SEPTEMBER 2014

+
LEDsmagazine.com

Tunable lighting
Human-centric
science Q&A P. 31

Financing
LEDs shine and save
in car parks P. 55

Components
TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS OF LIGHT EMITTING DIODES Driver ICs deliver SSL
system features P. 61

Sports
lighting
SSL challenges
legacy sources with
uniformity P. 9

USA EUROPE JAPAN

See p. 49 & 52 for details on Strategies in Light
Japan and Strategies in Light Europe events
 VIRIBRIGHT

All Brand New LED products

designed to comply with the
new Energy Star and DIM2
standards.

/0
.0
.
...
.
.. 

!!.0
.0..
.0"00 ./0
.0

.#$%&&'.$(.%&..#)&'.%.$ Worldwide Offices:
*.#)&'.%.$+$ 



.


,
* -0 Mexico City 


www.viribright.com    
NEW! EOL3-277-20KA
Surge Protectors for
Outdoor LED Luminaires
Facility owners and managers make a signifcant
investment in your outdoor LED lighting. Protect it with
advanced yet cost-efective EOL3 series Surge Protectors
from Thomas Research Products. EdisonReport.net called
them Kevlar protection for these sophisticated systems.
Ofering protection up to 20,000A on AC mains up to 277V,
EOL3 Surge Protectors also function on DC circuits. UL1449
Recognized and CE Certifed. IP65.
1215 Bowes Rd Elgin IL 60142 USA T 847-515-3057 F 847-515-3047 www.trpssl.com info@trpssl.com
Trademarks are property of their respective owners.
An LED indicator shows when the unit reaches end-of-life.
At power-up, it fashes to confrm the unit is functioning.
Choose a local or remote-mounted Indicator. In-line fusing
shuts down the luminaire for extra protection until the
Surge Protector is replaced. The EOL3 makes it easier for
maintenance crews to diagnose issues.
Simplicity and complete solutions from the quality LED
power experts. Call us for samples and OEM pricing today.
Also available through our stocking distributor, Digi-Key.
2014
 ISSUE 72

2014
September Cover Story
SSL fixtures replace metal halide lighting
to deliver energy and maintenance
savings and a more uniformly-lit athletic
environment. (See p. 9; courtesy of GE
Lighting)

features
31 INTERVIEW
columns/departments
Potential exists for SSL to positively impact health
and wellbeing, but science lags
Maury Wright with Terry Clark, Finelite 5 COMMENTARY Maury Wright
Lighting-centric wellbeing claims
41 STANDARDS need more science
LED automotive lighting applications require unique
SAE standards 9 NEWS +ANALYSIS
Jianzhong Jiao, Osram Opto Semiconductors GE Lightings Albeo lights
Boston University athletic
49 PREVIEW center with LED high bays
SIL/LED Japan will examine epitaxy to SSL Terralux delivers an LED light engine
applications Ella Shum and Manami Konishi and flat driver for sconce retrofits
LED lighting advances in horticulture
55 OUTDOOR LIGHTING
Vizio increases LED zones in
SSL lightens the burden of the urban car park
backlighting for LCD HDTVs
Caroline Hayes
Schrder lights Nevada Interstate tunnel
61 FOCUS ON with LEDs, adds adaptive controls
Driver circuits deliver diverse features for solid- Richmond home developer installs
state lighting applications Maury Wright LED-based solar street lighting

67 MANUFACTURING
25 FUNDING + PROGRAMS
New LED architectures and phosphor technologies
EPA announces results of LED
lower costs and boost quality Julian Carey, Intematix lamp push, plans new initiative

73 DEVELOPER FORUM DOE updates MSSLC LED luminaire spec

Driverless LED light engines deliver up to 93%
efficiency and no perceptible flicker
Peter Shackle, Photalume.com
76 LAST WORD
LED lamp life expectancy depends on fixture type
and usage scenario Michael Kachala, Hinkley Lighting
DOE issues fact sheet on light and health
DOE publishes LED outdoor lighting
report, charts performance gains
DOE Caliper report identifies
shortcomings of LED MR16 lamps
EPA further clarifies Energy Star V1.1
lamp requirements, adds CBCP tool

LEDsmagazine.com SEPTEMBER 2014 3

 Always in stock.
Imagine the shelves always
being stocked with what you need.

With Future Lighting Solutions Philips Lighting

Zero Lead-Time Initiative, parts are always in stock*.

www.FutureLightingSolutions.com

*Offer is based on certain marketplace assumptions and, as such, changes in the marketplace may invalidate this offer. Offer may end at Future Lighting Solutions discretion at any time.
Offer is valid in North America only. Please contact your local Future Lighting Solutions representative or visit www.FutureLightingSolutions.com/ZeroLT for details on this offer and its terms and conditions.
commentary
Lighting-centric
wellbeing claims
need more science
C
ompanies in the LED and solid-state
lighting (SSL) sectors have promoted
numerous research case studies in the past
few years that attribute tuned spectral
power distribution (SPD) to human bene-
fits in terms of increased productivity, bet-
ter rest, and even accelerated healing. We
have published articles about many of the
studies and arguably have been a propo-
nent of what is often called human-cen-
tric lighting (HCL). But we and the indus-
try have almost assuredly stepped ahead
of the science that would support benefits
of lighting, at a certain CCT and SPD, pos-
itively impacting our wellbeing.
Dont misunderstand. I firmly believe
that researchers will discover a variety
of useful ways to apply light that might
impact our wellbeing. We know light
exposure can impact the human circa-
dian rhythm. But no one right now fully
understands the science behind the inter-
action of lighting and human physiologi-
cal systems.
We cover some of the facts about light
and its impact on humans in our interview
with Finelite CEO Terry Clark (p. 31). That
interview and this column were prompted
by a multi-author academic paper that
discusses the shortcomings in knowledge
on the topic and also some of the human
physiology that comes into play.
The scientific and medical community
seems to have a pretty firm grasp on the
human visual system how we perceive
color, how ambient conditions impact
our vision, and what types of light might
improve our ability to detect objects or
see colors optimally. But it seems almost
certain that it is non-visual receptors that
would be responsible for any link between
light and human health.
Still, some of the studies we have pub-
LEDsmagazine.com
lished appear at first glance hard to refute.
There is likely some amount of legitimate
data in those studies, but the topic is way
more complex than the published stud-
ies have acknowledged. As Terry Clark
points out, none of the work accounts for
the state of the test subject prior to expo-
sure to light. Proper study would require
an adaptation period to bring the collec-
tive set of test subjects to a steady state.
I thought deeply about what Id hope
to accomplish in publishing the interview
and in writing this column. I think the
SSL industry needs to continue and pur-
sue the topic of HCL. There appears to be
great potential to favorably impact soci-
ety and to create opportunity for busi-
nesses in the LED-lighting sector. But
clearly the industry needs to move a bit
more carefully in making claims about
the benefits of lighting.
Funding for proper research is going to
be an issue for sure. The lighting indus-
try cant likely afford the study required.
Fortunately, as Terry Clark has pointed
out, brain researchers will have funding
to study the impact of light. The LED and
SSL sectors need to partner and partici-
pate in such research.
Meanwhile, its fair to ask how this rev-
elation will impact what we publish. As
editor, it is my duty to report on news that
I think you the readers will find of inter-
est. And if a major company comes to me
tomorrow with an HCL study, I will pub-
lish an article on it. But we will be quick
to remind you of the discrepancy in sci-
entific backing going forward.
Maury Wright,
EDITOR
mauryw@pennwell.com
SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT Christine Shaw
& PUBLISHING DIRECTOR cshaw@pennwell.com
EDITOR Maury Wright
mauryw@pennwell.com
ASSOCIATE EDITOR Carrie Meadows
carriem@pennwell.com
CONTRIBUTING EDITOR Caroline Hayes
caroline.hayes@ruivamedia.com
CONTRIBUTING EDITOR Ken Marrin
kmarrin@cfl.rr.com
CONTRIBUTING EDITOR Laura Peters
lpeters40@gmail.com
MARKETING MANAGER Kimberly Ayer
ART DIRECTORKelli Mylchreest
PRODUCTION DIRECTOR Mari Rodriguez
SENIOR ILLUSTRATORChristopher Hipp
AUDIENCE DEVELOPMENT Debbie Bouley
EDITORIAL OFFICES PennWell Corporation,
LEDs Magazine
98 Spit Brook Road, LL-1
Nashua, NH 03062-5737
Tel: +1 603 891-0123
Fax: +1 603 891-0574
www.ledsmagazine.com
SALES OFFICES
SALES MANAGER Kelly Barker
(US EAST COAST) kellybarker@pennwell.com
Tel. +1 603 891 9186
SALES MANAGER Allison OConnor
(US WEST COAST) allison@jagmediasales.com
Tel. +1 480 991 9109
SALES MANAGER Jim Ajayi
(UK/REST OF EUROPE) jima@pennwell.com
Tel. +44(0) 1992 656657
SALES MANAGER Johann Bylek
(GERMANY/ johannb@pennwell.com
AUSTRIA/SWITZERLAND) Tel. +49 89 90480 143
SALES MANAGER Masaki Mori
(JAPAN) mori-masaki@ex-press.jp
Tel: +81 3 3219 3641
SALES MANAGER Mark Mak
(CHINA & HONG KONG) markm@actintl.com.hk
Tel: +852 2838 6298
SALES MANAGER Monica Liu
(TAIWAN) monica@arco.com.tw
Tel: +886 2 2396 5128 ext: 270
SALES MANAGER Young Baek
(KOREA) ymedia@chol.com
Tel: +82 2 2273 4818
SALES MANAGER Dan Aronovic
(ISRAEL) aronovic@actcom.co.il
Tel: +39 972 9899 5813
CORPORATE OFFICERS
CHAIRMAN Frank T. Lauinger
PRESIDENT AND CEO Robert F. Biolchini
CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER Mark C. Wilmoth
TECHNOLOGY GROUP
SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT Christine A. Shaw
& PUBLISHING DIRECTOR
SUBSCRIPTIONS: For subscription inquiries:
Tel: +1 847 763-9540;
Fax: +1 847 763-9607;
e-mail: LED@halldata.com;
ledsmagazine.com/subscribe
We make portions of our subscriber list available to carefully screened
companies that offer products and services that may be important for
your work. If you do not want to receive those offers and/or information
via direct mail, please let us know by contacting us at List Services
LEDs, 98 Spit Brook Road LL-1, Nashua, NH 03062.
Copyright 2014 PennWell Corp (ISSN 2156-633X). All rights
reserved. Contents of this publication may not be reproduced in any
form without prior written consent of Publishers.
SEPTEMBER 2014 5
 FEATURED events
| online The LED Show
September 1618, 2014
Los Angeles, CA

Webcasts Boston Lights Exposition

September 18, 2014
Replacing traditional materials Boston, MA

with polymers for next generation LEDs: The SSL Ecosystem 2014
September 2224, 2014
LED luminaires Cambridge, MA
http://bit.ly/1sCHbD3
LightShow Southwest 2014
September 2425, 2014
Advances in direct AC Dallas, TX

LED solutions LED Japan/Strategies in Light 2014

October 1517, 2014
http://bit.ly/1pO0pCe Yokohama, Japan

Strategies in Light Europe 2014

Retail lighting that October 2123, 2014
Munich, Germany
makes an impact
http://bit.ly/1qccdvx Lighting Japan
January 1416, 2015
Tokyo, Japan

Editorial Digest SPIE Photonics West 2015

February 712, 2015
LEDs are succeeding in a San Francisco, CA

range of indoor projects, Strategies in Light 2015

February 2426, 2015
but challenges remain Las Vegas, NV
http://bit.ly/1oMRlyG
MORE: ledsmagazine.com/events

ADVERTISERS index
Aamsco Lighting .........................................16
American Standard Circuits .........................50
Semicon .....................................................59
Citizen Electronics Ltd. ..................................8
Cooledge Lighting .......................................11
Cree Inc. ...................................................CV4
E-Lite Semiconductor ..................................26
Electrolube .................................................46
Eptronics ....................................................75
ERG ............................................................34
Exponation..................................................48
Future Electronics Inc..............................4, 54
G-S Plastic Optics .......................................50
Gooch & Housego PLC ................................68
Green Inova Lighting Technology
(Shenzhen) Limited ...................................70
Guangzhou Hongli
Opto-Electronic Co., Ltd. ...........................36
Hangzhou Everfine Photo-E-Info Co. Ltd. ......29
Helio Optoelectronics Corp. .........................58
Henkel ........................................................13
Indium Corporation .....................................17
Instruments Systems GmbH .......................51
International Led Core
Technology Seminar .................................57
Inventronics (Hangzhou) Inc.........................24
LED Consultancy BV ....................................45
Ledlink Optics Inc........................................21
Linear Technology .....................................CV3
LTF LLC .......................................................18
Lumens Co. Ltd..................................... 38-39
Luminus Devices.........................................44
Maruwa Co. Ltd...........................................20
Matrix Lighting Limited, Hong Kong ...........CV2
MBN GmbH.................................................22
Mean Well USA Inc. .....................................33
Nichifu America Inc. ....................................75
ORB Optronix ..............................................58
OSRAM Opto Semiconductors GmbH ..........15
Otsuka Electronics Co. Ltd. .........................32
Philips Lumileds ..........................................23
Plessey Semiconductors Ltd. ......................35
Proto Labs, Inc. ...........................................37
Radiant Zemax LLC .....................................14
Samsung LED America ..................................2
Sapa Industrial ...........................................60
Seoul Semiconductor Co. Ltd. .......................7
Shanxi Guangyu LED Lighting Co. Ltd. .........27
Shenzhen OKT Lighting Co., Ltd...................69
Shenzhen Refond
Optoelectronics Co. Ltd. ...........................47
Shin-Etsu Silicones of America Inc. .............42
Signcomplex Limited ...................................43
The Bergquist Company ..............................19
The Korean Consulate General ....................12
The Home Appliances, Lighting & Electronics
Exhibition ................................................. 74
Thomas Research Products ..........................1
Underwriters Laboratories ...........................30
Zhejiang Baikang Technological Co. Ltd. ......40

6 SEPTEMBER 2014 LEDsmagazine.com

SMALL
FOOTPRINT
INTENSE
POWER
Introducing the all-new
MJT 2525 high-voltage LED
The Acrich MJT 2525 LED is a compact high-
voltage mid-power package with a typical
forward voltage of 22V. At 3000K and a CRI
of 80 it achieves a brightness of 95 lumens

operating current of 40mA at 25C. This new

best in class LED package boasts a lumen
density of 15 lm/mm2, offering a lumen
density 5x that of other mid-power packages.

