ih t ~, 1101
hnt;!I,-,I! : t , , ! a , ~I ~~<,I . L L , , W d ~russed. L/'L m t t ~
oj c'lll.l:.,,'
i. 'J'buL ~ ~ 1i I 1, ~ i1i ~.<0~i)i.i.upL2.; l o l h ; l l ~ ! ~ o iLLII~P,LI~~~~I,
l
~ h l c . L i l , ~ v rI ~~ I W W ~ ~ ~~ruile~cwi
I L S r o u Lht Laiin, L l ~ i i : ~ ,IbI 1 .
quit6 { i b .! I!,,
 6::UTY with which 1 am forced to cuiril~er myself>
ttgninsc m y wiii. Should Mesander cut off my
head, he caniiot also destroy my soul. My head
alone, now silent, mill remain, but the soul will
go away to its Master, lenring the body like a torn
garment upon the earth, whence also it was taken.
I then, becoming spirit, shall ascend to my God,
who enclosed us in Besh, and left us upon t h e
earth to prove whether when here below we shail
live obeclielit to his ordinances, and who aiso will
require of us, when we depart hence to 11is pre-
sence, an accorult of our life, since he is judge of all
proud wrong-doing ; for the groal~sof the oppl,ess-
ecl become the punishments of the oppressors.
" Let Alcamdcr, then, terrify mith these thrents
those who wish for gold and for wealth, and w l ~ u
drencl death, for against as these weapons we both
aiilic powerless, since the Bmgmnnes neither love
gold nor fcnr death. Go, t l ~ c nand, tell Blesaacler
this : ' Dalidnmis has no need of aught that is lqours,
and thcrefore mill not go to you, but if you want
anything from Dandamis come you lo him.' "2
hlcsm~rler,on ~mcivingfrom OnesilirstOs a re-
port of the intcrvicm, felt a strongcr clcsire than
cvcr to see D n 11 d a m i s? who, tllough o l d a ~ l d
- - - - -

linked, was the only antngonist in whom he, the

couqncrur of mnng nations, had found more than
his mntch, &c.
 LV. B.
FRAGX.
Ambrouius, Dr M o ~ i b t r sB , r a c l ~ i i a a ? ~ o ~pp.
~ ~ ? 62.
i~, (% et
ed. Pallad. Loudin. 1668.
't'il.

They (the Brachmnns) cat what they find on the

ground, such as lcnrc.: of trces ancl mild herbs,
like cattle. . . ..
" C a 1a n u s is your fricnd, b ~ l t he is despised

and trodden upon by us. He, then, who was the

author of many evils among yon, is honoured 311~3
morshippedby you; but sincc he is of no inlportance
he is rejected by us, and those things we cerlainly (lo
not seek, please Calanus because of his grcccliness
for money. But he was not ours, o man such as
has miicral~lyil~jurccland 1osO his soul, on which
account he is plninly unworthy to bc a friend
either of God or of ours, nor has he cleserveci
bccnrity among tho tvoocls ia this world, nor can Ile
hope for theglory which is promised in illc f u t ~ ~ r e . "
$,%en the emperor Alcsnnder came to the
forests, he was not able to see I2 a n cl a 11 i s as he
passed through. . . .
Wllen, therefore, tho nl~ovc-mciii;ioncdmessenger
came i;o Danclamis, he addressed him thns :-" Tho
enlperor Alesnnder, the son of the grcnt Jupiter,
who is lord of the huinau race, 1109 ordered tlini,
you should hasten to him, for if you come, he mill
give you inany gifts, b ~ i tif you reiiise he mill be-
head you as a punishment for your contempt."
When these words came to the ears of Daudnmis,
he rose not from lur leaves whereon he lay, but re-
cliiiiug and smiling hc rcpliecl in this way :-" Tlie
greatest God," he s:titl, "c;~11do injury t,o no oue, but
yet, c~.o:mtl 11,15 river T y b e r o 11 o a s, nor has
madc tllc ~ylluleworld 1;is :~hocle, nor crossed t h e
zoue of C1 :I tl r: s, nor h a s beheld t h e course of t h e
~ i i l lin tllc cctr~t,l,e of t!le ~ o r l ?d l!herefore mnny
u:l,tioir:: do nol yet nvcn I < I ~ O \ Vllis name. If; how-
~ r e r t,h e c o u i i t ~ yi ~ lc~ o ~ s r s - ccnnnot
h contain him,
let; Ilim cross 0111' river arid he mill find a. soi!

i f lie g x r e ? h e m : I linvc !caves for a, house,

live on tho l ~ c i ~al t) llnni!;
~ : an? mnt,rr to dl,lnk ; o t h e r
t l ~ i n g s collected ~rji;li labour, nnil rs11ic:llpcrihli
a n d ricld notlli~tgbttL so~,row to ~ 1 1 o s es e e k i l ~ g
t I~einor possessing i,iioln,-lhese I despise. I there-

go, 1 p ~ o c e c d ,a n d ~sliercvci-I do not ~ i s hiLo be,

110 necessity of care can force m c to go. A n d if h e
s ~ i q l it o cut off m y l~cocl,h e cannot hoke m y sou1 ;
he vill only take t h c S d l c n head, but t h e depart-
i:rg son1 will lcavc tile l~cncllike a portion oi'somf:
g n r ~ n c n t a, d v i l l restorc ii to mlicl~ceit reccived
ii,, il:~incl~-, t o ;,he earth. Eat when 1 shall have
S~ecornr:a, spirii I shlzil ascend Lo (Iiotl, milo Ilss
e i i c i o d it mit,liin tllis flcsli. TVhen llc ilicl t l ~ i s
 I slid1 sce my illjwy, m d sllnll c o i ~ t e m p l i ~ ~his te
~ l tliosc who injured m e : for tho sigh.-,
, j ~ d g r n o i oil
i ~ l grox11s
~d uf ~ l i ti~ j~u r dl~ccome
. r l ~ ep ~ u l i s l i r n c ~ ~ t s
ol' the oppressors.
" Lct i l l c s m i d o ~tlircnt,cn
~ with this them L h a ~
rlcsire riclics or ECAI. clcnth, both of which I cle-
spilc. I'dr B r a l e l l r n ~ ~neithor
:~ lovc gold nor dread
cloatll. Go, tlie~.ef'ore,a.nci tell Alesimdel. this :-.
' Dnntl:Lrnis sccks ~lotllingoi' yours, but if'yoi~t21inli

W h e n h ! c ~ s ; i ~ ~ t lhc;url
cr lllese wurcls through
t h e interprotor, hc wisllccl Lhe morc t o see sucll
a mall, since IN, who had ~ u b d ~ l c inli o l ~ ym ~ t i o l ~ s ,
W:LNove1mrnc I)y DII old i:i~kt,il I I I ; I I A'I(:,

The other journeys 111ai1c thence ( ~ ~ V I I Lt h r

.Hyp/zdis) for Seleultos N i l a t o r are 21s follows :-
168 miles to Ilie IIesitlrits, :11lcl to tlic r i v e ~
Jomalies as lllnlly (so~iicc01)ies ndil 5 rnilrs) ;
from thence l o Illc Gang?.; I I:! milcu. 1 13 n ~ i l e u
to Iiliorlopha (others giw :SPn ruiles L'or Illis. rlis-
t a a c e ) . To ilwt,onu Kalillipiixit 1 67-500. Othct.5
g 2 I T l l ~ n c et o tllc confiiience of' ~ h t ,
Jonl:~l~c:;itl~tl (fiuiges fj25 miles (illally ntltl I:i
I o nr I I I I . ( 1 1 i t w l , 11~1115 [I:,, I I . I ~ ~ I F
0:

: I I Y1,~111ud;t.
~ E I I I L > II: , ~m~ nI wI ,< . ~ , ; L < ~tlt.l,i\t,b ( B I I i l w I.,CJN.
~ ' I ~ , I I SL, I~Gu s~I ~I ~r/i I~l C ~ I , , ~ ~ I11:, : I~' r~?I, h< tI ,/ ( , I ( j i ~ ~' ,S I I O N Y
j!

i <~ I I ~ s - 0 , I T ( , ~ I I I i,q . r ; ~ , ~, t ~ , ~vtjrrr,d rrj I ' c I ~ I , ,-.~ L I C ~ L ! I O

' I t , r i r , ~ t i < refer,
>l~ tit,, n < > r , l1 , ) ' [ I < , I I I : ( ~[YI I P ' I ~ I I'golJ,' ,
a n t 1 i , r l , , r . ' nl,>nl~lnin"l,tiu. ' v n ~ ! i i ~I ~' ~ I I~
I I I I I : I I I - , --1) I,.II~PL~;
14tbc1.i,t-t.:~nii,!lll,y : V ~ . I . F ti~oui.llr,Cu I + u I 1 1 : L., .tl tiiin?s, 13:
Oceans;! oi i.11c ;';:lci.t I I l l x ) I,:.(',ii.~~!t,il1) 1h11~lli'i?. In"%-?
I I I I I i t I 1 1 1 s :111:1.1
w p w s r l l t h 11\13 S : L I I S I ~ Il iI~Li i l i r ~ i ~ ' i i., S : : ~ ~i..' ~ V 1':1r I I , I I I I C \ \ . I
:ipl'li '11 nl. lirht iiy tliw (;I,,>V!,-to r l ~ u I l i ~ ~ t lI <i I~I * ~ I 1 1 1 1 1
t h e L l i r d I : ~ ~ y : ~but s , xr:w :U C O I I I , S P OC ti111cc l . i ~ ~ ~ i i m .L<It x ti h e
E o l o ~n tnge. T'llis I : . I ; I ~ I I , \:.hit,il ~ n i l s11, 1.111. I I I L ~ -11t1111. W ~ C
reo.n,~deilh g t h e . t t ~ c ~ c ,; I~S ~ ci;\,i(liliv ti X * T ~ , I - ~ ~i IlI ,iI ~~inti
"Slrythin iutlx 11n.1.rllt1':mii ' Siiyt111:r v s t m I I U : I : I I ~I II I, ~' C :
i t lxis f , > r n ~ eTIIT ~ l ;li.r'.; tlic i ~ o u i ~ d , ~ ~i,i'k\i-ren .?. C L l n i ~; ~ , L I A
7'11~1,t'.t.:in.
k; Tll(:w f o u r Lrilws u c r i <10, ;,~ L V L : , o I I ~ ~ v , ~i lIl I ,K~ ;PI < ( I I ? ~ .
01, its ~ I I ~ I I I LI<~!;III!OI~ C ~ I ~ , !~, i ~ o~o d %LC h r i are n i i i m n ; ; ~
b,ut a r c j , t o l ~ n l ~ lL!yIW ...,I I . , , :,; I I,? 3:rys:rn l,i'cririu.;ly I I ~ I ' I I -
I 1 I 'rl~i~ ( 2 , qyi'i a r e easily t o I ~ c i ~ l ~ ~ ~ ~ l l l i ~ ~ !
nil11 i l l ( >Klw-ir.t I I ~ ~ ~ ! I I ~ivC !t It Iz~J,r~, ,I1 8 8 ; i t / ~ ; ; , , t,'> , t , tI I C ~ < ' I .
1 1 0 i 1 1 of ~ ~ LIIC IIIII.I<I:IL :1t:0 l < L : ~ ~ i ~ r arsLv I,. I ( lr I ! , I I ~ ~ i$ ~ , II,IA
I)~~,,IICOII,~~~.~~III~(?II, h ~ i ~ . v i i\ltl .I\:/
~ t?i1/ti11-.O I I P (if t11c t l ~ w efirixa-
c i ~ r i s i n u s t ~Llw f I<?.!III,I,~ I ;:1j;114t,K ~ I W , i p l ~ c ~ 1l 0! , II,IVC I Y ) I I I , ~
ii3i<ii!:~iiyfroin 11.i' 1'.11ljiii). T l i ~1x51 : , I , , ~ ! ~ ~ ? t ~ : i ui t~~.t , ~ l
I ' l o l r . l ~ ~ y n, uder the n a m e of l h e s 1 6 ) . p ~:is ~ ~J , 1"'01'1~, 0 1
BPaiki.. Thiq is, ! m w e r ~ v ,; I 1 1 1 i ~ l kc, . . > l11t~yi ~ ~ l ~ : ~ l~~I Ii Ql ,w l
~ 1 1 p i n ev , , ~ ! K >wI Ih i c l ~ ~ - s t ~ , , ~ t r: li -l ~ s ~ \~t<~, , , < I I I ~Y,,Iv<I:< v tLi<
 tilt? fi I ' 2 c' 11 Ill 3 11 3:.
..
3 llit\ilt' C ~ J l t t ~ ~ l ~ l S lll~
ll1Lillj
tri!i,,.~>fl,i\(j,tE 1-, !;i:l: L,],:, Aj c ( I L! !l. !i 11 g !I$.?.
-. -- -
11111.111 a11d I I I J P ~ ~ I - \ V I . . / , '1'11~ C L i s i ~ t i i ~ i ~01'q i CI~triij~): ~gil
arcLl ~ ~ ~ ! ~ hi~leutit~:tl
t~!!- \\,it11the C;lj~,m~tt:e ( \ \ I I o I ~ I 1'1111yC A I . ~ ? .
\dtr,r.?I U , , L I I~ G I I S1 1]1 ,S ] ~ I I G uf 1 1 1 ~c ~ d d i LLu ~Li11:ir ~ ~ ~I I~L I ~ of III,
' sagi,' \ F - ~ I , : ~ II nn,! i i n ~ r ~itaeiy iuJioi~tsdt11idtu ~ I IJPJ a. 11v;~uci:
O F the SRl,n,:,-t,b:11, i*, .tllc SIcyt,liin~ln,-lq w1.io1u I d i . ~rvns
ovrYn111 l ~ r f ~ , (r l, .~ i 'i ~ i ~ r ~ ~wliqni?at i ' i l s l ~ tg l 11t~y:u1s. ~ ~ 'Thry
a w ~ r ~ c w l l u ill ~ i Jdl u i u S .4 1 tt!:.~ther wit11 thr' I ' x n ~ ~ ~ j x t l t n ~ : ,
O,II,>L<, U ~ ? , \ , i ~ l :K,A~nl~ojrts;
l*, \ . : I \ , I L I II':LI:~LI,I*,
~~, I':I\I~;L\,ILB,
[:hit~:w,I < ? I Y , I ,D, : L I : I ( ~ ;a,u,l I S , KIi:r.<;~s. I t C I i ~ r < ~ L t wI <J i ~
I I I P ri<ht, i n ~ a [ i t ~of* tlteir r ! ~ u i ~ i , , tllere C ~ I I I I V 11Lti~x cluubt
01 Lllei~ i 0 ~ ~ u l i t y\vitl~t l l ~I < ~ Y : L : ; I * . - S IP. ~ Lr. LIP! St,,.
RI;IY~,~~', \Y,,I.I( ,!ll.cn,ly ~j~liit-'tl, yp. 1!)3-1CJi. B n t for tlie
KliiZi,l~cci..i,w c 1 , 1 d .: l < ~ l v. oi, I V . 13, 3 3 .
.r v. 1. Br:~~nlail:e. 1'lin.v n t oniw t.~nrlsliori-nilia 1wc1el.s
f'r,~tirtIw I ~ I ~ ~ I I,ofI IK~L: III~I II P~Ithe <. ~ )1o~verpi1,~t of the alley
of t \ l P ~ ~ , t 1 t p . , .ll,w2 LL,plllw, t h e I3r,lcllllll~ll:~~, \ ~ I l O l l l lice
tMns f o !ii>, I W I , v l ~ ; ~ti1c.y t , ;ICLIIILIIY \ Y ~ ! I .!\I!! I ' ~ It~:iiiiii<(*:i\Le
(91' ~ I I l Pi o p ~ i I , t t i ul~~~ i, n,t p ~ r v i d dmci? compoaecl of ~ i l n n y
i - I I I Ii of
~ h eu T l ~ i str i l ~ e .
;is weli rts the C ~ , ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i ~ l ,I ~~I .I Ilt11w ~i i ~ AlI~~u ~c ;~ ~l ~h ,~ , ~ l i u ~ ~ ~ ~
; ~ , S L i ~ s w ? ~I IiIlC, ~I I L I U I I ~ , :WL:s ~ d ~ ~ l i v i ~Li oI u~LsI i t , T < , I ~ ~ I I : ~ : L ~ ,
:I ~vili<?ly ~liilil<rvlr w e , which spread a l OUL! titn~jf ~ r mlilt-
r l < > l i . ~of t,l~c. ( A L I I ~.rllI ,nli~liy ~ Chr i?wt,em co:i<l. ill' 1111'lit'-
niohnh, tlr~iliqi~ , l t ' t , ~ l . \ \ , ; ~111i.y
~ i l i dicl not e x t e d sout~lr\\.;i~d
1)eyooll Orism, I u (!I,: Mu/ikb/~iir.ata they m e mcutiout.d
ns occngyiug, nloug mith tile Vansnii (from mllom Bengnl is
named) n n ~ ithee o t , l l ~ vl ~ t d i ~ i[.vibes, q tlw r i ' + m w l ~ i ~ l ~
lies 1 w t \ r v L ~Jti~a i . : ~ ~ l lnud ~ . ~ t h e sen. Tho J l : w c o c a l i u ~ ; ~ ~ ,
then, m e the Il411y ha of the Ruliuga~. " N n g l r ~ , " says 31. cir
S1 .-Mt~itiu," is t h e n i ~ n uP l ~ otte of t b c u o ~ > - h ~ , tzhue . ;
of g i w t c s t itnportancc : ~ u dwidest ciilr~ision ill t h e io\vw
Gnngdic rcginli, rnhe1.e i t is brolceu up illlo acve~nlayecitri
groups rx!.o~l<lilrgfrom ~ \ r : ~ l taucl n ~ ~Wescery b s s ~ n ,where
i t is So:inll 11111lc1~ t h e nnnlu of dSoq7~(.411~11111!X I ( I S ) , i l s CIII,
as to t h e ~ l l O , ~ / / i of , a ~tit2
s ~0111i~a~l vallcgs of N C ~ ~ I to, the
Micqhccjjn,~,. V r i v r 1 7 i i q : or 1llug11y c ~ sof Suat,heru U a h h (the
an&t Ii;rgi.atli~.r), ti) the nucieut M u g w of Bengal, and t,o
the M L L F ~ ~of T OOrissn.
, T h e w last, l ~ yillcir,positiou, m!p
~TOPPI'IJ' h e tnlrm t o represcnl onr Jlnccocalu~gz." '' 'FIII+
R l ~ j i i t ~ g a l i n q ~coutiuues
~," tho s n m ? nnthor, " iiud equally
t,heir r~,preseutativesi n the m r i ~ u l.li;uh, . :I colony whi~,Lr
I IIC Buolr of J h u lueut,ious ~ in his ~nun~r.r:ltiou of t h e iin-
piwa ti,il)cs nf i j r y ~ r n r i , a ,a n d wliich h o I I ~ I ~ I Iliy ~ SIllc~side
of t b Aniil~r.n,~ n t ~ o t l l p~ er o p l ~of t,he lowel. C ( . I I I ~ > L I' ,l ' h
~bloug~hyr in~:,>~,iptic~u, wLiii~liI J C ~ O I I ~t o~ ti^^ w1.1i~1, 1 ~ ; i v ti t [
r
J , i 1 1 :I , s j : I I I I I thr
IT iI
1
111t~ ?I (: :I I s~ ( w l t i ~ l ki i , , ~ ! ~ ~
iiitU flit: ( + , I I I ~ ~ , , ~~I I) Y l~oi~
i ~l : i ~ . i g ? i ~7-[I?
i~,$tribt~s
c.nllr11 n l i 1 1 g Le nw !wnl'c.jt 1 l i p sen, 2nd liigl~c-.~.
( I

L L ~ I n w t11e RI :I n 11e i, n!iil tlic JI n 1 I i iu JYIIOW

 \io1111tl i >L I 1 11s, ( h ~ :i)o~u1(1:11.?
C O I I ~ ~ I , !is 01 :I]-i
that district l ~ c i u gtile Ct n n g c s.
('72.) This river, nccortliilg to some, riscx I'rolil
luicertain sourccs, iiltc thc Nile,( and i l ~ ~ ~ l i c l : ~ t ~ ~
y c o m ~ t r i e s lying nloilg its courses ;
s i ! ~ d a ~ d the
others say that it rises on thr S!iytlliau ~nonllt;~i~l.;,
:ml has iiiuetecl~ t r i h ~ ~ t a r i c sof , which, hcsides
those nlrenrly mciltioned, the C o 13 cl o c 11 n t c s,
E r n n 11 o 11 o n s , q C o s o n g u s , a n d S o 11 LI s arc
11avigab!e. Others again assert that il issncs foith
R L olice with 1o~1droar from i t 3 fo~~ni:!ill,a ~ i t l
nf'ter tumbling ilo\vn n stcrp and rorl,y r l m i l ~ c lis
wceircd immcc?iniely on ~ m c h i u gllle l r w l ~ ~ ! a i n s
into a lake, whence it Horns out wit11 n gentle.
current, !ic-i~~;:kt l l ~ c t ~ a r r o w ~ scighl
t miles, niid
011 lire average a h ~ i i ~ d r estadia,
d in brcnrlth, xnci
n c w r of less depth than twcllty 1)ncci (onc 111111-
dred Ceet) in thc film1 part of its course, which i b
llirough the country of t h e G a n g n r' i rl c s. T h c
royal" city of thc C a l i 11 g E is cnllccl P a r-
t 11n l i S. Over their king ( j 0 , O O O f ; ~ o t - s o l d i ~ ~ r s ,
( j Fel. a n ncconnt of the iliitivolt tI~~!ori(.~ l.~prilingLho
rollrcc of 1118 (hnqes scc SmiLl~'sI j i c l . ('/~r.;a. ( ; c o ! / .'J;(

qr I J ~ I I ~ ~ ~ I I ~~ ,~' I~~ C ~C
~ JI ,II ~ IIL~U c~1,O ~ . (V<i-
~~ !m~J u~~cLl,.x-m
niti in), Wrr:rnubo:~n.
* mjin.-v. I. rccio. 'Chu coirllnen r,:itlinq, l i r i w c v c r -
' I Ganqi11.id~1111 C:~liu~i11~1111. T:c"..I," A 8 , . ,I II:I!:CS illc C ; ~ I I -
g i ~ r i ~ l;I~ bm11c11
?; a ~ filic IKdin:~~!. ' 1 ' 1 1 i k iD p 1 ~ ~ 1 1 m h1I1y 1cor. ~
I w L lwx~lifig,L c r , as ( ~ , , I I Cc' L~ I ! I II I ~ I I ~ ~ ~ : I I I I ~ ~ ~ L ~ ~ E(:lnc.
S (:cu;I.
o I ' I J I L~I I )~, ;.16-Z1!1), wd:~initwcuL,Iio113< y L d <01 ' Y'ri- Iix.
I I I I ~ ; I , ' (7: ' L l ~ t ; 'T111.c~ K c ~ 1 i ~ l s : "'l'11~ .' n ; ~ u n co r ' [ ' ~ i - K L .
I I I I C , I , " 111) i~rl,l.,' ' i j p ~ . t ~ l ) , ~ . i lvIh\, l y ;L. I'liuy n ~ c u L i o ~ r~>1 1 ~ :
&I/ r t , V , ~ - ~ ; ~ L / L ;~i Ln ,~l ~ II I,$:
~ l i , ( , > ! / t , , . i , l ~ . , \' I./l; ) I ! , , ~ its seit;,r,~tr
11eqdr.:; I'r, lrii I.II,, ( , ' . ~ l t ~ i < ; v , ivhi!t. I 111: !11111'1; iili,ii.iflii I I ; L I I I I - .
:he I < , ~ l i n ; ; ~ , ;L ! I ~ -! ~ L ~ , I I , ' ~IIITI,, N ! , , 111,l CL* h Iir11e- in C ~ I I I .
 1I)OO !!"LSI~I~IV!I, 7 0 0 i ~ l ~ ' ~ ! h aL.IXI'~I
~ i l s v~1ti;hX I L ~
lv,tl.d i n l!l.t)cili~tuI'
h i \\a?."
For. ariloilg tlre il!o~.c iliz~,tl llitliaii colt!-
~ ~ t ~ i n i t ,lifc ~ tst grcai wrid,y 01' :t,11:traL1~
i e s i3 s j ) c ~ill
nc.cul!atioils. Soul(! till the soil, sollie are
soltlicrs, some traders ; the noblcst and i.ic!lc.~.i
take p a i l ir: the direction of' stntc tdYuiru, ntllnii~ie-
t e r justice, and sit in couucil wit!] 111~li i i l p . I !&
fifth class tie\.otes itseli' to tlie philosophy 1)t.e-
mielit 111 lilt co~intry, which allnost assumes h e
f'or111of a, religiou, mi(! the nien~l~eri! :ilw:~ys~ I L L ~ I
nri c ~ c to l t h i r life by 3 v01~~1itary deatil oil ;I.
h u r u i i ~ g f;~;ic;d pilu.2 I L Lnclilitio~i t o tlicsc,
classes there is o w half-wiltl, vliiel~ is corist~iiitly
e~igagecli il n task of' i!rnue!ise iabo~.ir, heyo!iti tlic*
,tyxver of woicls to dcscl~il~c-l!~;~t 01' I~twtiiigaricl

w h ~ c hpl.ompLa ] h i s Itt,tn jl'vrwxvi~~ilil~~j 1') Iling hi~ttct'll ~ n t o

t.hc f h r n c s ? Clod ~ I W i tS is ~ i l i l l l yLlt,~lLC u l i ~ yS!INI\Y oi?'
how he c : ~ ncndnrc p i n as tlo the Brochit~i~ns, to n iloru it,
p!~'x-c:l 'l'l~cayi,~~;,s t o li6c11 Lim, j u b t as if Ll:i!la h : ~ dnot.
her owu u r r ~ pof f~x,lbm r l ~ . 1 1 1 : - ~ l o i . i opu~~~ s o u sB. u t Ibf.
h i ~ nb y al! rncan:: i111it:~te thc. J3rCiwllrna~~s, SIW, as 01tci1-
1;ri:m illl'rn~,~ns I::, ~ v h owith the riii,rL 1 7 f .\li~~:irli.lor'sI11,1,1
;md b , l \ v I L : l m ~ o!~~ ~ r nt!~vy d , (lo 111kimnmltitc t l i m n - ~ , l v ~ ~ :
h y leaping into the B,mc., I N L wlt(,n Llic p j r c iz 1 1 1 ~ 1 ~ ~
they ~l.:rti! clvw I ~ r s i i kit p~,rl'cclls ~ ~ t i ~ l i o n l c as on ,d ht~llir
t l i r ~ i i ~ : l -LC; ~ I' ~r q c , r ~ ~ lly~ r < ~ i I blilt
t ; 1 1 d c ~ ~ n ~ m t ~: I .~ ~, , Ll ,:I ,I (~~ .
;nl: :hc 1~11:rhcy a r c h u r ~ w i l lo ~lc,itil,a ~ t ( It i c v1.r s\wi.vi.,
P V V U I: ,:I. -i.i IIL!:I. I.I.IJI~Lhmr PI.I.LI!II/ICLII J I O ~ I ~ ~' ' J I I .
b v 1, I I I I I L i u S L I I I ~ ~l i, 8~~: :~r ; ~ ~ 'Y~II: t ~ u ~.I[LW',~,I'I,.~!
, r::lii~~c~t
b a y u u d ~ l o ~ i b:LC t Jluutilr;~. n j:c,rlrlo 11: ~l~.ii~~~i.!l h the
A i t ; ~ f,t ~~,?~, , ~~ P , J N 5L ; ; l l ~ ) ~\, ,~k: ! ~ t~..l.,!,,, I I L > L I - A ~ : ,t>r, ,iI h
w:-,I !I , u ~ . i i , i . , :: ' : Y t t ) 1 1 1 i t r ! I I Z , T ! I I ~ 1 1 1 2( . ; , I I , , C ,a t i h a
t51w \,:htv~I!!!' L ~ ~I ~ I I ~L ~I < ;111.>ii, I I S 11 ,.I:t'ir [ir:,', Y r t l c i n m t ~
in ~ . l i u w m ~ ~ r '111,-
~ ; ! . ; \ l t > l ~ rI~:111.~.
i l I I I I , I I ~ ~ <ii.; ! :1I ,h:J.iliLiii~
,~! in
tllo IJiiri:~il:list,., 1 ~ 1 t110 t F I I ~ O I tPrL: .~ . ~ ~ (II~:III i i i . i i I I I ~I u ~ t h .
The U b c m ]nu .t I N r & r r d 1.1) I ~ ~ ~ , , :I w s~ , i , i w r m :
race spread IIVFI. thi! 1:~11tr.:id hlri(:L. : , 1 ILU I , P C ~ L L Ialii,lt'>n
!,f, aori~c~:c.:~:ill:.as I.!?.:I. to .I;.-:LI;I. ,t,!
L I T I X I ~ O15 pru.
~ L I L I U C C ~dI ~ : i ' ~ * w u ~ 111l y<:i~Iri!sc~~r i ' ~ i ' , l r i ~ ~IdI ~I > ~v ~ : r i u ~ i ? I y
~vritlen,I r Lh11.2 I I I . I>h~ix, !!110n ~ i ?U, i i ~ ~ r i.nd i i , ~U ~l!I:~.l~iy~s,
B : I I 1 1 i L l ' h ~ race, . ~Lou:ll furmerly
~ i ~ ~ ~ cis ~uon8 t u L lW , oS ilw Ii\:.i?;.i i,!.iiwi of th' populstion.
'The Passake a w iileriiiiio~!:IS Lhc iui111~1tx1is of I ' , : L ~ c ~ ~ I & ~
ahich, as alre:~,iy at.ltefl, was tho old uaruc (of t h e DoAb.
rn
i h e Coll;lxe rc!,nonii lo i l ~ cIiAui.Ata or I<olCta-men-
tioned in the 4il1'book of tho E i i , i ~ L : i ~ r : ~ r irn, tlic cuumera-
:ion i j r ' l h c w c e s of the mcst, nlso iu the I'cc~Lha 8 n ? ~ h i t d
in t k c list oi the lit.opIc of 1,Lic nos~il-west, a z d in th9
!ndi;i.n d r ; ~ m ncalled t h o S l t c d i , ~RJ! s l i n r r ~ ,of which ths
hero i~ tho nell.lmow1 C h a n c l ~ . i ~ g l ~ p tThey n. were set.
R
parts which lie sout:l~w:lr.dfiom th? !.lnng;.s ti),> ili.
h n h ~ t a n l s ,nlready s ~ : ~ i . l ! ~nrc g . deeply c>o!onreri
by t h c ~ u n t, 11ol:~h~ ~ . sc80i.clletl ot bkc!; like tl~i:
Ethiopians. The aecrer t h y npprmcl: the h l w ,
t h e more plainly docs their cooi!~lesion betrnj
the influence of the s u n ,
The Inc:~i:<i;!iirts the f~ontierso f the Praeii,
whose mountain tracts : c c mid to hc inlial>itc~l I)?;
the F y g rn i 4 s.::' A ~ ~ c I ~ I ~sets ~ ~down
o I wtlles ~
distancc l)ctn.c.cn the 1n.c ri:cri: a6 121 ~ n i l c s .
( 2 3 . ) T l ~ cI i l d i . i , q , c:~llc,l the i:iiiabit:~ntcl
S i n (1 :I c. r i ~ i n gO i . 1!1:1t bIIl1:' Of ?\:!>~llt C~IUCWIIS
whicl! is i,:lI!!d P n r o 1, n m i i? ;I 3, from s o u i r e .

n71cl ,:,, fi:;<d ii. c i x 3 , ~ 1 1 ~ 9 , c ~ , n i l , ~ ~ -or c < I ;;,!I!<I>S :zud

: ~ tl!(t
J o ~ ! i n c i ' . 3lcr!:vru i,. cx-ily i t b ~. it; i i \ i l l ! \ ;iIi~tl~l,l.C..
C a r i s u k ; s : ~ i,. I,, ( , ~ i ~ o , . \ 11, ~ i :(.:;,~.:,br
~~ ~ J ( > C.!y,,i-c>i,c
II, :rn,
:'
2 , ;

C1~i;uh')l~:.d. 'l'ili I i.li .'." r . i V ' i i l , 11:..1;,1 ( , I I I ~ I I : I I I" h. 'a~s ~ ~ ,

n o t :;Y:, :~, :i , r ~ , i! , L
:,. 1 I ' , I .IY- !, (1 t i . I it, :mid lhp
8

F,,i,,I ,!? fILf:,1;; .,,;I,:, t , , L ; I H ! 8 ~ , vO;' i \ I ; , : ! I L I Y ; ' i',.r,,A,j-

CWIO n,r8:::s ' L.;IW e r j,5.~L ,I. I I:,, I ' . I !., ,' v,i!.t.h, i,;
8

fnwcll ,qll o:.? l . t i i ; i 1.. r ' . .GI, I * , , I .i\!..:i, :,'. s]: r ia \ . ~ i l ;

t.i-!e r o i ~ ~ : ~ i ~ , ~iih~i lf : ?)II<,, , r:ir!!t,r I : , I ,I ~r.; Li!c ,,I;L..L,. .\Y:!;
J 1 , t , or I I I 1 . . . _\iiw
the Larit! r ~ r n e Cii:.~"jxra i, , I I - I ~ > ~ , ; Y ~
, j f PCI,~L<I;~,(
J P I ! JYI,
and C , , , ~ : s : , ~ ' ~ o , ~i!il , ~'1:' i;.,rc:it 3LSS , t ' i . ) , , ~ ~ , i ~ ! f ' i !1 il8:,3r
t h a t h e GY~;;LI:I~ ii!rlq V , Y I , i i ' d , t / j ( , , , i . J , < , I . , i~!; ,!, >l..:l,k
change of t w o L,r el,,.. ISir.lli,o'oir~tn o r A' ; i ? ' . 7 ; ! . ~ , r ' t : . . ' '
A , i c , ( h g . fi.j'lj? ?;;,t :5Tyt. ,!rl,,:.~lt HT-~V 11 C ' , r ; ; s ~ h n ,
~ ~ y r i d o l ~ o i - c 'JIJ!;
a, i.! ,:I(? I ~ ! , : , C >: .~f Ii ~ ~: r~i i i( Ol ;J , 'c:, voi.
V. p GO), whi(21 T L pl.~f . ~ s:'I, Ji:ui..nr. :1n11Ln;.scu r.r
A ,I I I I ? 5 1S I : 1 :I : \SiAnr.
(As. Rc.5. ~ o l .1:. 1-1. 5ilj 6 : : ~ s(I:ibolmr:~ I S !IOTJ ca:l(,l
" h I u r i . - X r x i I,:: t.,\' 21 I,;.," *I.!! .:, .rl.(l l i . l ! i ; a p n r n Ly
the Hi~.i!ii~." T - , ' ! , L , t l . .is,!, w!l, \.I. 11.2 10, note ED^
I d , 1.iat.1
* T-;ci,: [it!/,.4:1t, V O ~ V . I . 11. 193, r;otr: ?.--%D. 1713.h t r
:. A G v r : ! ; yeogl.:ipl~i.sof C~!I WI:, n-!lose dat? is n l ~ o u t
400 E X . phy, a Pwi-
Lils v a l u i r ! c r.cork iln g ~ ~ ~ p ~ ' l . n c:illed
pLzis, :.:a3 rn,lcL- cl~ioterl hy tlic. nncicut ~ . ~ C I ! I ' R b~ u t with
hhe e x ~ i ? ~ j t i oofu sr,!-oc P1.:141ni,nt?i a ilon liiht.
fionti~igt,lir . s ~ i n r i s ~r ,~jc r i v e s a h I t s v l ~ ' : ~ i ~ l ( ~ ~ e ( , : .
i ~ thi- !
I-hers, o f n i ~ i r i ltile rrlohi f ' ~ l i i i ~ r inri' I j. 11 3 i -
p e s, which hns four tril~ulalies; the G a u t n-
h r a,$ which hns three ; the A c e s i n e s and the
1H y p a s i s, n h i c h arc both n n ~ i g a b l e; b u t never-
theless, having no very great supply of water, it
is n o n l ~ e r e broader t,han fifty stadia, o r deeper
t h a n iii'tecn pt~ces.l/ It forms an extremely
large island, which is called P r a s i a n e, and a
smallcr one, caller1 P a t a 1 c . T Its stream, which
is narignblc, by the lowest estimntes, for 1240
miles, turns westwarcl as if follomiilg more 01. less
l ~ r o l l r s e of the sun, a n d then falls into
c l o ~ c the
the oceall. T h c mensure of t h e coast line from
the moutli of t h c G~ungrsto this river I shall set
down as it is genernlly given, though none of
t h e coinputations : ~ g r c cn i t , l ~c n c l ~ otlicr. From
t h e mouth of the Ganges to Cape C a 1 i n g o n
nncl the town of D a 11 cl a g u 1 a.1: 625 miles ;.i.
-~
Thc w n l w n w c u of lhc Zutll.is w r i 3 unlinown t o the
Greclts. 'l'ho p~inci]i.~l rtrtu~ii rircs to tho north of the
Kailka mountain (which Gcv~rrsin Llinil n mythology as the
mansion of the gods nud ~ i r n ' i pi ;rn~Iisr-)iu lat. 3?, long,
81 30', a t nu e l c \ a t i ~ i of
l ~ :~l)tiu~
3.),lllJO i'c1:t.
5 The Chaudt.n!,::;\;:l or dl;csiuC':;, now the Chenhh.
11 Pol. rcn~:lrlison tllc tribtllurics of Lhc L n d i ~ ssco Notes
on A,wian, chap, iv.,-iwd, A,,!, vol. V . pp. :3::1-:>33.
7 S t o f t ! , l . Ant. VOI. V . p. XI,. Yulc identifies the
former of Ilwse wit11 tho xrca onclo~wi by tltc S:NLfrom
above 1tohl.i to Hni(i,1r3Al,t ~ u dt,l><,d e l i :I oi' ! h o 1ilrlus.--.-
ED.I d , d r ~ t .
* v. 1. Darcia~n~ln.C'n.pe Rnliugx in identified hg Pule
na Paint Gail?.va.ri.-Eu. lo?. $ : t .
f " Both the rlist,cnce and the u n l n o point to the grea,?
port town of f.'~,.i,irio, a the p l ~ ~ m m t oof~ yC n ~ ~ 6 n g o n .
.which i~ ~it~iin.tsd on a projwtiuy point of land at t b =
 qr l)!-~A,Ylr,-~;.I. r)CX:::iIT. 1'1:11;,, II,L'.~II>; ~ ~ I , I: II
,<( j i i i .l ,LC(VII:!!, , > I 111.: 1,.1 : I ; I,, II:I: l , : < l a . : 1 1 i < 1!I I .
~.~,,II,;C2, 1,1,0r,!,m!: 19 ~>LIIIITI,,~:LLL,II~LI, t l ~ , ! t ~ i l , ~ ~\vLir,!~ :!
I I ~ I I I I I I : ~ 1I:ii 111,1111 o f L ~ ~ < l i : r .' L ~ I c II:II.II ., i 1 1 c <~Il,t::m,.
i h , ~ . 1.11. ~ I lI i , ~ , i t l i 3 1 i i i ; " r l OIIC ill'
i.i. h o Llli: 1 . I I 11 ' I ,
;: IIII:-!~:I.I.~~II .L 1.011:~11'11:..1i~11:IIII~III~PL. i ~ a i ) ~ . : ' . '1111~i~d)n
I i I ! 1 ; 1 1I A, I I I I 1 1 I : l i .:
li1~,31,1I1:c ~ l , ' l , , l l ; ~!o ' < , , 1.,>1-1 ,: >,I i, ? I , )LIIb l l l 131
. , ~ ' I,\,,* .
l.ll,, 1'<',11~,,,.1 L C ' , Ill,! W , I l,Y,l,,l,,ly :l~!,,,.v<~r v:\; l<ll,, ,L..
~ ,ll!, 0 ,

,)I, I<', 8 ,, 11 *~.I,C':II,I!'),> ,;,\I: !: ( : , < ) I ~ I ! ! J I W ~ I ~ , ~ ~ I ~ , ~ ~ . ~ I ~ I

1, ,> l , ~::,l V : I ! : ~ ~ , - , ~ ,l Ii ,l :, !, , t , , > , t , ~(:I:,!,,:,:"I,
, i!,,: lc>\vt'~,i11,1,13.
,:I,,; I!,[, ,J,III,,I,I,".. ' I , ! ) , !IM,,IL!, > I ' i I " 1 1 i i 1 f .,i \,, 11!Itl
i 1 ,L t1,:.11,:8:ri, i,0 1 ' I < , , l r ~ \ ~ ~f ,t l' ji r K ,II:,!~~,.III;!,I),, 'l'i~(v\,
J , L , L ~L i ~ m , I , ~ I~:I,vc rc I,M I :' lhr, ,B, L~ ~t !,IIc 1,:. 'IM; 1 1 ( 1 ~ 1 11 ,, ( 1 ,
i c od t l i c i1111xiix L:il,~+ 01' LII, i i r j ~o f ?~I;I,!I: (1, ,<, I < ) ,
T11c A ~ ~ ~ , ~ I IJIL& I : J : I w NI~II~ : ! I LP
I! it11 l ~~ ~
v AI,~vI~I~L:;
S , ~ l ~ ~ ~1, ! ,ok.,, ~ l ~ i:tl q ~ c 1 1 tl:,il,,' ( 1 :!,i:,<:~l ~ :L:! s c t t l ~ ,to~ lt ' 8 ,
! ~ l M i .i,r tIK .l~~i,:l:l!K 'l1h C I , l ~ > W i! r , l l ; d , l y 1, ~ l ~ l ~ ~ q , l , 11 l 0l l
lLl~c b : t r ~ , 1 1 , 1 ~01' L ~ WI ' ~ n , ' : l i , ! li t , ( l ' i ~ l !~' ", J~,1117. I;;>
IPiO, IIO~X 1;;) :1,11rl XA, $ u f ; , ) , ~ ~ I ~ ~ ; , ~ I I C(1,~ CVL:,,II,II l)y l l ~ i ~ ,
;XN Ll,t,I i.\:.r, II.~I!IY; lui:r1Luli , I
I I I V 11 j1.1'1 , j f
. ,I. l.l~<
~ I V
111 11111 1, I I ~ ~ h!
t11e ~:~I,II,IIC~,,AOC;:I I!>:! l u n ~ t ~Il ,I L L;I,~IC~~ I t , , ,
U i I
8 It,!; 1 0 1 ' 1\11? .'~~?tvnl;I I ~ I ~ I I I ) ~':II ,.
'4 CC,XX,L"VLI,-v. i. i H , ~ i X X Y I l l .
t TIw I)II,",I ; i ~ ~ l i i ~ lsj ;t i l,l t l l ~11,1,dz u f ~,LI!! 1 !\vw G ~ I : ~ I : I
: I : I ~~ l t ~ ~ , r ~ i ~ l . 10 r ~I ~: L~J : I !' t~ Ii , ;\:II',,>.
~ or IIIC, I : : < ~ I I ~I L, i ~ , v ~ ~ 1 1
' I ' ~ I , + I ~~~I :I W I ~ ~ III., ,, ,,~ ,,,,I,, ,\ 1. . , c , , ~I ~ , I~I , Y, \~~I Llie~ IONI,~ I,II,I
UC :,J~I'
( 8 1 I:,', :VI, ill I ,(,I, \\:I:(.II ilb!:(, ,IS, ~,r:l,> w it11
<,11:1t3 v l ~ i rI':~II:<I'X l~ i,!,~,,;( , I I111wn. 'i'111,S:LI,,I~: ? , a ~ ~ ~ S v lhc i.v
1,:s I ~ I v : I :I,ILII(:
, I,,,, , P I V * ~~, I~'I, ' 2 , : ,I,," v,'iic:l~ ~ L : ~ + ~ ~ I I ,,II ~ , ~ ~ , :
I i,iI,,; w ',,,I ; I ~ ~ I I I G!,!I,I
< I~(P\$(,C I I , , ! ~ .- 1 " : , i i ~ d ? ~r .mi >tm, 8~

!~~*111,:1I,ivv. 01' t ,I~u;!~,,IL~~IIIII?P~I o!' 111, / I , ' , i t , I j i * ; 1. 'I'11t y : 1 8 i ,

pi,ti,1,111,),il.11,I~,LII,I 1,y I,,' I , 8 , ' t I ' I U I . I? : I , / ,~ L I LH i , , t 1 1 1
IttiI, S u l , \)I:! ,,,,, L ' L ~ t ~ I:,,ILI , ' ;!,: ,I. l,!,tl l ~ l ~ ~ ~ ~ i l-i w < , ~ . ,
h ~ l ~ -.l';il.v. I l l 1. I,!;.
1: 1 1 , , , ; [ i I , , \ I , , , I T #l I , l , , v , l.,,ll,j
 :.h;rin r i i n p o r t d i d t u t l ~ r :!IOI.(,:; :.t' 1L1te oce:?n.
:.'l~r,~w e l i w mid i ~ z mi1s.t i i i i 1 ~ 5 ,21111~ w c u p yLhe
t ~ ~ u ~ ~ ullr~i:;.lit:j,
t n i i ~ W ~ I Im~ I u the!; l i ; : \ . ~ I ) ~ ~ i lmnnjr
t
i s N ( ~ x tfollow I l ~ e?J tr 1. e i s ) , i ~ ~ ~ c ~ l obya c d
)lie lnfti:$st o f I~icliai~ muuntniil.:, II] a 11 i t a I i n.1

5 Theye trilxs muii 1i.1 r a bum 1oc:~tVL! i : ~T<.ivlih! a,

l~lo~lIlt:liu~!~Ll~ h,l:c!ue , f 1 ' > , I ! llr,t:w~~Pli tl1o *;:!;l L > I 1:l.lL name
;i ucl the l h n . \\.here, ;nut1 :, h~.l.coi!ly, I:, b!i. j wgiuu of
Incli:~,n rarlc!' oi' mounlain;: i i ~ L I 11: F~!!uid IwLulw: d o n g
the coirst. 'I'iw ualue of t h e : ~ ~ L I ~ L . Xhas I I I . .stlracted
.:
particnlnr :.ttm~Cion 11uc.1useof 11s I ~ I ! : O I I ~ J ~ .to ~ Ik: Wi l ~Ii: ~ a m ~
of the 3l:!r?:l;li~r.. ( i , a. inau-utter), a, f a i ~ u l o n s mima1
mentioncil by I<I.~~,.~:Ls ( ( J t ~ s i . , : 1 , r d i r . c ~ \. i l l . ) a:, Iu1111d in
Inclia :II:L~~ : I I > \~ II .! I X U ~ , W I I ~ I ~ , : I I ~11, LU ,ll, '1'i11; ~ L J ~ L w I ~ ~ I ~
wcw C O I I ~ t, liu~rLI,ly ~ 1 1 1 i l ~ ~10i s L:IVP d Ixtw A w r c ~ i ;I ~ I I I ~ -
I~nls. 'TLc i t . L ~ ~ ! ~ L i l i t ~i:,~ ~ IIIJI*, ~ . l,(,jw:~d I J >I,
~ i o ~c~ln.r, ~ ci.6
SL.-X:LIGII. 'Y'IIL,2i11;:1x A Y C w ~ ~ ~ ~ w :tt, I I I ~~ L. I prcwmt
~ ~ ~
<&byl q :I!(' S,'.w:hid (,I' 0:~1:1rlio!!::~!it:-l (,!N S,IEV 1,; ,~I?I-.
3Surdo), <I' ~ , ~ , ' l l t i , l :ol f~ LI;1 > ; *U,.Xl!f lL.'j!l,lt rtll.' ,;L!~llvl t,hC
SinglLv-i. 'l'i~~:> h r , ! l ~ xL ~ r111. ~ ; , !ul,ly ~ I I C."! ~ n ~ h onf s010
list o l Iiw ! " I L , i j t ~ i,\'(I,? /L' L i , n hitc:~\ \ , I > !;LI o ~ ! u . n l'ii~iy'3
t>iiuoby fiiur ~ ~ uar l11:tIl i , ~ ~ ~ t . u r i cTI: n .tho i n c r r n i lhcy n w a
d i ~ l , ! , ~ ~ wI J! ,~ t tbta Oihi,!;~,,, !j,,,~ittoi -,rib-s was ~ ~ ~ t l i i r ~ :
uuiisu::! ill tI~t+c(1;~:;s. Sci lilt> li;~runxi: lii:~y pcrh,ips I,e
tllc L ~ l l m > t uUr si tll~!l;t>u?!ll or L:h.l!l::l uo\v f<i.,ll.Xl I.:,,*?
t,:>

b:~:ilis. ~ :ill, l d . ! i b j :1.11(1 I U t ! ~ (110i!;ii!~~~lrhoOd

. of Dihli.
, 11 V : I ~I I IX ~is iwy ):III c!,>:i;,k ~ ; i ( : r ,.d~ ? I ~ L :or I ~NAo,u n t
A ~ < Iwiiivli, , xtt:~,i~!iuq; L I ~ tvk~\;!Lio~iof Kill11 h t , ri,:t>> ~ : I Y
above any ~ t l i e sul::!liit r IJF 1 ilc .\rcvaii s:I:! re. T11c' ~ 3 1 7 1 3
of the Salmn recdls that: of the Nn'is, :vLluLi the Il.,iput
rIinj~iicl~'r>; .~,pplyto r u e tior Iiwrn li,dit of thk, , J ~ , s e ~('J'cmd, t.
1: ~ , f ~ ,11, ~ 211)
: ~ ;t i so, s!t ,,- A r , ; ~ t i :;. I L ; l c , ~ , , l r ~ ; tto
I ) u g G?.
nwnl Conliingharn ~ h c gl l i t l h ( 110 tlw pc~!pleof Snrui, or
' t h e country of w ~ ~ i EL:. s , , , i T , , :luJ ..ri,, 1118 syuonyinoli~
terms ?or ' a r ~ c ~ l; ,i ' ~ dthe couutly o l S : ~ r u iis btili fe-
nl<)lli for its i . i : ~ ~ l - ~ ~ ~ r . The, , \ \ i s .:;r!llc author u a c t h e
s t . t l c i i i c ~ ~t t h ~ et ~.ti!u>ivi:gold and siivcr rniues were work-
e d ou tile otlii,r .iJit ,)I' ll.4,uut C a p i t d i i ~in s n p p ~ r tof his
theory t11,lI tlki.; p:11,1u f I u ~ l i aw t a tho O p h ~ r01 Scripture,
from n.Lic.1 t h c 'l3yvii!u navy in t h ~ ililys o i S o l o u o n
c a r r i e d s m y o l i l . :i great plcl:~y of : i ; m u ~ . t r t e s (re6
sa,nclsliooo~l), a n ~ l prccions stonw ( I Kings x i ) . E[is
urgnlim11, :.NU-:thus :-" T h e last uaiue iu I ' l ~ n y ' ~list ,
1.s V.tn!~n::o, whirl1 I ruou!rl change to Vatsrets
Ihy bhc' t,i.;~~~:.ni itl#ln 01" t x o lettcrs. This spelling
1s ~ ~ o i u ~ t c ~ i n l l by c c ~ lt .h e t~r~iii~:ati,-tn c,F t!le rarions rend-
 'i'he illliahitants (111 tht: o h r side ul' tbsv ~ n o i i n t a ~ ~ r
.!rorlc e s t ~ c v i v ensi~:er of goid nucl silver. Next
:rye the (B I. a t i t I . ;I-, v - l l o ~ c1,.i11% iixl;, o ~ l l yten z l e ~
phantu, tho~rglr11c has :Lu e q . stroug fbroc of in-
~ u uof Svar~t:rrata,. nliii.1; is for~utlin Homo editions.
i t i, qiliw possibie. howercr, t111it 1 . 1 1 ~ E\;lr:!~aratrnmay be
intenilcd for tlic S11ri4itr~m.Tlw f'.lnlor~sT'i~rdha Xihira
mentions thc S~~~..'!-iI~tras a d U:!ri:~r~!stogvtheu, amongst
"hc p , w ~ ~ ~ofl <the ' south-west of India, (Dr. Kern's Brihai.
d l , 1 . 1 9 . T~ICR , I ~C; ~ I I ~ : I s must Lh~r~!forebe the
people of B d a r i , or V n r h r ~ . I ~~ndersta,nd. the name of
Vaclsri to deuote a district abounding in the Bndizri, or
Bcr-tree (Jujube), which is very coia~nonin Southera RAj-
pnt8rt8. For the sarue m l w n I jiu~lild look to this neigh-
hourhosd for the mcient Sauvira, which I Ci~lieto be hho
h u e form of the fnmons Rhl)hir. or Ophir, as Sauvlra i s
only anotllcr U ~ L L I I C I I P t h i ~Vailari or Ber-Lrce, as well a;
of its juicy frrtit. Xow, Sillir is the Coptic name of India
6,t the, preseilt rlny ; 1)nt. tl!c uame must have l ~ e l o n ~ e d
origi~i:~!lyLC .t11:1t,11',,I; (JF tl1w [ i ~ t h ~ w ~ :i \i d wliirl: wm h e .
q u ~ n t c c lby tllr? iiliv:il:~r~tsof the V c t . 'Chcrc can bo
littIorl,:ubt, i l i ~ i n ki, h ? Ihis \\,.IS ill tlx Cidi' of l l h : ~ ~ u b a ~ ,
which fro111 time i:nnmni.,riaI i1o.s been tho oiii.i srnt of
I n c k n lrade with the JVcst. 3n~inc:.the vo11r)le period of
Grorl; history this trndc w n r ~ r i w o hmnno~~ulizc~l ~ by the
famous city of Baryynen, rjr !3hiuor,l1,a t t!~,:mtnit!~ of the
NarmadArivcr. Al~outtho ic~l~rth ctmtnry ~ ; ~ I I Uportion O of it,
w ~ divertcd
s to tho now capita! of Eldabhi, in liw ~ v n i n s u l : ~
of ChjarAt ; in the 3Ii~ldieAccs it mnq qh:!rril \viLh I ~ % i ~ m h a ~
at tho head uf tho gulf, anti in 1r1011cwLimes with Smai,
91; the mouth of tho T&i. If thc u:u:lc of Sauolrs was
rlurived, as I s n p p s o , from t h o prcva!encc of the Ccr.tree,
i t is prob:Mc that it was ouly , ~ n n t l ~ enppollniion r for lhe
of n:111;~ri, o r Edar, mt 1.11~hcii~i of tilt: Gulf o l
I<i~e.mba::. T l ~ i siuclcivl,
, is the ocry !w<itio~iin \vIiich me
should esl~ec,tt t ~fiml 11, nccori?iug lo the amii'nt iiiscrip-
iivn of ltutll.,~ 1JAi.i.1, ~ v h i c l r~nc'llti~~nsSiudllii-,Sani,ii.:~
i~~lrnedi~ll.bly nl'1t.r S ~ ~ r ? q l ~nml tr:~ l i l i f i : ~ i ~ l , : ~ ~ : i i i l:: ~
~ . ,n J~~ IlR I
hfol-o I < I ~ ~ ~A:J:LKLU~:%,
I I Y ~ I , a11,lXi 1 1 : t t I ~f l o w . Eo. E r , R , ~
As. Soc. VIL. 1210). A c f x ~ r ~ lLi n~ illis ~ g : ~ ~ ~ : L ~ I ; < : ! I I ~ ! ISI ~J, W
v i m must havo h i w ~t,o t l ~ o1w1.1h uf Su~Ajhil.:i nrul Bhh-
i,rrch, a1113 lo Ihe s.~irillt,f K \ : ~ ; ~ i lonr, just W I N I ~ IV h r o
;~l:~ccil it, in tho ~ t e i ~ i i l ~ of~ I~ r i o I 311~oh the
r ; ~ ; n cliicnlity i u 11esi~nr111Bnluvira
1.1 i l l ( h e I'ish ? # I , P,,r~?~is."
- $17 , , C ,,!I ( ~l,z81, j p;>, \!K.U7: s v ,)I,n 1 p i 1 , i1iO.:,6: q f i , l ~ a
.: itre svu,'k, \,hi.re l l i w Ji~l!i(,ck is fnrt.l?fr tli~,cn5owi
 , ~ ncain !!.re thc V nr e t a t z;': sfiEjjpci
i k ~ l t q Ycrf
to n king, whokeep no elephnnts, but trust entirely
LO their horse nncl foot. Thcn the 0 cl o m b ic r a ;
the S n l n b a s t r e ; ? t h e P-I o r a t ~e,$cvholinm
a fine city, defended by marshes which serve as ,z
ditch, wherein crocodiles arc licpt, which, hnviag
a great avidity for human flesh, prevent all access
t o the city except by n bridge. And another city

7 v. 1. Orata. Tho Or;~tol.;uEnd thcir rnprcsrnt:rtivcs iu

the Rhthors, who plnycil n i.rc:~t part in tho history I J ~Iuilia
beforo~heMusnlm~::n couqocst, w d who, thouqh scttlcd
in the Gengctic provimcs. rcg..n~clAjluir, a t the eastern
point of tho d r h l ! , as their a n c e s t ~ l?i!nt.
* v. 1. Suaratnrata. Thc Varetatm cannot with cortninty
be identified.
.f. The O ~ ~ I I I ~ I Crriti?
J ~ ! ~harcllg
' : ~ , a c h m ~ ~iuo tho form
of their nalno, arc mentioned in Sanskrit litcmtaro, for
Panini (IV. 1, 173, quotcci by Lasscn, ~ dAlt. . ' 1st ed. I. p.
614) spwnlw of tho tewiiory t ~ U,l~unljnri
f as that which wns
occupied by a tribe fnrntm- ill tho iil<LIc:;on~l, Iho Snlva, who
perhaps correspond lo the Snla81sastrreof I'liuy, thc nd~litiou
which he has inado to .their name ~ O U I Lc':qd.liu~d : by t h e
Sanskrit word t u s t y a , which nlcnng ( i c~
i b o , i d or l ~ i ! l [ t u t i o ? ~ ,
The word z ~ c l z m b a wmeans Lhn L ; ~ O I I I C ~ . ~ J I I fRifi-LSCC.The
district so narucd lay in JGcIIL, r'L'll~ S d i ~ b a b t mare
located by Lasscn bat\:-P~II thc rnoui.Il of Cue Snmsvnt?
and Joclhpnr, n n d the IIo~;aiiu o l tho hr::<l of tho gulf
of Rhambhht; ihtomcla he plnccs at Ii!ia~nl~i~fit. Boa
Imd. Altorth. ?n(d ed. I , 760. S'nlr l ~ a atiw F:tudinbntis
about ChandrSv,~Ii,in rlcil~~licrn C I ~ l j : n L t ,lsnt lllcso :arc;placncl
by Lnssen on tho U a a h :~i,nntTo~~lc.-l~;n,.T i ~ r i ,r l;at. ;
3: Horc~tce is an i n c m w c t I.i:ir~,-.mlili(,nof Soi.ntlr,
tho vnlqwform of tllc S:!nsl,~ith ' i a i ~ , ,Sa1~!iw. TI:P IIc.,ra'1~3
wcrc tl~crcfort~ the ini~:~lritauts of i lx rr:.inn c:~llcrl in t,he
Periplils, nnciiu Ptolc~ny.Surn~:~.;,!~i-th~Lih, Guja,&,
Orrhoth (0ji;odn) is I I bg~ ICIJSI!I:I~ a,s the unmo of a
city in the mest, of I I J ~ ~ \\-Llich
' L , II:!Ybeen c0nj~~c1111.cil to be
Surat, but Y n k thilil;~ it l~ntlltvsome plncc on tllc Pur-
bnuclnr cnnnt. Tlic arljitnl, A n t o n ~ ~ l cailuot a, l~ iili~~itifiecl,
but, d~ 81.-Jtn~.ti~l u o ~ ~ j ~ ~ v t ,itn ~n.my
~ i : s h v e 11c.i'11tl~iboncc
fnlnnn\ V,il,tIhi, which mas sitn:ll.c~lin the peuinsnlnr pnrk
of Gujardt at about 21, miles' &l:snco from Lllc Gulf o i
Khmnbajyo
 ot't1irii.s ii: I N I I ~ atliniretl-ku
~I t on1 c 1 a,$ wliic,I~,
h h g scatctl on the const nt thc coi~flr~cncc ol' I i w
rivers, is a noble cmporium of traile. The 1;i11g is
nmster of 1600 eleplmits, 150,000 f'oot, and 5000
cavalry. The poorer kill5 of tlic C h n r m ce
l ~ n sbut sisty eleplimnts, and liis forcc other.misc
is insiguificnnt. Next conic tllc P z 11 cl cc, tllr
nuly ]*acein Irlclin sulerl by womcn.ll They sny
tlmt I-Iercules lia~4ngbut onc cl:\i~gliter, who wns
on thnt accor~ntall the more lwlor.id, cudowetl
her will1 n noble l;ingtlo~n, ilt's dcsccntln~~ts
rule over 300 citics, nu11 c.v1nm:11111n n wtlly oi'
150,000 foot and 500 cl(,ltllnli+:, Nest, willr
300 cities, the S y I* i c u i, 13 c n n g x, P C I . 14

s i 11 g :v, B u z LC, Q o g in r e i, hJ la 11 1. z, I\;' c-

r e x, G r n 12 c o Y i, N o 1, 1111 il :c, C o c o n tl nJ,
Nesei,Peilnti.irx,SoloI)rin~:~,OIos-
t r se,Tr who ncljoiu thc islnnd Pntnlc, l'som L11e