Visit us at THE LED SHOW #431 www.seoulsemicon.com

 +
news views
SPORTS VENUE LIGHTING

GE Lightings Albeo lights Boston University

athletic center with LED high bays
GE Lighting has announced an LED retrofit project at the
Boston University (BU) Track and Tennis Center on the
Boston, MA campus. GEs Albeo brand supplied ABHX Series
solid-state lighting (SSL) products along with integrated con-
trol capability to deliver energy and maintenance savings and
a more pleasing environment for athletes and spectators.
The indoor athletic facility was built in 2002 to host a
variety of university events ranging from athletic practices
to commencement ceremonies. The legacy lighting con-
sisted of 127 metal halide (MH) fixtures. The university
sought to replace the lighting to achieve savings and also
to eliminate the annoying buzzing sounds that emanated
from the MH ballasts.
As the ballasts from the metal halide fixtures aged, they cut down noise levels.
created a dramatic buzzing noise that interfered with ath- Still, the lighting would not have been retrofitted just for
lete and spectator concentration, said Elijah Ercolino, the the noise concerns. But BU has embarked on an energy-effi-
BU director of building automation services. The new ciency program called Sustainability at BU. The campus
Albeo LED lighting fixtures are noticeably quieter and have has experienced a 5% reduction in energy usage page 10

RETROFITS HORTICULTURE

Terralux delivers an LED LED lighting advances in

light engine and flat driver horticultural applications,
boosts productivity
for sconce retrofits LED-based lighting has found success in farming and
Terralux has announced the S Series LED Retrofit Kit that is intended horticultural applications in part because of energy effi-
to be used in retrofitting surface-mount fixtures such as wall sconces ciency, but more significantly based on improved pro-
and other decorative products. The ductivity. GE Lighting has enabled an urban lettuce
kit includes a rectangular LED light farm that can produce 10,000 heads daily. Researchers
engine combined with a near-flat at McGill University in Canada, meanwhile, have doc-
AC-DC LED driver that together can umented that LED lighting can boost tomato produc-
fit even in near-flat luminaires that tion, and Purdue University researchers similarly docu-
were designed for slim pin-based mented productivity improvements in bedding plants.
fluorescent bulbs. Weve covered the basics in LED lighting for horti-
The kit, model number SR95, culture previously. The narrow spectrum of LEDs in
requires less than 1 in. in terms of different colors can be selected to enhance the photo-
depth from the wall for installa- synthesis process while also offering energy savings rel-
tions. As the nearby photo depicts, ative to broad-spectrum HID or fluorescent lights used
the LEDs are mounted on a rectan- in commercial farming (http://bit.ly/1q6ZaLO). More-
gular circuit board while page 12 over, Philips Lighting recently announced a page 10

LEDsmagazine.com SEPTEMBER 2014 9

news+views
Sports from page 9 since 2006 despite a
14% increase in the size of the facilities. The
university kicked off a five-year plan in 2012
to further reduce consumption by 10%.
The university conducted a rigorous evalu-
ation of alternatives for the Track and Tennis
Center before settling on the Albeo products.
The benefits extended beyond the energy
efficiency of the fixture we were also fans
of the modern aesthetic and exceptional
durability for the application, said Ercolino.
The results in terms of efficiency are
clear. BU is projecting a savings of 770,000
kWh annually and thats equivalent to a
40% reduction in the centers overall energy
usage. The center also has a lighting control
system that could enable additional savings
with seven-zone controls that enable dim-
ming or extinguishing lighting in the zone
as the usage pattern allows.
GE rates the fixtures for 100,000 hours of
life so maintenance costs should be reduced
as well. Moreover, the university said the
new fixtures can deliver higher light levels
than the legacy lighting. A lot of students
and faculty have already begun to take
notice and are commenting on the facilitys
lighting improvements, said Ercolino.
Both universities and even pro sports orga-
nizations are turning to LEDs for better and
more efficient lighting. Recently, Ephesus
Lighting announced the first LED-lit hockey
arena for an NHL team in the Canadian Tire
Centre (http://bit.ly/1oszYnv). Moreover,
Duke University recently lit its soccer field
with LEDs (http://bit.ly/1p2rbqW).
BACKLIGHTING/DISPLAYS
Vizio increases LED zones in
backlighting for LCD HDTVs
While the TV and display backlighting appli-
cation segment had driven the biggest vol-
ume of LED sales prior to 2013, the number
of LEDs used in the TV segment has lev-
eled off with the advent of brighter LEDs
and edge-lighting techniques. Vizio, how-
ever, has announced the M-Series of TVs
with what the company refers to as Full-
Array LED backlighting. Indeed, the poten-
tial to enhance images with more LEDs and
dynamic control of light levels could lead to
another ramp in LED usage by TV makers.
One major advantage of LED backlight-
ing has been dynamic control of the light
10 SEPTEMBER 2014
Horticulture from page 9 partnership
with commercial grower Green Sense
Farms intended to both minimize energy
usage for indoor growing towers and
enable food to be produced closer to con-
sumers (http://bit.ly/VgI99H).
Tagajo lettuce farm
The documented benefits of LED lighting
in horticulture continue to build with the
recent announcement of the Mirai lettuce
farm in the city of Tagajo that is located
in the Miyagi Prefecture (jurisdiction) in
Japan. GE Lighting, specifically GE Japan
Corp, developed customized LED lighting
for the farm, which is located in a facil-
ity that previously hosted a Sony electron-
ics manufacturing center located in the
Miyagi Fukko Park.
Development of the farm was subsi-
dized by the Japanese Ministry of Econ-
omy, Trade and Industry (METI) and is part
of the reconstruction effort as the region
recovers from the impact of the Great East
Japan Earthquake that occurred in 2011.
The project leveraged the electronics-
centric features of the building such as
cleanroom facilities and thermal insula-
tion to provide an ideal climate and air cir-
culation for the farming application. Mirai
worked with GE, meanwhile, to develop
LED lighting tuned to the lettuce grow-
ing cycle. METI also encouraged the use of
technology in the farm that uses custom-
ized sensors and control systems for all
aspects of the agricultural environment.
The partners say that the result is 50%
better plant production relative to fluores-
cent-lit farms along with a 40% reduction
in energy usage.
The farm occupies 2300m2 of floor space
and there are 17,500 LED lights in use. As
the nearby photos depict, the lettuce is
grown in cultivation racks to maximize
the use of the high ceilings. The result is the
aforementioned 10,000-head daily harvest.
Meanwhile, the success of the project has
the partners looking to develop other LED-
lit farms in Japan and addressing inquiries
from interested parties in other regions of
the globe.
Tomatoes and bedding plants
In other horticultural news, there
are two recent university projects
that have been published on the
academic website HortScience. In
both cases, university researchers
studied mixes of red- and blue-
LED lighting relative to high-pres-
sure sodium (HPS) lighting in hor-
ticultural applications.
The Purdue University project
was focused on bedding plants
including f lowers (http://bit.
ly/1sSB5Nx). Specifically, the team studied
the growth of Antirrhinum, Catharanthus,
Celosia, Impatiens, Pelargonium, Petunia,
Tagetes, Salvia, and Viola seedlings. A quan-
titative measure called the Quality Index
(QI) showed much better results for Petu-
nia, Salvia, and Viola plants under the LED
lighting, and the results relative to HPS were
considered similar for the other varietals.
The McGill University researchers, from
Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, studied
tomato production under HPS light, HPS
light mixed with LED light, and LED light
(http://bit.ly/1ppJdUN). All of the mixes of
LED light tested proved superior in tomato
production to HPS light alone. But the best
results were obtained by a 50:50 mix of the
narrow-spectrum red and blue LED light-
ing combined with HPS lighting.
LEDsmagazine.com
Sometimes its better to stray off the straight and narrow

Put light where you want it, not just where it fts

LED light sheet from Cooledge Lighting removes all of

your design restrictions. Light sheet is a thin, fexible light
source with enough output to illuminate any space with
consistent high quality light, and yet requires no thermal
management. Minimal, confgurable and extremely simple
to use, light sheet allows your next lighting project or
luminaire to be truly unique.

Redefining the Geometry of Light

Vancouver, Canada I Munich, Germany I cooledgelighting.com
news+views
level for relatively small areas of the over-
all display. TV manufacturers add control
schemes, sometimes called local dimming,
that can match the LED light level to the
content of specific areas of each frame in a
video stream, effectively increasing the con-
trast ratio. Vizio specification sheets list a
dynamic contrast ratio of 20 million to one
for the new M-Series models.
The M-Series TVs include as many as 36
separate LED zones depending on screen size.
The Vizio M-Series collection represents a
significant milestone in picture quality for
mainstream consumers, said Matt McRae,
CTO of Vizio. We crafted a best-in-class
experience by increasing brightness, doubling
the number of Active LED Zones and boost-
ing the Clear Action performance. The Clear
Action feature refers to the 240-Hz refresh
rate and image processing features meant to
eliminate artifacts in fast motion scenes.
12 SEPTEMBER 2014
Retrofits from page 9
the driver is mounted in the center of the
rectangle. The driver can operate from
120 or 277 VAC line inputs.
The intended application for the LED
retrofit kit is upgrade of architectural-
grade light fixtures that have been
installed in settings such as hallways in
hotels and multitenant dwellings. Ter-
ralux business manager Matt Sallee
said, Many fixtures in hotels and mul-
tifamily [dwellings] are highly decora-
tive, architectural grade, and dont need
to be replaced. The new kit allows the
building to retain the look of the lighting
design while leveraging sources that offer
advantages in energy efficiency and life-
time. The company said the SSL retrofits
deliver a 5075% reduction in energy rel-
ative to fluorescent lamps.
Terralux has previously supported ret-
rofits of sconces with a linear LED mod-
ule product line (http://bit.ly/1sz7SbM).
Indeed, we covered a retrofit story in
a San Jose, CA condominium complex
where the fixtures were installed (http://
bit.ly/XfBe28).
The new retrofit kit, however, enables
retrofit of even thinner luminaires. More-
over, the company says the design deliv-
ers superior light output along with fast
return on investment.
The SR95 was designed to replace
and outperform pin-based CFLs and
pin-based LED lamps, said Erik Milz,
vice president of sales at Terralux. Know-
ing that ambience can be very impor-
tant in hotel and multifamily buildings,
we focused on improving both light out-
put and color quality. Building owners
are able to realize payback in as little
as 18 months for a wall sconce retro-
fit while eliminating bulb and ballast
maintenance.
Sallee said the design of the light
engine is the key to good optical perfor-
mance. He said placing the LEDs along
the outer edge of the back plate delivers
even illumination over the entire optical
surface with no visible dark spots. The
result is even illumination in environ-
ments such as hallways while maintain-
ing the intended aesthetic.
Terralux rates the retrofit kit for 60,000
hours of operation and offers a five-year
warranty on the product. The LED ret-
rofit kit is available in models rang-
ing from 616W with flux output rang-
ing from 5001450 lm. The products are
designed to replace 1332W fluorescent
lamps. Correlated color temperature
(CCT) options range from 2700K to 4000K
and color rendering index (CRI) is a mini-
mum of 80.
LEDsmagazine.com
THE FUTURE
IS LOOKING
BRIGHT.
LED Compatible Products From Henkel
LED lighting device manufacturers have experienced compatibility problems
color shifts, yellowing or dome failurewhen using incompatible adhesives and
sealants. The presence of incompatible products can impairor destroyLED
performance. Product tests, for one of the worlds largest LED manufacturers,
have proven the superior quality of Henkel LED compatible products.

Henkel is the first manufacturer to provide a comprehensive offering of LED

compatible products for bonding, sealing, potting and threadlocking.

1-800-LOCTITE (5-2-8483) DARK BRIGHT

henkelna.com/LEDcompatibility LEDs without Henkel
compatible products
LEDs utilizing Henkel
compatible products

All marks used are trademarks and/or registered trademarks of Henkel and its affliates in the U.S. and elsewhere.
= registered in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Offce. 2014 Henkel Corporation. All rights reserved. 11803 (1/14)
news+views
Consumers that care more about picture
quality will be drawn to the slightly thicker
sets with more backlighting, and more zones
and LEDs utilized result in better images.
The new M-Series sets are still around 2-in.
thin depending on screen size.
MORE: http://bit.ly/1rXXBm6
NETWORKS & CONTROLS
The Lighting Quotient
launches workstation LED
fixtures with controls
The Lighting Quotient has announced the
Tambient L805 LED luminaire family designed
for attachment to typical computer monitor
mounting arms and intended to provide all of
the task and ambient lighting required in an
individual workspace in an office.
As the nearby photo illustrates, the L805
luminaire can mount in a variety of ways to
computer monitor mounting systems that
meet the standards set by VESA (Video Elec-
tronics Standards Association), and such
hardware is broadly used in
commercial offices. The Light-
ing Quotient believes that the
L805 design can enable use
in both private offices and in
open office space, and elimi-
nate the need for most over-
head lighting. The fixture
includes 21 mid-power LEDs
focused downward to deliver
task lighting and 42 LEDs that
deliver upward indirect ambi-
ent lighting.
The potential functionality
of the L805 design, however,
is dependent on the flexibility
that The Lighting Quotient designed into the trol of ambient light levels.
product in the form of controls. The fixture For autonomous occupancy sensing,
can be installed in what the company calls The Lighting Quotient offers a sensor that
private office mode where the user has com- can be installed locally to the luminaire
plete control of both the task and ambient and connected via an RJ11 or telephone-
lighting. A second open office mode affords style cable. The sensor controls both light
the user control of the task lighting level but sources in private mode but only the task
enables autonomous or programmatic con- lighting in open mode.

  
  


  


Zemax broke the mold with OpticStudio 14, combining a new, easy-to-use interface with time-tested core
analytics. The new OpticStudio 14.2 sets an even higher standard for optical and illumination design software
by maximizing operation performance while minimizing the learning curve for unbeatable productivity.

 
      
 
      
prototyping costs and enabling innovation.

Test drive it now...www.zemax.com/demo

14 SEPTEMBER 2014 LEDsmagazine.com

 www.osram-os.com

news+views
The Lighting Quotient said that the L805 design will meet all rel-
evant energy-efficiency codes including California Title 24 that will
take effect this summer and require integrated control support.
MORE: http://bit.ly/1qxYW5r

LG Electronics and Daintree deliver

intelligent lighting and building project
LG Electronics and Daintree Networks have announced that the
National Bank of Arizona branch office in Prescott, AZ will be the
first facility to utilize the partners intelligent-lighting and -build-
ing technologies. The bank branch includes LG Electronics ZigBee-
enabled LED troffer fixtures, LGs efficiency-oriented variable
refrigerant flow (VRF) HVAC system, and Daintrees ControlScope
software platform that the company initially designed to manage
intelligent lighting systems and has since expanded to manage all
smart building systems.
Daintree and LG initially announced their partnership pub-
licly back in March (http://bit.ly/1lza1eK). At that time LG said
it would embed Daintree-designed, ZigBee-wireless-based light-
ing control technology into SSL products intended as fluorescent
troffer alternatives. Previously, Daintree has supplied the smart-
lighting controller in modular form to be integrated in third-party
luminaires, but Daintree never intended to be a hardware provider.
The partners asserted that direct integration of the ZigBee tech-
nology would result in lower price levels for intelligent fixtures.
The 3000-ft2 facility in Prescott utilizes 24-ft LG troffer fixtures
installed across 13 lighting zones and controlled by the ControlScope
platform. Moreover, the building includes nine intelligent thermo-
stats to efficiently manage the VRF HVAC system.
The bank was motivated to install an intelligent building control
system by the Arizona state-wide initiative that hopes to reduce
greenhouse gas emissions to year-2000 levels by 2020. Theres no
question that governments are serious about implementing plans
to reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas outputs, and
enforcing them via increasingly stringent standards, said Danny
Yu, Daintree CEO. Combining Daintrees software and wireless
control with LGs energy-saving products goes a long way toward
helping sustainability managers see the kinds of results they need
in order to help achieve these goals, and offers significant cost
savings, both immediate and long-term, compared with competi-
tive offerings.
MORE: http://bit.ly/TCMwe3

OUTDOOR LIGHTING

Glare mitigation study Light is brilliant

University researchers, along with China- and Netherlands-based
Philips R&D teams, have completed a study that documents the Solid State
impact of glare from LED street lights on drivers and makes recom-
mendations on mitigating the glare.
The glare research, which was conducted by Fudan University in
Lighting Solutions
Shanghai, China and Eindhoven Technical University in Eindhoven,
the Netherlands, was focused on finding the key factors that cause
discomfort glare that causes humans to avert their eyes from a light
Light is OSRAM

LEDsmagazine.com
news+views
source. Philips Research Asia and the Phil-
ips Research Laboratorie in the Netherlands
also participated in the project. The research
team created a laboratory setup that mim-
ics visual conditions on a roadway and sim-
ulated 72 different lighting conditions work-
ing with volunteer observers.
Discomfort glare is notoriously difficult
to characterize. Indeed, Mark Rea, direc-
tor of the Lighting Research Center (LRC) at
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, discussed
the issue in an interview with LEDs Maga-
zine late last year (http://bit.ly/MXrc0s). Rea
said that neither LRC metrics for discomfort
glare, nor others proposed in the industry, do
a good job characterizing the problem espe-
cially as a person nears the light source.
The recent research, however, was able
to focus on luminous intensity, background
luminance, source size, and the angle
between the source and a test subject in
evaluating glare. A model resulting from
the work, which was validated in an actual
street light installation, can allow lighting
designers to predict the level of discomfort
glare experienced by a person in various
positions relative to the source.
Outdoor luminaires
One of the issues that contributes to glare
is the high-intensity directional light pro-
duced by small LED sources that are often
only covered by small total internal reflec-
tion (TIR) lenses placed directly on the LED.
The TIR lenses focus the beam as we covered
in a lengthy feature a few years back (http://
bit.ly/1k4eF5T).
Luminaire makers are taking different
approaches to reducing glare. We recently
covered a Bridgelux modular light engine for
street light applications that uses larger chip-
on-board (COB) LEDs and a combination of
lens and reflector optics to form the beam
(http://bit.ly/1BcbeEd). The larger source
and reflector could serve to minimize glare.
Eye Lighting, meanwhile, just announced
an extension of the Aphos family of LED
luminaires for street and area lighting appli-
cations. The design does rely on TIR lenses
and smaller LEDs, but the company says the
design is optimized for minimal glare. Eye
asserts that the optical efficiency allows
specifiers to install luminaires with lower
lumen output, which would reduce glare.
LEDS & SOURCES
Seoul AC-LED light engine enables
omnidirectional SSL lamps
Seoul Semiconductor has announced an
Acrich LED light engine based on the Acrich
3 AC-LED driver IC and Acrich MJT 2525
mid-power LEDs. The company is supplying
the SSL module along with a reflector optic
that can enable retrofit lamp designs that
deliver the omnidirectional beams required
in market transformation programs such as
Energy Star.
The new Acrich A19 light engine consists
of a round modular circuit board with the
MJT 2525 LEDs mounted around the circum-
ference of the board. The Acrich 3 driver IC

NEW!
DIMMABLE HYBRID LED
INTRODUCING THE FIRST DIMMABLE HYBRID LED!
You asked for it and we listened!
This LED is the solution for all your lighting needs.
It looks so close to an incandescent that you wont believe its an LED.
NO VISIBLE HEAT SINK
UNIQUE FILAMENT DESIGN
HIGH CRI >80
>100 LUMENS PER WATT
15,000 HOURS LIFE
2700K WARM WHITE
AVAILABLE IN VARIOUS GLASS SHAPES

Commercial Hospitality Retail Residential Custom

AAMSCO LIGHTING, INC.

100 Lamp Light Circle | Summerville, SC 29483 | 800-221-9092
www.aamsco.com

allows the product to work directly from the
AC mains and is mounted near the center of
the modular product. Only a few additional
discrete components are required in the
design that specifically targets retrofit lamps.
Many such planar light engines have come
to market for A-lamps and other lamp types.
But most project the bulk of the light in the
forward direction. This performance is fine
in many applications but omnidirectional
beams are preferred in applications such as
table lamps where light must be projected
downward in the opposite direction from
which the LEDs face.
To enable omnidirectional performance,
Seoul developed a circular reflector that
is meant to be mounted above the light
engine as depicted in the nearby photo. The
reflector allows some of the light to escape
upwards but also reflects light to the side
and down toward the base so long as the pla-
nar light engine is mounted at the equator of
a diffuser globe.
The new Acrich A19 module is optimized
for the performance and cost requirements
of the retrofit lamp market, said Jay Kim,
Seoul Semiconductor executive vice pres-
ident of lighting sales. This new module
combines the light source, driver, optics, and
primary thermal management in a single,
compact system, simplifying designs and
lowering costs for lighting manufacturers.
The new light engine relies on the high-volt-
age LEDs that Seoul refers to as multi-junc-
tion technology (MJT). The specific mid-power
MJT 2525 LEDs utilized were introduced back
in March (http://bit.ly/1sSyljh).
Seoul says the 2.52.5-mm LEDs deliver
lumen density of 15 lm/mm2 and asserts that
output density is among the best performance
in the industry. Moreover, the LED includes a
primary optic unlike most mid-power devices
on the market. The optic dome on the LEDs
produces a wider beam angle that helps gen-
LEDsmagazine.com
news+views
High Reliability
erate the omnidirectional distribution.
The Acrich 3 AC-LED driver IC was Solders and
announced at LightFair International back
in June (http://bit.ly/1mkOBIi). The new TIMs for LED
driver offers better dimming support when
used with phase-controlled dimmers such as
triacs, along with the ability to work with a
noisy AC input.
Everlight adds high-voltage
packaged LEDs to mid- and
high-power portfolio
Everlight Electronics has announced the
XI3030HV family of packaged LEDs as a
high-voltage addition to its standard XI3030
line that, as the model number implies, is Clear residue solder
packaged in a 33-mm plastic package. The paste
product family spans the mid- and high-
power segments with some models oper- Low voiding ux-coated
ating in excess of 1W. Meanwhile, the new solder preforms
high-voltage option can greatly simplify the High performance
design of the LED driver electronics and
reduce SSL system-level cost.
thermal interface
High-voltage packaged LEDs have been materials >40 w/mK
increasingly popular in the high-power seg-
ment going back several years. For instance,
Everlight announced high-power, high-volt-
age LEDs in the HiVo series back in 2011
(http://bit.ly/1p2v8Mg).
Learn more:
More recently, the high-voltage trend has http://indium.us/F314
come to the plastic-package sector and mid-
power LEDs. For example, Philips Lumileds
added high-voltage options in its mid-power
line back in March (http://bit.ly/1szaqXz).
Moreover, Seoul Semiconductor has been
very active in the mid-power, high-voltage
space with its MJT technology (http://bit. www.indium.com
ly/1sSyljh). askus@indium.com
Indeed, high-voltage LEDs are created by ASIA CHINA EUROPE USA
combining multiple emitters/junctions in
2014 Indium Corporation
series in the simplest of architectures and in
SEPTEMBER 2014 17
news+views
some cases several parallel strings of a number
of LEDs in series. Some such packaged LEDs
simply use bond wires to connect separate
chips that are packaged together, while oth-
ers actually make the electrical connection to
multiple emitters on one monolithic chip that
is segregated into separate emitters in the back
end of the LED manufacturing process.
The higher-voltage input delivers several
potential advantages. The lower difference
in line-to-LED voltage reduces the number of
components required in the driver and can
increase energy efficiency.
Everlight asserts that its XI high-voltage
LEDs deliver the system-level benefits with-
out compromise in other areas. The com-
pany said efficacy is 120 lm/W at 3000K CCT
good but not top-level performance at the
warm end of the color spectrum. The LEDs
are offered with 80 CRI at a minimum and
with 115-lm maximum flux output.
Clearly the LEDs are brand new as Ever-
light indicated that it only has 3000 hours of
test data on the products. But the company
said LM-80 testing is underway.
MORE: http://bit.ly/1rNPUhA
Harvard offers LED linear
engines for manufacturers
of fluorescent fixtures
Harvard Engineering has announced the
LER7 Low Voltage Linear Strips LED-
based light engines intended to help man-
ufacturers of linear fluorescent fixtures
develop an SSL portfolio. The company says
lighting manufacturers can use the housings
of existing fluorescent fixtures and substi-
tute the LED strips and Harvard drivers for
ballasts and tubes.
The LED strips are 17-mm wide and
offered in 284- and 568-mm-long versions.
The strips use Samsung mid-power LEDs.
Harvard said the products can generate
1615 lm/ft. Moreover, the efficacy, without
the driver, tops out at more than 150 lm/W
when the light engines are operated at 65C.
Harvard has received UL listing for both
the light engines and the drivers. That fact



should allow lighting manufacturers a sim-
ple path to market. Harvard rates the light
engines for 50,000 hours of life to 70% of ini-
tial lumen output (L70).
Lighting manufacturers will have sig-
nificant flexibility in how to apply the lin-
ear light engines. The strips can be daisy
chained together using push-wire connec-
tions between light engines. A single Har-
vard CoolLED driver can power as many as
six of the strips.
The company will offer the light engines
in 3000K, 3500K, and 4000K CCT versions
and with the option of 80- or 90-CRI per-
formance. Based on the selected drivers, a
design based on the LED light engines can
support 010V dimming with light levels
down to 5% of maximum.
MORE: http://bit.ly/1mcuqbe
 
  


IMAGINE
ENDLESS POSSIBILITIES

 Electronic





Ideal for Dimming LED Strips
  !

!
!
  
!

 !

 

 !

 
  
 
   
 
  







 

!
 







SIMPLY.THE.BEST.SOLUTION
www.LTFtechnology.com

L.T.F., L.L.C. PHONE: (847) 498 5832 FAX: (773) 337 5628 EMAIL: sales@ltftechnology.com
Companys Address: 2905 MacArthur Blvd Northbrook, IL 60062 U.S.A. www.ltftechnology.com
B E R G Q U I S T H I G H - P E R F O R M A N C E L I Q U I D T H E R M A L I N T E R FAC E M AT E R I A L

With Bergquist Liquid Solutions,

The PathYou Take IsYours.

Bergquist Highly Engineered Liquids Give You Complete Flexibility

Over The Design And Delivery Of Your Thermal Solutions.
Bergquists full line of liquid polymers make it easy to Less stress, reduced application time with minimal waste.
customize your material, pattern, volume and speed. Either manual, semi-automatic or automated dispensing equipment offers
Bergquists advanced liquids are specifically designed to support precise placement resulting in effective use of material with minimal waste.
optimized dispensing control with excellent thermal conductivity. Boost your high volume dispensing needs by capitalizing on our expertise.
Dispensed in a liquid state the material creates virtually zero stress Bergquist can help customers optimize their delivery process through its
on components. It can be used to interface and conform to the most unique alignment with several experienced dispensing equipment suppliers.
intricate topographies and multi-level Visit us for your FREE liquid samples.
surfaces.They are thixotropic in nature, Take a closer look at the Bergquist line of liquid
helping the material to remain in place dispensed materials
after dispensing and prior to cure. Unlike by getting your
pre-cured materials, the liquid approach FREE sample package
offers infinite thickness options and today. Simply visit our
eliminates the need for specific pad Whether automated or hand dispensed, Bergquist liquid materials
natural tack and precisely flow into position for a clean final website or call us
thicknesses for individual applications. have
assembly with little or no stress on components. directly to qualify.
Call 1.800.347.4572 or visit www.bergquistcompany.com/liquiddispense Request your FREE Liquid
TIM Dispensed Sample Card