6 v. I. h n t o a d n . S i v p l w m l i ~ ~i~wt,c. c.
11 TLx C ~ I : I Y ~hnvc I Z ~ \ I i11~511tiIi1d
I \-,All tA:r i n l l : l l ~ i I ~ n i q
01 Cllnrnlu,u~nndal:1., n, ~ ? i h l . ? i uof Ll~rm c h t I I I ~ Y I I ~ ~ ) I I Pill~ I
~ 2 ? 'nc [l vl ~ ~i l l t11c I ' i s l i l ) ~ ~I 'vr,,h i i n ~ l w
t l ~ e ~ 1 Z 1 z l ~ , ~ b l ~:rind
tho Fo?~li Cliarmn!;Ii:~u~l:i.' l ' h , y :II,<,I I ~ V~ c y ~ ~ k -I,),~ ~ t t d
tllo Ch:~rinfir;;tir C:l:;~:~i?irs o t I::llult,lklmul nnd tI;c p n r i k
ncljaceni, t,o 1!ics 1,a\i:1(of ( l i t ! (:::II:,,S. 1'11~ l ' : ~ ~ : < l\,\ ~:,.! >,
wore llwir ilwst ~ ~ c - ~ i ~ ' ~ I ImI In: Iw>,IL ::LVC ~ P ~ ; I I ~ I C - , Ln W ~ I I -
&&lnLlc pirtion oE tlli' linhin 01' 111crivi'i. C~II:IIUI):I.I, c.~lld
in Sansli~it gcngraphy t h e C'harrnanrnti. 'I'hoy rncw 3,
bm,nch of tlio C:unoua 1xcc (PP ~'::III~II. ~ l i i c l llxtilo i'dr itvclf
kil~rrdornsill scveral 11illbrc11Lpnrts 01 I n ~ l i : ~ .
' The 11nn1c.s in 'chid lkt l ~ n , us ~ l Lo the ilc.sei-t lying lie-
twilcu the 1nil11snnc? tlut ArhnlF! mmice. 171osl; [if 7;ic tri1ir.s
,murnern,thl :\re ~ i ~ c n t i o ~iti ic ~1111. ? lists o f t l i i ~il.111. gir.t.11
iu t,lle Rfijpnt c l l l ~ n l l i ~ Iid ~ ~~, : I . VJJCCI~
C i ~ l ~ , ~ ~ t i11y /iw11.l
clc: St.-nI,~l,tin:I< Fi~llo<vs:-'l'l~c 85 r i , ~ uai r c 111~Sul.iy:l.nis,
who U I I ~ P I ' tlinl u:me hnvc n.t :\,I1 iin118s nci.11piril t , l ~ e
t L , o ~ ~ u (iI~W,Iy, ( I I L > I ~ I < I I I S ill the u e i g 1 1 1 ~ ~ 1 ~ 1 rOFl ~Uc d t l c : ~ ~ ~
 D n m n g n ? is L:I,: Li1!i11!:a~isr:iintiiin of t h n n l n o oi' thtb
~ Y C ' : L ~r:l,:e ,)I' l l ~ : ,.l!~,".slt'j;,., I; ~II%TI,,II ol' tlx, l ? f i , j l ) ~ ~v lt l~i c b
I L ? l ~ l l l 1t I l l l l l rYI1~?I : i l ? , 1 . 1.1.j,i.i;c,!lI.
L h ' EII,S<I:!>, :III C I I I , I < , ! I ~IJ,:I!I, li u l l l ~ t ..;LII,,,~ , , l i ~ ~ ~I, iI oJ: k i ~ ~
A I I I I I ~ ~,[IIII l , i / i [ , oj' / I t , , l:i,,. v o l , I . 11. :(;), '1'11<1G,I$:LT~L
l , ~ t l tIW~,I,I!II~
~ ~ ~ ~ f i t ) < II:,,~, i ~ h c : ~ ~:IY ~ , ~~ ,I I) L ,l i o l > : ~ b ,,i l,vhd
arrJ L~IJV. s t l : ! ~ ~ ~ t, h~t ; IiJAI;~,~< , t t l ~ c(;II.II,,I 01, 1.,1xtvr S,~t,lej.
< 7
h c UIIIIW ,IW L ~ ~ ) , Y ~ , . ~ 11> I I ~ ~CIIIEI~I~,,
~ I !11,, ~I ;II),I l,11,?
Xe1.t i ~ v I ~ I I , , I ~!,Y s t ~ K~L!,,,OII~.,
k u h , ,tIin~~vg11 b e l m g i ~ t~,g~ ,
R : ~ I ~ i r l ~ k l1:1(1 t h ~ ;, h ~ ' i ~:'~iw.-L;,al
, :.,':1,t3 ill LII,, YCC~OII:~ t o k l ~ e
+:I I s j i I ; I ~~' I I I L ~ , ; . ' l ' ) , ~ ' .\,!I ~ ' ~ v l i\ ,t : i c ~ I i e t ~ wi u ~IIc, ,,I>
~<II,:II t x : i l i : , ~ o w o f SIII,I~I, ~ ~ c ~ r i t , L~~!Y) IsT S ~ I < ) I I ~t o i h o KO-
IJILIIAL,, \ A i l < ' t~~~~[ ' O ~ V I (I,,! c * , r t i l ~ ,~rt, 1 ~ ~IIC I<olro~ada:>
m m i i h u t d III INS J ~ L L / I &; , ~ ,~ I , LIIU l 111;: !IK 11c<,1)le c;< thi:
r i ~ l r t h - n v - I . (31.t. ?,,~i-~11, ' / . i / s i i :i,!i ,i;ii. I?;,! 11 I ~ Id Ee ~
A 1. t I I. I ! 1, . 3 . ) h c i x ~ n : r n r n c ~ l i i i i i ~ .:L tribe
e ; ~ l l ~iidi!(~,i1 n d I ~ ' l ~ l l l i l lLIJ~ g(~I~.I!\JIIIIIP.
" ' ~ ' I L , ~ Ix ~i 4P1.1' t,;s;tr ~ ' r~ i ! ~ \i~1~11.1,
s, W C ~ I1I ~ ~ I I ~ I ~ofC t h e
) Ihc (

K i i s p i : ~ (;:LTC'S.'
~~ (711~ 7rao i n ..\ll):'~:i:~, J I ~ L ~Waf1 formed
b y OIP j n ~ l i l : ~ c,\it , of n, S!IIIT i ~ f lliw 1C:iulini;os i u t o t h e
Knspian Sen. T h c o t l ~ ~to r , which F'liuy h r c ref:*rs, mas
x n a r r o w pan< I v ~ ~ l ?f1.0111 i ~ ~ hy f o r r l ~ - T V ~ , ~Asia n i the
t ~ ~ iui,o
m y t h - e a s t p r o \ i11i.c~0 1 IJi.rhi:1. . \ c w l , i i i i q 10 A n i m (Aiznb,
T[I. 20) t h o i<:';lii.~r~(i.1t.v !:IS n i't-w d i ~ . y s ' j o u n l e y distant,
F ~ I I t h e l h t l i , ' ~L,,\YII ~ o f l l i , x ; ~ ~ i , n o w Y ~ I Y I w 1 1 c ~ i117
L!~i?i.uinc: callo,l i l h n , l n n n r l a, milt or t w o t o +.haso11t11 OF
'Pi'h1sl.2r1. 7'!ii,; 1 :v.,+ 1%;: . < ) n co f t l w nu i L i ~ ~ ~ p i ~ ~~I:IcL' i,;li~t
in :~lri.icnl gt.u"i.;111113., . ! I I ~ : l m m i t ~ n r w yol' t l ~ er n , w r l i ; 1 1 1 .
v, ci.r I~W:I~~UXC~!. S l ~ , > . l ~ nw110 , ~rmj11rnLIyi l ~ c ~ ~ t i ii tm , *sI :LL+.*
t l m t it8 di:.tailrr? C m m ~111, I,\~I..~IIIO l i l v l ~ m ~ h l ivt' w 111d..
( G a p e C ,111ovi11,2 ~TWIG;) I L.i.NU s!11<li2,
L,. !. A i , , l ; ~ i ~ , ~ m .
lu t h e g r n n i ~ i ~ n t i so,po; d i i ~ l l : , ~ ~of m sI'fnlini, B i x i l l i i l ~ , : ~
1 4 m l ~ l l t l n l l i ' r i:Lb ;: , Ir,i.ilhly o c ~ n p i ~j l yd a, ~ T U ~ I I C ~o f tilo
q e a L L ~ i l x =i)S I L h Y:II\:I,~ (I,:IMTI, r , ( 1 1 ., A l / . I . 1). i j I 3 , lioti+,
CJL %1#1w!, 11. Y U I II.), ~I,II<I I I , U I ~ L l l i ~ :i ~ ~ t l i c ' : ~ !Lf. st.,
it~u
X a t t L \):I;, I,+G.U 1c.J LL, uI:i1!,3 ~LI? B C , ! i u g z LI: t h e WI-!::~I?IW
deserts esteut'li~~g t'os 3,;O inilc.,;. ' l ' l ~ cl~einp
~ PRE~~.
ed, w e m n c to the O s g n 11 n g :r:. .I I) :I I) I. 1. 2 ,
S i b n I* z , S 11 e r t :E, a d aflri*these to tlrserts
as extensirr as the formcr. Then come the
S a 1- o p 11 n g e s, 9 o r g re, 13 a I* n o m :Lt a?, a ~ i d
the IJ m 11 1- i t t x,S w h o co~isistof twelve tribes,
each possessing two cities, and the A s e 11 i, wliu
possess t h e e cities. 11 Tlicir capital is B o c e -
p 11 n 1 a, built where Alexaader's famous horse

declivity of t,he ArRrnlP mountains, where P t o l ~ m yalscj

l a cI I I ' I l l n h n i i l oF Lhc Pnnjih
(see T'i,slimu I ' I ! ~ . . p. 187) we1.c probably :L I ~ r : u dof~ {,his
tribe. This G:!llit:ll::t.c , I I . I ? iclmiti(d liy i l i ~same autho~,
with th: Citrilui:lt:r or ( I i l ~ l,,t i ; till>Ilimuri miiL the DII,III.:LS,
wl~ii,tl1011gLb c l o t ~ g i :to ~ ~t l : ~( ; < : : I C V Lv ~dCl ~ y ,oi.igi~!~dly
C ; I I I I ~ : S!.IIIIIt,l~:~,i
o f tile Ind 1.- ; t111: .\Iv?~rii \ i l l ~L l ~ i > r ~ l l ~ a ~ ~
r4' 1.h~CGjput cl~roniclcs,~ o l ~ r n;,.luc w is pi:rl~:~pspwsclv.
e11 in that of the M.~ch:~rs O F L!I(. Iuwi'r p w t of Sindh, and
rllso in t h t of thc ? d ~ y l t ~ r iof s Na.<~~!rliIla,ln!~liistfii~ ; the
A I c w with tho l l n / : ~ r ~n, ~cou::iil~rxhle, tril~c I , I - ~ ~ \ T ~ ~ L I
Sllikhpf~r a,ud ;\Iit:1:11~3~on thr: wc:;Li rn Limk oi' tile
hclns ; and tho Ud with tho E a u m s of L I I O same locality
-t,lx T-lnrairas who tii.wc iu theRAjpnL lists of fliivty-sir
roynl t,ribcu. The Snlalas of the snmc tribt3s pc,rllsps
represent, thc Sileni, whom Pliny mentions along with the
Uri.
3 vv. 11. Pnmgomatz, Umbitrrc.-B~raomato Gumbri-
t;ecjoe.
11 The tribes here ennmerntecl must havc occupiecl a tm.c?
of country lying above tho co~lllucnceof the Indus w i t i ~
Lhc st-rcnm of the combined rivers uE the Pnnjhb. T!icy :lrcA
o b s c v v ~ ~md , tht.ir names ca.nnot with any ccrtnlnty IJV
identiIii:cl if we except that of the Sibnm, who are 1111-
cluubluclly tho SauvPras of the iCZi17~0~01trl~~c~tfl~, and mho, 11..
their unme is almost invarinLly coml>inod with t h a t of 1.11~~
Indns, must have dmolt not far I'rom its banks. TI16
A f g h h trilm of (hi? Afridls m a y perhaps represeut the
Abaortm, a d tho SxmbhAn or Sarvanis, of the same stock,
the Sa8rophngcs. The U m b r i t t ~and the Aseni h k e us to
the ea,st, of the river. The former are perhaps identical
with the Bmhaste of the hifitorinns of Alexander, a,nd the
Anibasthns of Snuslil.it w r i h g s , who dwelt in the uoigh.
hourhaod 17f tllr lower AkeuinCs.
 v. 1. Ilisabritz.
.i. T h o Solcnilm a d thc S ~ I I I ~cnnmt
I . : ~ 110 iilcniif cd, nud
of thc tribes ~v11ii.h~ c r cwniwl I , , t l i c [ , n i t Ltf the 111~lits
olily the Tnxillv :we k n o ~ n .Their capital vas tho i:ltl~iiuq
T,~siln,mhiclt n-:13 uisite(1 l i v d l c w i i ~ l c the
l ~ Great. " r l ' l ~ ~ ;
po.-ilion of ihis city," says Cu~.nini.I~:~m, " ha8 hitherto rc-
:! fevt.! h c t . of ~oi.xtry l i ~ ~ o wfly
n t h e gei~cs:tl
mule of A m a 11 (1 a,-$: whcrcoi' the tribes w e
four in umber-the F e u c o I n i t LC,$ A r s R -
galit%, G ereta,Asoi.
Many writers, however, do riot givc tllc riwr
Iildus as the western bounclmy of India, but in-
clude within it four satrnpies,--the C'r c (? 1. o s i,
Arachotrc, Arii, Fnropamisad:c,J/
(which is a mile to the north-cast of thnt Sar:li), in I h :
extensi~oruins of a fortifie11city ahonndiui. vith sli7prs,
nionastcricu, nud tcmp:cs. 1"rom this placc to Hasl~i.~i:~i.ni~
the ilistauce is 74 niilcs En:.li~h, or 1 9 iu i.\c-viq o f l'Liuk'.;
estimate. Taxila rcycscnta the Snnslrl;.it ii':ilisl13~il:~, 01
which the Pnli form 18 hlrhasila, mhcnec the Cir,,,?l;for111\ \ : I -,
inlien. The word menus either ' c u t rock' ur '~ciuruil
hea3.'-Am. i h g . of Ind. pp. 104-121.
5 As the n~rficAmri,nJs is ~ i i t i l d ynlllir!riv;n, It. ilc St..
Martin proposes without hesitation t l ~ uc orwction ii.~u~lh."..r;l.;
on the ground thnt tho territory assignocl til tho Auiai~d:~
corresponds exactiy to C;andl~:ira,of v;liieh lho bm4tosy
occupied bg t i e Pencolitm (P~ukcl:rbtis),::Y wc Inow ~ L . ~ ~ I I I
othcr wribers, formed a part. T l x ( k w t m arc hyciui!
doubt no others t h u the Gourzi of Srrinn ; aud thc A>.m
may perhaps be identical with the ijypnsii, or, as Strnl~o
glves the name, H i l i ~ s i ior Pnsii, Phc h r a n d i t , ~ ! w o
only mentioned by Pl~ny. Two tril~csscttlml i n thc ynme
Iocaiity arc perhaps iniiicatcd by tho nn~uc-I In, i\ wn, U I C I I -
tioncd by Ptol~xng,:ltisr;cri~~z to the Sausk!ii Lr;l.in. ; nn[l
the O N i t or Ghilghit, the Gahalatn of Sans;il;.it, furlncriy
mentioned.

l v. 1. Penculike.
credr8sia colnyrehcuded probably ncarlg the snmc dis-
trict which is u o ~ vknown l n thc name of Mc,l;r?i~. Alcs-
andor marcl~edtl~rouphit on returaing frim his 1nclim1
expedition. :Imchbsi:t eutcndeid from :he cluin of I I I O U T I -
tains now c:rllccl tho SuleimBu ae far southwxci as C:cc11.3sia.
~ ~-

I t s capital, Amchotm, v n s situiitd ~oin<embcrc ill She ~ l i r e ~ -

Sion of Kauiiah'w. the uamc of wLiuh, it 11:~sLWII tiioli;Lit,
preserves that of GandhRra. According to Coloncl I(,!\\ lin..on
the tiarnc of ArachBsia is (derived from J [;llal&n,i t i (S;iris-
+t Sccmsuoti), nnil is prcsc~.vc;lill tho hr:llric Ii~~I;lcit,j.l L
is, ns ha;; nlrcncly hccn . r ~ d i c c ~tllc
l , 1l:lr:ruvai:ss oi' the
Bisntwi ili-,~vripLion, A r i ; ~ i1c;ialcil 1111, cou~~l.ry
a Iyi~!';
between 3J.cahecl. and U F I . :~hriann
~ ,,t' 1vLi8.b i! ~ , J X J U ~ . J J .L
 mnI*illg t h e river. C o p h P. s its furthest limit ;
others p~efcrlo consider all these as be-
:.k~o~tgl~
longing to the Arii.
hl:~uywriters further include in India even the
city N y s n and Mount M e r u s, sacred to Father
Bacchus, whence the origin of the fnble that he
sprang from the thigh of Jupiter. They include
also t h e A s t a c n n i,T in whose country the vine
-
part, and of vhich it is sometimes used as the equivalent,
was a wider district, which comprehended ncarly the whole
of ancient ,Persia. I n the Persian p a ~ tof the Bisuttun
inscription Aria appears as Harive, in the Babylclniau part
as Arevan. Regarcling Pi~ropalnisosand the Cophes set:
Ifid. Ant. vol. V, pp. 320 and 330.
7 Other readings of the name are Aspagani and Aspa-
gonz, I f . cle St.-Ifartin, whose work ha.s so often
been reforred to, says :-'' We ha70 soen already that
in an oxtract from old Hekataios preserved in Stephen
of Byeantin~nthe city of Kaspapyros is callctl a Ganclario
city, and th:~t in Eorodotos tho s n m plsoe is attributed
Lo the Palctyi, and wo havo r r ~ l ~ l ~ tl::t,t
~ r l in our opinion
thwo is ouly nu ap1prreut ccntraclil tiox, liocause tho clistricf.
of l'nlitjiki. :mil I;nildara m:ty \.cry well 116 hut om, and
tile mmc conntry. Lt is uot ~li!iic~llt, infnct, to P ~ L ' O ~ V I L in C
Li~e~1e~iqu:ltihnmcut,lntliil iiy Horoilotos the i~ldiqeuou~
name of the Afghbn pcol)lc, Palihtu (in the plum1 Polth.
t h ) the uame vhioh the grcater part of the tribes use
amokg theinsclve~,and the only onc they apply to their
national dia1i:ct. \Vc hnvc I~cro,then, as Lassen has noticed,
historical proof of tho ljrcsoncc of tho Afghlus in hheir
actual f:ttllcrli~ndfirc cr?ntnrics 1c:lat before tho Christizn
Era. Now, as tho sc,nt i r F Ilii: Al'y11d1101. P&ht imiioual-
ity is i;l~it~lly ~ I (I l ~ t !l i ; \ i : t or Lhin K ~ ~ ~ J tIoI LIl l' e~ TWSL ~ , nf t11t:
I I I L I ~ v: ~l ~, i ( ' h IPS i h ~ W I ~ W I IJJ I I I I ~ ! . It11is I ~ , furthf!r
~ I U I ~ I . I I I .\ ;v l ! x t n~ I I W ~ : i I r ~ ? , ! ~ i H) ~ ~ I ! I I , tliat LL i? ti) [IIV !vest
-,F Iho g ~ , i ' :t.iwv ~ t \vo 111usiSIT!( r i l l . llti' : j l i 5 IIC i IIC (:itg of
1<11~lp1py~t:, 01' ~<.!::;:L~I::!!II~,,I, :IIIL! I Y ~ : I , ~ ~ ! I I 111' ~ , ~the . I ~ ~
C;ILLII!.L~,!I': of IJI':(:LL LL.].~. '1 11,'LIII~IIO;;I~I,II,L O C I V P I I ~Iithrcni,
L1,rrnc L O ~lcuig:::~(t> I III, vr.1.y i.:\rui~ coulrt~.;. is w 4 y
~ x ~ ~ l : ~ i t ~ r1v1 1l 1 ~ ~1,~1tI,i~,
l ~ j j l ' , ~ ~ : l , !i!.tL ~ I L I or :I.<, t~xtiri~?
r ,i,tl:~ior~ 01' 1 , ' 1 1 ' :..rrI. I\ i l l 1 . I t . : ~ i ' o L ! : L. W;IM
;v;t,, l i ~ i I,r ~ ~ ! i , ~ :tlL,
~ . ~h ~ I I \ I ; ~ ~ U OI II ~I I, ~I I ,:11)j,li1
: cl Lo 1 1 11yi i , > :t~!~:ti~ii,\t>t:;. 'Ti~t;re
n r , r i y ~ ~ l , i ~ ~ i i ~ t 15.~'~.lli!.il ! i ( ~ r ~ it )~~ .~i , ~; i t~~I ,.~r .~1 1, , ~~ : I~l fi i . l . i i ~ ~ ~ . , ~ . l
:~ppt?li:~t,jo~~ #of (.iarw?;,h I\!;I~ - . ) i ,\ V J ~ L ' ~ ) I J ~, , u d
 g w ~ v s;hundantlg, anil the laurei, and bo,uwood,
: I e r r i n of i it ii i r . The
~c~iu:~rk:\!jicrind nlrni~stf;~bulousacco~unls which
;ire clrrrc~itregarding- the f'ertiiitg of ils soil, and
llic rlai,urc of its h i t s a i d trecs, its I m s t s and
birds nncl o t l w animals, will be set dovm each iu
its own placc in o h r parts ol" this work. A lietIe
fiuther on 1 shall spen!i of the satrapies, but the
island of '1' n 1, r o 11 a n e rcquiies my irnmediak
aiteatiou.
But 11cfol~we corile to this island there are
others, one being P a h1 c, wllich, as we have
indicated, lies at the rnoutl~of'the Ilidus, triangular
ili slinpe, mld 22011 miles in brenclth. Beyond the
!::outli of thc Inilus arc C 11 r y c nnil . Ir y r e,"qi;
rich, ns I believe, inmetale. Pot I cannot readily
believe, what is asserted by some writers, that their
soil is impregnated with gold and silver. A t a dis-
tance of twenty miles from these lies C r o c a 1 a,*
from which, a t a distance of twelve miles, is
B i b a g a, which abounds with oysters and other
shell-fish.? Nest comes T o r a 1 1i b a,$ nine
miles distant from the last-named island, beside
many others unworthy of note.

The greatest rivers of India are the C: a n g e a

and I n il u s, and of' these some assert that the
Ganges rises from uncertain sources and inundates
the connbry in the manner of f he Sile, while others
incline t o think that it rises in the Scythian moun-
tains. [The H y p a n i s is also there, a very noble
river, which formed the limit of Alexander's
march, as the altars crected OTL its LICWLLSprove.]

* I n the hay of ICnvbohi, iclenticnl with the Iblaka, of

Ptolemy. The district in which ICarAch4 is situutt!d is called
Karltillle lo this day.
i. This is cdled Bihalrta by Arrian, Iisdika, cap, xxi.
J v. 1. Coralliba.
5 , See Arria~l'sBnrh. V.29, mhwo we read t h a l Alexander
hevmg , ~ r m t l g e ~hisl trucips in scparate divisions olderud
them to b,.~ildon the bank, ol'tht- Llyphasis twelve altars to
b? of cqunl height with tilil 1oftics.l towers, while exceed-
ing them lu breadth. From Cnrtius we lcnrn that they
w 1 . a f o v ~ n c d of square hlock~ of stone. There h:t~
bceu mmrch ~:ontl*oversyr ~ : ; i ~ r d i ~their
ig site, buL it mast
finvc heen n e w the c:lpilal of SopithF's, whose name
Ka:.m ha?, identihed pith th6 Sanskiit. Aimpc~t!', ' lord of
 '?lie lemt, b~eadtlior t,lie Ganjicc i': ~.ipiil.~nile!;,and
ils greatesi twenty. i t s ile1)~i:n1~w.riL is bliu.li~;-i;-
est is fully a hundred feei. Tlic people ivlio l i ~ r
in the furthest-off part are the G a. n g a r i tl c s,
whose king pcssesses 1000 horso, 700 elepliunts,
and 60,000 foot in apparatus of war.
OC b11e Indians some cultivate the soil, v e q marly
follow mar, and others trade. The noblest and.
~ i c l i e s tmanage public affairs, administer justice,
and sit in council with the lricgs. There exists
also a fifth class, consistiiig of those most eminent
for illeir wisdom, mho, mhcil smed with life, seek
death by mounting a burning f~meralpile. Those,
however, mho have become the Jevotees of a s t e r a e ~
sect, a i d pass their life in the moods, hunt ele-
p h a n t , ~mhich,
, wlleil inacle quite tame and docile,
they nse for plougliing and for riding on.
111the Ganges tlicrc is an island extremeiy po-
puloas, occnpied by a very powerful nation nhosa
king keeps uader arms 50,000 foot and 4000 horse.
111fact no one inrested with kingly power eyer
keeps on foot a military force without a w r y great
tmrnber of elephants a i d foot and cajvnlry.
ThcP r a s i a n nation, whicll is extremely pornel.-
fill, inhobits a city called Pa, 1i b B t r a, whence
some call the mtion itself the P a 1i b 6 t r i. Their

horses.' These Aivnpnti wcw :L liuc of princes whose terri-

tory, according to the 12th book of the Rcinz&ua)nn,lay ou
tho righi or n o ~ t hbank nf the V i p h (EIyP&sii or B i k ) ,
In the mountainous part of the Dok c o u ~ p r ~ s e bdetween
illat river and the Uppcr I r h a t i . T h e h capital is called
in the poem of Vilmiki Rijagrihs, rrhich stil! exists uuder
Lht: uame of Rljagiri, At somc liist.tnce f r o m thin thew
is a c h i n of heightfi r d l c d Rrli>~1lili~1~-pi1.i, or ' AIPSBII-
&I.'.: rnoi~ut.~iu.'-See 8t,..,llartiu's E ' t v i i + , $ c , pp, 105.
111.
kiqq i c w l ~i12 hi!! pay :IL :(I1 t i111t7 C ~ , I ! ~ I I I 1.0 S ,
30,000 l i o r e , a,id $000 elt l~li,l:ll;..,.
Ecyond P:llibOtrn is X u ~ l n ILLt a 1 e 11 s,jl 011 ivliicll
:,l~ntlowin n.iai;cl. h l l tonrnrch the ~ ~ o r t li lll , ' ; I L ~ -
Inw t o ~ a r i l utho south, f018 six ~ n o ~ l t lnltc~,n:~t,r.ly.
is
111that region the Boars are seen Lui, oi~ocn ~ P : L I . .
m d not for nlore tlin,u fifteen diiys, n;r Betou in-
forms us, who nllomrl t h t this hnplicns i n mnny
parts of Tntlia. Those living nem t h e rivcr Tucl~is
in the regions t l ~ a th r u b o n ; l ~ \ ~ a r ia1.e
l NCOITIIW~
more than otber.3 by the h a t , a d at h s t llle elm-
plcxiou of the people is ~ i r i l j l yr~l'r'cctcclLy ~ , i l c t
great pomer of the sun. ?'!:c ~ ~ i o w i t n i na sx i l l -
liabitecl by the P y g m j, e s.
But those v h o live near the sea have no ki1127.
The P a YI d m a n lmtioa is go~:c~~iccl by f u -
males, and thcir first queen is said to have
been the daughter of Hercules. The city K y s a
is assigned to this region, as is also t l ~ cmoun-
tain sacred to J n l ~ i t e r ,316 r o s by anme, in a
cave on mhich thc a!icieat Iudians aErlrl Fatllcr
Bacchns wae noni~islieii; while the nnme has
given rise to the well-1;nomn fantastic story t h a t
Bacchils mas born from tho t l ~ i g hof his father.
Beyond t'he mouth of the I u c l n ~arc t ~ isleuds, o
C h r y s e aud A r g y r e, which yield such all
abmdallt supply of metals that inany mritci~s
~ l l e g ethcir soils cousist of gold aud of silver.