www.bergquistcompany.com 1.800.347.4572
9 5 2 . 8 3 5 . 2 3 2 2 f a x 9 5 2 . 8 3 5 . 0 4 3 0
1 8 9 3 0 We s t 7 8 t h S t r e e t s C h a n h a s s e n , M i n n e s o t a 5 5 3 1 7 Thermal Materials s Thermal Substrates s Fans and Blowers
news+views
TUNNEL LIGHTING
Schrder lights Nevada
Interstate tunnel with LEDs,
adds adaptive controls
The Belgium-based Schrder Group has
announced a US tunnel lighting project
on Interstate 80 in northeastern Nevada.
Solid-state lighting fixtures have already
been installed in the eastbound bore of the
Carlin Tunnel, and the westbound bore will
be completed later this year. The project also
includes adaptive controls that allow the
lighting to respond to ambient light levels
and dim portions of the lighting when pos-
sible for maximum energy savings.
The tunnel project is part of a larger
freeway improvement project that is being
jointly pursued by the Nevada Department
of Transportation (NDOT) and the US Fed-
eral Highway Administration. The $31mil-
lion project that covers the Carlin Canyon
area will include seismic bridge retrofits,
new pavement, and new LED-based lighting.
The transportation authorities were spe-
cifically concerned with improved safety in
the Carlin Tunnel. The parties sought to find
a lighting system that could deliver the req-
uisite light levels but that also could be con-
trolled in a manner to allow drivers a safe
transition into the artificial light even at
freeway speeds.
The Nevada Department of Transpor-
tations objectives for the lighting solution
were a lower energy consumption, an effec-
tive control system, and a tunnel that sat-
isfies the IES RP-22-11 tunnel
lighting standard at all times,
said Justin Snowden, Schrders
tunnel and transit manager for
North America. NDOT was
able to realize these goals using
Schrders FV32 LED.
The 1394-ft tunnel bores were
previously lit with 1253 high-
pressure sodium (HPS) fixtures
with a mix of 100W, 150W, and
400W sources. The retrofitted
bores will house about 789 LED luminaires.
The fixture mentioned was specifically
designed for tunnel applications. The team
selected both 131W fixtures that integrate
120 LEDs, and 266W fixtures with 240 LEDS.
Schrder has touted the project as the first
all-LED-lit freeway tunnel in the US. That
may be technically true, but the LED tunnel
project under the Los Angeles International
Airport (LAX) is more complex and drivers
certainly hit freeway speeds in that tunnel
(http://bit.ly/1AbIBW4).
 news+views
Tunnel lighting will surely be a growing
area for LED lighting because of both the effi-
ciency of LED lighting and the technologys
affinity for controls (http://bit.ly/1h6yasK).
MORE: http://bit.ly/1ArVOdE
OUTDOOR LIGHTING
Richmond home developer installs
LED-based solar street lighting
In new construction, the cost of connecting
outdoor SSL to the AC grid can be significant.
We covered a number of examples includ-
ing LED trail lighting in Massachusetts and
street lighting in Abu Dhabi in an article on
presentations made at February's Strategies
in Light conference (http://bit.ly/1kXzh1e).
Solar has not been the best match for
street lighting because of the high light levels
required for safety and long operating hours.
Solar panels, with efficiency just over 10%,
couldnt power legacy light sources without
large panels and expensive batteries. The effi-
ciency of LED sources and improving battery
VISIT US AT WWW.PROLED.COM
technology have made solar a viable option.
Such a situation arose at the Premiere
Homes LLC (PHL) Randolph West commu-
nity of 70 new single-family homes. As we
were developing the infrastructure for Ran-
dolph West, it soon became clear that grid-
tied street lighting would be much less effi-
cient and would add significant time to
the project, said Sean Bowers, chief oper-
ating officer at PHL. Once we began to
value-engineer possible options, we quickly
IP67
identified Sols commercial
solar outdoor lighting as the
ideal solution.
The builder avoided the cost
of trenching, wire installation,
and electrical infrastructure
connections that are common
in roadway lighting. And the
city suffered less impact to traf-
fic and parking in the neighbor-
hood, along with less noise.
As demonstrated by the
Randolph West project, solar-
powered outdoor street lighting brings sig-
nificant value to our community and helps
us meet our sustainability, social, and eco-
nomic goals, said Christopher Beschler,
chief administrative officer of operations
for Richmond. For this project, solar light-
ing was far more effective than traditional
grid-tied street lighting, enabling us to pro-
vide our residents with visible proof of our
citys commitment to sustainability.
MORE: http://bit.ly/1oUxZ5E
PROLED INGROUNDS
WITH LED TECHNOLOGY
MBN GmbH
Balthasar-Schaller-Str. 3
86316 Friedberg Germany
Tel. +49 /8 21 /6 00 99 -0
Fax +49 /8 21 /6 00 99 -99
E-Mail info@proled.com
www.proled.com
Lighting that
moves products
and customers

CoverWrap Communications LLC 772-231-7288

In the world of retail, appearances are everything. Now with
LUXEON CoB arrays featuring CrispWhite Technology, theres
a better way to ensure merchandise is seen in its best possible
light. This revolutionary LED is perfect for lighting applications where compromise
is not an optioncreating richer whites, more vibrant reds and colors that pop
like never before.

When it comes to retail lighting that delivers unmatched intensityand stops

shoppers in their tracksits time to expect more. For additional information,
contact your Philips Lumileds sales representative or visit us at
www.philipslumileds.com/CrispWhite today.
+ funding
programs
EPA announces results of LED
lamp push, plans new initiative
The US Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) has announced the results of its
Energy Star LED bulb challenge and also
an upcoming marketing opportunity
for energy-efficiency program sponsors
(EEPS). US retailers sold more than 20 mil-
lion Energy Star-certified lamps during the
challenge that stretched
between Earth Day
(April 22) 2013 and 2014.
The EPA continues to
push LED-based lamps
as a way to save energy
and reduce carbon emis-
sions. The agency said
the lamps sold as part
of the challenge equate
to Americans saving
$118 million annually
in energy costs and the
elimination of emissions
equivalent to removing
3.5 million vehicles from
the roadways.
The challenge was made to major retailers
in the US including Ace Hardware, Best Buy,
Costco, Lowes, Metro Lighting, Bulbs.com,
and The Home Depot, as well as distribu-
tors and online retailers. They were charged
with educating customers about the benefits
of Energy Star-certified lamps and promot-
ing the products with in-store displays and
sales materials.
EPA congratulates the many retailers,
manufacturers, and utility efficiency pro-
grams who contributed to a cleaner envi-
ronment by helping to reach this goal, said
Ann Bailey, the Energy Star labeling branch
director. Together with our partners, we are
LEDsmagazine.com
excited about the potential to fundamentally
change the way Americans light their homes
with Energy Star LED lighting.
The EPA actually estimates that more than
45 million Energy Star LED lamps were sold
in total during 2013 and that number dou-
bles the total from the prior year. Many lamps
were obviously sold out-
side of the vendors
involved in the challenge.
The agency has also
revealed its next mar-
keting push for Energy
Star lamps. Beginning in
September, the agency
will utilize its Facebook
social-media presence
to help EEPS reach a
broader audience. EEPS
will be able to distribute
Energy Star-related con-
tent through the social
media outlet. And the
EPA will also leverage channels including Pin-
terest, Twitter, and industry blogs.
EEPS will be able to distribute content via
the program including product and promo-
tional images with a prominent Energy Star
message. The EPA will also host 30-second
videos, EEPS will be able to promote new
product introductions, and fun facts will be
part of the campaign.
The EPA is asking for help from LED man-
ufacturers to raise the profile of the market-
ing campaign. The agency has suggested that
LED makers can use their relationship with
influential websites to help convey the signif-
icance of energy savings that can be achieved
through the use of certified products.
DOE updates MSSLC
LED luminaire spec
The US Department of Energy (DOE)
has released V2.0 of the Model specifi-
cation for LED roadway luminaires that
is meant for use by members of the DOEs
Municipal Solid-State Street Lighting
Consortium (MSSLC) in LED street-light
specification projects.
The new specification is available for
download on the DOEs website (http://1.
usa.gov/1s8ue3Q). The V2.0 specifica-
tion is a follow-on to the initial specifi-
cation that was published back in late
2011 (http://bit.ly/1mjevYu). The DOEs
intent is to help municipalities and other
agencies with developing a document to
guide luminaire procurement.
Indeed, the specification only requires
that a municipality fill in a template
with the particular specifications that
are applicable to the project at hand, and
quickly generate a comprehensive pro-
curement document. While the devel-
opment was undertaken in support of
members of the MSSLC, the DOE freely
distributes the model specification.
The new version makes some changes
intended to streamline the document but
adds references to standards and other
documents that have emerged since pub-
lication of the original document. More-
over, the model specification also now ref-
erences the separate Model specification
for adaptive control and remote monitor-
ing template for cities that intend to con-
nect their lights in networks. That con-
trols specification was published in the
spring of 2013 (http://bit.ly/1iY4qnw).
Some changes and additions include
references to ANSI specifications for
details ranging from photocontrol
receptacles to electrical isolation and
immunity to noise. The new specifica-
tion adds a reference to the Energy Star
calculator based on the Illuminating
Engineering Society (IES) TM-21 meth-
odology for projecting LED luminaire
useful life (http://bit.ly/1sqZmJv). The
spec has also been updated for harmo-
nization with the latest version of the IES
RP-8 standard for roadway lighting.
SEPTEMBER 2014 25
 funding programs +
DOE issues fact sheet on light and health
The DOE recently released a fact sheet on
the relationship between light and health
and said research is still needed before
solid-state lighting (SSL) can be utilized in
a drug-like manner to enhance human well-
being, despite the growing interest in what is
often called human-centric lighting (HCL).
The fact sheet entitled Lighting for health: gious set of organi-
LEDs in the new age of illumination explic- zations, discusses the
itly states that the lighting industry needs
to have separate and distinct outlooks on
SSL as a commodity as opposed to as a drug
(http://1.usa.gov/XANXwf).
Many companies have published data
on benefits of tunable LED-based lighting
related to human productivity, healing, and
wellbeing. LEDs Magazine digs into the sci-
ence behind HCL in an interview (see p. 31 for
our Q&A with Finelites Terry Clark). But the
interest may go beyond the science that will
support such SSL applications at this point.
The DOE publication was prompted in

  
part by an article in
the medical jour-
nal Trends in Neuro-
sciences. The article,
penned by a group of
14 researchers from
a diverse and presti-
differences between
human photorecep-
tors for nonvisual
stimuli as opposed
to the better-under-
stood receptors of the
visual system. There are no metrics for nonvi- use of tunable lighting to stimulate nonvi-
sual stimuli and certainly no way to compare sual systems. We know light impacts circa-
the light used in various studies. dian rhythms but we dont understand how.
Indeed, the DOE concluded that LEDs Still, researchers such as an Osram-led group
shouldnt be considered more beneficial or are studying the topic including how lighting
dangerous to humans than other light sources, impacts long-haul airline passengers and jet
and we need more research to support the lag (http://bit.ly/1lZaGrw).


Flexible, modular design

 
 

'
))(

*((
 
)()))
 
)
))

 
)
)
)  ))
) (
*((
(!! 
)

"
" #"#$"%)&*

   

 

 
   
 
 funding programs+
DOE publishes LED outdoor lighting report, charts performance gains
The DOE has released a Caliper Snapshot The DOE said outdoor area lighting prod- quality attributes that typically result in
Report on outdoor LED area lighting prod- ucts now comprise 30% of the agencys Light- efficacy penalties. For example, seven of the
ucts, based on the Lighting Facts program, ing Facts database with roadway products products have a CRI above 80 and only one
one year after the release has a CRI below 70. Such light-
of the last outdoor-centric Mean luminous effcacy (lm/W) ing delivers far superior color
report (http://bit.ly/1uiS62u). 100 rendering compared to HPS
That report from August 2013 lighting and makes recogniz-
80
noted that LED lighting could ing objects and pedestrians
not yet match high-pressure 60 much easier for drivers.
Area/roadway
sodium (HPS) sources at the Canopy
The 400W-HPS-equivalent
40
400W level, but SSL manufac- Garage LED products still fall at the
turers have now delivered such 20 Directional lower end of the lumen-output
products. Moreover, efficacy 0
range of HPS luminaires. But
continues to escalate while Quarter: 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 the LED products offer supe-
light quality is also improved. Year: 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 rior efficacy. Research has pre-
The new DOE report is avail- viously shown that the broader-
able for download on the agencys SSL web- accounting for 23%. The remaining 7% is spectrum LED lighting delivers better visibility
site (http://1.usa.gov/1l3cNNM). The high- spread among parking garage, canopy, and at lower lumen-output levels. Indeed, tests
level trends include a move to 4000K CCTs for directional luminaires. at a Seattle LED roadway site two years ago
a slightly warmer look relative to the predom- The DOE noted that sixteen products in revealed little decrease in object-recognition
inant 6500K LED lighting from prior years. At the database now feature efficacy above 120 capabilities even as LED lights were dimmed
the top end, efficacy has hit 150 lm/W. lm/W. And that gain has come with light- considerably (http://bit.ly/1saaZU6).
 funding programs+
DOE Caliper report identifies
shortcomings of LED MR16 lamps
The DOE has released a Caliper Application relative to MR16 lamps tested previously, but product stood out at 69 lm/W. The remain-
Summary report focused specifically the LED lamps still trail legacy lamps by a der of the lamps tested in Series 22 had a
on LED-based MR16 directional lamps significant margin. mean efficacy of 64 lm/W.
(http://1.usa.gov/1qVjSVg). The The DOE was only able to
Color rendering index
agency tested 27 lamps with a buy five lamps with a beam
focus on attributes required in 100 angle of 15 or less. But the DOE
95
applications such as hospitality reported that none of the tested
90
and retail as opposed to usage in lamps could match the Energy
85
general ambient lighting applica- Energy Star minimum Star-predicted CBCP of 50W
80
tions. The new report finds that the halogen lamps. Moreover, the
75
SSL alternatives generally fall short agency speculated that light-
70
of legacy halogen lamps in areas ing specifiers would prefer
65
including total lumen output and LED lamps with even narrower
60
center beam candle power (CBCP). 55
beam angles in the 4 range.
The new report is part of the 50 Clearly, the industry has a
DOEs Series 22 set of reports that 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 way to go to deliver suitable
are evaluating different lamp Correlated color temperature (K) SSL alternatives for MR16
types. The Caliper process includes Series 22 LED MR16 lamps (January 2014) Halogen benchmarks lamps. The DOE noted that
purchasing products anonymously 90+ CRI 500+ Im or =50 W 15o it had selected the MR16 cat-
LED Lighting Facts data (June 2014)
from commercial suppliers just as Energy Star data for qualifed LED products (June 2014)
egory for test specifically
any lighting designer/specifier because of the challenge
would, and testing the products in a labo- The four high-CRI products tested also incurred in packing the LED and driver elec-
ratory setting. exhibited significant efficacy penalties in tronics in such a small lamp form factor. The
The shortcomings in the LED MR16 space delivering better color performance. The tested lamps do deliver a significant efficacy
have certainly been foreshadowed. In a Cali- mean of the four was 51 lm/W, although one advantage relative to halogen alternatives.
per report released earlier this year focused
on products for retail applications, the MR16
category lagged the performance of other EPA further clarifies Energy Star V1.1
directional LED lamps including PAR30
products (http://bit.ly/1p7PQuF). lamp requirements, adds CBCP tool
The new Caliper report covers far more The EPA has distributed yet another let- dont deliver an omnidirectional beam
products than the prior study on multiple ter regarding proposed changes to the distribution.
lamp types. The DOE set out to purchase Energy Star Lamps specification that will The EPA is adding explicit verbiage spec-
3000K-CCT lamps with flux output of at be adopted in the transition from V1.0 to ifying that the exclusion includes lamps
least 500 lm or an equivalency claim to 50W V1.1 specifications due this fall. The clari- with diameters between 41 and 78 mm
or greater halogen lamps. The agency also fications impact decorative lamps. (similar to A-lamps) with the exception of
sought to purchase 90-CRI lamps, although We covered some proposed changes in G16.5- and G25-based lamps. The agency
the DOE only found four manufacturers the decorative lamp category along with will add further detail in section 14 of the
offering such products when the lamps some changes in line-powered MR16 lamps specification on lamp dimensions regard-
were purchased in the early part of 2014. The back in late May (http://bit.ly/1y1O9Qc). ing acceptable length-to-diameter ratios.
agency further sought a set of lamps with Based on comments on the May proposal, Separately, the EPA also has posted a
a specified beam angle of 15 or less an the EPA will add further details on lamps CBCP calculation tool in the form of a
attribute desired in retail lighting applica- that will not be listed in Energy Star. Microsoft Excel spreadsheet that manu-
tions where the beam is focused on a spe- The agency has approached the changes facturers can use in characterizing MR16
cific product. because some consumers could miscon- directional SSL products (available at
Of the group of 18 lamps that either were strue the energy-efficiency and light-dis- http://1.usa.gov/1tSmeVg). The tool is
rated at greater than 500 lm or featured an tribution benefits of some decorative prod- designed for use with the line-voltage GU-
equivalency claim of 50W halogen lamps, ucts that look much like omnidirectional 10-base MR16 lamps that were part of a
most failed to deliver the output or CBCP of A-lamps. The EPA will simply not recog- prior story on changes to the Energy Star
a 35W halogen lamp. The DOE noted that nize lamps with G18.5 and G19 bases that specification (see above link).
performance has improved across the board

28 SEPTEMBER 2014 LEDsmagazine.com

BRINGING NEW
OPPORTUNITIES
TO LIGHT
Rapidly evolving thinking about energy eciency and public safety along
with exciting technological advances is driving the evolution of the lighting
industry, providing greater opportunities and growing challenges.

Hear about how the UL of today is

addressing the needs of the lighting industry
in our latest video, scan the code or visit
UL.com/weknowlighting.
UL and the UL logo are trademarks of UL LLC 2014
interview | SSL AND HEALTH
Potential exists for SSL to positively impact
health and wellbeing, but science lags
MAURY WRIGHT interviews Finelite CEO TERRY CLARK, and the early advocate of LED lighting shares
his investigation into the area of human-centric lighting and where science falls short of supporting
theories of benefits for now.
L
EDs Magazine has published numerous
articles over the past several years that
would indicate that lighting with a
specific spectral power distri-
bution (SPD) could yield tan-
gible benefits to human health
and wellbeing. For example,
blue energy in light is said to
increase alertness and produc-
tivity in the morning. Warmer
light is thought to prepare us
for a restful night. The claimed
benefits have ranged from
simply better rest to accel-
erated healing and more productive work
forces. Often called human-centric lighting
(HCL), the application is particularly symbi-
otic with LED-based lighting because of the
ease with which LEDs can be used to pro-
duce specific SPDs, even in fixtures that can
be tuned dynamically based on the time of
day, or other criteria. But does science sup-
port the HCL claims?
Recently, there have been questions raised
about the scientific evidence of real health
benefits attributable to lighting. Indeed, a
panel of top researchers from leading orga-
nizations around the globe authored an
article in the academic Trends in Neurosci-
ences publication entitled Measuring and
using light in the melanopsin age (http://
bit.ly/1opWQDW) The article discuss the
non-visual photoreceptive cells that might
be the key to health benefits from light expo-
sures. But the paper points out more ques-
tions that need to be answered rather than
answering questions about HCL. Indeed,
the paper led the US Department of Energy
(DOE) to publish the fact sheet Lighting for
health: LEDs in the new age of illumination
(http://1.usa.gov/XANXwf) The DOE con-
LEDsmagazine.com
cludes that for now LEDs should not be con-
sidered more beneficial or harmful than con-
ventional sources but cautioned the industry
on health claims.
The recent escalation in dis-
cussion on HCL led us to seek
more input on the topic. Terry
Clark, CEO of early LED light-
ing player Finelite, has both
a personal and professional
interest on the topic of HCL.
Clark is a pioneer in LED light-
ing and a regular speaker at
industry conferences. He has
been researching HCL so we asked for his
insight on the topic and the recent research.
LEDs Magazine: Lets start at perhaps where
we should finish. Can lighting positively
impact our health and wellbeing? Based on
the recent research, I know there are many
issues that need further scientific study. But
are you of the opinion at least that lighting
can positively impact health and wellbeing?
Terry Clark: I absolutely believe it. There is
absolutely no doubt. But I may surprise you
why I believe that. When I think of every
good architectural site that Ive ever visited
in my life, that lighting and that encom-
passes daylight and artificial light has
always been an important, maybe even crit-
ical element that makes it great, memora-
ble experience. You just dont get a great,
architectural emotional experience without
great lighting so its been for centuries. Its
nothing new with light properly applied; it
literally touches your soul.
LEDs Magazine: So the touching your soul is
nice to have. What were starting to talk about
is a healing thing or a tangible benefit to our
wellbeing. We have published, and even more
so companies have published, research on the
benefits of the right spectrum to increase stu-
dent productivity, accelerate healing in hos-
pitals, eliminate jet lag on overnight interna-
tional flights, and similar scenarios. Is any of
that research valid?
Clark: Regarding that question and certainly
companies that have published research on
the benefits of the right spectrum increas-
ing student productivity, I have never seen a
properly vetted article that says the color tem-
perature or spectrum of light improves stu-
dent test scores over any measurable period.
The only one thats ever been done in the US
was one international firm did one study of
one school I believe in the South, in Kentucky
maybe; and we asked the school coordinator
did he think the results were expandable to
other districts, to other schools, and he said
absolutely not. There were no controls; there
were no long-term studies; there was no con-
trol of any of the outside variables. They mea-
sured preference. The teacher said, Hey, I
like this. But there was no documentation.
Consider even Finelites work. Ive got 80 mil-
lion data points that cant tie spectrum to bet-
ter test scores.
LEDs Magazine: We have also seen a Philips
school study in Germany and studies from
medical facilities in Europe that would
indicate faster healing attributable to light
spectrum.
Clark: It is not a well-vetted study. The one in
Europe really doesnt look at the students long
enough. And the teaching moment comes
from the number one industrial engineer
SEPTEMBER 2014 31
interview | SSL AND HEALTH
in the old AT&T Electric and what is called
the Hawthorne Study. People made a change
in lighting and the productivity on the line
went up, and AT&T got really excited Ah,
we have found the Holy Grail. And they went
in and took out the temporary lighting and
productivity went up again. What they found
they were measuring was the employees loved
the attention. They loved the fact that they
were being recognized and they were being
treated and groomed over. It wasnt the differ-
ent light temperature at all. So if there is a tie
of spectrum and student productivity, abso-
lutely Ive never seen it. The tie between spec-
trum and accelerated healing in a hospital I
have not seen properly vetted by any health-
care facility and I will come back to that. I
havent seen that study.
LEDs Magazine: We did cover research from
Philips on the Maastricht University Medical
Center that revealed patients healing better
when exposed to tunable lighting relative to
patients under legacy lighting. The benefits
were primarily attributed to patients sleep-
ing better because the lighting matched their
circadian rhythm. Likewise, there was a study
that indicated international airline passen-
gers rested better and were more productive
after a long flight based on tunable lighting.
Clark: And that goes to the third point, if
there is any jet lag and certainly there are
32 SEPTEMBER 2014
articles that proper lighting is a major fac-
tor in assisting in dealing with jet lag. And
thats the light and circadian rhythm tie
with the intrinsically photosensitive reti-
nal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) covered in the
neuroscience research. We know there is a
direct tie between lighting and any number
of chemical regulators that come out of your
brain, the hormonal secretions. And yeah,
so there is a tie. But the benefits of the right
spectrum again have not been fully vetted.
Then your question is, does the research
described in that complex article on the mela-
nopsin age negate all these things or support
them? I sort of see them differently. The article
to me explains why it is so incredibly challeng-
ing, and we as an industry if we care about
this have to link in literally with brain
researchers. The reason why is when you take
those ipRGCs cells they have very, very com-
plex interconnections with your rods, with
your cones, and with their own sensing, so
they are actually reading five different wave-
lengths of light at the same time. Page 2 of
that article has a diagram, and the rods keep
responses at 507 nm. People respond to light
both above and below that wavelength your
color is 535 nm, your melanopsin is at 480 nm,
and the other colors are at 565 nm. You are get-
ting a dose into those various sensor elements
kind of, though, to your point, the whole spec-
trum. You have an extraordinary, complex
relationship that would take the exact inten-
sity over that whole expression versus the
receptivity of the rod. And then we are trying
to figure out how it integrates because the
article says the cell is one millionth as sensi-
tive as your rods and cones. So to get one pho-
ton into that little cell, you need a million hit-
ting rods and cones.
Its kind of like the brain is cheated. It
knows its got a sensitivity, but its not very
good so its literally stealing information
from the rods and cones. So some of the cir-
cadian rhythm, they have found, if you just
put enough red light intensity into that red
rod you can trigger the circadian rhythm
to wake it up with a red light. Because you
actually fire that red spot, which ties into
the ipRGC cell; and it says OK, so whatever
it is, maybe its a fire, maybe its something
but wake up, weve never seen this much red
in our life! and the hormones start scream-
ing through the brain.
So when it comes to things like jet lag, is
it the 480-nm light required or what mix can
I do it with just blue and 535 nm? And
thats where the dosing thing comes in. So
you need a one-millionth time dose of 480
nm thats pipelined in; and the one com-
ing in at 420 nm, the deep blue, thats got
chokes and throttles on it where it gets in.
What the article is saying is that the dose is
really important and its a tough mathemat-
ical thing, especially when the sensitivity of
that blue drops off so fast.
LEDsmagazine.com
 interview | SSL AND HEALTH
So you can do it; the math will get done in
some creative time. You know, just look at
what Googles done with self-driving cars.
But the math has not been done yet. And
why its going to take brain researchers is
the next thing the article says Oh, and by
the way, it really depends on your state com-
ing into the light exposure. Were you tired?
Were you jet lagged? Did you have too much
alcohol? What other states come into play?
There was a Light + Behavior conference
presented by the IES in Cleveland. They had
for the first time Ive seen in a real pub-
lic event three distinctly lit areas. One had
an incandescent A-lamp. The second was a
magenta-saturated room and the next room
was deep saturated in blue. You walked into it
and you looked at the incandescent light, and
it was just like youd expect any 2700K lamp
to look like, beautiful warm yellow light. And
then they escort you into the magenta room
and they talk to you for two to three min-
utes. Then you go back and look at the incan-
descent and it is green. You would swear you
are in Wizard of Oz. They claimed that your
brain is desperately trying to get back to the
black-body curve and literally changes your
color perception on that magenta, and there-
fore normal white light looks green. When
you went into the blue room, you see it com-
pletely differently again.
Thats an example of whats happening in
the canonical visual cortex. They say what is
going on in the chemical engine is somewhat
similar. Where you come from completely
impacts how the brain is going to get that
signal out of the nerves. So Ive got five dif-
ferent inputs. Ive got the early state Im com-
ing from that is very important, and theres
why they say to be careful, just really, really
be careful.
LEDs Magazine: Does that imply that you
as a company, Finelite, would not offer a
product today that was promoted as being
human-centric or that was promoted as
maybe having a spectrum where you should
use this setting for late night, this setting
for early morning? Would you offer such
luminaires for maybe hospital applications?
Clark: We are very actively participating in
the area of light color tuning. However, our
approach will be very carefully stated that
34 SEPTEMBER 2014
we will be working more in the area of pref-
erence rather than trying to claim health.
There is very strong evidence that certain
people prefer warmer or cooler colors, and
it is pretty well documented that sometimes
people get into a change of interior colors in
their space; if they had the ability to shift
the color spectrum one way or another they
would find the space definitely more appeal-
ing under one set of color. So giving users
control, I think, is the first step and you will
see Finelite promoting that.
And you will probably see Finelite under-
take some research in certain specific areas
to say okay, if you give people control like
that: One, do they use it, because its one
thing to give them control but youve got to
have a vetted study; do they use it? Two, do
they use it to set their own preferred level
and then leave it there forever, or do they
change it during the day or do they change it
seasonally? To do that you need to take data
readings almost every minute of the day for
at least a calendar year to get the data set.
And Ill tell you weve done that in edu-
cation and you get real quickly 80 million
data points. And all that says is preference.
Maybe it doesnt even say preference. It just
says do they use it, and if so, how frequently
do they use it?
LEDs Magazine: And then in the applica-
tions it might be different. For example, an
office environment would be different from
a medical environment or even retail.
Clark: I think where we might expect to see it
used, for example, is in very high-end execu-
tive meetings where you have lots of interna-
tional customers or very high-end hospitality
where anecdotally certain people like warm
colors and want it down to the 2700K area,
then others anecdotally like the cooler tem-
peratures. So wouldnt it be great if you were
having a meeting with very important guests
and you could ask them not only would they
like to adjust the intensity level so that it is
most pleasant for them but also color. That
can add significantly to the comfort of my
important guests or visitors or executives.
LEDs Magazine: When you talk about some-
thing like that executive conference room,
and you approach it from saying this is really
LEDsmagazine.com
COME SEE US!
LuxLive19th-20th November
ExCel, London | Stand D31
interview | SSL AND HEALTH
a preference thing, but that doesnt prevent
somebody from saying, Well, if I move this
toward the cool end of the spectrum, it may
help me with my jet lag. The preference thing
is clear and the true jet lag benefits are kind
of loosely supported at this point.
Clark: Thats right. If they do come up with
a good integrating meter as the melanopsin
article sort of pleaded, you could put it in
the room. And if we are building luminaires
that can adjust intensity and spectrum the
research ultimately says, Hey, if youre at
this intensity and this color spectrum then
that will help jet lag. Then we will have
built a very affordable, easy-to-use system
where somebody could punch in the CCT
and adjust the intensity level and say, If you
just sit in this for 10 minutes, youll feel bet-
ter. But we wont claim it. We will not claim
that we can characterize every one of those
five spectrums and exactly how the ipRGC
cells are going to work.
I dont know if you saw the area in that
article that said oh, by the way The doc-
tors or brain researchers have already found
there are at least five types of ipRGCs so the
brain chemical isnt driven by warm; there
are five separate chemical paths. We dont
even know if jet lag is controlled by two of
the five, or one of the five, or if all five have
to fire. So this is why I take a deep breath and
why Im also absolutely so energized. This is
the best industry in the world to be in, and
36 SEPTEMBER 2014
my God, brain researchers are working on
the brain thing and when we figure it out
were going to get smart. But we got to take
that deep dive and understand its going to
be complex before we can claim were smart.
LEDs Magazine: Regarding the brain
researchers, when we talked previously you
made the point that yeah, we need to be
involved with them, but we dont want them
to take over our lighting world. But it does
have to be a partnership at some point, right?
Clark: I think so. I think they need our exper-
tise on how to move the photons around and
we need their expertise on how the brain
works and so thats two parts of the brain.
A lot of brain researchers that we were talk-
ing to in light and behavior are dealing with
the visual cortex part of the brain. A lot of
the people in HCL are saying, I want to
deal with the chemical part and they liter-
ally ignore the conscious part of the brain,
which is very important on color preference,
color fidelity, and the flicker is impacting the
cognitive part of the brain.
LEDs Magazine: Two years ago the LRC pre-
sented their study on white preference at
Strategies in Light that revealed most pre-
ferred white located below the black-body
curve. At LightFair we saw Philips with their
CrispWhite LED below the black-body curve
and also with some deep blue energy to excite
the brightening agents. Luminus Devices had
a similar type of LED. But what I think you
said to me at LightFair was that such prefer-
ence tests may not be valid research because
it depends on what the test subject was look-
ing at before, or as we discussed earlier, the
test subjects state before the exposure.
Clark: Yeah, and thats the thing they were
teaching at the Light + Behavior event that
I mentioned. The perception of the white
glare, how your brain perceives that color
is absolutely dependent on the color it just
came from. There is very good research that
documents how people like white relative to
the black-body curve. It is an excellent piece
but it takes so long per student. Its some-
thing like four hours to go through the pref-
erence testing because youve got to adapt,
and then once youre adapted you are asked,
Do you like this color or that color better?
and then youve got to re-adapt and ask, Do
you like this color or that color better? The
room required for testing is like $50,000. We
desperately need that rerun again and there
just isnt budget to do it. We didnt deal with
age and we didnt deal with the cultural ele-
ments. Were there more Asians in that study
or more Europeans? The researchers were
amazed to find the results but have never
been able to deep-dive back into it.
EXTRA! Read the full version of this inter-
view at ledsmagazine.com.
LEDsmagazine.com
Product(ive) Development
At Proto Labs, our quick-turn manufacturing processes allow you to
fail fast, so you can succeed faster with market-ready parts.