11 T'oasil)ly, n$ suggested b v Yola, Monut Pth.lvan!itlm,

ueor the D ; ~ l n ~ ~ c: li id, n o t 'far f r o m the Tropic; wldu
Ind. Rilt. vol. TI. p. 12.7, uotc 5, a n d cnuf, vol. 1. p. dGif:
The Nnlli (see nbove), in w h o x country it w l s , are not t,o
be c o u f o i ~ d c i l\vith anothci tl.il)e of thi. S , ~ I I I Cname in the
Pn.n,jAli,~ n c u ~ i o n wbyi Arrinil ; sci! vol. V , p p . 87. 90, n3R.-
ED,I I I -411l.
~,
 . ~ l l A l > . i I . L,ViJ ,
P,>l).'ou. . ~ ' / t ~ r l l i yt.. I . 1 ..,-
(?I' /~~OWJ~?O.S.
( C ' f . 151~it.2 5 ci w/.j
~ i u n p ' o ill
~ , his expedition aqaiilst ihr T i ~ c l i i ~ l ~ ~ , ,
i n order t.hal the cities 111ig1ttI.(.:cc~vF: lliin -will-
ingly, disguised the arIt:s \:itl> v,hicah hc Zind
equipped his troops, and rnndc thcrir wc:u. soft.
raiment and fawn-sliins. Tllc spears w r e :vlxj)li(:~l
round with iry, a n ~ lthe thyrsus hnd a ~11:1l,lr
point. IIe gave the signal for battle by cyi111)1il~i
and clrums i~~steail of the trompct;, and by reg:di~tq
the eimny with wine clivertecl their thoughts from
wnr to dancing. Thcse and all other Bncchic:
olgics were cmployccl il: the systcm of warfare hy
whicll he sul!jugakd the Indinns and all the res!.
of Asia.
Dionysos, in the course of his Indian cam-
paign, seeing that his army could uot endure the
fiery heat of the air, tool<forcible possession of the
three-peaked monntain of India. Of these peaks
one is called I< o r n s i b i 6, aaothcr I< o n d a s 1; 8,
but to the third he himself gave the name of
M \.I Q o s, i n remcrnbrance of his birtl~. Tl~ercon
were m m y fo~ultainsofwntei. srvect to (Iri~lli,gxme
in great plenty, tree-fruits in unsparing profusion,
2nd snows which g a w new vigour to the frame.
The troops quartc~wlthere nlncle n sudden clescent
upon the barbarians of the plain, whom they easily
routed, since they attncliecl them ~ v i t hlnip~ile,~
&om n con11-rlnutlinglmsition on tlrrli~ig:l~ts al~o\.a.,
 IDionysou, after conquering the Iniliaas, iu
vacled Balrtria, taking wit11 him as ausiliaries
the Inclians and ilniazons. Thnt country has
for its boundary the river S a r a 11g 8 s . 7 l l l l e
Baktrians seized the mountains owl.lianging that
river with a view to attack Dionysos, in cross-
ing it, from a post of advantage. He, however,
haring encamped along the river, ordered the
Amazons and the Baltkhai to cross it, in order
that the Balitrians, in their contempt for women,
might be inilnced to come down from the heights.
The women then assayed to cross the stream, and
the enemy came downhill, and advancing to the
river endenvoured to beat them back. The wornen
then retreated, and the Balitrians pursued them
as far as the bank ; then Dionysos, coming to the
rescue with his men, slew the Balctrians, who
\rere impedcd from fighting by the current, and he
croused the river in safety.
FRAGM.
LVIII.
Polyten. S h ~ a t e g I. . 3. 4,.
Of Ilerczcles and Pandan.
(Cf.Pmgm. L. 16.)
f l e r a k 16 s begat a daughter in India whom
lie called P a 11 d a i a. To her lie assigned t h n t
portioii or India which lies to southward and r s -
tends to the sea, while he distributed the people
subject to her rule into 365 villages, giving orders
fhat one village should each day bring to the
trwsnry the royal tribute, so thnf the queen
might always have the assistance of those men
whose turn it was to pay the tribute in coercing
those who for the time being were clcf~~ultersin
their payments.

Of the Beasts of Inch.

iEliaa, Hist, Aizitn. XVI. 2-29."
( 2 ) I n India I learn that there are to be found
the birds called parrots ; and though I h a v ~ ,no
doubt, alreacly mentioned them, yct what I ornit-
ted to state previously regarcling them may now
with great propriety be here set down. There
are, I am informed, three species of them, and all
these, if taught to spcak, as children are tnughc,
become as talltative as children, and speak with
a human voice; but in the woods they utter
a bird-like scream, and neither send out any
distinct and musical notes, nor being wild and
untaught are able to talk. There are also
peacocks in India, the largest anywhere met with,
"' In this i > s t r ~ cnot
t nfew pass:l~~!soccur which;rpprr~r
t o have ~ W I I I ~ o l ~ o w e dfrom Ahy:1sthen6s. This cou.
jecture, t h n u ~ i lit cauuot by any ~ncnusbe placed b c y ~ d
rionbt by cnwluhivc prooh, ss2cms ncrertheless, for vari(ins
reasons, to attnin a certain degrce of pobability. Fg~r
in Lhe 6 ~ s t plt~cc tilo nutlwr linows with unusual ac-
cnracy the intcviur p i i ~ t jof I ~ l ~ l i aThen
. again he makos
very frer~oeutlnention of the Prasii and the BrAhixnns.
And lastly oue cnu hardly doubt that some chilptars w u u ~ ~ -
ring in the, mi~lclie of this part have been exlructed froin
IIegnsthout~s. I haw, tl~el.ofore,in this uncs~t~xiuty taken
c:cn &hatIhe whole of thi IWL slux~li-1he p ~ i n t e d u8i Lhu
l t,he Pra,grnent: of ~I~~:~:~theul:s."-Bchrnanl~eck.
~ n c of
,-LIJ,] Il;\ie-gl'c,~.nringtio\w;. O I W m h c ~ is llof, ,,
\rril-\.c~rsctl i l l bird-lore, scriug these for the
first time, mould take them to be parrots, ; L I ~ , [
not pigcons. I n tlic c010~1.rcf t h e bill and lcgs
they resel~ll~lc Greclc partridges. There are also
cucks, n l ~ i c h arc of cstrnorclilzary size, nncl have
their crests not red as elsewhere, or a t least ii!
o u r conntry, but havc the flower-like coronals
of zohich the w e s t is f o m e d variously coloured.
Tllcir rump featllcrs, ngaiii, are ueither C L I ~ V C ~
nlur ~vreathcd,but are of great brcadth, and they
trail them in tile way peacocks trail their
t,nils, when t l ~ q!~eitllcr ,>ir aighten nor erect
lhein : the featllers of tllese Iilclinn cocks are in
colour golden, nnd also dark-blue like the sma-
rngclus.
( 3 ) There is found in Iizdia nlso anotllcr ice-
nzu~,kndleI~iril. This is of the size of n starling
nil is parti-colourccl, and is trained to utter t h e
aouucls of humau speech. I t is even more tallta-
tive than thc parrot, and of greater natural clever-
ness, S o far is it from sulmitting with pleasure
to b e fed by man, thnt; i t rather h a s such a pining
for frcctlom, nntl such a longing t o warble at mill in
t h e society of its niates, t h a t it prefws stnrmtiou
to s l a r w y v i t h sumptuous fare. It is cnlled by
(lie J I ; 1 1 ~ c t l ~ 1who 1 s settled anlong the Iildians
i11 the city of U o LI li e p h n l n a i d its neighbour-
!ioocl, a i d in the cit,y called I< n r o p o 1 i s, and
others which i \ l i ~ : c ~ ~ i Illc l c r son of Philip bsi-ilt,
1 he K , 1.X i , ; i i . 'l'lli! n n m c 11:lil. I b e l i e v ~ ,it.; ori-
: ,.
~ ! t !lI] :!LC L;!C!: !!I:\! (1, ; J I ~ , , I \in;,> 11;; t i ~ i i 111.

J ~ \:T~.hu~).
~ d l l I l ( ?WCly X5 LIl<' \ \ ~ \ ~ ~ ' I ' I ) I(0; v ~ ~
(4) 1 1wr11f'~~i,Lhcr !hi l i ~ d there i ~ iq i~ h1i4
cnllcil ilic fii;lm, rvli,icll i . ~t lwirc, ! sizi: 01' thc
t:usta~.il, n t ~ t l 11::s a isill ol' l~t*,,tli;icl~i~ :.i.:c nacl
l o ~ l glcgs. It i~ ~ i ~ i ! i ~ i x!.,o l ~ c ~l ~I i t h; I I ~i l ~ i n t p ~ ~ , , ~
c c c t 1 1 i 1 11 1 1 1L ~ I TI:c I claywlhicll
iL I ~ l t ~ ris, jl~cc~.tlifirl;{ > ! ~ i t~~I I I I I I ; , ; I J
~ I i i ~ ~ i ) ~ < I 'V!I!>
is nuI~-culo~~ttc!, cscrl,! i h a l L11c l ' ~ ' ; ~ l l ) ~:tir - i t l l ~ i i .
tips are tilitecl will1 :I i>:tlc ycllow.
(5) I hear also Ill;~t(.helildiiiu : L V ~ ) ~ I U (C' ' t n ~ ~ n n ~
is clouble t h e tiixf of' 0111.8, a i d 1uo1.c l?c:llitii'~11in
i ~ ~ I I u I ~ ~ 2c :I :' ; ~ L11:lt 1~11ilcLlle bridle
i i l > p P ~ f i f imcl
and trny1)ilrgs ui'a h w a e w e IIir c1i:li~htof n Hel-
1~11il:kiii;, t h 11i10poc I, ~ I I C i i ~ , u c ~ t . i ipcl i i y d i i , ~ ~
ef' ~ l i c1,ilig uf i l > c III(~!:LIIS, \VILO ~ I I - U i~l ~011S iil-
hnacl, and logs wit11 it, ,lilt1 never t i ~ wg n i i ~ ~ g
ecstnsy 011 its ~ i ~ l c ~ \ [ l o;i u\ t~' ,tlli. t l l~r#::l~ty niili i\!,ic 17
K a t u r e has a i h ~ ~ i ii* i d T h e E I , : . K ~ I I I ; I I Il ~, lS~ *e r e -
fore, cve11 ~ n : ~ \ this i c ~ ~ I & I L ~b iY d t i l t , L I I I I ~ K ! 0 1 '
n nlylllic story, and lhc txlc h l i l of'ii rrinr thu.: :-..
To ihc kiug oS k110 111ilii111~ t111,r~b\V;K: I J U ~ , I I ;:
sou. 'P'hc child ! ~ : dc!dcr hroillrr,~,wJlv n IIC!I tlic y
ratnc to III:LII'Sc:l:~tc ~ I W I I O~L L~ L to IA; vc~cy1111
,~LISL i u i ~ lt he g ~ , i x i c sof l rcprobatc>. 'i'l~c,:.1lt1.1;i:cll
their bi'other bccauso hc wau tiic ~ O I I I I ~ ;~ .nn,l , ~

i l ~ e yscuiTcrl also at Ll~cirCalhcl, nncl l!icii. t ~ ~ o t l l c ~ .

W I I ~ ) I I I ~11t.grlc\lbi.:ctl l;ec:lu,x Li:,?y LVCI'C CI;.: o!,!
,11111g t ~ ~ ~ - l ~ : h%'Le e ~ lI),. 1); u x i ~ r ~ i i ~ i ; l;;II,I
y, 111,
1g\!11 ! ~ lL:bI ~ i o
V I I I I ~ ,LI l o ~ ; ; t , ~ ~ 7 .~ 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 , ,.
1il;c

- l ~ i ~ l l ~ ,111i,11,
il :!!I<[ :~<*,.t: ! 11, ,: I][: I i ' , / ~! r ~~, o ~v ,; ,~I ,
1
 #!',il'-
I ~ , I I I, ,J,I.~I ; !1!vt1 W!IW ;I ~ ~ ~ l ~ l ~ , n c l coli'l~is
m r i c sJ i ~ :
I I v . , I tivi: <itys I : I ~ tllcold bird nutomilcd: al. last
 l e seemL8.n~c~orclitl~ly, ~ ) ~ , i ; b : h lJI:II
r iL I . ~ ! I I ~ - .
rllougll with n difl'erent bird li,l, il. 2 ' ~ ~ l ) j r r ~ .
tw:inated f r o ~ nthe Indini~s, n n ~ l ~ ~ ; r ~Ili,\:.nrii :xi
even to tltc Crcc1.v. FOYIltr I)lrnc,liin:l~~c~~: ,<a:,.
that a p d i g i o ~ l . ; Lime has t . l n l w ; i i i a c c rlir
Indin11 11ool1oc, then ill 111nn:1nf w n anti yollng i l l
years, p e v t ' o ~ ~ ~that-
n d iu:t oi'pict? fn its p n l - ~ n t s .
(6.) 111 Indin t h e w i.; :\I; minlnl closrly wsem-
I~lingin appearance t . 1 l~n n J ci~ococlile,and some-
where about, the size of n little M n l t ~ s cdog. Ii.
is covereil :~11 over wit11 3 x n l y filii~lR U 1'01.1g11
altogt=thcr n11cl com~invt.tliat w:ic%tt flnycii, off it is
used by tlte I t i d i n ~ ~as s a iilt. It cuts t l i l ~ ~ l t g l ~
L m s tutd e : ~ t siron. W w y cxll i l t I I P l ~ h , , / t ~ / q e ~ v
(pangolin or scaly n~lt-ei~tt~l') . . . . . . ,
(8.) l'lw India11 sr:l 111,~cils ,>rn-sii:~l;esw l ~ i c i ~
11ii~ca~ I U X CtI ~ i l ~1111
~ , t.11t' i ~ ~ l i ~l ~) 1. *~ ~l ~i~ ~~ 1i u1l ~ ~' ~ ~
imineilse size, b ~ i t t l ~ c . :x:~->ti:!lii:n
~ nlq)en18 t
t,

inflict s bit,e uloi,c s1in1.p thaii poisonoas.

( 9 , ) I n Intlin t11vt.e are Ilvrils 01' milt1 I I O I * : ; ~ ~ ,
;uid also of' wil(l n,%>c.i. 'i'h,.y snk t h t t h e ninres
si11)init to be co\,ct~ctl by ~ ! I nCw s , m i l enjoy
S L I coition,
~ ~ nut1 b r w d nnllcc;, which w e oi' FI
i d h l i colo~ir and \i8l>yf l c ~ , t , hnt impnt,iei~tol'
the yoke auil otllerxise skitti::l~. T h e y say 11mt
they catch fliecje lnL1I?8 with Soot-t.rnl~.,,mid the11
take them to the liiiig of'thv I'i,i~.i:ul<, nut1 tllnt
ii' thvy are caugllt ~vlien two yibnt3hold they do
11ot refuse to be b:.oken in, hi~i,i f c>:~l~gilt wlie~l
beyond that age they c1i.Ai.l- in n o ~,c.al~t'ctf',oi!:
z l i n i p toothed nnd carl~iroriii~:~ nulinnll.
 ~1~1 ,
, I ~ , I : ; :,t L rt8ilcj~;,. .
(1 I . ) i'!~ev,>i i I ; I I I I ~ill, ' ~lntlin n g v n ~ r ~ i ~ ~ i v o ~ o l i ~
:u~iln:~l w l ~ i r li ?~ II~ILII,[,: ti1e :,i:;o 61f :I l i n v ; ~ an11 ,
wllicll has a .;p~,y 1~11,:11,:~ tzil p ~ ~ i ~ IJI:ICI< , l y ill
I . 'i'lle 11n;;l ol' Ll~is f.;iil i;; fi111.r1111111 1\11
I I I ~ I I hair, and it<; I ~ r ) s s c ~ ~ iis c o;Ii poi11t 1011 whit,!!
.[~ll-li:~n n o m e n :;ct great i?io~c,1;)~ tllcwwith the!
malie n charming coiffilw, by liiuJiii(~:and h i d -
ing i t with tllc locks of thrii. o-ivu ~ ~ ; l t i r rhail,. al
The length of a hair is two cabiis, and f i n n ~;L
single root t h e i t sprout o ~ t ,ill the f ' n m o b .
fr.ingpt somewhere ah0111thiriy ii:tii.i. Tlw :mi-
msl itself is t h e most timid that is knnwn, far
shonltl it prwcire t h t nu!. o r ~ ci,;Iool,i~lg 2 t it., i:
-tart: i~fi'a t its ~tlnl1Sl sprrd, ;!nil r i ! w right
~',~i~:i~cI,---bni its e:~g~!rnr?7; ~ L I I , S ( : ; I ~ I I \ i:, ~ r t : i ~ t e r

tllan I!\(, rn1)itlity oi' its pncr. '!t i. I I I I : I ~ will^ ~

horse..: :mc! ! i o ~ u i ~ ignocl s tr: r w i . \i'llml it see',
t h : ~ tit i? n i t t l ~ poiat e o f bpi<\!; ~ : ; ~ i l ~ ;il.l ~l I~,i i l ~i~t 3! ,
tail ill W I I I P I I C ; I Y tl~it,!ce(:,\\hiltx ii. S I : I U I ! ; :il I)n?
i n i t 1II I I it I I It
eT7el>pl~tck?j~p ccura!?;? in 3 way, :111(1I l i i ~ i l thai i~
~ i n c ei t 3 tail i~ 11iiIf m n view i l ~ el \ i ~ ~ i t e ~will , : > not
care to cnptrrrc it, i'or j(, k ~ m w st11:l.l its I ;lil i:; the
g ~ e a lolject of nt,trnction. 13ui. ii fin~l.;illis lo
be, of eonlw, ;L w i l l t i ~ ~ l ~ i n ii11r n ~ : ,F ill?i(' ~ I I ? llil:.:
it wit11 a p i n i w ~ ~ edd ~ ? &v110 tl!~'i: !I>I;;A 08 1 1 1 ~
e n t , i ; ~ ~ - , :(i l: ii~~ (r~.,!~ih i s of Y;~III\\) i~c!{l i h r o \ * ~ s:I\YZJ.
the ~:XI'C~I!;(:, :IS: (111, i ~ ~ t ! i ? l illl?!.,f
- - - - - -
l . ~ 11t1
~ - ~ - - ~
t i $ % '< ~ ~ ' : i I ~ l ~ i
~
- - - - -
?nrf-fiY-i t~.,fi;'>l~.
(!? 1 B11.i f~.i~thcv ; \il\!~l~ : IV. ft: I I P i'?~~n(.\
I 1.1 111iii;l: -. p~+kl?; ronclic,:, r~iili-1:n1.c ur W Y iu
,III!, IUTI.,P,,I ~ I I I ~ t~i 1
P ~Tt1h~ n q i ~ qoI'A ~ p j l i h; ~1111
:'lll'illip~, T T . ~ L ~ ( ' ~ iI n Tliili:~:ii,c FI i l l 1:11$1'1.lllnil
:TI~IS. ? ' h w , 1 t n i ~ s l ~ ~ ~ c i l t i o iIiii,li~~g'
i, tlleii
: . m ~fvotm t l ~ e sen u p tlie Cfniigcs, l i : ~ \ ec 8 i n w
wliicli arcx ic-ry la!,;,,, ; I I I ~ ~ ~ l i i c iikel l Y O I I ~ 11) ~L
(lie loi~cli. I llave nsccrtni~icdthat tlicsc slirinips
wllicli pas: Gom the Persian Giilf i n t ~thc river
Iiidus Iln\.c tlicir pricliies nmuoth, niid the l'cc11.1~
with n.l~ic.11 t . l q nrc fiirnisheci eh!gn.teil a i d
cr~rling,b ut this specks lins no cin~rs.
(1 3.) T h e t o i t o i x is forri~tliu lntlin, ciicre it
!i\-cs iu t h e rivere. It is of L~ixlense::izc, 2nd it 113.:
s h ~ l lno^ s m a l l ~ rt h n a rdl-si:xd &iE' [ u ~ < i ~ 1 , 1 ,
:-w!I ~ ~ l i i t i:,* l ~~ - : ~ ~ ~ :ofi ' u Il r~ u l t l i ~ itii
~g I~~o/L'I,~II~
/ 120 p ~ l l o i o~ f~pj~ i l s e . l'ltccc %re, I ~ ~ o n e walso r,
i:iid-t(.,rioisi.s .i;l)icli niny he aI,oiit xs !jig as t111'
\;~I,;,!<Iclo[ls tli 1.11ec1 111) in a ~ i d iS I I J where t l i ~
f l i ~ l ~ is i ~ w r y yiekling, ant! (lie ~ i l o r ~ ~s il ui h
~I,>I-J,, niul, (-li3:1\ilig tlie i'l~iro::~ \vi:h en.e, 1)ilcs
:iict cloils 111~llig1~. ' i ' h ~ ~ s ae re said i~ cast Lheil-
slicll. ~ I I I ~ ~ ~ ~ I: ~I II, :ill ~ ~I tile
I I c IIXII(IS
I~, C~I~:I~FI~
irl tie16 l:zbonr, [ n r n titmi up xii.1~ ilicii. lllnttoci;.:,
~ : I inlie I I ~ tliefil oi:t just i n t l ~ cnay onc cnl.r:~c~l:i
i ~ o o t l - ~ o ~ i ificj~il
i.; tllc pl:;ii!s :hi)! lincc ext i > i i
i [ i / , o , r i ' l ~ ~ m'cy fat, ~II~I.,;> :lliII t ? i ~ i iI ~ ~ ' s ] I is
i~;x~-iiig
1 5 ~ 2 1 ; iirj(l~iligo f LILCS ! M Y ~ II:LVOIII~t ~f 1 1 1 ~
;,;I-IoYIuise.
1 5 . Ii~ttlligri:(,aninlais n w i o 1 ~ ~. c witll t
.lil1011gO I I I W ~b tV~ ~t h~r y~a,w I'ew, i d 110t:it ail L(,
I I I I 1 1 1 i Foi,jic~~~eAin:I
----- -
- - - - - -
 . .
I > ; I I ~ I I ;~IL;.<,\W,
~ . I wel,~pJ~;!~it; I O L I I I ~ ; c l l : ~ r x ~ t ' i, ~
u )~ ~ r l
CIL I P
I p:~yl-oi, i l l l l j ;ipr:j ~ r j ' i!lt' ~ ~ ~ l ~!\ill(!,
i i i i :!nrl
the r r e ~ , t ~ i i ccnlle~ls s a t y l t ~ YQI. 11111rjtwe 1'01.-
PI, tlic Tnclini~ a d , which is so ~ ~ u t cfor d its
xisiloii~. T h e wit;i of' oiir ow11 coimtry do, I I ( ~
d o l ~ b t ,dig ibr ~ l ~ c i r ~ s c lav~, i~l r) t ~ , ~ ~ , n holes
ncuii al~rl
hul.rows, nnil by horilig pmviile tlle~r~selves with
Ii!rliiiig-places, and w a r o ~ t t;[I1 tlicir s t r e ~ i g l hilk
what. inny bc cnllecl miui:~g o p c i : ~ t i o ~ lwhich s) are
i!~tlescrilmbly toilsollie :~,ncl co11~111ctctlwith se-
crecy ; but t h e Illrlin~i nuts construct for them-
selws n clustcr o r hilly clwclling-hoiiscs, seated
no1 (111 slopiup or 1 1 3 ~gro~iilcl.; 1 wlicrc they could
r~nsily be i ~ l u l ~ , l ; ~ t but c ~ l , 011 steep n i ~ d lofty
P I - I I ~ L I I ~ I IAll([
I , ~ ~ .ill tllr:sc, 1)y 1jori11goui, wit11
nntol, l -Id1 celtnin c i r c ~O~I IiS ~ pirssngcs which
i.c~~lii~irl one of tlic Eg!.l)l,iali . l~irrini-\n ~ r l t s or
( ' I T ~ ; I I I lnhyrilitlls, they so coiih.i\.c t h c ~t1,iictnre
ol' Llwir liooses thni, iloile ol' t,hc li~lcs TII!!
~ ; t r a i ~ l i tand, it is tlifficull Soit nuytliilig (.o enlei,
1Ilei11 01. i-lnw i ~ ~ t rtlrou~, b I,lic wi~idiiigs xnrl pcr-
f i ~ w l i o n , I~eing
~ so t o ~ . t l ~ o ~Oil~ s . t h e nlil\iili.
they lcxve ouly ;I sil~glcbirpciturc fo arlrriil I . ~ C I I I .
xi\it.; n11t1 111e grain ~~11icl1tiley colleci- i111d
r:av~'y Lo llieir sfore-~Iiaiiibers. 'I'licii ohjcct. in
scllwtil~g loi'i,y silrs h r tlleir ~ L I : I I ~ Zis,~ I I01I I ~
~ O I I W C , Lo esci~lwLlie 11i;Ii I I I J O ~ S ; l ! ~ ( l i ~ l ~ u ~ d x l i ~ l i ~
8,t'tire i.irms; a d I.llcy r l c ~ , i \ ethis nd\.i~ll~;lpi
I'ro111L I i & f o ~ ~ c ~ i g~ll~i tt~!f hey l i xs~ i t~ \ \ ( , I ( : ~ I I
so mtinp ivxlch In\vc'i,s 0 1 isli~l~cls \\-I)(>II t j l i i r ! -
I 1I i I J I I I . ; 1 . R1or1--
 jyfl', ruouuik l l ~ i ' y live ill, t l ~ o ~ r g l~i l l > i r . c - l i
c u i ~ t i g ~ t i t js, o I i r I I , O I I I 11cing I O I I S ~ I I U ! L ~ I I C I
for11 ~ I ' : L I ~ ~ ~byv Y 111(!~ l L , l i ~ XI'C g ~ , I'ALIIL'I' ~ L ~ L ~ I ~ ~ L I I ~
~ c i l espxinily
, b y Ll~c 11!mii1ig ~ l v w; ibr the>-
1)uL 011, SO to SI)C:L~~, n coat of ice t'0l'lll~i1 ~ J I U
this clcw-thiu, no doubt, bul; still 01' s t ~ c l i g t ;l ~
while nt the smne timc t h y ;u52I I I : ~ C il!ore co111-
pact at their bnve by wectls n11tl b:118l\ of trees
aclheriug, wliich the silt of t h e river has carried
down. L e t so iuuclt about l ~ d i n na i l t ~bc said
by rlie now, ns it was snit1 Gy I o l m long ago.
(1 G) Iil tlic coullllry of the Illdinti 3 s e i :r 11 o i
i h c ~is a subcer~nnc:ut chns111 i l o ~ ~ in ~ i llvllicl~
t i w e are niyeterious mults, coiiccnlcd ways, :11itI
I h o r o i ~ gt'al,c> l ~ invisil~le to 111<111. These are ~lt'cll)
with!, :ul~lSLYCLCI~ to x cry grrnt ili~tnnce, H o w
t h y c u n c l o c.iist, ant1 how tli(,y W ~ I Yrsc:~rxlcil,
r hc luclinus do nut sit:, nor (lo I o i ~ ~ i i ~inysrll' rn
t.0 i ~ i r l ~ ~ i r el .l i t h e r tlie Ii1dia11:3 b ~ ~ i nI I g I I ) I , L ~ LIIXII

Il~ricetct! tho~i;;nlid licad 01' cattle ol' ciill'c.~,c~~l

kinds, sheep ant1 gui~ts,E I I L ~ oscii and hoi.scs; i i ~ i i l
' , ~ c l <~j'.C ~ Z-O I-w
- - - -
I lio 113s bccn tcl.rifictl-l<y a l l o~ilill-.
- - - - - - - - - -
~ U (S I I ' c ~ OL' ~ I a~ ~vilrilii~g
, so~ti!dor pro111it~~i~: I oicr,
o r w l ~ olin;~sc.cAiln I~irtl ol' el.il nlly;iwy, I I Y :L 3111)
;jti(~lLc\ ror [& lilk V L L S ~i111o ; ~ 111~ ~ ~ I ; ~ " S~ \I III( ' ~LLI v k ( . i r ~ ~
:IS his 1 7 r i ~ a !t ~ t ( w s CXII :d'i)t,cI, g i \ - i ~ 1~ 1g1 ~~ I I ~ I I I ~ I I
< L S;I r:liiso~~t to S ; I T L ~11i;i w i ~ divc. l ' ~ I I c vic1i111:>
oliii[~lc.iccl~ h i l i ~ carc l . I I ~ Ll i d ill cIliL~11.jIlor oilii~~..
,,s[,,c ( ' , ) , ' I cr,!, 1)~1t I,[,,,? ;c l ~ l , ~ ~( ,t ,~;i xI W ; I ~ I ui!litig,
i y ,a,: i i ' 1 1 1 ! . ~ ' , / \ \ , I I I ( I,y ,,d!iii. I I I \ , . . ( ~ N ; I ;I>P!\ ~I,~ ;

,b>it ,?, > t i , I , I It;,, k ! ~ i /I.!!, 1 1 1 . 1 ' ;

.'I,., O l J 1111' r 1'2'~
sl1:11 t l \ r v n1.r nli : I I ~ L I I I ~ I I ~ I I ~ ~ I O < C11y I I t 1 1 ~SY:I
'rl~tli ~ ~ ~ i : ~ \ ~ i I fag:\ili, l n t s , 01' 1!1t! LV):\:<(. lli~\i' [ ~ C J
p~.ac:iici~ln c q ~ l a i i i t a ~ wviitli c~!t,l~I~;l~it-c:lt~~~I~i~~~,
and lalorn of it only b! report. 911 tllci? energy
is tlcvot,ecl to cntching fish XltI thc nlo~lsterso f
f.11~t l t ~ s ;l ~for thc sea eacildiiig t h e island is
r.tspor,tctl to b11~:tl :11 ineredibl~n u r n l ~ r r of fish,
I,ot;l~ of the s n ~ : ~ l l cfry r m i l of the ~ ~ O I ~ S ~ Y O L I S
s l r t , n111ony f l!i! 1;lttcr l x i n g some wliic11 II:LW/II('
111::\,1s o r lioilr nil2 or" p:llitl~crsnnd of ot!~cr wilti
I x ~ t , ? n11!1 , n l i i ~ of ~.:tlns; m c l , what ia still :L
~ > , I . C ~ L in:~t,i.,>l,
[I*~ t I ~ i , r i11.c
~ ~ , !rill
~ ~ ~ u ~ i s t\ryr,:.;i ~ i in ~
llllt,< 1 , I l l l i l ' 1 I t 1.. Olllt,l,~
; l l ~ r t ill : l l ) j ) t x : ~ . ~ , ilikt, t ~ ~ ~\YI)IIII:~I,
m ~ * IIIIC,i~~xtcrt!lo('
~ I ~ I Y ~I,~l~.i; I I ; : ot' l~ilil*,:irkb: ' ~ ~ I ~ I Iwi111 ~ ~ , Il)riri~.l(~b.
~I~II
It, i:< C,YL,II wlc~111111y nlltg,(? t,11:1t t11i:i ,<():I ~ I I I I ~ : L ~ I I ~
c ' t , : ' t , ~ i ~ i ,,LVAIIL;:,I>- ~ Y I ~ I I I C (~c,;:hl~'t~,!,
~~ ii) I , ~ ~ ~ ) I Y ~ : ~ ( ~ ~ I I
i\l1i(,11i l l :L l~it,t,nrc\1;i111i(lb:~ih!t,:i!l I I I C skill of t,he
1 \.ti: t 3 t l f t i I c h ( ' o I u ~ ~cvel: I . ~ tllough,
. wit11 n vic:w 1 LI
:~!il'<!':I i)i.~,f(,~!l~tI : 3 t l ! ~ ~ : ~ t ithey
~ l l , are T V O I I ~ ti]
p:~iili,I ! I I > I > ' ; ~ ! ~ \ , : ~ !vhi!d: of different p r t ! < 01'
iIiff,:.i~.:t. : u ~ i ~ r l : ~pieseil ls to;;c~tl~c~r. 'k'hcsr 11i1vt
tIi(4r t , ~ i ! ,91111 ~ the l x ~ r t ,wliicli ~ :we ~ v r c : ~ l l : doi'
g ~ c : t l lrlllitli, nnil 11:rrr for f i ~ teithcr clan.
or I . I I ( ~ ~ i . 1f1l ~ r t l ~ ct,hnt r the>- are nntl~liil~i-
OII:, and I,? ni;:?lt graze on the pnsture-fii~ltls, fin
iil~('yC:L~ ?::lL:.like cuttic n n d I~il,tl.;t h a t piclc
I l ~ ' l ' l. ~ ~Iy~ c waleo :i p e a t liliilig for tli;.
h c . w l ~ c iivi]":~ eilousl~In (11.3;) fwln t h e pall-I!.,
i111c1 : ~ ( ~ ~ ~ m~II(\!,l i I*,vi,:t ~ ~ ~ t ~l ~l~y? icoil^^r w11i:~li: I I , ~
,31l]'l)1,', :1!1!1 ~ : : l ' ? , ' ( ' 1 1 1 1 1 1 ~ ~ 1 11;:' 1 ) 11'11113(1, nl.lillliii
 c 1 i p i v ? i , ? - t ~:lilt!
, ;h;I:v i!it>~nm : Y I c I , ~ I I : I ~ ~ lll:,,,,
t h e dnl:.i c'o.mca tilinl~lillgtlowu, ant1 nifril,i i t l ! c ~ ; ~
a welcorric repast. '~11crc:tl"tcr 1c1ic11 tlict i i i ~ ! ~ i
b , ' $ i ~ g r a c l ~ d l yto wiulc~I J I I ~ , i x l ' o ~ t!ii::~! ~ ~ is ye(,
clear dnyligl!t; t!~c!: tlia:rji!),!;lr Iiy 1!1\111;iug iiito
t h e sen just ns t h e Srst d i d 1 of W O P I ~ ~fIi I~~i n t l y
i l l u l i ~ i ~ l eist> .:LIY~;LCC.'?l:i>y sag w h : ~ l ~also s
f r e y x u t tl~i-,:cn, t l ~ m g h it is n o t trrlc 111x1;
fhcjr come car tllc -1lorc lyi~i::: i l l w ; ~ i t for
t h ~ i i m i e s . Tlic 6.oii)l:ins ai.c i.cjbt~i.rc,i! to Eje of
two S O ~ ~ S - - C I I~ I: >~I:, C C l11111;).i,!:~wil Y;~L!I s;I~nrp.
j~)iilic;l ic:c!li, w ? ~ i c ,;;;i\.cs l~ cxrilcw t r o u l ~ l et o the
~~~~lC!I'li~:lll, ail(! i: 01' :L l ' C 1 1 1 ~ ~ l " ~ i ' ! ? ! 'C~ ~Y~ ~L~ di!j!>O~i-
~~I
tion, wi~:!c~!!i, rj:!!e! lii:!d is i:ntin.nlly mild and
tame, swi~lls n!~o~i(. ill the L,i;,l;iest rwy, ;II~I.! is
qukc like :2 fan'ni~lgclog. It cioes not i.uil awn!.
when ally onc :rich 1.0 ',t:.o!<e it, ::nd it t:l!tes v;ith
plensure ally h o d it i:i ofwctl.
(19.) 'i'llc sP,i-lta;.c, by vshie!: i.lie::. irlean tiu
kind h ~ m din the ;IY;LL sc:i ( l i ~ r( i f t l ! ~k i ~ i ~I '!O I U I ~
ill t h e o t l ~ c r :;ca I I!:\vc ;~ii.c;ttl~spoken), ye-
selnbles in evci,: 1m*~;[w!ni.tlic 1:aiil 1l:ue es-
cclit o!lly t h e i'i11.: ~vvi~lu:~ i.! ~11,' c;::~. of tlir'
hncl :uii~n:l? i.j SO;! ; : I I ( ~ li:>:i ; ' l l i :ot!~Iy clov;n, ~IIC:!
does not ~ c : , i ; i (1:r ~ I I ! I , I I , \u:icrc;iu its brotller
i j l ' t h e S C : ~1 ~ !)~i>~tli~;:;
s l>~!Lr\ ~ l ~ : c !i:, i ~ ~ r i c ? i laii(1 y,
inflicts n \ ~ O ~ I I I I0 1! 1 ::II:. onc n.!io loilcllev it. It
i s snirl t-o s\:.i~ii:ito:b of tlli' ~ : ~ : i - i . i p p l c v i t h ~cva:. nt
,tliviii;; l:Lz!onJX I C ? r11 I I P y,xli,;: r;i]ii11 i:i i t s m i \ c a .
m ~ n t s . To cntc!~i t ;ilir-e is 110 o;;:\y rnntter, :la iv
W Y P I , lh[l:{ i ) ~ r r c111c 1 1 d 1 ~ 101,g o ~ ~ 1 1s ~ 1t . l 1i,1v ~ !1,11~!
bait of the l i s l ~ i n g - d . Wli~liit S U ~ ~ P I ' Sflow
, -
ever, from disease, and, beilig i l l cowcqwnee
l~arcllyable to swim, is cast out 011 shore, then if
any oil(: touches it with his h n ~ cleat11
d ensues if he
is n o t nttcncled to,-any, s h o ~ ~one,
l d were it only
with n staff, touch this clend h e , he is aifected in
the same way as those who have touched a basi-
lisk. But n root, it is said, grows dong the coast
of the island, well lcnomn to every one, which
is n remedy for the swooiIiiig which ensues. It
is brought close to the ~ i o s t r ~of
l s the person wlio
1111sfainted, who thewupon recovers conscious-
ncss. But should the remedy not be appliccl t l ~ c
injury proves fntal to life, so noxious is tlw
vigour which this hare has at its command.
Fmg. XV.13. follows here."
( 2 2 . ) There is also a race cnllcd the S li i 1. n-
t si,? whose country is beyond India. They are
country, of which some kiiidv seizc the cattle W!IBII
 historian, L o ~ nit1 Xikomcdia, in Git11)-ni;+,
towards tlic ciid of t h e first century. LIe becnme
$1, pupil of the ~ . I I I ~ ~ u s o ~I;!)ilct..'toi.,
IIc~ ~ ~ l l ol i- ce t u r - ~
tic p ~ ~ b l i s l i e d .Huviug been appointcil.. . p~tcfectof
f(:~l~padol<iu ~ ~ ! i ~ l c l .sinperor
{ ~ l i c Hi~driiin,hc acquired
r l ~ ~ r i nhis
g a d m i ~ l i s t r aion t EL prncbicd lil~o~vleclge
91 the ta:;~i~:~ i : ~u ~t t a ~ l ;inodc up-
of war ill ~ ' i c l ~ c l lan
on his province by tile Alani a11d Nasengct;~. H i e

applied his 1eis~u.eto tlia coinposition of wor.1;~o n

history, to wllicl~11e 1.\-;1:; Icti 1 ~ yhi:; ndmimtion of
.Xenol,hoi~. I f c d i c ~ i: ~ ~ t 1 nc1va:lced age, in the
w i g ~ ol f Llle empelur ntarut~:;I'\.~~lvlius.Tlie worlt
!.by n h i u l ~ ! ~ e is best L I I I I \ \ I I is 11j:i :LI:CCILIU~ of
:hc Asi:~l,ic c!.l~wliLioil uC A l c : ~ , ~ i i l ctlic ~ ' Grc;,l,
whicll is remarl;al~le :~lil;s I'or Llie accllncy of it,:i
 wished his work to super~eclethe old and l e s ~
accurate account of lndia ~ r i t t e nin Ionic by Kt&
sias of Knidos.
Tho IndiJca consists of three parts :-the first
gives a general description of India, based chiefly
on the acconnts of the country given by Xegas-
thends and Eratosthen& (chaps, is--xvii.); the
second gives an account of the voyage made by
Nearchos the Kretan from the I n d u s to the
P a s i t i g r i s, based entirely on the narrative of
the voyage written by Nearchos himself (chaps.
xviii.-xlii.); the third contains a collection of
proofs to shorn that the southern parts of the world
are uninhabitable on account of the great heat
(chap. Y E . to the end).
 I. The wgiolis beyond t h e river 1 n d u s on
die west are inhabited, up to the river M 8 p h e n,
by two Indian tribes, the A s t a k e n o i and the
,A s s a k e 11 o i, who are not men of great stature
like the Indians on tlie ocher side of the Indus,
nor so h a r e , nor yet so s-p;m.thy as most Inclians.
They w e x i n old times subject to the Assyrians,
then a f ~ e r:L perioci of Meiiiau iwle submitted to
the Pcrsinns, and paid to I< y r o s the son of
Kninbysds tlre tribute from their iand wilkh
liyros had imposed. The N y s n i o i , however,
are not an Indian race, but clesce~;dnnts of thaw
who came into India with D i o 11 y s o s ,-perhaps
not only of those Greeks who hnd bee11 disabled
for serrice in the course of the mars which
Dionysos vaged against the Indians, but pel.liap
also of natives of the country whom Dionysos,
with their om11 consent, had settled along with the
Greeks. The district in which he planted this
colony lie named N y s a i n, after Mount N y s a,
and the city itself N y s a,* But tlie mountain
 .w(( ~ ( ~ I I I I ~ I Il i~t ,; ; ~ I t I 1 1 ~n11irr :;id(! vl t / I , > r i , v,,
h t i i ~ s ,nnti c l c n c i in n WPSI wnrti cliwci inn il:, [.ti
:Is 111e K 6 1) 11 e 11.
11. N o w t h e countries wliich lie t o t l w w s f
of t h e I n d n s I tnlie to be I n il i n ~ ' I ' o ~ I vi~ncl I',
t,hc p c o l ~ l tK~ ~ I Oi ~ i l ~ n l them ~ i l t o Or I n ~1i n 11 s.3
7 ' 1 1 ~11ort11ci~11 I~oil~idaries of iutlin so Liqfil~ecL nre
Lornlrd by Aiount T n 11 r o s, lliough t l i c rniige
does not w t n i a t h t llalile in tlw-e 11nl.t~. ' ~ ' : ~ I I I w ~ ~
begins from the sen nliicll waslies t h e consts
of Pnnlpllglin, Lyki:~,a nd Kililiin, mid s t r e t c l ~ e s
nwny to\vm.~lst h e 13nste~ii Scn, i n t c ~ , ~ r d ntl~r. g
whole coutincnt of Asin. T h o 1-:111pc l ~ c n ~ !dil'. ;
fercut n n ~ n e s in t h e di~'l'w~~~t cuiillO.iis n l i i c l ~
it I l x \ . e ~ s c s . I11 oiie placc i~ is c a l l c ~ l Parn-
11 a m i 8 o s, in nnother E nl o cl o s,l/ a n d iu :I
Psrang a.ud Cjhhrsad,', v!iii.l: 1s.:i11 p : l ~ tof (lip ~rcil-lmovn
H n s h i n a g a i., or ' ci~111 citir~s,'iltat nrc P ; I I c d 1 1 1 1 1 ~ 111-
gethcr bn the e:iste1u 1la111;of ti;? I o ~ v ~,%\\;:i l . r i w ~ . . " '1'111.
position iudicatrd is 111?11rly S P V C I I ~ ~ ! U I ti~iit,sto t11,- 11ort11-
6'n.t of PesLfin-nr. F uti 11L n, l n , , nccoulili:. io l'roi. Wiiwli.
is 6t:ll ~ I ~ ~ . ~ P 11yPtllc
( I ~I n~oC~ ~ l cl'eI~Iuk h e 1y or lliiLlloli,
i n tlin nriglllii~u~~l~o~icl of PcshAmnr.
6 1niimitil:q I n d i n to the c n , t t w ~ i ofk tho J n h ,
Ami:iu exprr~asvs t l i ~ .v i u w g,,nc.rnl:y iiilii i l l : n : t ~ i ~ ~ ~ i ~ y ,
d ~ i c hw ould ,1111x.m to 1 1 d ~ m t h z t of tlti. ILinilns I ~ : C I I I -
wlvcs, since th y :IW j.ol.lii~i~l[,~~ b y 0:iw cli : l i o i v ~llll t~.:!di.
tious to cross t.l~:~t, vircv. NI:cII>I I I ~ \ W WmI , ~, 11c y wid :I>!.
the t1:pory whikl~ W ~ I U exti11~1 IJ I I I L ~ ~ : TI' L ~ , f u ~ it' t t l t r
t<j

,q~,catI I I O ! I I I ~ ~ X
~ I I~ I : ~ Iot
~ Slli:,du 1<1;41111111l ' ~ i r ~ ~ ~ ~ : , i ~ t i s w ~ .
Therc is, For i~istn,~vc, t:~c, f , i d t11:1t in t l ~ v r y i i m ! > ~ I I L :
11etvcr11tile?,>I ! I ~ I : I , ~,1r,11 ' , ~ I I ~111c;!iq 111,~liy 1 1 i , 1 wcitl~wt
~
now l~c~:ir, or b:ivc t.,vuic?ly liol.l~c, I I : L I I ~ I , Q wltidl P J U wit11
8 1
certa,iuty bc t~xi,i'dtc S:l!'*li!.it w r ~ ~ ~ c c IsIIL, . >1111jed is
discussed a t s,,i~io1cnytl1 :II IGl1iiillstiruc~'sili::it~~.!/ ,,I I~dicr,
pp. 3x1.-6, d 6 n b y ~ i St,.JI:!rt t ~ I I I . - ~ ~ ~ 'IIIII,,
~ p p !)- 1.1.
11 F a y a,p :I 111 i s (J ( O ~ I P I , \ ~ I I ~ I ~ I ~ - ~ ' : : I ~ ~ ~ ~T'aro- I:II:I~~~~~Q~
psii~~s,qos,l' a ~ o l ~ : ~ ~ i i s ~rl'liih i s ) , L I ~ ~ IIPISOLII(> I ;I,WI UIOIITI-
tuiu tx11ge 1 1 , ~I ,t~lt:~l ~ I 1 i 11 (1 <I I<11 I,. s ~ ~ p p ~ i -LC ~,tl
 hi. n rorrnpteil FOYI'I of ' I Tnclicii~ C.iucas:i.." t h e n u n u
qiiml i o t h e a;u~<clig thi, .\L:ikcil~~r~i:~ne, e i t l ~ r it~o h t r r r
iiii:s;li,ilvr, o r bc, 1111ii~they r(,:::~~~it.ii it as s ruriUuuntiur~u i
~ k t l l k : ~ b m .Arrim, ~ O I Y C CI., I 31~1 utilers

] I c I L ~ it 10 iic a
c o r i t i l i ~ ~ ; ~ r irir if ~'lI' n 117 o s. '['hi. iniinnl:~i~~.* l r r , i ~ j n p ~ i tgo
l:ic m1li.t' :,:i~ikl~lie t o the UOYLII of h.:iii'ili~~lx w r ; I W
c d l e d N i s 11n d h n, (:jc!l L:i.;ean,l i d . Alt. I. p. 22, not!,), n
S , i t ~ s ? , ? iW~O Y ~ uhic11 ; I I J I I ~ ~ I YI I C I ~ ~ ~i nI ~~ I, A~. form l J w u .
: II i t i I by 1 ' 1 1 1 i Aecoriliug t o
I'iir~y,t h e Sl,ycLi.in;i celleil DIonnt L ~ u c a s n sG r a u c s s i 8,
.I: rroril vhi1.h n'l,rc-ents the Iiltiinn iii~iricof P m o p m i s n e ,
(: r a v a k s h :~s. which I i i t ~T t.rnr!e:nti,s " s p l r ! t , d e ~ i t ~ ~ . ~
viipit,rit , , ~ i , ~ t t : . s . " A c c o d i ~ l f it <>G c u c ~ : l lGnnningiinln, tilo
N o u n t I' a r i,3 b rrr A p a Y a, s i n of t h e % c n d ~ [Ct Y ~ ~rmr. L
yrspouds ntith thu l'nwl!~rcime of t h e U ~ c c h s . I'mi,o, t h e
I ~ Y > L p o ~ tof t h ~ w0r4, St.-Milill.tin s a w , ~ ~ ~ D I . C U~I I+- ~ I I ~ S
dwbteclly t h e Pn I. u or P iz r t :i oi' tllc lticnl dialects
(in Zend, P ~ i $ ~ o ~ Ineanmg '/n ? , ~ o r ~ ~ i r n iLla r ~ ) .aeli~cow..
I I V I ~ PhSo, ~ e v e r ,t h a t h e cnnncit nssign m y rPnPon why t h e
syllriiil~ p c ~ hns hiwn ii1tircn1izti.d betwcou the w c a b l e s
g , , r , . i ~n nd v i ~ l ~ i l r to l ~ l1 1 : m the Pair o p a l u i s n d i 01 ~ thrj
1 . T h c first C;r~wl; writer who m e n t i o ~ i st h e range 13
Aristotle,, who calls i t Par~iasaos: Y C O his 3 l i ~ i 1 ~ r i i ~I.i i l18. .
H i n d 'i Ku s 11 g c n c ~ a l l ydcsii.~lnteanow t h e c ~ ~ s t c pr au r t
of t h e rn'irr~,n ~ i dP ni T o p a 111 i d (1 B t h e n w t e r u . Accord.
in!: to S i r d l c a n i ~ i l e rBurues, tho nmne Hindti l i n s h io
unlmown t o ihc ht'yLfi8us,but t h e m i:, a l~articnlilr pm?c
m i l d s i i n, n ~ i . :l~(;:~i.iuq t h a t nnlne Iictween AffiI:hiht&i
:tn,l 'ri;~~;<c:it itl.-l': 111 i)C1 o s j n 1 . h ~I'~~rni~-Etnoilo,, ~ Euo-
&,n, T ~ L , I I I ~Thi: ~ L ~i1:~1110
~ ~ ~~)~. ~ n i ~ r~Ii.sig:late[l ally tlmt par';
o f the Lri~l~ci!~yo,n r:Li1!zc which ~~stc!ld~:d d o i q ~ V ; J A ~a u d
Bhf1tn.n and onward Llonwds t'ie I cc.in. Lasseu cleririis
{I,,! \YWYLI! ~ I , I I > tho S&uslqit I ~ r ~ i ~ i ~ t r ?in ! u FrAlcrit
/i~, l~c!iit~oto,
'uuowy.' If this he m, 'Ht,rnodosl is t h e inore w r r r c t
f u ~ u ~Another . ila~ru:~~w n
reEi.~.; i h e woni to I'h4~?liiill.i.i'
( l t , I , I ~ ,c r ~ l <:nlJ
l , EI:~?< fio~Cufi~.iil), ' t h e ~ I J I ~nIm~i ~ nI iI, ~ i t ~ s ~ '
--.;,, ~ : , I h d,mr,hl~b e r ~ , l i ~thllg t > w t w t,li~~ii:l~t t o cnriln,in
.*01,1 I ~ I : i , I I1 ~' b e ~ . i l l ~U~F i L?l i ( ' : l t ] i i > i t t l l ~ y!,IL'BPII~PJ \V~IPI,
s.L&i~riii~wy pzxL3 yaHecLc.d t.Lo g ~ u l ~ l tefi,.lti.r~ce ~ti o l sliu'.iet.
 On the w i : $ l . t h e bountlaries 01' I n c h
marltecl by the river Indus all tlle ~ s tyo t h e
great oceaii into which it pours its waters, which
it does by two moutlis. These months are 1101
close to each other, like the fire mouths of (.he
1 s t e r (Danube), but direrge like those of the
N i 1 e, by which the Egyptian delta is funned,
T h e Pnclus in like manner malies nn Indian dclt:],
which is not inferior in area to the Egyptian, a ~ i d
is called in the Indian tongue P n t t a 1 a.
011 the south-west, agais, and on the south,
h d i a is bounc'ed by the great occaii just men-
tioned, which 3150 forms its bowidary 011 the enst.
T h e parts toward tlle south abolit Pnttnla niid
i n e river Iliclns were seen by Alexander mil inauy
of thc Grecli~,b ut in an cnstcrn rlircrtion Ales-
?/ P a t t a 1 3.-The name of the D r l h was priiperly
I ' b t i ~l e n e, m:J P d t, a l a mas its c:~pii.ll. 7'111s \V;LS
sitfiated a t Lhe hlml of tile Delta, mhere tile m ~ ~ s t i strcxlu ~rn
of the Incins biiurcateii. T 11 a t h a hon peneraily bcon
regarded as its modern rcr?rese&ive, I N L (;cllcraI Cun.
ninghain monlcl " a l n ~ o s t certaiuly" iclo~lt,ify j t with
N i r a , n l i o l or E a i d a r f i h A d , of mhich P a t a l p n l .
and P A i; a 6 i l a, (' flat rock') were u l d q q ~ i ~ ioni. l l : ~ ~iYitli
r r g ; ~ r dto the name 1'8hlo he s u g y s t s that "it may 11:~vc:
bct'n d e r i ~ e c from ! JJ,;idcc,the trampct flomrr" j?ig,jioiiia
. ~ ~ L u L ~ ~ ~"in % s ) , to the trumpet s11:~puot tBc pro-
u ~al111sion
~ini:c included lietr~ecntho e ~ s t e r nand wrstcrn iiraucbcs
of thc ~ n n a t hof thc Indus, as the two brsnchcs es i h c y
applnwh file sca cnrvc ontmald lilx i h e month of a, trum-
pet." Itiiier. however, s a p :-" P d t k 1a is the c l h ~ q t i ~ .
tion bestomd by the S r R h ~ n m son all the pmviucl,.. iu 1111.
west tomiriis s u i ~ s r t ,in antithesis to Prilil i a k a (i.11~
easi.vru rcslmj in G : ~ n ~ r s - l a n:r Ifor P : i j ~ ~isl ~t!ie l mytholo
g i r d m n l e iu S t ~ ~ i s ! < rof i t the unrler-vn~ltl,a m1 , c ) I I : . ~ , -
,lncvl i y t ~ fIhr I;~nrlof the weti." A r r i n ~ ~ t,,' >L, ~ I I I , ~ 0 1 ' L 1,
I I I > I ~ I I ~ ~o r\ IL~i ~I f~:I ~ o I L I , is ~ ) I ~ P ! Y ' Lexrt7.:
: I I . i l r . 'Yiw ~L,II:IK
i f its I h - i . . f r u u t h e Pitti t o lhc, lit-ri m 1 1 1 1 1 , \!;I.: lc. , 1 1 1 , t ,
I000 &did, n.h& thal of [ha ! ; I i i , ~n I U , : :c,i. !,j(lO.
I I I i t 1 1 I I I II I I j ,!
;) n s i s, tliix~glrn fc.1.v nn~dlors hive iIcscril,rtl
I1
the co~uitry ns fw 2%;t l ~ criwi. Cf x n g r s nul'i
(.he p u t s r i c w irs mouths alitl the city of' 1' a-
l i m 11 a t h r n, which is the greatest in I n t l i n :
nud sitnatcrl nonr the Ganges.
111. 1. r ~ h a l L?IAILV s f a l e ihi?( ~ ~ I ~ U , I [ , ~ I ' , . )uI]'I , . *I,l,,!irl,
niid it1 doing so let tne follow E .i a, t o s t h e 11 ? 2
of Kyrc1i8 :ls the snfest autlroritx, for this Era-
i o s t h e n h n1:dc its circuit a subject of s11ecial
iuquiry. :. T!:e states, then, thnt if'a Iiilc 1)c d r n ~ m
&om 5louat Tanros, whcrc the Inc!~is 11;~silu
springs, d o n g the eoi~rseof thnt r i m r :uld as thv
:P the great i)cc:ui a d thc rnouths of the I n t l ~ ~ r ; ,
this side of Il~ilinwill m6;~sure13,000 stai1ia:t
B u t t h e contr:ny sick, w l h h cliverger from t , h e
vnrne point ot'a'nliro: nucl runs d o n g t h e Enstei,~,
Sea, lie ~ n n k s so!' ;L t ~ ~ u c ldili'creat
i leogth, for
t liere ie a he:iillnnd which projcctr fns out into tlic

Th .S1~111nimltx,f m 1 1 1 \ ~ l l ~ : (1,xt
~ e L LY;LII:~,L~I%, II:!:, hi,r+?
.~lt~!wd ILK
( ! J I , I ~ I I : L ~ )IIIII,,~!C~'+~:L~~~;,)
~ rc:di~~; LIIL, 1
1SY,.
I s 0 9 J Tllc. 1 1 1 ,I ~ d ~ ! ~ ~ ' 1 1 1 ~ 1 1 L ~ i
.<iyc,11h y SL,';IIIO :IIW L w r u ~ ~ t ~ ~ ,L l ~ o v ?v
111on~ LIIK:I l AI,;,~:ITI,,
,I!l w y :\I,,!, IIO\VW~Y, IIOI ;xt ;dl w i i l ~ .r ~ t,l~c,
f ~ r r , i ~ l ?C; ~ ~ w x i l
(',;olii.i:' I :I, i n i l c c i l , I , , ~ I , : . I ~ ~;, ,. . ' I I ' I W ~ I1.1, \ \ : ,1111, .il:,111
3.11~1, t110 ts I;~,LI ,i!.c oil 111,. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 : i V C I . ~I.cII::I?.:\,.~~~~, :1!1 1
<IIo~,, IIC:L,!I!s, i h L the ~ I ~ , I I I Scvc~u . :ILI,II,I,~I:ILYI~ (hi,!, i u
! hrii. l i i s t ~ y y 1
, ~ 1 :L1 v1.1.y a i : c ~ ~ i , : l ( ilri u u \ \ . l ~ ~ l : ( ' US the E v r m
w d I*\:( , . I 1:f L l ~ cni d~ i v ~I ~~I < ! ,
' l ' i ~ , ! Olv1111,ik .:;u~'I~III, wI,i8'1 IV,?,- ~ I I?\"I,>I,;II 11 G
L l ~ ~ m ~ ~I~I~,!wcJ,
q l ~ o ~
v o~! i tl : ~ i \ i t iXI0 tl I~ l',wr !l :
~ ~ < ( ; ' ! ~ L ~ l h ~ ~ ~ ~ , ~ ~ ~
I '

-
' I I I '1'h L ; ~ i : ~ l , l l l 111111,1 ~ ( 1 1 l1 i l l ~ ~ t l
!ld +
I!,!,;
i':nr::.l~
,!,,tl ,,, :;
~ n ~ l , : . '1'111,
\',>V,.~:III \,,II,:L.,:III;;
:I!> ,111
v/it,!,t

(JO:,!,~<i
- , , L.'\l,
i 1 1 i w 1i ~
\,I 1 ~ 1 1 1 ,,I:,',;
111, I'
1l n c . i l l ~ l , l o i . )\ V , I
!;(,I,# \ , \ II \
Ll,,ill

!,ILTI;
.
,L,l
:!
,?I
: ! I ! ' l l , , ~1;,1:,l! ;I,
 CLL, (i111i ti1i5 !ic:u!!;111,1k in 1~1i;!li ~ I ~ C L I ! 5 j { ; G C
,iiii:ii:l. Tlic sitl~:of' H d i n lvouicl thus 1):
c:~:jic:r!~
h k C ~ L ! C I L I . ~ L ~ L ~:-IIGI::II~L!
II l ( i ; O O O s t x l k ~ ,a nd this is
' ~ l i ; l . : 11: : ~ : ) h i ; l l ~ ;is t : : ~ 1 ~ 1 ~ ! ~ t[[ ~~ ftIildia.
l1 Y11v
Ici!$l~, :t,y:lin, f ~ a mwzst lo r m t its f':u as thc city
o!'2 ;I ! i m b o t 11 I* a he set:; rlowu, 11c s a y , a::
it I I A ~ i r ~ c i lmennured by sc'tlrr , ~ i ,sincr there es-
i.>l:.~l:I roynl Iiighway, nild he givu:; it as 1C,000
L dut xi for t l i c parts b c ~ - o i ~ tlicy tl wcrc
mi 1 1i I ~ c Thosc, y how-
:')w, ~.<!1\1 \,, ,,ii,:! S;(ILLI11:~rc l ~ r ~ . ~d ~l ,~y t,lli~i y
i iic I J : L : L C !oi' L ~ i~i,:i:~., i~lv':!,iy cf ihc he~dI:~i!l!
, , . .
>.\ I ; c ( ; l~~I l i ~ ! , ~ i,~ !,:)t ; ; ,!I,? f ; : ~ :$ z!;.>II~i O,CO(] stfi,lia,
<;!lLicill: hi]::;ii LL,:! I W < , [ ! ,:' I,!:; f ; I L ) (5~x~,l is : h ~ t
,
I
% ,
1 . .
,.
i:l,i. f.' I: ? , i :! 5 oi -'Lili:!ss cays
. 7-

i iL!<'.i;;C Y ~ I ;; i:-~1 ~<i,,:> ~ ;I.!] t ! ; ~?c .', s!' &::, ~ y h i c h

I,: ::!; .,[rLi; ~\;l;i!c: ,.)i l c s i l; Y i t o as alxiu,tily

8 \:;chtn\;j i it i:i f,hz 111i;(! ]x\,.f of i h c w h o k
;:I:,! 1.
, -.
A C :L !' 1, 11 0 ::, :l;;h;:i, L L j : that it t ~ l i ~ ! ;
,I 0
,: ji~i;::l~>-; c;. t o li::-.(na c v c i ~ l ! ~ e
~ o i i i ,i;!i;~tii:;

!I;;L;I; of :;>,!h;l.vl~:ic! T.1 L, ;; :> <, ?, !Lc 11 6 s, IVII(>

c . ~ ' ! ; , ~ 1 1 :>:,:,;),(!I
2 oi' i : i ~ ! i , !i;.: ,,:.t, 1t: ~'IQUI east
!,:\. ;:, !L1:q :! <LLli,;.,,; <,1:1 L>i,! lC!!$!!, KyS t h t .
:L.>

~ ~ ; h t;:]IO':: ~x t!ic l ) i * L L ~ ~ k, ~ ! 1~ZL;,OOO s t a ( h ,

:;,lL! [ : I ; \ : ir,; w i i i : , : ~11,: ~ ~ 1 ~its
i~~!;::-L-'l~!r ; tc:;-
~ ~ j
Cv!ik fi.:1~11II,>;L;: i11 ;,o~lL!~--i.~, \vhcsc ~ ! ; ~ r ~ o w ~ s t ,

.. -,a(
.) ; ,>
jd ,:;:.[!i:l., ::ILL> ~ ! ; - L Y : , > , ,!): it,; i l i ~ ~ c n s i o i ~ , ~ ~
\L,

. ,
, I
,111;
'
? l ,'L';'S d L.!di:'. :lIl! !',,;'t.::!l!,; L~!C 1;ll';;cbt 10
i),; i':!11i1(!in ii!! :!ji.\. r i ~ : ~ A ! . i c s:lrc
':.'!LC t llic
: :$ 2 ,;,LL~ L!iL .! 11 l!I ,., i'ya::~ ~ $ : l i i ~ 1h,1i,~
. . , ::.1;,1,:
:L
;< .\

,
!,,, 11 : I , , ? p X d : : j : t11i:v
7 ,
: # : ~ 1 , 1 ~ ;, , , ,, -, 1 ,,, 3
i irci l?;yptiai~ N i 1 c and lilt Sl~ythinnI s t F r
I~\YOI if tlicir st.imc:ritiaw c ~ 'uilitctl jnto one. T
~ l ~ i ~ too, l l i , thnt even the :\ I; o s i n i2 s is greatcr
r I I L L I I citiiei, the Istcr or thc ?;ile where it joins
tlic 'lncius ~ f t c rreceiving i1.j triimtnrics the H y-
(1 :L s p 8 s and the B y cl r a B t d s, since it is :it
that point so much ns 300 atnclia in breadth. l t
is also possible that there are even many other
1argc.r i.ivcri~ wl1ic1i take t l i ~ i r cowsc thro11g11
hiin.
IV. Bnt T :1n1 11:1:1l)lc t ( : gi\ c. with asslit'-
nnce of beii~gnt:cui.ntc 3117 inihrmatjoi~ reprcli~ig
the rc$o!ls bcyoncl the H p p 11 n s i s, s i i m tllc
p o g r t s ~of A l c s n n ~ l ~was r n~restedby that river.
But to reesr to the two greatest rivers, the G a n-
g e s and the 1 n d LI 8. N e y a s t 11 c u d s states
thnt of the two the Cr 5 11 g e 6 is i n ~ t~h e~Iargel., h
and other writo;.~who mentioil tlic C+anges agree
with him ; fnr, 1)esicles Ircii~sof ample volume
cvcn where it issi~c!:;from its springs, it rceeives
as tributaries tlic river K n 'i 11 n 2, and the E r a n-
n o b o a s, and thc K o a s o n il n s, 1:-hich are all
navignlde. I t receives, bositlcs, the rircr S o n o s
mid t h e S i t t o li a t i G, and the S 0 1 ,1 m a t i s,
wl~icllare also nnvignl~lc,and also the SC o 11 cl o-
e h n t C? s, and the S a in b o a, a i d t h e M a g g6 n,
and t l ~ rA g o r a 11i a, ant1 the O m a 1i s. Norc-
(1; c.r thcre fnll into it die K o m m c 11 n s 6 S, a

great river, niid tilt I< ali o u t 11 i 3 , a d the

A n d ol a i 3, Tv[licl~flows Sroii? the doniinir~l~a
:f 1 y 1 1i1 3i 1 1 1 i I 11%
 1 111 y F f i s, which ~!I,\V>
~ ~ 1 1 l i i . i t 11 01 1: L I I 1 II~W,,t11e '
l~rr"tt,lie rity l i n t a tl u j) :I, 2nd !he 0 s y ln n-
x i s S~oni Llir ~Iol~liniouiiof n tribe enllcd f h c
P n z n 1 n i, and the E r P e u y E i s from t h ~
M n t h n i, nu Iiic!inntril~e,unitc with t h e Gni1gcs.Z

f An.i:m here c~iur?lti.lf,,. ; i ~ : w ~ ! k c ~ ;li.i:lut.:~:c,a o f tllc

! h t l ; ( ~ . '1'11~IIIIIII~IITiii N~;UII as LI~III?~~,I~II I l y l ' l i ~ ~ ywllrj
,
: ~ , l t l s t l t , l'ri]~:!< :HLI I,II,, .I<,III:I!I?,,<, 7 , t l ~ i c ,!\>TI;III
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( ,)I,, v i i i ) ~ ~ i t , ~ n t i ,II~I<I,
,JII,I., . JYIW' II:L\(, l 1 < ~ 1 1 u s , L l y :,!I ixlt~ ~ t i , hI IIY I ' I , ,
I.,~.<,~:~IY~II<,~ of :.ILI,\I l e , ~ . ~ w , IlI ~ W ~ I 3 5 I;LYIII<,I. \\~ill'~~nl,
S~;i,!~:,,l, . .J,:I,..PII, :!III~ S ~ ~ l ~ \ v : i i ~ i ~A[. ~ , , ~tl,~ ~ : .$!.-A~:II'~~II,
~ I II.~-,-:IW,,, IIIC ~ I t w ,i t , 1 ~ 1 1.i ~ ~ ,:,..,
1 t !t 31s 1111 : L I m,\v I I P ~ ~ ~ I - ,
\\llil~l; tl1cy i1a,I I h r t ;:I dad,:, i,Y \ i , , < ~ ! ~ l . iIt,, l l tlllll!k< I , I > , > V
11;~<1 vrw11. I s11:iIl W I W F,;I$I\VIIOM LWIIo i LII~S LIIIICLI~C,II
1 ri:,11t7.!,ik\ !I:'~! iwc,:i ~ u l < , u L ! ~ i , d
1.::~ ~ ' I I :hI. - 1 ' 1 1 i : I:I: ~ Y I iI b b n t i : i ~ , t i::ill! '11<'l I . ~ ~ n , 1.1.: i 111~.
01. I~;I.,,I, \\!)ic,l:, l , o \ r t ~ v k ~ i:r u!11y
, i ~ ~ ~ i i v w ,t A!I,I~:I~V ly:~ (11 i11~3
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t i L , ' T<:I,I !. <I II,I, TII~I S ( l > ~ a n l ! w l c(p. !i6) o b j x t s to t11~1
i c l < m t i i ~ c : ~I !I i ,that L11c {.+I,PI,!.. ~ : ~ v ~ , : : : , l ~iwl!rv
ly ,t I I ilb ~ $::nis-

k ~ i St b y tl116iv 7, ;xr:d ntJ\,.1. 11y ai. St.-Sl.~sl.in : ~ i l . : ~ ~ ! i i ~ s

no i m p o r t a n i t i , this olJicclion, out1 :i..c \ 11,) S,tu,.Lyit,
o i j u i d o n L aL.,IL~,;!,'::\I
J> ,I r n 11o 1-i o a s.-3s
T
i l r ~ i m iinfor111 IA (i'nl), n.) ilxii.
P n 1 i lu 11 o t 11 r n (I' A t n Ii y l i t r a, L-"Ciu.i' \-;.I- h i ! ~ ! : / ~ ' d
:,. III,, I t ~ ~ n l l ; ~ , of ~ ~ t~L ci sc !ritwt x u t ;I LlL> ( L ) : I ~ ' $ , it, ~jtnst,
?I,> i , l t . ~ ~ t i l i c ?vdi i 1 1 iS,<' T~YCI, $ (I 11, w ' . i c l l 1, Y I ~ I ( , ~,I~~C I ~ I I .
( v l t l ~ e C':LII,!C.; a, l i t t l e .11mvo l i : ~ r ! ~ i p n l ~t11i. , \VI,:~:I.II