The road to prototype parts can often be long and winding

with other shops. Proto Labs is built for speed with an
express path to high-quality plastic, metal and liquid
silicone rubber parts. Just upload a 3D CAD model for an
interactive quote within hours. When ready, our molding,
machining and additive services can produce 1 to 10,000+
parts in as quick as a day. That means you can fail fast,
iterate faster (and more often), and condently launch your
Injection Molding product to market before competitors. Its that easy.
Part Design for Dummies
Request your free book at
go.protolabs.com/LM4A
Major Credit Cards Accepted | ISO 9001:2008 Certied | ITAR Registered
2014 Proto Labs, Inc. | protolabs.com | 877.479.3680
 lm/W
Breakthrough Flip-chip

3030 5630

3535 5050 7070 COB 7~70W

World First Patented TM

Silver-free Flip-chip LED

High current density for high lumen output and lm/$
High thermal dissipation for extreme reliability
No degradation at the Ag/Epi layer interface
No wire bonds

LUMENS Flip-chip VS. Lateral chip

Au (Wire Bond)
Sapphire Substrate

Ag Fre Sapphire Substrate

(+) (-)
e (+) (-)

Heat Dissipation
tion Heat Dissipation

LUMENS Flip-chip Lateral chip

www.lumensleds.com
 EggDrop EggDrop EggDrop EggDrop
Downlight COB Lego Flush Mount TileBlock Linearon

Innovative (patent pending)

AC-ALL AC Driving ALL LEDs
Compatible with most Triac dimmers on the market
Enhanced Uniform Dimming Control Technology
High Conversion Efciency of over 90%
Advanced Flicker reduction
Lower System Cost

En
nhancce
nhanc ed Di
Enhanced mmin
mm
m ng
n Tec
Dimming T hnolo
hno
o og
ogy
gy
Technology Flicker Reduction Technology

Vac Vac
Conventional
al AC Mod
Module
ule LUMENS
L
LUME
ENS AC
A MModule
odulle
Conventional AC Module LUMENS AC Module
Soft and Natural Dimming by Controlling
All LEDs Simultaneously Satisfed Worldwide Flicker Certifcation Standards

Contact
T +82-31-8033-2379 / E-mail sales01@lumens.co.kr
www.lumensleds.com
standards | AUTOMOTIVE

LED automotive lighting

applications require unique
SAE standards
JIANHZHONG JIAO summarizes the broad landscape of standards for LED lighting specific to
automotive applications, which includes unique characteristics in terms of lumen maintenance,
reliability, lifetime, and color spectrum.

T
he development of AlInGaP (alu- product is referred to as a lamp as opposed tometry test is conducted when the lamp is
minum gallium indium phosphide) to a luminaire). The system-level standards thermally stabilized.
materials technology in the early only address lamp testing and performance Furthermore, most automotive lamps
1990s led to higher efficiency and better when LED sources are used. Other source have both minimum and maximum pho-
reliability in yellow-to-red light-emitting requirements are not included. tometric level requirements (light inten-
diodes (LEDs). Around the same time, LED sity values at angular test points). There
technology for various illumination appli- Auto signaling applications is an intensity ratio requirement for com-
cations was on the rise. Automotive exte- The first established LED automotive light- bined function lamps as well. For example,
rior lighting was one of the first such appli- ing standard was SAE J1889, a standard for the intensity ratio between a stop function
cations starting with center high-mounted LED signal devices including all signal- versus a tail function must have levels dis-
stop lamps (CHMSLs). In the late 1980s, ing and marking lamps such as stop lamps, tinguishable by the human eye. These func-
the SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers) tail lamps, turn signals, and daytime run- tional intensity ratio requirements are cap-
International Lighting Committee started to ning lamps (DRLs). This standard has been tured in the various SAE lamp documents.
develop LED automotive lighting standards updated several times over the years. Also, SAE J1889 addresses the areas of initial
and their work continues today. Most auto- A key item in SAE J1889 addresses how light intensity output, stabilized light inten-
motive exterior lighting lamps are consid- procedures should differ when sity output, device performance
ered safety devices, and as such, these lamps testing a signaling lamp using of minimum and maximum val-
are regulated at a federal or state level. Due LEDs versus a signaling lamp ues, as well as light intensity ratio
to the nature of safety requirements, the using incandescent sources, as requirements.
introduction of LEDs brought together sev- LED lamps include electronic
eral different perspectives that became the components while incandes- Forward lighting standards
central focus of LED lighting standard devel- cent lamps do not. Since LEDs In the early 2000s, after break-
opment with the SAE Lighting Committee. are a temperature-dependent throughs in white LED technol-
SAE LED lighting standards have two cat- light source and the light out- ogy made LED headlamps possi-
egories: component or packaged LED-level put reduces as the junction temperature ble, the SAE Lighting Committee developed
(LED package) standards and system-level increases, the testing requirements must and established an additional LED lighting
standards including the entire lamp, i.e., a capture this characteristic to ensure the standard, SAE J2650, which addresses the
signaling lamp or headlamp. (Note that in lamp installed on a vehicle fulfills the pho- need for LED forward illumination devices
the auto industry the system-level lighting tometric performance requirements. A pho- such as headlamps and fog lamps.
The tests to determine maximum and
DR. JIANZHONG JIAO, director of regulations and emerging technologies at OSRAM Opto minimum photometry level ratios and ther-
Semiconductors, Inc., is an internationally recognized lighting expert. He has been actively mal stability are similar to those of SAE
involved in LED and SSL standard development activities. He serves as the past chairman of the J1889; however, two additional performance
SAE Lighting Committee, past chairman of NGLIA, past chairman of the NEMA SSL Technical requirements have been added for LED for-
Committee, active member of IESNA Testing Procedure Committee, Roadway Lighting Committee, ward lighting devices. The first addition
and Computer Committee, ANSI SSL Working Groups, Standard Technical Panel of UL8750, is the red color content test because it is
standard committees in IEEE, CIE USA, SEMI, JEDEC and other organizations. He can be reached important to effectively render the color
at jianzhong.jiao@osram-os.com. red in the roadway environment including

LEDsmagazine.com SEPTEMBER 2014 41

 obstacles, pedestrians, and signage most
notably the red stop sign.
The light spectrum emitting from head-
lamps must contain sufficient red color
content to render these signs effectively
for drivers to properly recognize the signs.
Therefore, SAE J2650 includes a requirement
for red color content as a percentage of the
full visible-light spectral power distribution.
The second addition is the requirement of
Illuminating
Vivid Results
in Silicone.
Shin-Etsu Silicones propels vital silicone material
solutions to provide innovative advantages that
drive advanced LED display and lighting module
performance including:
Weatherability / Cycle Time Reduction / Environmental
Durability / High Clarity / High Refractive Index Over Time
Shin-Etsus wide spectrum of LED application materials
includes:
High Refractive Index (1.38-1.57) Encapsulants:
ASP Series / SCR Series / KER-6xxx Series
KER-2xxx Series
Shin-Etsu Silicones of America, Inc. "#$$% #
#
#
lumen maintenance over lifetime. Typically, Audi Matrix headlamps are an example
SAE lighting standards do not address prod- of a multi-LED automotive lighting
uct lifetime requirements, but in this case product that can produce steerable
the consideration was based on the fact that beams for improved visibility.
LEDs are longer-life light sources. As an
LED light output declines over lifetime, the Lumen maintenance
guideline was designed to ensure that LED In 2007, the SAE Lighting Committee started
headlamps maintain a recommended min- to develop standards for testing LED lumi-
imum photometric output of 80% of initial nous flux maintenance. After years of
light output over the rated lifetime. work, SAE J2938 was published in 2012. In
Diffuser
Optics
Reector
LED Chip
PCB
Highly Reective Dam Materials:
KER-2000-DAM
KER-2010-DAM Heat Sink
Die Attach Adhesives:
KER-3000 / KER-3100 / KER-3200
SMP-2800 Driver
Driver Potting Compounds:
KET-132 / KET-132-H
Base
Shin-Etsu Silicones illuminates pioneering solutions
that drive LED productivity, innovation, and the evolving
demands of the industry.
#
# %# #"##   #"##  %%#"# !!

most cases for automotive lamps
designed with LED sources, the
LEDs are often operated at or near
the maximum junction temperature
allowance.
An LEDs operating current is typically
designed near its maximum junction tem-
perature. Due to the variability of vehicle
operational and environmental conditions,
this standard was designed to ensure LED
lamps meet minimum photometric require-
ments even during the worst operational
conditions. Thus, for automotive lamps, the
LED case temperature is determined for the
condition where the junction temperature
reaches the maximum or within 10 of the
maximum. Even though in reality LEDs may
be operated in lower junction temperature
regimes (resulting in extended luminous
flux maintenance life), the SAE J2938 stan-
dard recommends testing that captures the
worst case scenario.
Automotive OEMs and lamp manufactur-
ers have set the expectation that LEDs should
Osram Ostar Headlamp Pro LEDs target
Advanced Forward Lighting Systems
(AFS) with individually controlled
emitters.
last the lifetime of the vehicle. Although some
automakers may have measured lamp usage
over the lifetime of a vehicle for certain vehi-
cle models, the industry did not have a reli-
able and comprehensive database to set such
a lifetime standard. In 2008, the University of
Michigan Transportation Research Institute
(UMTRI) published two reports that provided
an average-based summary on the real-world
frequency of use of lighting equipment in pas-
senger vehicles in the United States.
standards | AUTOMOTIVE
Auto lamp life
The UMTRI reports set the
basis and rationale for the test-
ing duration recommended in SAE
J2938. For passenger vehicles in the US
over the life of the vehicle, the longest oper-
ational duration was a tail lamp at slightly
less than 2,000 hours. For DRLs, the duration
is approximately three times as long as a tail
lamp. Therefore, SAE J2938 recommends a
minimum of 2,000 hours for the duration
of LED lumen maintenance testing. Longer
durations can be used for DRL or heavy-duty
vehicle lighting applications. If longer-term
lumen maintenance projections are needed
for these cases, IES TM-21 is recommended.
Also in 2007, the application for LED
replaceable light sources became a topic of
standard development. For current auto-
motive lamps, most use replaceable light
sources (bulbs). At the time that LEDs
became bright enough to be used for exte-
rior lighting, one approach was to integrate
individual LEDs into a replaceable socket
standards | AUTOMOTIVE
design such that the LED bulb (replaceable
light source) could be used in multiple vehi-
cle platforms or as service parts. This offers
the possibility of a range of light sources,
which then can be used by all device man-
ufacturers openly traded and manufac-
tured by a variety of suppliers.
SAE traditionally specifies miniature
replaceable light sources (bulbs) in SAE J573.
Different from the conventional bulbs, LED
integrated bulbs may provide additional
advantages for light pipe lamps, reflector
optic lamps, thin lamp designs, and other
advanced optical designs. Based on these
practices, the SAE Lighting Committee
developed specifications that address opti-
cal, mechanical, and other characteristics to
standardize these types of bulbs.
The standardized LED replaceable light
sources for signal lighting applications
can now also be found in SAE J573. As the
automotive lighting market is increasingly
a global market, the LED replaceable light
source technical data and specifications,
COB ARRAYS
Technology
T h l that Xceeds your Xpectations.

  

LED automotive lighting standards can provide
valuable references for developing LED general
lighting standards.
which are included in SAE J573, are harmo-
nized with the datasheet in UN Regulation
128 (http://bit.ly/UcyqAn).
Failure testing
The latest document developed by the SAE
Lighting Committee for LED lighting is SAE
J3014, which addresses highly accelerated
failure testing (HAFT) for LED-containing
lamps. HAFT, sometimes referred to as accel-
erated life testing (ALT) or highly accelerated
life testing (HALT), has been an industry
practice for a long time in both automo-
tive and general lighting applications. The
purpose of HAFT is to identify failure types
that provide insight into design faults or the
desired rated life of the lighting product.
DISCOVER A BETTER QUALITY OF LIGHT
MID POWER LEDS
In LED lighting applications, lumen main-
tenance alone may not be the definitive mea-
sure of reliability. Other types of failures
within the LED lamp assembly also need to
be identified as quality or reliability concerns.
With the range of potential impacts from the
environment and usage in automotive appli-
cations, the committee identified three major
stressors that can be used to induce early fail-
ures in LED lamps: temperature, vibration,
and input voltage. This test is used to realize
the operating and destructive limits of a prod-
uct when subjected to extreme thermal, elec-
trical, and vibration conditions.
The temperature changes in HAFT test-
ing will produce rapid, uncontrolled humid-
ity swings that will act as a stressor on the

  
Full line-up from 20 lm to 14,000 lm.
Visit us at Hong Kong International Fair 2014:
Booth 1B-B28 Hall of Aurora
 

standards | AUTOMOTIVE

lamps being tested. However, humidity is

not considered as an independent stressor
because it is a function of temperature and
the formation of condensation naturally
occurring as temperature is lowered. Con-
trolling humidity requires air exchange and
conditioning. Controlling humidity during
temperature changes is slow and test equip-
ment challenging, and during rapid temper-
ature transitions it is not possible to control
humidity. SAE J3014 recommends the anal-
ysis of the test results may also help recog-
nize variations and uncover factors that may
affect the intended performance. However,
the test results do not and should not be used Osram has developed OLEDs designed to withstand the operating environment of a
to predict operational life of the product. vehicle, such as the tail lamp shown here.
A reliable method for projecting LED and
LED lighting product long-term reliabil- standards on discrete silicon-based compo- dards can provide valuable references for
ity is highly desired in all applications and nents were used to qualify LED components, developing LED general lighting standards.
several industry expert groups continue like AEC Q101. The latest activities on dedi- In the next issue we will focus on the
to work toward this objective today. Stan- cated LED component qualification tests at global view of automotive standards in a
dards for testing and performance have long IEC are focused to consider the technology follow-up article entitled Global automo-
been part of the design considerations for and implemented in IEC 60810. As a pioneer tive qualification standards emerge for LED
LED usage in various applications. Existing application, LED automotive lighting stan- applications.