suburb of I':,tufi, f r o m u h i c b i t u ~,I!I~I~,IL~~III~~ i,- LICIW
16 ~ n i l e ~distant
s III:~I, r 1~11LIIV ( , , ~ n y s . 1'11,; v m d IU!
IIoIII~I, : . q ~ ~ . ~ , ~t ; ~i i ,m~t :i ' I I s / . ! I ~li i s a 11 y a v ni1.1 ( I t . n : . ~ . y i , ~ g
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II,~+,IpwL~1~n.1 n i l l - n v ,OF t l w S h . : ~ I b ~ : ~ ~ t i ~ <IIO\\, w ~ ,YLL...,
: L Y ~ A w i x n , h t 1 1 1 1 1 , ~ l ~x l . 1 ~I~I:UILOI~~I:IP m i ~tl:,; l S~'>I) L s i \I,:
11i::titli.t L . : V C ~ S ,a u d liimce ::omc w u n l l l itli~ntif:; the i'i~rulc?
yith thc C; rr u il :~li $'ja.nal;rit G : r 11 ~ :ili ii. krllicll, a c c o n l -
112cio L,I:>I,:), !\;I- t , ylbl I;',, 1 ~ 1 1 c ~ ~ l ' tli l> i1 r, z a y a , v a f . i ,
tmr ' thc :~Ic!~,LI.' lr, ib, i ~ o w > , w ~ib,, . , \III,:,I ,! F;~,YVI:~II+I) ?,,lit
LIII* c l c e c r i ! i i t ( ~,,i ~ ~ L l i ~ ,; ( : P : ~ I I I ~ ~ ~ ~ LII:!~
I ~ ~ : ~iL. , \ \ : w i l l i , li~l-r_r~-t
s;:ir in 11111::1 :!Cl, 1. /!,I, ( 1 , 1 1 1 ~ :IIII~ ~ ~ . 1 ~ 1 ~ l u , s .T h 5'011 1 1 : ~ y
! ~,l~:n~
8 p ~I(I;,,
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[ ~ I I ~ I chic11
I, is d u A x 1 on (IN)v c 7 \ w v r l I~I.,IIWIL C I ~L ~ I !
L I t o i s I I ~ I I I I U I II I j i 8 4. 1111)
6:1ri;l;!it f o r n O F 1 1 111:11,1i ~ ' OC l i : ; ~ ~ r : ~ : . l l ~IN! l l l : lIi:~,t:l.clrEpi,
i
' ( ~ l , ~ : ~ : ~ ~ ~ ~ , , n3i'. ~ ~I!,?
i ? lS: ~t ,~. li l~, l~t .i~'- ) I;; I ~ . I I ~ < ~ rI Io~~S ~ i w l ~ i ~ ~ w
hp: III~:,.;I prohahility in i t s f.~vr:~.i.. 'l'hc .?III;:.~~:: mn,y
~ l , cl l ~ cA d j i, or dj a r n t i na it; ir; cnlled ill
I l i ~ , r c ~ F i be
s;l~ll~l\~if,.
0 T y m n g i s . - T l ~ ( * T.la:~!.ii 01.hssnl:l,i, rnll8;ll ill S:'Y :-
k r i t P a n l c a , h , ill1 ;llihl 11,r: Thiri~,a,u,l L~IP,~I<!Il ! > i (~, I
111r w,:lou n,rljnci'r~i.I l o w i ~ ~thc l li~i;hiiinn!.i \ ' : l l i r m u ~ l i i i ~ ;
i n R~IC.IIIY:IIIP'). 0 x g ~nn g i B very puobnl~ls1.1 1~1.1~:i~tltr,11 I I:i
 c)r
u a y ~ , o i ~ e ~ Ol I I ~ ,I I I I I I I ~<l:itli:~:
~ ~ ~ wilil(> i l l IXUI~
places it s p w n ~ l so u t into i:11;1v, so t h a t w l i w t h ~ ,
r o n n t r y llnppcws t o hc Mat alrd t l ~ s t , i t i ~ oi'
tc c,lex~-
tioils t h e opposite sliorcs cniiliot be seen I'I~OIII
e a c h o t h e r . T h e I n il u F, ])resents nlso, lie says,
yimilnr chnracteiistics. Thc Il y d r n 6 t 6 s, flow-
ing froni t h e i l o ~ n i ~ l i r of~~~ ls l K
~ ac n] b i s t h o 1 i,
falls i n t o t h e A lc e s i 11 I! s a f t e r receiving tllc
1-1y p h n s i s in i t s passage t h r o u g h t h e
A s t r y b a i, ns wc.11 a s t h e S n r a 11 g e s f r o m
the R e li i a n s , a n d t h e N e LI cl r o s f r o m t h e
A t t n B e 11 o i. T l ~ eH y rl a s 11 A s a g a i n , r i s i ~ q
n s t h e O 3 y clr nli a. i, a d bring-
ill the d n i n i ~ ~ i o of'
i n g wit11 it t h e S i n a P o s, ~ w o i v e t l i n t h c
dominioil of the A r i s 11 a i, fall.; itkelf into t h e
A li e s i 11 & s, while t h e A 1; e s i 11 B s joins t h e
1 11 cl u s i n t h e dominions of' t h e ha a 1 1 o i, but
not ~ l n t i l it has receivccl t h e w a t e r s of a g e n t

uamc, siuw t h e lcttors r :~ridT in Grecl; conlrl roadilg bc

confou~~~lcd. The form of t.11<> : I : I I I I I ' i l l N I ~ ~ , I ~ ~may IEU~S
have been O x p e t i s .
E r r c 11 g s i s r:liiicl:: ~~i~;.i.cspr~~~iis to V r 3 n a s i, the
usmo o!' B:in.?li.a>i r t Y,i~~sli~i~.-si) cw!iril f r n m tho rivers
V h h a ?.11r1d \ s i , !\ 11i,,I,joi11 111, i ; : I I I < ~ , 1t.d < ! I~I~ ~ ~ i ~ ; l ~ t ~ o ~ ; r l ~ o ~ r l .
l'ho 31 a tli :I i, it. l i : l i I~LY,:I :I~o~ii.!,:, I I I : ~I i i~l t.110ji1'1q11~ oi
3lagadiin. St.-hl:ntin Tnnlti 6s their pobitii,~in tlu, ~ 1 1 1 1 ( , OF
i . st i l l , ro:i:~:~y t\i.i'i'll the lower 1ial.i.oi'th.
h i ~ ~ - ~ s t h c niu
( ; I I I I Islid
~ ? tho (;LL:II~I'~, atliliti~~ tiiiltl as tho J u i f r . i ~ i l l OF
ITiwcn T 1 1 - h p!:~ws'~lii~ii.
~ ~:a.piial,31 At i p u r a, at, a little
cli.~ta,i~cc 1 I the ea.st of t h e ~ ~ l \ p i 'Gr: I LW I I ~ ! I . G o ii g 8-
dr A 1. a: n t m Bal,rl~Cr,t l!vy ~nrt:' I I : L \ (cstc~iclccl ~ their
name ;1nd cloruiniou 11v 111,' t 1xw!l~,l.'s tirn~,t ' n ~I~eyonrl
their. ori:.irl:~l I~imnuds. Tbc J'iiili~s, wllicli Arrit~n 1 ~ s
omiti;eil, 5L..!d:i~tiri mrmld iclpntify wit11 ihc T h a s G , whiili
is othwwisc wiled the l':~i.~~::.i;>, ancl 1iclong:i to thi' ~ ~ L I I I I -
p r t of t h c rouutry as the J ( ; ~ , j i ~ , b ,iu ~ ( ~ I I I I C Xwith ~ ~ U w11icl1
Pliny rnci~tir~ns the Prims.
f.ributary, l11c 'r o 11 L a p o u. ;lugii~c,~~tctl I)!
t s d li e s i 11 2 s s ~ ~ c c c r &
all thc:sc c o ~ ~ t l u e ~ ithe
in imposing its emnc on the combined waters,
and still retains it till it unites with the I n d u s.
The IP 8 1, h e 11, too, falls into the I 11 d u s, rising
ill 1' e u 1; e 1 a 'i t i s, awl hri~igingwith it the XI a-
1 a n t o s, and the S o a s t o S, and the G :L r r o i a.
I-Iighcr up thaii tllcse, tlle P a r e 11 o s and S a-
p a r n o s, at no g c : ~ tdistance from each otlm,
cmpty thenwelvcs into the 1 n cl u s, as docs also
tlie S o a n o s, which comes without n tributary
from tlie hill-country of the A b i s s a r e :I 11 s.

5 'I'j;ibafv;ci 4 /b,. Iiirllss :-drrian 11:~sIicr~: u:snlrd

o d y 10 i-riln~lari~~s IIS 1.111) T~idns(in Sauc;krit Siudhu, in the
l'arip11;s fl' tlae I ~ ' i . ! / t / v ~ w ~Scn c n Sinthos), hut in hi8 Awl.-
D<I,S~.S (v. (j) lie s l i i t ~ st h t Lhc. 111111iI)cr 5733 15, wLic11 i:. :LISD
the uulriber given by Str:~bu. l'liny 1w1;ons t h e u tl,t l!).
H y d r a O t 15 s.-Ot.lu~ forms are Rhouaclis and IJy-
arotis. It is nov cnllcd the E bvi, tho name being ;L
cor~traction of tho S;~l~sh:;lt A i r B v a t i , which lueans
':r1101111clingin water,' or the daughter of A i r h a t , ' the
elephant of Indra, w-bo is said to 11:~vc gencratecl tho river by
strilrinq his tnslr ogninst the rnolt whence i t issnr's. His
nxinc hns rei'erc~~cr to his ' occnn' c ~ r i ~ i nThe
. nanro of the
K~mbiuthulai clues nut occur clscwhere. Schmanbcdt
(11. 33) coujcctnres that i t may rcprcsout the S:~nsli~it
K a p i s t 11:L 1 a, ' :~pc-lanrl,'the lcttcr ni,boing insortcd, nu
in 'P:~lintbotlrru.' JIu rejects Wilson's suygestion that,
tho people may be idontical with the I<:r~nboj:z.. An.i:ln
errs in ux11ci11: the Eyphasis a tributary ol' tilo Ilydmirtik,
Cor it 1dIs iuto tlrr A It c s i n 8 s below its juliction with
that river. See on this point St.-Illartin, E'tidi,, 11. ;Wi.
E y p 11 a s i s (otllw forms arc Rihasis, IIypasid, am1 Hy-
pauis).-In S:~usl,!.~tt,llc Vipkk, and nr~rvthe B y a s a or
13 i a s . I t lost ii; rlnlw on l ~ ~ ~ i ~ i g ,11y j ~the
~ i nS ~
: ~~t ai dl n ~ ,
' the h u n d c e ~ l - o h : ~ u l ~ ~ ~ ltiloI c ~ LBarndroa
.' of I'tolemy, now
tl~i: S a t . l c,i. T)lo ,\ r t r o 11 n i zru UUL ~nwliouetlb y any
..\111cr
.. u s , : ~ y tB rrlau.
S L: I. : I 11 .: ~ . - - ~ ~ ~ c ~ ~tnr cSehwanhiv~l\,
1. iin~ 5i:: w s ~ l . i l
i~i~l~r~w t hn, ( iSilnslirii R n I. n n g a, ' six-Ii~ubetl.' I i I S
nut. I ~ u o n uiv11;1lrlvor it !Icuig~~;itrd.The l<vlianti, lllrongii
 . ,
LC i P , -1,Il. >:,.;,'l,yx,
IJc 11 I! r [I P is n o t k n u r r n . Tho A it :L 1; 1, n o i :II.r lilic.
n-i:-,> ~ I I I I < I U ~ \ ~~~u, l < ' - , 111,-ir ~ ~ i x r . : ? 1s ; i u m ~ t l ~l tO~ Y IrI I I;<
I + i > l, . , i i s , i .
I y (1!I s 11~ ~ d . - E i ~ l : ~ s pisi , IIIPl ~ ? ' o n i ~i n P h l c t m y , w11id1
I I I . , ! ~:L~IIC:!I,(T
~ m p n ;I~!I LL !l, S:,.m~~!:rit I~~IIIIC-L~IO V~I,:~{:L,
l i , i s IIOY; t ! ~ c 1; I, 11 11 t o r ,r 11 v I I! 111 ; <,:11Icvt c ~ l s it ~~ L!IC y
~ I I ! I : I ~ ~ ~OI I I it:, ~ : <IIRII~S t h o 1; ~ t ls La, ' wi,h,Iy s~I,~?II,I
)
I '
I t i q ~ I I WI' l':~i,>~b,, II~,rl::,:,!.p,,:" ,I!'I[~,I~:I,,,~,:~IICI( 1 1 ~ :"X,~~~LI~.,,
I . I I I II I . 11 I ' u r i l ~ c tLl L CWCSLI!~II
i w l r ~ < i n ii yr l tilt 11~1111itii~1ns ~rifI'~?IVIS.
,\ !\ (> 6 ; 11 <, - , - ? < ~ A v LIIL~ (: 11( ! 1; ; i t s F,!l~s!;!,il n;:wt?
dl,:;! , ~ i ( ' L ~ : ! I ~ ~ , . ~ , I I ~ < J I :i:;I ~ I1~1~1~~'1) wit!^ in thc II~IUIIS r,f LIIO
'!iil:~. 11, \.,:I9 l':ll1imi il <!~\l.\:,:l.~ls C J I ~ a n ~ l r a h l(I,(j'l.tir) i?~~
1 ' 8 , , s ),, 'I",li.. 3 , ~ , ~ ~I,t m~ r~~1, ~ , ~ ~ t , : ~ ~ ill t , ~ l v:( l y
! , L C:,,, a TI.
r i YO^ 1 1 : L , V ( 1 4,-a wml ~II A C , ! I I I ~ w 1 1 1 ~~ l , ~ ~ ~ r ~ ,(11, ~ ~ i t o ~ ~ o , ~
,.1/, . ~ ~ ~ l , ' ! ! , ~ v ,, lql o : (' ~ I o L Y i a ~>~(.~i l rk ~ ! : f i l l ~ l ~ r t' ) h t ille f o l .
l c , , , \ i ~ - <.,;{ L I ~ ! ~ ,,;i, r < ~ , I I ~ J L I ~ . x r <,!I,!I,,:PLL tiw I;L:IC t o avw:d
LIIP vvil ~~III~II,-LII~! mm! :;o, ~ I V IOII F ~S
:11:cn11nL o f,L!IG
t l i s I I I C Y \';hii,li 1 ~ i E c l !!IC~ l 7~Th1;i,'lr>~~i:!n Ilwt nt the t u r b u l e n t
n I I i I I I l l s . P t o l e ~ . qivw . ~ ~ its
II:L!LII\ :I I tSw,b~?~ci!ja (tk1r~n<7d~i,h y :LI e r r w o n the pljrt of
I , I I I I , ~ , ~ , . ~\ v- )l ,. ! i l ~ i~ a i i i ~ ~ i l vt il . ; l ~ l ~ c : . i ~ i t i o OF n thc PrGlqit
I ' k r ' , I , r ~ . i r ! r r r ,, ~ whichf maul tI:e L ' c L ? Lof~ ~ P l~i u~y L is a
g ~ c a ,l;y : ~ L I.IYI I Fnnn. Tho A l , ~ l l i , in w l ~ o s cc n ~ i u t r ythis
r i v c ~joiiii! tilt, I IIIT;, wc 1 1 , . i I . ~ l a a n ,o f S:inskrit, \vliose
nnme is pi,i,.xr!i.mi ill t h e X i t l t J ? e o f t h o l ~ r c s t ? nday. t
T o n t a p o s.-I~r;,bnl~ly tho lower part of Lhi. h t a d r u
o r s 7,i I , , ,i.
I< I: 1) 11 c II.-:\III~~;ICX Form o f t h c name, n ~ e db y Stm.
lo, t i , I , i I I I 3 , 1 . I1 is uow t11c R:i b u 1
yivei.. T l l o ti.rw r:;.ws !hc,:.i, 11:~.mcc1a,? its t r i l ~ n t ~ l r ipro- ~:~
b:~J,ly C~IWS~IIII~~I L I t111: S 11Y ? d t 11, G a 11r f , :111(1 K a m .
r>a II :I i ~ i t \ ~ ~ t m ~i 1 i1 cL!,I, l iX11 l ~ o l ;OF t h J ~ ( t l ~ ~ ~ l ~ l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ a , f f f i .
1 ~ ~ 1, ,A, U : I ~ ~ , , is~ 11,> ,1~;ll:7[. L;,,, S ~ ~ V ~ ES L~ UUill( ~, r;Lly:17~l the
( ~ L v , ~ r l . C ~ ~ r t , i t ;11u1 ~ : < S~Y;LI)II ~ 1 1 1t h o S ~ ~ j t uill^ s C h O-
:, L! 1,'3 j. h ~ c ~ i n l i o ?, #i ) 7\1:11,1l' v t t l ! ~ S l ~ : l f i t l l ~SLLICI tho
( h ; t ' , : o r ~III,~,!II~~ Y L : I Y i , l LIIL:V:I~, L.: ~1.31,hw,, LWX ( I I1,.~
.</ICI~//I,LL~,~,S. 211 I ~ ( 1 11, , iji:J ff.), w o t d & idtwl,ify UJC
: i t ! !,LI>Y \\i1.!1 il,,a> I I I , ; ~ ? V T I ~ fi :I ':''I SVCLL;XII~ l h GII.
,,, , \ I , , I l l 1 ': , L,,i),,lt )I,,> t>l,', \':I . 1 ~ 1 1 1I1 : ;;ll~l1.IlL j? [I!C
<il,i,.. ~ , I t ~ ; i lIi ,11: (01111,'111.~/1:1111. 'I'ii~, X : L I ;I III n. 11 i r l s aliirlt,
;,o:lI,i i , i L , ~ ! ( ~ f :s,;; !!:I !
\ b v !I [: , , ,< (IIPI!
in71q (I 117: h r i ; ~ ~ ! ,
A , ~ , t i , ~ , : i iv. ~ ?,,,), T \ ! I ~ L \ ! i,j l ~ r < j l : : l ~ lIy' ~ > ] ~ ~ ' ? Y I ~)ly ~ I L Nt111~
2; ,,I ,,I!0 ) I< l L 11 ,, r I l w I;~I, y , o~ f ~ ILrih11Ia~;k:~.
IC 01t,l~~:
: i . i s r t w w11:~tJYC ;LW {III~ ~ [ , ~ : ~ r [ l i i[IIC?
i;; 1 12 d 11 2
. l i d I 11cG 11 g c is, t h l I lwy U Y ~11cy011tl corn-
WI-~SOII g i w l c r 111:111 ~ l xL li t L: I- and t h e N i lc.,
l u tllc c ; w of t h o N i 1 c we know that.
i1 docs not receive m y Lribiltnry, I ) I I ~ tll;!l:,
111 the c:ulitrnl*y, ill its pnusxg; t l i r o ~ i g l i~:gpi.
;I.i w%I CI'S ilPC L ~ L W L d ~ i'to f i l l l l l c c a n a l s , ri.5
hor tllc I s t e r, it is hut an iilsig~iificnllt stream
at its H O I I ~ C C S ,: u ~ t lt l i l > ~ i g hit n o doubl receives
rnnny ooaLineilts, h t i l l tllc$c a r c ncitlwr e q u n l
i n n i m b e r t o t h c c : o ~ ~ t l ~ iof ~ n t hs e I n 11u s and

Mibui; others, hiiworu;, with t l v I-';II$~O~.:I. wl~ilo C i ~ n -

ningh.un t,lIic,s it 1.u be 1111.I3Ar:l. 11, tribntary w11iuL
luina ilu* 1<i11i1I ~ U I I I L thi: s . i : i t : ~ . \Kt11 I , I ~ : Lto~ {;LIP rumc
K o p b u s this anthul, ~.wt.:lr!ii:-"'11111' 11~1111: of I< I I !I 11 o .i
1:; :is o l d :IS thi: h n c of Ow I,,''',,<,, I U nI1ic11the K 11 1) I i b
:rlwlmis I I I C ~ I I ~ ~I l ,i rI i ~i l I~ C fir\[ I ~ : l o i ~ ~,tli (his O U ~ ; - C I I ~ I ~ .
Laswu, !:'I, ,.iali..j ;is ; I L L :illl~n!~~l. IJ~LLLV 1 u il 11 s ; :I~IIL~! as it is
not JII .\ri.,i~~ , w r ~I linfcr , t h t the n I I I I W 11u:5l 11:ivc l ~ c o n
j~pnlicil ti, tbu l i A 11 u I rivw bci'orr t h A~ irwn U W ~ I ! 1~1. i NU,
or ,!L Ica,\L; ,i.~.~rLy as i;.c. %UO. it1 1 ' 1 ~, 4 , 1 - . 1 , . , l $ u , , ' I I , ~ XP,
-.
~

find thu C: II ' I I' 1C rJ 13 L (3 g, aull i: h G '1 ,i 11 :, 5 ,:.; ?rL!v

tho web!, t ~ f1:Ilw 111chs; :inil i l l I ; I , , ~ ! I I , N ' . L, l: tI ~~ y!,vf, II:PY! 1!11,.3
K n n a I., LIIL. I< LI ) . a m , :,%Ol i l t , ( 3 < I I I I C L I rivisr> !,I v I ~ , , ' . v ? ~ t
ar,J t,h I< LI ~ i 11i , I , r riw: b 8 , I I I , , ( , : I \ I , , I ? +,!?I! I I I ~ ~,-,I1 I,
v t rvhi~:l~~ 11.o ~1c1.r I k I 4; S l ~ ~ i l ~ /;IL,i : ~ ' ~\ )i , I L U , ' 1.1
1s ~h; y n i ~ - i l ~? < ~ >~ T~ '0 l1>,!IL .\ < ~ I % L L I 1, 11, i u , I ; I , L I ~ ;', , ~ !
G~

:I,II,~ I I ~ , '3 1 l i ~ , , J ' N I ! ; : ,sI;, I I L ~ ~' II' i I L L.LIL; I ) , , : * I 1

I , ; I I ~ ; I I :!II!\
U S whiu11 I I L , Z L L ~' \mt<vr' ' C , ' U I ,..' L ' L ~ I ~ ~ ~I II<,I I I (~i . G,; L,X.
nher m c ~ i ~ t , i oI I ~v~is~ y, , , I I ! , ~ I&:,I I : I ~ I . sit11,~ttwI,111 I I , , u I ~ : ,
Lf Lhal I < O I I ~ Ii~ilti I N I ;,I ~ I I , ~ ~ ,I .I1oi i i d ii ili 1) 1 1 I ~l,if!.
PO,r P 11< !:~.-I'IwIII!II~~ t110 ii~i~~lm-u U L I i ~u 11 11.
S :?,I)a r n o i.-l'~ul~;~lily I ht: A 1) b : ~i 11.
;;0 a, r1 L18 r,'~)nWlllst,l!,. S,!Il.?\~lt,s l l ~ ~ ~ l ltLc : ~ ;tin;
>
fii, ' f i r c ' - n ~ ~ n I;II<! ,S \ :L 11. 'l~i~t; ' ) ~ I I > - . L C ~ U I I I! V~ ~ L $ &
LI.LL~I,,,

,;on'~try 11, < . O I ; I M , I I I , I , ~ t i , , ih(, \ i ) i , , L ~ : L u f ?xn,!;rit :

> A . . L ~ , / , 1 c i . .I!!, 11, IIi:;. \
k171,: r . d l t - , l :! i~1 3 . 1 r L 5
~.~,:ni)z>nefl ' ~ yA l r r t , ~ n111 !,, ~ h c v ~(11 . :), It r027
t,e kl. K r ~ ~ ~ v ~1 1~1 , !~ jl,,t : ~ ~~I,!IIII.,
~ . I # # t ::ls! 11ui1 klrt:, , cu
I ! .#

r ~ v r j !hy ( I ! + , f i 8 . , + ) < , , \ ! l 1 h , =;o,, I,, , t ; r w r , ~ l i,it!< I I I , I - .

. i ~ ~ ; b :"1,( l ~~lLe~,:~,.l 01 I : , , , I ? fv~!, t ~ , l , ~ .' ~I IwI , ~.YILVI
r
CC 11 11 ;; ( , 3, ~ ; I I I , :LIT! t,l~c\- I I ! L J . ~ , C ~ ~ ~\i\,<l
I ~ ! : theiri

I I' 1i.1~ c t s c ~ ~:1l

t yely hi.:--as, f b r itlst;!nce. t h e
I 1 1 11, niid S :I :I vl~icl-1I iinve n~ysclfseen. 'I'he
I n 11 joins tiles 1 :, l c 1. wilcrc t,lx ?J o r i c :I n :.
rnnrch n-itil the K, 11 a- t i a n s, :!nil the S n v e in
elie c!ominious of the I' a 11u o n i :I la s. at :I p h c
;vllicli is c n i i d 'Y a 11 r i l 11 u 111.lj So11ie one inn?
i)t~rl~nps I i n o ~other nnvigahle ti.il~i~t:u.ies0;' llie
Danube, but thc inrinber. certainly callnot bc great.,
v . Now it' anyone vishes to stk~te n reasol:
T T

( 4 : i e c ~ i ~ 1' n0t:' t h e il~1111)er and mngnitudc of tllr?

Ii~tiinilriwr.i i d him stntc it. As for myseif 1
have writ ten 011 this point, as 011 others, froni
Ilei~runy; for i4h c a s t 11 n 0 s has gircn the
m l n s eren of ot!le~ rivers which bcyond botll
!.he Ganges nild rllc h d u s pour their waters
iillo t l ~ c X:l,:tcrii Ocenn and the outer basil, o r
ihc : : O I I ~ I I ~ ,Occnn, I.II so that h e asserts t h ; ~ ~
I.l~crcare ei;:ht-and-fifty Indian rivers whiell arc!
d l of thcrii n:iviznble. Iht even l I r g : ~ s l h c n ~ s ,
::I-,f i r a;; a])p!,:w<,(liJ not travel O Y C Y 1~uc11o l
Illilia, thous11 11,) ilonbt he s a x 1nor.e of it tliim
t 11o:;c ~ h r;unc o with A!c:<:!ncler t h e R U I Ior Philip,
for, as lle tc:li:i ~ $ 4lic , ~ m i t k d :it the court of
S ;Ia d I. n 1;, o t t iI 3, ihf grentrsl. kiiig in rrtdia,
:ii:d aiso ni t1.c (Y!I:I.:: of P 6 I. o R , wllo war
atill prcnti'~, i l r : : , ~ !ti,. 'i'his szinc ?~legasthen&
t i I I I 1 thp hi1iatr:; ilcitllcr.
I I I V : L < \ ~ : ll:!l(Pr l l l ( L l l ~l 1 I ) I 110 ot,ll~r lliP11 ill\~;ldcth,
,I ! I ( ~ I : L I I:S 1i)r k i
,
t, 5 I ) t I , i s t,ll(+ Lg) ~ ) I ~ : I I , , : I ~ L { ' I
, .
II:L.,111s I ) V \ . I , ~ I IIIIl iIa grextvr I H L S ~ o i ' .\ qii~, ; I I I I ~
: ; I ~ \ , ; I I I I\\.ih
: c I ~ his a m y ;is far a:; .lCiirnj~c, I Y -
t ~ i r ~ r chutlie
d ; a i d I ti a 11 t 11 y Y s o s t!!e 8!;piliiail
, .
I ? r\llllg fro111 Bliytliia, ~ ~ ~ l j d I~I I~: Ic! Iti~:itiui~s ~l of
Asia, :uld carried his victorions a r i a c.\-ci~t o tlic
borders of E g y p t ; a i d S e ni i r a nt i n , ag::i~~,the
.lnsyriail qucen, took iu liand it11 e:.ireilit!oi~
.~g;linstIlitlia, but diccl before she could c\c,cnt,c:
! ~ c rdesign : ant1 t l l w illcsander I:.::.; tile O J I ~ ; ;
wrlyrwror who actudly i~~vaclctltlle C ~ : I I I I ~ . I , X .
: \ ~ drc!gnriliug D i o n y s 11 s many t d i t i c m ~:trv
iwrellt to the eff'ect t l ~ iie t nlm III:UIC~ :III ( & Y -
.pc:dition into Tl~~lia,; ~ n dst:l)jugat~:~lt h e I~icli;ii~s
bethre the tlaysof Alesali~ler. Uut of .ib e r a 1; 1 .. t i

tr:idition clocs 11ut say i l l ~ ~ c h .Of' the espcclitiol~,

llowever, which Enlilillo~ lcil, tlic cicy of i< y s :.I
is no meall ~ ~ i o ~ i ~ u nwhile e n i , ,Blu~lntM d r o s iii
vvt, another, and the ivy wliich g r o w tliereoli,
:uld t h e practice observed by the Iacliaiis tllrll~..
selves of marching to battlc with c h i n s :uiil
cymbals, and of' wearing a spottccl clress mcl-I as
was worn by the, Bacchailals of Dionysos. 0 1 1
the othcr hand, thcre are but few n i e ~ ~ i o i i a of ls
ISeralil&s, a i d it may be d o ~ h t e r mhethcr l ~I'CII

these are geii~iine: for the assertion that lXerakl~s

was not able to take the rock A o n o 8, wllic4
Alexander seized by force of arms, seeiiis to nlra
all it Makrdoilinn vaunt, quite of a piece wir 11
tlwir r::~llin:$ P a r n p a ill i s o s-K n LI 1c n i! n ::.
r.11011ghit: 11:d I I L ) W I I I L P ~ ~ ( iIl Ut dl w i t h K :I 1.1 1; :;-
 '7; 'l1l1,lr,,.;,,
<IF 17,,:3 I,, I, 1 1 : ,
c ,,.. -I1,~,~?,!l:y> ,,'I< ,,r I ! , < ,
L
i ,;~. , i, i ' ~ , 1 8 , : ~ I ~ I , o I I I ~ ~ t,tI ~ !1;, ,:I~ I
11: i 1. 11.
 cn,llc~ln .fl.w the l.ivcv, f 1 1 1 * 1 ) 1 1 ~ 1t1 l ~ pilnnlinii~ils1 . i
the S i 1 a 11s, who ngain aye callrcl at?cv l i l l .
riwr and t l ~ cfountain; thc wrzte:. of the ri\ i.1,
~xn:~~iiScsts this singnlar prq~crty-that thwr is
not,lliag which it can I~uoyup, nor nnythiug w11ic.ii
can swim or float in it, but everythin: si11k.itlomil
to the bottom, rio that there is notlliiig in t 1 1 ~
world SO thin and unsubstnntinl as this wnt~rt-.:Ir
Wlxt l o pl*oceerl. Rain falls ia Tntlia 11111,ilrg 1111.
summcr, cspecially on the mountains 1' r. a 1) :I-
i n i s o s and E m o d o s and tlie range of I m n o s,
null tlic rivers which issue from these are l : w p
and muddy. Rain durillg the same season i i l l , ~
also 011 the plains of Hnclia, so that lnuch of tlic
country is submergccl : and imleed the army oi'
Alexander was obliged at the time of r i l i h m -
mer to retreat in haste fson~tlic d li e s i n 6 5,
because its waters overtlowed the atljacent plains.
S o we may by analogy ini'cr from these fiicts
that as the N i 1 e is subject to similar i n t ~ ~ ~ i l : ~ -
tions, it is probable that raiu falls during the
summer on the inountailis of Ethiopia, and
that the Nile swollen with these railis overflows
its banks and inunilntcs Egypt. We find, a t my
rate, that this river, lilic: t i m e we have meil-
tioned, flows nt the same season of the yc:l.~-
with a muddy cu~rent, wllich could not I,(,
the case if it flowed fsorn incltiug mows, 1101.
yet if its watem were rlria.cn back from i i ?
.-- .-. -

7) ~ ' P I ' 11, it,?. ]I, 1;;.

arrived a.t it, Ibr the greater p;~rt,ol' I i i d i ; ~jlr
did l i u t viait, noi- is m ~ t u a ! intc>isco?l?ye m a i l l -
tainctl b e t u w n 211 t h e tribes.] IIe tells us f b t l ~ c . ! .
that t l ~ e In~lianswere in old times nomnciic, lilro
f,hose Slcythinns who did not till t h e soil, ' I J I I ~
roamed about in their wlgous, as the seasims
sxriecl, from onc part of Skythin to anothcr,
neither clwelling in t o ~ n snor worbhippillg ill
txmples ; and that t h e Indians liliewise h a d nci-
ther towns nor temples of the gods, but werc so
harbzirous t h a t they wore t h c ::Iiins of such wild
:mirnals as they conlcl kill, and subsistc tl on the
bark ot' trees ; that thcse trees were called in
Indian speech t n l n , xncl t h a t there grew on t l ~ r l n ,
as tllcrr g r o v s at the tops of the p a l m - t r ~ c s . a.
fruit resembling ballsof wool ;$ t h t they subsisted
also on such wild animals as t h y could catch,
eating t h e flesh raw,-before, a t least, thc com-
ing of D i o n y s o s into India. Dionysos, liow-
ever, when h e came and had conquered the people,
f'ouiided cities and gave lnws t o these cities, nnd
iutroduced the use of wine alnong the Indians, as
he had done among t l ~ aGrcclis, and taught them
to sow t h e laid, himself supplying seeds for t h e
jmrpose,-ciclicr Itecnuse T r i p t o l e m o s, w h c ~ i
he was sent by D C! 111 O t c 1- to sow all t h e earth,
did not reach these parts, or this m ~ m have t tjcc.11
some Dionysos who came to Indin before Trill-
hiclnos, a i d gnve the people the secirls ot'
! I I 11 is alxu 4 c . i ~ h a lL ) I u I ~ ~ ~ , x
iirbi, y,~l,c,\ l to the j~lor~gh,
o i ' 1 1 aud 1li:111c Inxny
i:,i' t i ~ c liirlia~ls husl~ill~dinrn instead of' nom;tds,
::11r1 t'~irnisllc,tithern with thc implements of :~gri.-
r . i l l ~ilw ; a1111that the Incliaus wor~11ip the other

: I O I ~ < , id Dionysos himself in particular, with

cpbal~ n r d drums, because he so t a ~ ~ g hthem t ;

ancl that lic also taught thein the Satyric dance,
or, 3 s the G r c e k s call it, the Ro7drcrc. ; and that he
intltructe~itile Iuclians to lct their hair. grow long
in 11011ourof thc god, and to wear the turl~au;
i ~ j thal ~ ~ lh e taught thern to anoint tlmnselves

i d h u i l g l i u ~ ~so i ~ ,that evcn up to the time of

:I I e r a n il e r the Indians viere marsh:dled f o ~
hattic to the soiu~;lof cymbals a i d drums.
\-I 11. 1311txhen he wxs leaving India, after
ha\ing cstnl~liuhedthe ncm order of things, he
:rppointecl, it is said, S p a t e m b a. s, one of his
con~pnionuand the most cunversant with Balikhic
mattei9s, to be tlie liillg of the couiltry. When
Sp:ltemlxw died his son 43 o u d y a s si.~cceeded
l o the so\-c~rcig~~ty ; tlie fi~therreigning over the
Il~ciiansfifty-two ycaimF;,a i d the son tventy ; the
:;on of i,he latter, whose iiairle was K r n d e u a s ,
t l d ? iriheritecl the kiiigc?om, and thereafter the
sncc:esaion was geuei.ally Ile~cditary, hut that
~vllc~r n failwe of heirs occurred in the royal house
cllc indi:ms elected their sovereigns on the prin-
c i l ~ l cof mcrii ; H b r a li 1 e s, however., who is cur-
r c n f l y reportcrl (.o haw eoiric us a st~ccicger into
i
cannt,~!;, is said 1.0 have becn ilk reality a ~ i r t t i v i .
, ~e
 of India. 'I'llis H5rakles is held ill especial 110-
nour by the S o u r a s e n o i, an Indian tribe wllca
possess two large cities, M e t h o r a and C 1 e i s O -
b o r a, and through whose country flows a naviga-
ble river called the I o b a r e s. But the dress
which this E-I&rakles wore, Megasthen& tells us,
resembled that o f t h e a ' h e b a n H h r a k l e s , as
the Iildians themselves admit, It is further said
that he had a very nulnerous progeny of male
children born to him in India (for, like his The-
ban uamesake, he married many wives), but that
hc had o d p onc claughter. The name of this
child was P a n cl a i a, and the land in which she
was born, a i d with the sovereignty of which
1I>rakles entrusted hey, was called a h llcr namc,
P a n c1 a i a, and she received from the hands
of her fatl~cr500 elephants, a force of cavalry
4000 strong, and another of i n f y ~ t r yconsisting
of about 130,000 men. Some Indian writers say
further of IIBrnlrles that when he was going over
the world and ridding land and sea of whatever
cvil moustcrs infested them, he found in the sea
2111 ornament for women, which even to this day
the Inclian traders who bring us their wares
aagel,ly buy up and carry away to foreign markets,
while it is even more eagerly bought up by
the wealthy Romans of today, as it was wont to
be by the wealthy Greeks long ago. This article
is the sea-pc:wl, callcd in the Indian tongue
:ilrll,gtri,iko. l3r1t Hhraliles, it is said, appreciating
its beauty as a wcarii~g ornament, cansecl it to
I
 i j c bw~~;gid f h : at1 ti]? !jca i ~ d o1i:(i1:1,Lii'iL 11;:
niiyhi. : l l i ~ r n~ ~ i titi lthe ~ ~ c ~ 01' s oh inu ti:~l~plitci.
i ~ ~ s 11s that t h e oghlcr i v l ~ i c ~ l :
! . I ~ y : t ~ t I ~ eiil:;~1.111~
yiclil~ l11i.j 1:carl is tilevc fi.iicd for I\ it 11 I1ri.:,
and t h a t in these snmc parts i.iic o~sttl.:: lirc i!i
the sen, in shoals likc bee-swann j : 1\11.o)..jtcVs, lilic
bees, have a king or a ~ U C C I I , and if an:; one is
lncky enough to catch the king h e rentlily en-
cloves in tlic 12ct all the rest of thc shoal, but iT
tlic king ~nalicshis escape there is no chance t h a t
the others can be caught. T h e fislierinei~nllorv
t h e fleshy l m t s of such as they catch to rot
z w q i 3 nn(l ltccp the boiic,, w l d i h r m u tile ornn-
mcut : for the pearl in 111dia is worth thricc its
wc.ig11t it1 rciii~cdgoid, goid being a product el'
tliz 111clix11 111iilcs.
IT;. Now i i ~thnt part of thc c o m i t ~ y& c ~ c
l!ic claugliier of' lIhrniile.; rci$~lcd as qnccu, it is
snit; that illc wolilcll whcll ?i.iclI yc:l.i'S o!tl arc o:'
ni:~ri.ingcn!)iu1:c:L, :III(! thnc the nit!!: 1i-f~at mosl
forty ~ ( , ; L T s , X I I ~ t h t oil this snljjcct there ii;
a traclition crunmt a.:iloilg t h e I n d i : l ~ ~ t. o; ii~c.
cfict I h t %16r;?li!es, ~ i l c x cdaughter was h i I ' l l
to him late in lik, w h ~ i ihe saw tlmt h i enti
was ntnr, and hc 1;new 110 l i i w 11i.i cc;iinl iii
. .
rank to ~ v l i o mh e could y!ve iicr ill mani;igc,
li;tti i,~cc.stnuus ii~Lcrcuulx with tl:c girl whc~:
~ I I C was scren yciwi uf age, in ordei. tli:11
21 i ' t i ~ of ~ ~~ I I LII&Y C O I I I ~ I I O I ~
~ k i l ~ g ~~ ~ I Y I L ~ II ' U
111, ,I ~~ni;;ht bc lt~l't i u r d c over 111di:~; L!I:LI
I-

LP;~,tl,lc:~ ~l~eyeiiirc ~li,iddh i of s~tiiable r:;c 1:.

himseli' longer-liveti, ill ortlw to have i~!terconi.si,
l l r l a ~ g h t c r 1~11c.n5llc was of ~ n n t u ingr.
~ ~ i tliis ~
Erd ill h c t , if the age at wIlic1i t h e w m e u

c i 1 1 i l . i ~ co~~sistc:lt,i t swi-ns t o mc, n i ~ i i n!i,zl i:s

sxitl of L!e mci~':; ape,--l!mt t I I O ,i: who live loiig-

; ~ g i ' , ::iltl !OIIII: n:cc wonl?. at: t ~ i ~ n tb ye past

i ~ ! l > t i , t ~wliilc
., tlic stugc of' of :'dl 1:1.15ol.l:; nonI11
i i c ~c:L?~:IcI! n l m ~ fliftccl:. .Autl, iIl!iic: cocrj~niibly
wit11 tl!is, i ! i e tro~nei: ~r!i;'it ljc 11i:~rh;r:thlc n t
h d i a ~ i salso tell us that D i o 11 p s o s was earlier
than I3 e r a k 1e by fifteen generations, and
that except him no one lnacle a hostile invasion
of Inclia,-not e w n I<y r o s tile son of Knrnbrs&s,
nlthough he undertook an expedition against the
S k y t h i a n s, and otherwise s h o ~ e dhimself the
most enterprising monarch in all Asia ; but that
A 1e s n n cl e 1% indeed came and orerthrem in
war all whorri he attacked, and mould e17en h a ~ e
conqclered the whole world had his army been
willing t o follow J ~ i m On the other hand, EL
sense of justice, they say, prevented any lndian
king from attempting conquest beyond the h i t s
of India.
X. I t is fwther said that the Iildians do not
rear monuinents to the dead, hnt consider the
rirtues which men have displayed in life, and
the songs in nl-iich their praises are celebrated,
sufficient to preserve their memory after death.
B u t of their cities it is said that the number is
so great that it cannot be stated with p~ecision,
but that such cities as are si.tuated 011 the banks
of rivers or on the sea-coast are bnilt of wood, for
mere they built of brick they mould llot last long
-so destructire are the rnins, a i d also the rivers
when they overflow their banks and inundate the
; those cities, howeve]., which stand on com-
mallcling ~ituations and lofty eminences are built
of brick and mud. The greatest city in Indin is
. -
biic &[nm+lil~n d y ~ ~ a s t i c s ee )iilpilil~siono's liihr~l~'!/ 11,~
1tbdlu,l ~ k 1
. 11, CAP.i i i ~
that which is called P a 1 i m b o t 11 Y R, i l l 1 . 1 1 ~
dominions of thc 'I I i i s: i ii ii s, 11 ivhcic t!12 strwms
oftheErannoboas nniltheGnnge~~~nite,--
the Ganges being the grcalkst of all ri\.ol.s, a111l
the Erannoboas being perllaps the tl~irtll;u.gwt
of Iilclinn riwrs, though greater than the great-
est ril-ers elsewhere ; but it is snialler than tlle
Ganges where it falls into it. 31 e g n. s t 11 e 11 6 s
says further of thig city that thc inhabited part of"
i t stl.etched on either side L O :ui cstrerne l ( q t f i
of eighty stadia, and that its breadth was fifteeir
stadia, and that a ditch encompnssed it ail ~,ouucl,
which was six plethm iu breadth and thirty cubits
in depth, and that the wall was cro~irneilwitli
five hundred ant1 ~ c w n t ytowel,^ n ~ i lml d t'o~i~~-;~~~tl-
sixty gntes.7 T h e same writer tells us furtller this

11 T h e P r a s i o i.-In the notes which tlw ic,!ilcr vill

find a t pp. 9 and 67, the accepted e x p I n ~ ~ . t t i ouf~ i t,he
name Prasioi, by which the Grcel,s clvs~:uated t l ~ r
people of Magndba, h , l u beenstated. Gencw1 (~'IIIIU~U':!I:LIIL
expln,ms i t differently :-" S t r a l o sncl Pliny," he rnys.
" agree with Arriau in calling the pcoplc of I'diLu-
thra by the nmne of Pmsii, which modern i ~ r i t e r sh:i,se
unanimously 1~oPursc11 to the Sensl@ P 1, O (: h y n, ur ' c:~at.
em.' B u t it seenls to me that Pl.:lsii is only t:w (Il.c,t:li
form of P a 1?I s :I r r P a r h s a), whlch 1s a n ~ ~ c t n nonil l
well-1;nown numo uf ,\L s g a d h a,, of vhii.lr I',lliI,ait.lito, m:is
tlw uupit:~I. It o l ~ l : r i ~ ~t lc~di sname from 1,111,I'm.r:,i.<a, 01.
B t h a jvontlosrl, ivllicl~slill grnws a r luxuri;~,uclyin the
province n s in the timc of Hiwen 'l'hfi~ng. The common
form of thc name is P 8. P ?I 3 , or n.lltlll qniclilp pri,norl~~i-.~~.j
P r a s , which I t n l w to bo the t . i . 1 1 ~ oligiuai ~i t h l ; ~ ~ t l i
P 1,a s i i. This clcriv:atio~lis snllporl i d by i i ~ cs lwllil~yof
the nanie given by h r t i x s . who v:ll!h tile 13el~l)lci'll:li.rnili,
which is an airnost cx:i,ct t r m w i p t of tllc rni1i:ln name
P a r h i y n . The Prnsialios of 2Elii~ui~ only LLc cicrivative
horn PniCasaka."
Tr T h e more uaua,l aud the UIOIY ncculate form of the unlnt-
is ~ ' L L ~ ~ ! J u ~ / ~ ~ I:T I L t~~ m i ~ c : r i ~ ~ofi ~ l, i' do l~;~l ~ ~ ~ tfl t) ,~? fV~I ~,I $ > ~ . , ! I ~
the H e 1 o t s as slaver, and these Helots do servile
labour ; but tlie Illdialis do not even use alieiis as
slaves, a i d much less a countryman of their own.
XI. But further : in India the whole people
Luc tli:il.!ec! illto :%bout serren C:IY(VS. Ai~i~~i~g
these wc the Sophists, who are not so numerous
;as the otlms, but hold the supreme place of'
dignity and honour,-for they are under nonecessity
t)f doing any bodily labour at all, or of contribut-
ing from the produce of their labour anythiilg
to tlie common stock, nor intleed is any duty
absolutely binding on them esccpt to perform
the sacrifices offered to the gods on behalf of the
state. If any one, agniri, has a private sacrifice to
offer, one of these sophists shows him thc proper
~r~ocle, as if he could not otherwise make ail ac-
crl,tnble offering to the gods. To this c l : the ~
kn~>nlrilgcof divination amoug the Inilinns is
erclusivcly rrstrictcd, and none but a sophist is
allowed to practise that art. They predict about
such matters as the seasons of the year, and any
calainity which may befall the state; but the
private fo~tunesof indivicluals they do not care to
predict,-either becnnse divination does not con-
cern itself with trifling mattel's, or because lo
take any trouble about such is cleemecl unbecom-
ing. B u t if any one fails thrice to predict truly,
he incurs, it is said, no ftrther peualty than being
obliged to be silent for the fl~turc,arid there is no
power on earth able to cornpel that man to s p e d
who has once been c o ~ ~ d c r i ~ton c ~silence.
l Thcse
sages go i~nltctl,living during winter in the open
air to enjoy tllc siui~shine, and during s ~ ~ r n ~ n o r ,
when the heat is too powerful, in menrlows and
low gro~~ncls cinder largc trees, the sh:!cluw where-
Ah
 r11 -?,.P~~~ ,I;(): ,,!y~: , ' - . , ( C ~ ! ( I , I , >1jt;r; II ~ I , , I ~ : ! , ; ~i t ! c i y L ; i ~ "
'' ,''

;ld(lit~;: III:I.I I T C U t ~ i l I I I I ~ I I : < ~ L I I I ~ I I I ~ ! I I ' ~ 'I ~ I I L I 1~1vI ~

ruvrroil I);; ~ I I ( , sli:ililt\\. I ) ( ' :I s i ~ t , ~ ltr'cv. r> They
l i v v 111)011 L!IC fitlit-.: ni1i1'11each hcnaol-i p i l u c c ~ ,
LUII!011 t h ? lh~lT!i 01' i~,~'c:<.-Lhebark hcillg 110 i w
!;n.c!jt aiitl tiutritioi:.; l h i thr fmit of' the d a t r -
pnlin.
After these, t.hc :icc~>l!tIcastc consists ol't1:c
1 i 11 e P s o f 1; 11 c s o i 1, w h o So~m tlic niosl
niltllworls class of this ~ r o l ~ u l a t i o ~ 'I'ilcy i. arc ~ ~ c i -
I ! I I ~ I , f ' 1 ~ 1 1 i h dwith i ~ n : ~ . ,n or 11nvc m y nii1it:lty
d1:tios to pc~rl;rt~m,111!.l, t11c:- c:ulti\xtc tllc, soil ::iicl
trih~tt;, tc: the l i i ~ l : < < :i:id 1 1 1 ~ : intlcpcnilci~t
i t ti!tics of' cili! wi'I l l ( , soltlici..: are
not al!owetl to molest (.lit! husbnnclnien or rnvngr
thc'ir lilud:: : IICII(,V, while thc f i ) ~ w c r;LIT figl1tins
iuld l;i!linl; cnc:li oili131-o s t11f:y can, the Initer ni:ly
tic, S I Y I I ~rioue :rr I I : I I I I ~ t~rnlir;~silly p u r s n i ~ ~tlieii g
~ ~ ~ r l i , - \ ! ~ l ~ ! ip101 > i p~~g h i l y o, r ~;allicringin Llwii,
r*rr:i:::, p~w~in!:t11c. I I ' ( , C < , a]' w n p i r i ~ihi: haivcst.
'& tl~ii,cl ( , ; ~ d t , ' iLIiloiI{$ l 1 1 1 \ ~ I I ~ ~ ; cmsht:. I I ~ S
ot'i.lic :i e 1. il s In c 11, Iw:h ~licyiieuls :uld iient-
i j e ~ t l e ; 2nd l!i~'sct meitllcr li\rc in 18i1ic's uur iri
--- - - -p .. --.

" I-';, L l ! l ' , l l ~, ( ' I l l l ~ ~ < ~ :O

lr Lb,! ,',I I j I N ( , l ' l > , l[l~lJtL!df ~ O l t 1 (~)lle-
I I , ' . . I ' 3L;1~~~!1',~tli:seri~~tionnf
1 I,, I'!,,rtl. . !, i. ,I<. k.,I!. 1!!111 b1 acr!,. :-
~ ~ ' ~ ' I l l ~: X: w~ !, I ~ LIlCh cl1K ,,,
' h ~ I,- I < - I W C , I L O ~ l, i , . ~ LI
% ~ I I ~ !' '~m.f r u i i , , O ~ I I ~ I W I I C L ~ ,
! : ~ i ,,lit;I . i i , ~ I:IIS
t 7 :i8 i I 11 I ii1~0iv11 ILIU

111 ,\l;iI;d!,,~,, 111, llh ,: 1 1 1, ! I ! I ( !, , I , , , I , <

I ; , I I , . I I ~ I I : ,o l , ~ . t , lL J : I I L~I,II
~ ~ I I C L , i i ~I ~ I H!:IVJ!ILI,
' I ' I L LI I~, , I I < I L<I ,,,.i::,, L , I,<JO!, : I I I , I L I , I I I L ~ ; ~ I L ~.:;on~ ~ : ,
.\IRIIII,
!I,(, 1r.8 ,'t,,,, 1 , ,,,, il i ~ i I \ ,,,>!! .:l!L+L!
tL~qh ,,,,( r I~,,:II, , I , . I I I C I , ! I ~ N I I I ,~
; ,,ll,: ! ~ ~ ' t i ~ : t w ~ n . ' '
 v~Ii:tgw,I ) I I ( t l ~ i ~* ~I iic>n~dic
Y :III\I 011 tilt,
hills. 'J'li~h;: I , ~ r i b i ~ t i211.1
t,oo n1.c : : I I ~ > , ~ P Pi,r; , , !Iii:-,
t,!~?? ]my iii cnl,t!r. T l ~ ~~ w 1 ~ 0 ! 1 iI,[I-
, L ~ ~ ~ ~ I I i~l lI v J
pit'filiit of' f o ~ m~cl
l will1 i1kt:i~i.s.
;<I[. rl':i(a ~ ( ) I I Y L ~ cI :l:;f~ ,.OIIi,:l.,< 2 1 1 i; ; I $1 (1 i-
c I. a f t m c 1 1 :lnd 1. i' 1 a i 1 ..(1 i' n 1 t. I. s. Thyv
11;lvc.to pcrl;~rmgrntnit~)~~:,l! c:c:l,l:~i~~ l i ~ t l l ! i r > sc.1.-

uiccs, n n ~ l to png trihrlte frnin the pro(lm.5 ol'

t,licnir l a b o ~ v . A11 rsrcpt,ioii, llowc~.c:r, i;. mndr
i11 farour of thrwc~who fabricnir tlic. tX~~:~lii,ris of'
war,--nnrl not 111lly so, b u t th? ! > \ ~ ' I I tiv:l\.v
pap fro111 ~ l ~ \tntc.c: I n thih clt~~1:i:~rc iiwlutlecl
Aipl~uiltlcrs, nml tliv miloss cmplrlyeil i n thc
~ l n r i g t i c nof thc rir c1.s.
'LTl;eGfili cnstc :\n~oiig i h o :iitlin~~.:r$r,~lris(.
{IT tile w a I , I* i o r s, who nrc mcofid in point
of iiumbers t o the 1111sl)ail1lin~n, but lead :L
life of supreme fr~d10111 :11111 e n j o p ~ c u t . T h ~ y
have only military duties t o perform. Otlum
makc their arms, and otliers supply them with
homcs, and they have others to nttencl 011 them
i11 the cainp, who take ca1.c of their horses, clenl-1
their arms, drive their elepl~ank, prcparc their
chariots, and act as Iheir clmriotci,~;. 11s lang as
they arc reclnired to fight they ligl~t, and whel~
peace returns they nbnndon thrlnsc.lves to enjoy-
ment,--tlic pay rrliich the;; receive from tllc state
lieing so liberal that t11i.y call with ease main-
tain tlicmselvcs nncl others l~rsiilvs.
l'hc sixth class c,oi~sirtsof rh11sc3 c3nl;ed s u -
p e r i 11t e n LI r u l :,. 'i'l~cl,v spj. 0111 wlint goe:,
:,II I I I c r ~ ~ n t l aii~l
' y town, and rcl)ort everythiy
:o t11,: liilig alisw iilr peoplp hnve a king, aud
to the mxgist,rnf,cs whew tlle people arc3 self:
go~crnerl,+and i t is against use and wont for
tllcst<to givt: in a false report ;-but. i n d e d 110
IilClial~is ~ C C U S B Lof~ lyilig.
The seventll caste consists of thc c o 1111 o i 1-
l o r s o f s t a t e, who aclvise the liing, or the
m n g i ~ t r n t ; ,of~ ~self-gocerned cities, in the man-
n.gelnent of pnblic affairs. 113 point of numbers
lliis is n smnll clns~,but it is divtil~guisl-ietl by
superior wisclom nnrl jwticc, nnd hence enjoys
t h pwroptive o f choosing govcmors, chiefs of
provincw, tl!ml>nty-govesi~ors,superi!ltcl-dents of
the t i w r ~ ~ r gyi ,w x n i s of the army, adir~irals of
the navy, controllers, and commissio~icrs who
superintr.11tl ngvicdt~\re.
The custom of the eo~tnlry prohibits inter-
marriage l~etvieen the casks :-for. instance, the
husbandmnn cannot ttnlce a wife from the artizan
caste, nor the artiznn a wife from the husbancl-
rnnn castc. Custom nlso p ~ d i i b i t sany one from
exercising two trades, or from chaugiiq from one
caste to another. One cannot, for instance,
become n i~nsbandmnnif he is n herdsman, or
f " TLere have always boon cxtensivc t r a c h wiihnut any
rmumnn head, some noder petty cllitf.;, and ssluc formed
of iudcpen11i:iit vill:~xc.s: in iroublcd times, : ~ l a n towns
iiav,, oCt~wf o r a long ~ ~ r i c icda ~ t i e doil their orcu govcrn-
i l cnllud replblics by thc Ch!cL.;,
1uc:lt. All t!lcsv w ~ ~ u lbe
who wonl~l1 1 : 1 t ) [ ~l!y : i l':iIVY L ~ I I ~ coustituti~xm
Y similur 11:
w h a t i L c y I I : L ~ w e : l :I: 11omr."-Elphinstono's H l s t o ~ jo,i
i t i d i n , p, e.iu
I,ecome a !ierclstna~iit' 11e is rill artizal~. It iu yep.
,r,;,tcd
r ,7t t!:nf, t ! scp!ii~,t
~ o:i!ji be f~0111m y caste :
for the lifia of tlie sophist is not ail easy one, but
the hardesl of all.
XIII. The Inclinns hnnt all wild animals in
tlie same way as the Gwekj, except the elephant,
whicli is hunted in a mode altogether peculiar,
since these animals are not like any others.
The mode may be thus described :-The hunters
having selected x level tract of arid ground dig a
trench all round it, ei~closirlgas ml~ch space as
would suffice to encamp n large army. They
make the trench with a 1)re:dth of fiw fathoms
and a depth of four. B n t the earth which they
threw out in the process of cligging they heap up
in mounds on both edges of the trench, and use
it as a wall. Then they malie huts for them-
selves by excavating the wall on the outer c~lgeof
the trench, and in these they leave loopholes,
both to admit light, and to enable them to sce
when their prey approaches and enters the endo..
sure. They next station some three or four of
their best-traincd she-elephants within the trap, to
which they leave only a single passage by means
of a bridge thrown across the trench, the frame-
work of which they cover over with earth
and a great quantity of straw, to conceal the
bridge as much as possible from the wild animals,
which might else suspect treachery. The hunters
then go out of the way, retiring to the cells which
they had made in the earthen wall. Now the
 tviiil e ! e p h r ~ t ~LIO not go I I K I I , i ~ ~ l m b ; , tpdl : ~ , e
ill t!ie clay.tiulr, L i ~ lc:irl.in.? the nighl.-l,i:ni~1 l 1 c ~
m ; ~nclyr :llr~~iii, evc~~.yn.l~:~~,c,fcwl
;IIII~ ill I I ~ ~ I . ~ S ,

f b l l ( ~ w i ~a~s ; l(,i~,1(,1,
the one who iq I~i;:g~,-:~, ;LIIL!
h l d e s l , j l i d ;I5 I~ti!VS fdlow I l ~ ! l l ~ .,'h ~IIOII,1 IiiY1,
3 s t l q nlipsoncl~the cliclosruc, and lieai t,lie rvg

a n d cn1c11sceut of i11c ~i~ir1:11(+, tl~c'y 1.11511 nt Full

s l ~ x u liil t h c tli~.ectioliO F the fi:ncctl g t o l u ~ d , m i l
b ~ i n gwvcrtetl 1)y tlw trcnel~move ro11n;i its eclgc
until iht'y l j ~ l lill with the hri,:ge, d o n g wlric~lr
they Tc;:cc tl~ri;. wnp into the ciiclosax. TIIP
Illu~tersa~c~n~lmiiilc, ~ ~ e ~ ~ c . i vt li ~i ieenlrallre
g i11111(.
milt] clcpl~ants,lmslcu, son]? of t.hcrn, to t a k ~
away 1,he l~ritlgc,wl~iic~ t l i c i ' i ,I , I I I I I I ~ I ojT I ~ t,o the
.-.
nearest vi llngcs, :lnnollnccT ~ 1 1 : i l I lrc elcl~lln~lts
w e n-itllin t h e trap. 'I'l~c 1-illngcl.~,on 1:enring
t h e ~icws, i~lnnnttl~c.ii.trier<l ~ l r i i . i ~ c2~nld best-
tr:~.iiicd, ~ l e i ~ lt5,~ : :11111
n ~ :IS somi :IS I I I O I I I Ir ~i ~~l c: ~
o f t o t h e trap ; but, tilor~ghthey side up t o it,
they (lo not in~mcilintcly engage in a conflict
with t h e mild cli~l)l~:lul s, hut wait till these a r e
sorcly l ~ i ~ ~ c h cbyc l hunger mil t a r i d b y t h i r s t ;
wllix they tllilili their s t r e ~ ~ g t has l i been c n o ~ i g h
wealrcned, they s e t u p the l~ridgea new and ride intri
t h e cni:losure, when n fierce assault is made by the
inrne e1q)linnts I I ~ K I Ithose ~ that h a w been en-
f.rappcil, and t,hen, as might Ire r s ~ ~ c c t c tthc l , mild
elephants, tllrvngll loss of spirit a~iil.G~int,nessfro111
liiunger, are ovcrpnwcrecl. 011tlijs the Iluntcrs, iiis-
mounting from ~ l i c ~ ~1~11h:mts, ir I ~ i n dwit11 fet,l>rrs
t h e Sect of i l i ~wild onm, 11ow by this time quite
 ~ , ~ ,I.lley i ~ ~ s l ~ g the
~ Y I I I ; , 'I'II(.II x l c t:~llleuilrs lo
bent the111 with repentcfl I~lowli,m t i i t h i s s ~ l f e r -
ings wear thern o u t and tlicy ihll lo the g:.ound.
F1,lie 111Intcw me:ruwlrile, s t : ~ ~ ~ d inear
i ~ g 111ei11,s l i l ~
uooscj o\.cr t l ~ c i rileclrs a d m o ~ ~ them nt w11ili:
yet lyiug 011 thc grounil ; and, to prevent thcm
slialiiiig off their riders, or tloii~gmischief other.
wise, make with a sharp lc~iii'ca11 iilcisioi~rill sound
thcir aecli, and fnstcn thc noose round in thc
iacision. B y inems of thc wound thus made they
lccc11 tlicir head aiid iieck quite st,cnily : li)r il'
they becornc restive and t u l ~round, the w o u ~ ~isd
gxllctl I J t h~e action of' t h e rope. They s l ~ u n ,
thercf'or'e, violent movc!meatu, and, lcnowiug that
liiep 11nw I)cw VRII(~II~SIICL~, suEw theiirsc1i.c~ to
be led ill tbttcrs by the tame owu.
XIV. B u t such as nre too young, or t h r o ~ l g h
the tvealii~cssof their constitution not worth keep-
ing, their captors allow to escape to their old
haunts ; wliilc ~ l l o s ewhich are retailled Lhey lend
to the villages, where nt first they g i w the^
green slnlits of'corn slid grnss to ent. T111' rrcn-
tures, I ~ o t s c v e ~h;~vitlg
, lost 1111 spirit, have uo wish
to eat ; but the I ~ ~ i l i n ~stniidi~ig
~s, ronncl t l m n i l l
i~ circle, s o o t h awl cheer t11i:lll by chnnting songs

Lo the accorrq~aiiiine~~t of the music of' clrun~sand

(yrnhal:~, for the elcjrl~anl is of nll brutes the
mosl intelligent. Sowe of tlleni, for i~~riallcc,
have ta1sc.11 up lheir riders w11c1i slain in battle
and ctirriecl t h a n i~w:iy for burial; o t l ~ c r shave
c o w e d llreln, when lying on the g s o ~ u l ~ lwith , a
,illirl~l; : L I Iot11el.s
L~ have l~ornetlic brunt OF battle
i l l tl~eirc!c!'exe ~ l i c hllcn.
:~ T h r t : iY1t5 w e FVCII
that died of remorse and desI)nir I,cc;mse it h:~:!
killed its rillcr in a fit of rage. I have myself
actually secil an elephaal; playing on cymbnls,
while other elephants were dancing lo his strains:
a cymbal had beell attached to aach foreleg of the
performer, and a third to what is called his trunk,
and while he bent in turn the cy~ribalon his trunk
he beat in proper time those on his two legs.
T h e c1:incing clcphnntv all the while kept danc..
ing in a circle, a n ~ las they raised and curved
tlleir forelegs in t m n they too moved in proper
time, following as the musiciail led.
Thc elephant, like the bull slid tlic Ilorse,
engenile~s i l l spring, when the fenlales euiit
breath tl~rough the spiracles beside tl~cir tein-
ples, which open at that season. The pcriod of
gestation is at; shortest sixteen wontl~s, and
rlcver exceeds eighteen. The birth is single, RS
i n the case of the mare, nnd is suckled till it
reaches its eighth year. The eleplxmts thiit live
longest attain nil age of two hundred years, but
many of them die prcrn:itnrely of disease. If
they die of sheer old ngc, llowever, the term of
life is whnt has been stated. Diseases of their
eyes are cured by pouring cows' milk into them,
a d o!Aer ctisketqjers fly ac1rninisteril1-g cTrn~ight@
of black wine ; while their wounds are curecl by
the application of rons(c11 pork. Sucll are the
rfl?zedies u;ed by .the Inclizn;.
 XV. Rut t l ~ ctigpr the Intlinnq regwit ns s
~ s c mn?e
h pnwerfl!! ai~in?a! t ! ~ n i ~ ~I I P r!qbl~nl~l:
h/e a t* c 11 o s tells 11; thal he had SWI? t l ~ e S ~ ~ I I
of a tiger, thougl~ the tiger itsell' Ilr. hntl nuL
seen. The lriili:li~s,however, i~~l'ornw~l liim that
the tiger eqnnls in size the largest hol-SP, I)r~tthat
for swiftne~sand strength no other nnima! can be
compared with it : for that tllc tiger, wl~cn il
enconnte~.s tlie elephant, leaps 111' I I ~ tlw
I head
of t11u elephant 2nd strangles it wit11 en.se ; h u t
that thosc animals whic11 we o11r3elves w e and
call tigers are bnt jncknls with spol,te~l~ l i i 1 1and
~~
larger tlian otlier jnclrals.$. In the same m y with
regard to ants nlso, N e a r c 11 o s sag.:; t l l : ~ IIP
~
hat1 not himself wen a specimtln of' the s o ~ twl~icsl~
otlier writer8 rlcclared to cxist in Indin, thi1g11
lie hail seen many skins of them wl~icli11:1tl l,c.r\t
hsought into the Makeclonim cnnil~. Eitt ?d r -
g a s t h e n As nvcrs that the tradition al)out 1 1 1 ~
ants is strictly true,-that t h y we gol[l-rli,:y*s,
not for the sake of the gold itself, bnt I)iwuse by
instinct they bur~~orn holes in the earth to lip i l l ,
just as t l ~ etiny ante of our own countly iliy
little holes for then~selves, only thosr in Tntlia
being larger than Coses make their burrows p w -
portioaately larger. But the gro~uldis impreg-
nated with gold, ant1 thc Intlinns tllellcc. ul)t;~iii
their gnlil. Now hlegast,l~enSswrites what he
h n ~ l imn1 l'rom henrsny, and :LS I h n ~ e11o ( & Y . .
--- - -

'[ L1qJmk :\TIA lll,W,I ,

B I<
a li o s writes : ~ sii' I l l ~ j . u r w n ne\v curiosity,
a r d tells i i ~t hat they : ~ r c il~tiigciiouu to India,
and what-like t h r y arc,, and that they speak with
LL hu~marl voice ; b,;t since 4 h a r e myself seen
many parrots, and l i i 1 0 ~otlicrs who are acquaint-
ed with tlie b i d , I will say nothing about it as if
it were still imi'an~i!inr.~j Nor will I say aught of
the aprs, i4rl1e1.touching their size, or the beauty
w l ~ i c hdistingnishcs them ill Intlia. or t h e rno(lc

st,n!.i~~:what is well linowll, except perhaps the

fnct t l ~ t h y arc IxnuLt'xl. Iicprcling snalm,
loo, 9 e a r 11 o s tells u:; tililt t l q wc caught i l l
(:

?11c co~u-ttry,b cii~gspotted, and nimble iu their

rr~ovrrr~ents,nntl that o : ~ c i ~ l ~ i c ' bP e i t 11 o t.he
yun of' A i l t i g r ~ ~ d
cn1.igi-it
r xwasur~-d about sistrrn
c d i t s , thongh the Indians allcgc that the l n i y u t
smkes are mnch larger. Ilut no curr of the bite

1111 t h e most i1,ilfid of t h e I n d i m s in the I ~ e d i u p

ru 1 c,c?llertc.tl nronnil him, ancl h a ~ iC ~ U S Wp r~ o d u -
nmtion Lo 11,e m n i l ~ . tliroi~gllolltt he calilp that ii
 nny one were bii,icn i l c s110:il:l r o j n i r 10 tli,: r o p l

tent ; but t h e w1.y s:~n:i. :il~:n \ ~ C , Y C;LI~I,:to (!lli.(:

othcr diseases nilc!. j~:;il!, d j o . J'v7illi lil;\lly h i l i l ~ :
pains, howei.er, t,l~!*Lii!li,~1!3:LIT not i~ii-:ic!l:~il?IN.,
cause in their c o u ~ ~ ill:t ~ y.s:.:iL:ous:LW gc,~;il:!. III
the case of an attack 111' sc:,c::: paill thtby c o l ~ r t ~ l ~
t,he sopllistu, a . d these sx!ric.:l t:, crlrc irllntc:v~~r
diseases could b e cuitd not w i t h o ~ ~11ivi11c. t liclp.'"
XVI. Tllc d ~ s Tori1 s by the 111cli:~ili i:i ::~ilil~
of cotton, as X e a r c 11 o Y t 8 h ~ . l : i ; - - ~ i ) t tpro-
~~~i
duced from those trc2s crf \~liic:h meiltian has
already been mnile.i- GIU,ti);:: c o i h n is eitliel. of
a brighter wllite c o l o ~ l ? t I!:LI :illy cotton f i ~ r r n d
elsewhere, or tl:$\ tl;i~,!cnc.;:~of the Pnc!i:in coin-
plexion malic,~thcir n:rp?rel 1001i so much the
whiter. They wc:u n!! i~i~!ler-g:i:.l;idof cottoil
which reaches bcloa tllc Iii~cchnlfriny d o ~ r tno t l ~ e
nnldes, and also an ll!i:ic:. G ; : I , I I : ~ I L ~ wllich they
throw partly ovcr tlicir shoulders, an^! partly
twist in folds round thrii*l ! i d $ The Indians wcnr
* Thnt is, by the use I,? I , ~ I : I Y I:Wsce , S t r a l ~ oS V . i. 43.
.?A slip on tha li.~r:i o i ht.l.ii~~~, i ~ :!I,>~ C Z V ~ O ~~ Ii Si c i i t i ~ n
has becu made of :he ( w l t ~ n - t u ~ . ! .
"The vn,lud~lepiolrlm,.'.li':,i d the cotLon-~r~ool pl.duccd
from the crii.tnn-,.limb ('~ii~rsjrpi , > L / ~ ~ . t . ? ~ r ~ i : IYC'IUi ~ r ~ i ,(':i:.ly
~)
d i y c ~ v c i ~ ~ xAnd
l. wo r c : d in I:ic-val.i, 11yrn!ls OF ' I),l.y
i ~ n dXi;!&' like ' t,,vu a,m~i~w ~ : ' I I . ,;~'\<!,IVC~S;~'
,I ~ I I L , > I \*\ , ~ ; I I I I ;
tlic cstended t h r r ~ i r..... l C I , ~~; I ~I L Iits n ~ ? i i l l I ' : ~ ~ *St ~~ i Li ~O~ l j
was n e w to tlw (;I, who : I C I W I I ! ~ YAL IIt~, ~ :~~V, ~~Ii d; hc i ~
C;I.C:IC t o India. ' l " ~ d ~ ~ s - ~ r i iI :I:li>i~.s., :! i i ! ,':lwd i l l
rnents marlo f r o n ~n-i~ol\v!111,11 z?o!'ii. 1 1 1 1 11.1'1'.. O I I VcItjt,l~,
they say, roachoh Lo Lltc ,iii<l,ll:~ i r ; 1.11~ ]I!,:. w:tilzt, :1.ni)t,hc.r
is fi~liludround the ,;',~nul:iiI... l . r i ~ ! , h ~*!iiI 111~,s,s 111 [lie
fashion thus cleecriijvl, r;11i ':I i.: i1i-8, .tl'~vlc,,I t o 111 nlc!
Sanskrit litemture. In t l ~ ,!, ' ~ ~ w o rflu , i t,ilc c.lvoaI 7 &\j.lutn
(,his costnme i s calk-fully r i ~ p ~ w c r i t ? . l . . l h r : rl,;i.lj ..
nhich Nearohus bpaxlis OJ" :i.s ri~:~r:hiri,:I o ! i ~ ~c n i i l ~ l li t 'i l11r
I .
..,. i g 1 ' I I ! 11.chrjl' l.11~111
d ri