46 SEPTEMBER 2014 LEDsmagazine.com










 


 





 







 


   


 

 !"
 
 
  
 

 

      
 !  

     

 


 REGISTERED
EDUCATION
PROVIDER

 
 


 
  
 



 



      

 

  

WHY YOU SHOULD ATTEND

 
 

  !!! 
! !

! ! !!"# !
!  !
!

 
!
 
!!
-   !   !  !
 !!
 

! 
! 
 !
 

 
!
! ! 
 !

   ! !
  !
 ! 
 ! *  
    


 
 



 

  
!!!

  


VISIT LIGHTSHOWSOUTHWEST.COM
FOR SHOW DETAILS AND FREE REGISTRATION!*

FOLLOW US 

 

 

  


   


 

AGENCY SPONSORS: TITLE MEDIA SPONSORS: SUPPORTING SPONSORS:

MEDIA SPONSORS:

LIGHT
DIRECTORY
conference preview | SIL JAPAN
SIL/LED Japan will examine
epitaxy to SSL applications
ELLA SHUM and MANAMI KONISHI report on plans for the October Yokohama conference that will focus
on the SSL industry looking beyond lumens per watt as LED technology matures.
T
he LED Japan 2014/Strategies in
Light (SIL) Japan conference will
take place October 1517, 2014 in
Yokohama with the theme The search
beyond lumens per watt.
The world of solid-state light-
ing (SSL) has moved on from
extracting the last lumen per
watt to focusing on applica-
tions such as human-centric
lighting and how to make SSL
affordable.
We search for ways to
understand and make SSL
more beautiful, pleasant,
acceptable, and healthy for
people. What are the differ- Ella Shum
ences in how we perceive light
by age? How about by cultural background?
How do we achieve these goals technically
and within cost parameters? Speakers at
the Japan conference will try to answer
these questions.
LED sources
At the fundamental level, we have the war
of epi (epitaxial) technology as demon-
strated by the newcomers focusing on gal-
lium-nitride-on-silicon (GaN-on-Si) and
GaN-on-GaN architectures. Shinya Nunoue,
chief research scientist at Toshibas corpo-
rate R&D center will discuss advancements
in high-performance LEDs for general light-
ing applications using GaN-on-Si technol-
ogy. On the other side, Toshiya Yokogawa,
professor in the Department of Materials
ELLA SHUM is co-chair of Strategies in Light
Conferences, and partner at consulting firm
YEBY Associates LLC. MANAMI KONISHI is co-
chair of LED Japan/Strategies in Light Japan
and president of Plus M Corp.
LEDsmagazine.com
Science and Engineering at Yamaguchi dent of lighting products, Frank Shum led
University, will cover the latest GaN-on- the creation of the lamp products at Soraa.
GaN work. Yokogawa was with Panasonic He will be speaking about the multiple
until March 2014. innovations in driver, optical, and thermal
At the packaged compo- technologies resulting in lamp-level per-
nent level, we will have Nori- formance that is in many cases superior to
hide Yamada, vice president of integral fixtures.
Japanese Business at Philips
Lumileds Lighting Company, Innovative SSL applications
presenting Whats next in At the lighting level, we have innovative
LED innovation? While the startup TeleLumen who will discuss how
Lumileds presentation will we can record and play back light just like
focus on LEDs for traditional we play iTunes music on smart devices.
DC-driven SSL systems, AC- Imagine playing back Californian sun-
LED driver techniques are shine on your playback luminaire in your
quickly moving into the main- house on a rainy day. It would certainly
stream. Seoul Semiconductor cheer you up. For the aging population,
CTO Kibum Nam will present Waldmann Lighting will be discussing
The evolution of AC LED technology. He biodynamic lighting focusing on the care
will detail the improvements in luminous of the elderly, with particular emphasis on
efficacy, total harmonic distortion (THD), the lighting needs of the elderly in Asia.
power factor (PF), and flicker In architectural lighting
at the SSL system level. design, we look to China,
probably the most innovative
Modules and lamps region on earth. We have one
Moving to the module level, of their top award-winning
Xicato CTO Gerald Harbers outdoor lighting designers,
will discuss technology inte- XU Dong Liang from Toryo
gration in SSL. Lighting prod- International, to discuss the
ucts have the primary func- latest designs from the coun-
tion of delivering useful light, try that will prove to be the
but integrated intelligence can largest consumer of LED
enable far greater energy effi- lighting.
ciency. Harbers will explain Manami Konishi
architectural integration SSL design and regulations
options designed to offer better quality of Back in the product development arena,
light, reduced flicker, and control and com- two of the headaches lighting manufac-
munications that are possible in working turers face constantly in SSL are dimming
with digital lighting networks and systems. and heat. Scott Brown, senior vice presi-
At the lamp level, Soraa has built an LED- dent of marketing at Dialog Semiconductor,
based MR16 product that has won numer- will discuss Delivering optimal SSL
ous international awards. As vice presi- dimming performance in legacy and
SEPTEMBER 2014 49
conference preview | SIL JAPAN

wireless systems. Meanwhile, Cambridge
Nanotherm and Foxconn will examine dif-
ferent approaches to thermal management
in LED-based systems.
Standards and regulatory specifications
can both help and sometimes hinder inno-
vations a dilemma that is very appar-
ent in the SSL space. Indeed, the United
States has set many standards and regula-
tions regarding SSL. For people who want
to export to the US, there are hurdles to be
overcome. Voted one of the top speakers at
Strategies in Light in the US, Alex Baker of
Philips Lumileds will explain the ins and
outs to exporters wishing to serve North
America. Meanwhile, Simon den Uijl of the
Connected Lighting Alliance will explore
the merits of ZigBee as a standard wireless
network protocol for indoor lighting.
Plenary and Expo
The plenary session will include a mar-
ket overview of the LED industry and a
detailed discussion on the global lighting
market presented by Strategies Unlimited
analysts. Besides lighting, we will be exam-
ining one of the hottest technologies that
competes with LEDs: lasers. Celebrated
speaker Tetsuya Takeuchi, associate pro-
fessor of Meijo University, will discuss the
pros and cons of laser-based illumination
The world of SSL has moved on from extracting
the last lumen per watt to focusing on
applications and how to make SSL affordable.
sources compared with LED sources.
The conference will also look beyond the
LED lighting sector. Deep ultraviolet (DUV)
LED technology has quietly become more
prominent and has great potential in applica-
tions such as water purity tests and the puri-
fication process itself. Cyril Pernot of Nikkiso,
a company that plans to start volume produc-
tion of DUV chips soon, will present DUV
nitrides LED: Challenges and perspectives.
In addition to conference programs that
will address the important industry develop-
ments discussed here, LED Japan/Strategies
in Light Japan Conference and Expo 2014
will also include a comprehensive exhibit
area for three days including the two-day
conference period. The exhibit area will fea-
ture a variety of presentations by exhibitors
including leading Japanese LED companies
such as Nichia.
LED Japan/Strategies in Light Japan has
been a successful event for six years. We
look forward to seeing you in Yokohama in
October to search beyond lumens per watt
together.

American Standard Circuits

Creative Innovations in Flex, Digital
& Microwave Circuits

Products Available:
IMPCBs Flex/Rigid Flex RF/Microwave
Metal Clad PCBs Metal Core Heat Sink
Digital & Many More...

Excellence & Expertise in Execution...

...from Prototype to Production
We are experts at Thermal Management and have patented
thermal materials for IMPCBs. We can also develop proprietary
materials for your specifc application.

For more information call: +1 630 639-5444

or write to us at: sales@asc-i.com
ITAR, ISO 9001:2008
www.asc-i.com MIL PRF 31032 CERTIFIED

50 SEPTEMBER 2014 LEDsmagazine.com

 We bring quality to light.

DISCOVERING
LIGHT

Putting LEDs in the right light.

SSL solutions from the world leader in LED measurement

Right from the start, we have been

supporting the LED industries with our
measurement equipment. You will also
benet from this expertise in the new
Solid-State Lighting applications. Our
solutions combine highly precise spec-
troradiometers and photometers with
a complete family of goniometers and
integrating spheres.
LGS 1000 Discover light with Instrument Systems.
Goniophotometer
with new features www.instrumentsystems.com/ssl

light measurement

Instrument Systems Germany Phone: +49 89 45 49 43 0 info@instrumentsystems.com www.instrumentsystems.com

 21ST 23RD OCTOBER 2014
M.O.C. EVENT CENTER
MUNICH, GERMANY
LIGHTING FOR THE 21ST CENTURY
The latest updates on Smart Lighting, Advanced Lighting Design, Human-Centric Lighting, LED
Technology Developments, Lighting as a Service, and many other topics.
After four successful years Pennwell and Strategies Unlimited are continuing to design our event to assist delegates in learning about and understanding
the rapid changes that are taking place in the LED and lighting industries in Europe and around the world.
With the growing rate of adoption for LED lighting, there are many issues that still need to be addressed, and these will be explored in our conference
sessions and pre-conference workshops.

2014 Speakers:
Keynote Speaker Keynote Speaker Mr. Christian Schraft
Mr. Rogier van de Heide Mr. Norbert Hiller President
Lighting Designer Executive Vice President Lighting Havells-Sylvania
Cree Inc.

Mr. Ruben Kubiak Mr. Gary Hua Mr. Mourad Boulouednine

Policy Offcer President Project Manager
European Commission, DG Energy Inventronics Inc. Osram GmbH

Miss Anna Rooney Mr. Andrew Davies Mr. Brad Koerner

Principal Lighting Designer Business Development Manager Director of Experience Design
AECOM Lighting Design Harvard Engineering Philips Lighting

Dr. Josep Carreras Mr. Peter van der Kolk Dr. Ir. Willem van Driel
Director of the Lighting Group Business Development Director SSL Reliability Program Manager
Catalonia Institute for Energy Research Helvar Ltd. & Chairman Board of Philips Lighting
Directors, DALI

Mr. Ian Turner Mr. Thomas Knoop Dr. Lewis Liu

Founder Managing Director Business Development Manager
Cool-Curve Ltd INTEGRATED Innovation & Design Plessey

Mr. Uwe Hock Mr. Kevan Shaw Dr. Mike Krames

Director Sales & Marketing Europe Design Director Chief Technology Offcer
Cooledge Lighting KSLD Soraa, Inc.

Mr. Jaap Nuesink Ms. Isabel Sternkopf Mr. Hiroto Toyoda

Global Account Manager Lighting Designer Project Designer
DEKRA Certifcation B.V Lichtvision Speirs + Major

Dr. Stephan Junger Mr. Markus Reisinger Mr. Philip Smallwood

Senior Scientist Senior Researcher, Lecturer Director of LED and Lighting
Fraunhofer IIS Lucerne School of Engineering Research
and Architecture Strategies Unlimited

REGISTER NOW AT WWW.SILEUROPE.COM

F more details
For d t ill on the
th
h conference
f programme visit
i it www.sileurope.com
ill
 72% of attendees specify, recommend, or have the fnal
decision in the purchase of products and services

Your competitors are exhibiting - dont let them secure all the business!
AIXTRON SE DOW CORNING LM-ELECTRONIC E.K.
ALBIS PLASTIC GMBH ENERGYPLUS LUMITRONIX LED-TECHNIK GMBH
BAYER MATERIAL SCIENCE AG GIGAHERTZ -OPTIK GMBH MOMENTIVE PERFORMANCE MATERIALS INC
CHUN KUANG OPTICS CORP HOLDERS COMPONENTS NMB MINEBEA GMBH
COOL POLYMERS , INC. IMOS GUBELA GMBH NUSIL TECHNOLOGY
CRYTUR INFINEON TECHNOLOGIES AG UNIVERSAL SCIENCE LTD
C-THERM INSTRUMENT SYSTEMS GMBH VESTEL GERMANY GMBH
DATA LINK KHATOD OPTOELECTRONIC S.R.L.
DEKRA CERTIFICATION B.V. LAIRD

REGISTER BY OCTOBER 17 AS A VISITOR FOR FREE ADMITTANCE TO THE EXHIBITION

(15 Charge if you register onsite)

Want to join us? Book your exhibit exhibit space by

Why you must attend contacting a member of our sales team today:
WORLDWIDE
)**+
*  * *  *
 *  *   
 * * *
Jim Ajayi
Lighting, Market Forecasts, Lighting Strategy in Europe, Advancing
T: +44 1992 656 657
Colour Quality What you need to know to stay ahead of
E: jima@pennwell.com
the competition.
)**
 * **
 
 * *  *  
** 
 * USA WEST COAST
for the event, and both structured and informal networking sessions
Tim Carli


 *
**

*

 
** * *
 
**
T: +1 650 946 3163
)** * * 
** * * *
* *
 *
 
*!


* E: tcarli@pennwell.com
Lighting, Cree, Havells-Sylvania, Plessey and Tridonic, OSRAM and
Philips Lumileds. The most infuential speakers fy in from around the USA EAST COAST
world to present their expertise!
Mary Donnelly
)**"

 
**



 *
*#* 
**
 * **
* T: +1 603 891 9118
conference sessions, as well as networking and an expo, all in one E: maryd@pennwell.com
event. This is unique in Europe!
GERMANY/AUSTRIA/SWITZERLAND
)**" * $
*%*

 **

 
**

* $

***  *
of the LED/SSL vertical supply chain in just one location. Plus with the Johann Bylek
opportunity to win a brand new iPad Air, this could be the most cost T: +49 89 90480 143
effective trip you make all year. F: +49 89 90480 145
Email: johannb@pennwell.com
)**+
* * $
 ***
  **&*'*(   *!* *
*
provide you with refreshments in the break and a delicious lunch on the
conference days, as well as providing drinks and hot appetizers during
the Networking and Welcome Receptions.