Lhiu as arc very wealthy, hi.d l I d i a n s do not

wear them. Their beards, iJ e a r c 11 o s tclls us,
thcy dye of onc hue and another, i~ccol~ilingto
taste. Some dye their white beards to rrmke
tllcm look as white as possible, but others dye
them blue ; while some again prefer a red tiiit,
somc a purple, and others a rank green.$ Sncli
Indians, he also says, as are thought nnythii~gof,
use parasols as a Ecreeu from the heat. Thcy
wenr shoes made of white leather, and thcse are
ulnborately trimmed, while the soles are variegated,
aiid made of great thickness, to malie the wearer
sccm so much the taller,
P proceed now to descrihc the mode in which
tliu Indians q u i p tllcnisclrcs for war, premising
that it is ilot to be rcgarilecl as the oiily one in
vogue. Thc foot-soldiers carry a bow made of
equal length with the nlan who bears it. Tliis
they rest upon the gro~iild,and pressing against
it with their left foot t h u s discharge the arrow,
having clrawn the string far l~ackwards: for the
shaft they nse is little short of being t h e e
l i ! ~i h I lic Uhoti. It is ~ I V I I I21 tn 21 y ; ~ r d rlong liy 2 lo
t'cvt. 111 11;u1 ... ...It is a i , i d u ~ n IcI I W ~ vcwmbling i h : ~ tof s
C h ~ dk i t l , ~ I, I I I , ~Lltv mily < , I I ; I I Io~lPm r v d d e within 3~000
y w r s is, I;h:iL tho 1)lu)l.E may now be somewhat bivxrclcr
ant1 lougrv."-3li.a. J1:~nuiuy's il,icicivt and illuclicl:.mL
Jutlim, vol. 11. 1111. 3X:i
5 L ' L I I ~ I I I ~ I S xorui: o f I . ~ I P . ~vi,ltn~riwero
P bnt t x ~ n u i l i ~ m
h l d l ' ~:ISSIIII~CI[ 11y t l t c ' L [ \ C l ~ ~ , r ~i ,i r~~~' l t~ i nits~ fillnl hurr.
~ L L TL'~LI.[CI.H\V:IIL.CLI'S
I / , ui' Z ' P , , ' i ' r . 8 r : ~ s c ~ i d U. I'UILI. will
Y I , I ~ I C . I ~ L ~ I N(liu plivhf. oil llLic i ~ i r o I ) ; ' I h~ h i e when having
dyxl hi,, hait. ho l~.i!111~1 if, L l i , ! i ~ ~ ~ l ~ ~( i~~ ui ~. nl $i ?nFq~Y O~I .I ~
L ~ ~ I I .;,.I LIW. !Chid c ~ . , t u ~i.n U L ~ L J ~ J ~ ,112rj L ~ . ~h y S1.1~1l)u.
ynrds lo~lg, :illtl t11cl.e is nothiiry wlric>il C:UI r e ,
sisl: an Indian archer's sliot, - ncili~cr shiclti
nor breastplnte, nor ally stronger defencc if such
there be. I n their left hand they carry buclilers
made of undressed ox-hide, which arc not ao
broad as those .who carry them, bnt are nbout
as long. Some are rquippecl with javelins in-
stead of' bows, but all wear a sword, which is
broad in the blade, but not longer than three
cubits ; and this, when they engage in close fig111
(which they do with reluctalice), t h y niclcl
with both hands, to fetch clown a lnsticr I~low.
Thc horsemen are eqaipped with two lances like
the lailces called suzmin, and with a sliorter
buclrler than that carried by the foot-soldiers.
But they do not put sadclles oil their horses,
nor do they curb them wit11 bits like thc bits in
use among the Greeks or the Kelts, but they fit
on round the estremity of the horse's mouth
a circular piece of stitched raw ox-hide stucldccl
with pricks of iron or brass pointing inwards,
but not very sharp : if a mail is rich he uscs
p ~ k k sm ade of ivory. FVithin the horse's mouth
is put an iron prong like a skcwer, to which
t h e r c i ~ ~:we
s nttircllcd. When thc rider, thc11,
pulls the reins, the prong controls the horse, a i d
the pricks which are attachcd to this prong
goad the mouth, YO that it cannot but obey the
reins.
S V I I , The Inclia,ns are in persol1 sicnrlcr ~ n r l
tall, ancl of' lnuch lighter neigh( t l ~ i r ~v. h r I I I C I L .
 which rm!lis ~ r s till 11onour is tlic c11;i:iot ni~ll
four ; t1.w c a ~ ~ cranks
l third ; villili: to be clrann
by a single h o w is consitlercd no distinction :lt
all.7 B u t 1ncli:m iwlnca, if posic:,secl of' uncoi~i-
moll discretioil, woulcl uot s t m y from vii,t,~icfor
a n y r e w a d short of ail elephant, b u t 011 i'cceir...
iug this a l a ~ l y lcls tlie giver cnjoy 11cr 11cwon.
s n r do the h l i a n s cousiilcr it any d i b y : ~ c et:)
a womm t o grant her fhvoi~t's for nu elephant,
but it is rnther regardecl as z high complinleut,
to the sex t'liat their chnrms should be declnccl
worth an elepllmt. They marry without either
giving or taking d o w r i ~ s , I>nt tlie women, ns
soon as they are marriageable, :IIT I~sought
f'o'ormvcl by their fathers a i d cxposc~l i l l [ ~ ~ r b i i c ,
t o be selected by the victor in westling or
boxing or running, or by same one who escelii
ill ally othel. ~ n a n l j escl,cise.+' T h e people of
Inilia live lipon grain, ant1 :we ti1lel.s of t h e soil ;
hut we ~ n i ~ scxccpt
t t h e hillli~en, milo eat the
fiesh of beasts of ckase.

/I L-Tcncr,o x of his nnrntxs is ' V ~ I Iimplyin::

: ~ , tllot hc ncd
mly (*:wries1mL ~ J Y ~ J - W!I;\~ ~m y : d s i ~ h .
9; The el; La,r r ~ ~ i n n ninmthe ~ nirr:.lt-rv~~hlof Indin, i s n o
11,I:IM h w e i u ~ l i tkh l .
* II:~vri:~qvw3tou16 u l q x m tu liav,, ixric rl, :IS;I n7f<'lv m ~ o
tic !111' ' v ~ i . : ~ c . t h u m Ytmhi, pl~:- ;I)-;1 ni!l sl~b,i.. st^,!
~,i;ll'l'!L~r'rI l l . ~ l ' ! , yfy 1 , l ~ I l ' ~I l l ) , I l l , .?,.
 i t ia snfEcient for me t o hnve s1.1. I'ortli t h e
i'irciz rvgi~iiliiig Llie Icdinr;:;, whit!:, n x the h p p t
known, 110th N e a r c 11 o s 2nd $1 c g a 3 e l e-, ..,'
n 8 s, two meii of n p p r o w ~ lchnr:~cter, hnve IT-
cort1ec.l. And since my desigl~in clrnwing up the
prrscwt nm8rntive was not to tlcscribe the manners
and custo1118 of t h e Indians, but to relate how
A 1 e x i l n d e r convr!ecl his army from In~litr
to Peruiu, let this be t~c!ii>nas a nwre cyisocle.