REGISTER AT SILEUROPE.COM
FOLLOW US ON SCAN THIS QR CODE TO GO
STRAIGHT TO OUR WEBSITE
 The average person will typically
spend two to three years
of their life waiting.

With Future Lighting Solutions Philips Lighting

Zero Lead-Time Initiative,
parts ship right away, without any wait*.

www.FutureLightingSolutions.com

*Offer is based on certain marketplace assumptions and, as such, changes in the marketplace may invalidate this offer. Offer may end at Future Lighting Solutions discretion at any time.
Offer is valid in North America only. Please contact your local Future Lighting Solutions representative or visit www.FutureLightingSolutions.com/ZeroLT for details on this offer and its terms
and conditions.
financing | OUTDOOR LIGHTING

SSL lightens the burden of

the urban car park
A nationwide project to replace fluorescent lighting with low-wattage LEDs in car parks across the
UK stands out, not only for its scale but also for its financing model, reports CAROLINE HAYES.

N
CP (National Car Parks), the lead-
ing operator of parking garages in
the UK, is replacing lighting in each
of its 500 facilities in towns, cities, airports,
and London Underground and National Rail
locations to reduce CO2 emissions by around
11,000 metric tons per annum without any
capital investment from the car park com-
pany. Indeed, the massive project is unique in
terms of scale and financing and may serve as
a model financial structure for both commer-
cial and municipal entities around the globe
that desire to retrofit legacy lighting with
energy-efficient LEDs but also struggle with
the upfront cost of solid-state lighting (SSL).
NCP was founded in 1931, when there
were considerably less than the 32 million
cars that are now on Britains roads alone.
Today, it maintains and operates over 500
roof-deck, open-surface, and multistory car
parks up and down the country, with more
than 150,000 car parking spaces.
Replacing the portfolio of car parks light-
ing for a safer, more energy-efficient envi-
ronment is a two-phase project funded by
Miami, FL-based Future Energy Solutions
(FES) and the UK Green Investment Bank.
The project is noteworthy in terms of size
and deliverables. There is nothing like it in
Europe, said Marcus Brodin, commercial
director of funding partner FES. Instead
of 5,000 to 10,000 luminaires, this project
involves 60,000 to 70,000 luminaires.
It has been an aggressive plan, reported The lively seaside town of Brighton attracts many visitors; the towns NCP car park is
Brodin, with phase one beginning January shown before the retrofit (top) and after (bottom).
6, 2014 and ending in July, with the instal-
lation of 66,000 luminaires. This phase con- radation over time, and the nature of the before the 10 million (approximately $16
centrated on multistory car parks, where car parks is that lights were left on for long million) retrofit were single, thin T8 fluo-
the legacy fluorescent lights suffered deg- hours, which further compromised lifetime. rescents. These incurred maintenance costs,
with regular replacements required and a
CAROLINE HAYES is a contributing editor with Legacy fluorescents degradation of the lumen output during its
LEDs Magazine. The majority of the fixtures (95%) used lifetime. Even given the large scale of NCPs

LEDsmagazine.com SEPTEMBER 2014 55

financing | OUTDOOR LIGHTING

business, lighting maintenance was a signif-

icant operating cost.
There can be failure rates of up to 20%
using fluorescents, according to Brodin, in
addition to the degraded light over the life-
time of the fluorescent light. In the point-
to-point replacement project, the 58W T8
fluorescent bulbs, drawing 64W to 69W
including the ballast, were replaced with
29W or equivalent LED fixtures. Sometimes,
these were 21W to 25W LEDs, said Brodin.
As a result, the lumen-to-wattage ratio or
efficacy in the facilities is among the best
on the market, says Brodin. A three- to four-
month roadmap set out how to achieve the
impressive efficiency numbers. The 80-lm/W
legacy lights were replaced with those that
achieve 110 lm/W.
The replacement low-voltage LED fixtures
were tailored to the requirements of the car
parks, with varying lux levels as needed at
floor level, on ramps, in underground areas,
and in open-surface car parks, for example.
A twin body installation was created for
each light, whether it held a single luminaire
or a board of LEDs. The double-body housing
held advantages for light spread, explained
Brodin, and the volume required for the proj-
ect meant that there was no price penalty for
the design. The structure results in less glare
from the new LED fixtures, while providing
Although the university town of Cambridge is characterized by its bicycle-riding
sufficient light for security and safety in the
students, other visitors benefit from the bright interiors of the NCP car park there.
public spaces. The improved diffusion of
light is better suited to car park users suffer- 30 million (approximately $48 million). Financing and sustainability
ing from light sensitivity or epilepsy, noted This is made up of extended lifetimes of NCPs CEO Jo Cooper was delighted with the
Brodin. The fittings also had to be robust operation, energy savings, lower UK green progress made in the first half of the year.
and as secure as possible to deter theft. tax payments, and lower maintenance costs We are already experiencing the benefits
and disposal costs. of LED technology, she said. In addition to
Controls and daylighting The lighting control policy jointly cre- saving nearly 26 million (approximately
Daylight energy harvesting and motion sen- ated by NCP and FES was to realize 65% $41.6 million) over the lifetime of the new
sors were fitted in half of the luminaires energy savings. This was exceeded in some luminaires, the project supports the com-
installed. This was a premium requirement, areas, according to Brodin. Savings rose to panys own corporate responsibility policy.
according to Brodin. Their inclusion pro- 80% in some locations, attributable to the Financially, she explained, Future Energy
longs the life of the luminaire and increases energy harvesting and the ability to turn Solutions and its funding partners have
energy efficiency. Indeed, there are passive- off lights when an area is empty for peri- tailored a deal for us which is off-balance
infrared (PIR) motion controls in more than ods of time. Brodin estimated that the sav- sheet, requires no upfront investment, dra-
half of the luminaires, as well as daylight ings per unit to NCP over the life of the LED matically reduces our operational costs for
harvesting, with the remainder being stan- is between 430 and 460 (approximately an extended period, and reduces our energy
dard or emergency fittings. $688 to $736). In addition to the reduced use substantially.
FES replaced the housing, driver, diffuser, service and maintenance costs achieved The financing of the scheme is such that
and light on a point-for-point basis. None by the longer-life LED lighting system, NCP FES designs and installs energy-efficient
were re-sited, or added, but replaced with will also reduce CO2 emissions and mono- lighting for commercial and industrial use
low-wattage LEDs. nitrogen oxide by 240 lb per annum the without requiring any capital from NCP.
The value of the project in terms of full- equivalent, noted Brodin, of 10,924 trees Remuneration will be through the savings
lifecycle client savings is estimated around being saved. made in the energy bills realized by NCP. The

56 SEPTEMBER 2014 LEDsmagazine.com

financing | OUTDOOR LIGHTING
In the north of the country, the Stockport NCP car park is a beacon for the weary
traveler trying to find somewhere to park.
difference between the previous energy con-
sumption and that of the new scheme will be
calculated, and the difference will be split
58 SEPTEMBER 2014
between FES and NCP as a profit share.
Phase two runs from July to December and
will focus on replacing around 30,000 lumi-
naires in roof or open-surface car parks, as
well as the remaining multistory car parks
around the UK. This is the first transport
infrastructure project under the Govern-
ments UK Guarantees scheme, whereby the
Treasury assesses a scheme and, if it meets
approval, issues a guarantee for the project.
FES UK division is a lighting design,
technology, and manufacturing group that
works with European manufacturers for
European-based clients. (It has a differ-
ent business model for its US arm, which
is based on a single-rep network.) The UK
Green Investment Bank was created by the
UK Government in 2012 to attract private
funds to finance environmental preserva-
tion and improvement projects.
As Brodin observed, Car parks are
unloved, neglected places, although this
perception is changing as this nationwide
project continues. It is altering the car park
landscape with well-lit, safe, and energy-
efficient lighting schemes that welcome and
reassure the user.
LEDsmagazine.com
 October 79 Alpexpo Grenoble, France

EXHIBITION AREAS
Semiconductor Manufacturing
Equipment for Front-End and Back-End,
Materials and Services PROGRAM TOPICS
Electronic Components and Design (new)  
 



IC, ASIC, MEMS, Sensors, Design, Foundries, Fab Management, Automation, 450mm,
Flexible Electronics Lithography, Metrology, New Materials
Electronic Applications (new)  
Imaging, Energy Efficiency, Healthcare,   



Security  


Conference (new)
Alle des Clusters (new)    
   (new)
Innovation Village (new)    


   (new)
Science Park  

 
  
  


Register now online:
 

 
(new)
 Industrial Sites visits (new)
YZ9JA
Use promotion code and save 25 Euro!
Free access to SEMICON Europa 2014.
www.semiconeuropa.org
Supported by:

Aluminum extrusions
make the difference
Advanced aluminum extrusion solutions for thermal management
When powerful technology gets smaller, things
can really heat up. How do todays top lighting
companies develop designs that look great and
solve the thermal management problem?
Thanks to a higher level of thermal conductivity,
aluminum extrusions can be as much as 53%
more efficient for thermal management than
aluminum castings. In addition, Sapa has
developed a new method of manufacturing
high-ratio air-cooled heat sinks. Our new
Sapa Extrusions North America
technique uses Friction Stir Welding technology Contact us for more about Sapa and thermal:
in a modular concept allowing for maximum NorthAmerica.Sales@sapagroup.com
flexibility and fin ratios in excess of 40:1. Our (877) 710-7272
new method also allows for the production of
large scale heat sinks up to 20" width.
With complete thermal engineering and
design assistance plus full fabrication capabilities
at multiple locations across North America, Sapa
can provide finished component heat sinks for all
your lighting needs. www.sapagroup.com/NA
focus on Driver ICs
Driver circuits deliver diverse features
for solid-state lighting applications
Arguably the driver circuit is as important as the LEDs in terms of how well a solid-
state lighting (SSL) system performs. Indeed, whether the application is general lighting,
automotive lighting, or some other usage, the driver implementation is responsible for
features and characteristics such as dimming, system-level efficiency, and flicker. IC
manufacturers have continued to deliver driver ICs that both enable robust LED-based
system designs and, via features integrated on chip, reduce the bill of materials in product
developments. The ICs are regularly designed for usage in specific applications and with the
intent of delivering features and benefits that fit that application. Our collection here shows
the diversity of the available ICs, even including a couple of AC-LED driver ICs along with
the more traditional products designed for DC driver implementations. MAURY WRIGHT

88EM8187 deep-dimming driver by Marvell

One of the primary goals of many LED driver design is flicker-
free dimming of LED light engines, and that is precisely the
feature touted by Marvell in the 88EM8187 IC announced early
this year. The company asserts that the dimmer can
take light output to as low as 1% of full output.
Marvell also claims support for a broad
array of phase-controlled dimmers
and states that it has tested a
reference lamp with more
than 250 available dim- driver. Meanwhile, the companion iW3640 design integrates
mers. The IC is primarily a two drive channels so that red or amber LEDs can be used to
digital chip, and dimming make the CCT of a retrofit lamp warmer at lower light levels,
functionality is based on dig- mimicking the operation of incandescent lamps.
ital-signal-processing (DSP)
algorithms. The IC matches the
dimming algorithm to the dimmer type detected. The com- LYTSwitch-2 isolated driver IC
pany collaborated with controls specialist Lutron to verify by Power Integrations
the dimming performance of a reference SSL driver circuit. Primary-side regulation, referring to control architectures
that are implemented on the primary side of the transformer
in an isolated driver design, is known in the power-conver-
iW3600 and iW3630 dimmable driver sion sector as a way to minimize driver component count
ICs by Dialog Semiconductor and the complex-
Dimming and specifically dim-to-warm CCT technologies ity of the printed-
were hot topics at the Light+Building trade fair earlier this year, circuit board (PCB)
and the Dialog Semiconductor Power Conversion Business attributes cited
Group (formerly iWatt Inc.) announced both standard and as advantages of
warm dimming ICs at the Frankfurt event. Designed primar- the LYTSwitch-2
ily for retrofit lamps, the iW3600 enables what the company product by Power
calls seamless dimming from 100% down to 1%. Moreover, the Integrations. The
single-stage design reduces the bill of materials of the overall isolated approach

LEDsmagazine.com
focus on | DRIVERS ICS
also allows the LED assembly to be affixed directly to a conduc-
tive heat sink for better thermal performance. The company targets
applications ranging from retrofit lamps to downlights to tubes with
the IC. The architecture supports 112W SSL systems.
LT3795 spread-spectrum driver
IC from Linear Technology
Regulatory requirements covering electromagnetic interference
(EMI) in LED-based lighting products remain an issue, especially
with the driver circuits often operating at high switching frequen-
cies. Companies such as Linear Technology take different approaches
to combat the problem. The LT3795 uses spread-spectrum frequency
modulation to spread the EMI over a relatively broad spectral band,
thereby reducing the peak energy in any narrow band, and helping
SSL products meet industry guidelines. Switching frequency can be
set between 100 kHz and 1 MHz. The IC offers pulsewidth-modula-
tion (PWM) dimming with a 3000:1 ratio and can directly support
010V controls.
MORE: http://bit.ly/1qVXTc2
CS1615/16 single-stage driver IC by Cirrus Logic
Many DC-LED drivers are dual-stage designs with a power-fac-
tor-correction stage first and a constant-current source second
in series, but Cirrus Logic and other
manufacturers are pursuing single-
stage designs especially for the cost-
sensitive retrofit lamp market. The
single-stage approach reduces the
bill of materials, but it makes it more
problematic to support legacy phase-
controlled dimming and to deliver
f licker-free performance. Cirrus
Logic utilizes a state-machine-based
digital approach to implement the
dimming algorithms and said it had
tested the driver IC with more than 300 commercial dimmers. The
CS1615 works from a 120-VAC line input and the CS1616 works from
a 230-VAC line input.
MORE: http://bit.ly/1kHxl0m
62 SEPTEMBER 2014
TPS92660/40/41 DC-DC driver
IC s by Texas Instruments
Multichannel LED drivers come into play when a developer either
needs to support more LEDs than can be driven on a single channel
due to power limitations, or to mix LED colors to achieve a specific
white point or color on demand. Texas Instruments (TI) targets such
lamp or luminaire designs with the TPS92660 IC that includes a DC/
DC buck converter for one channel and a linear channel for a sec-
ondary color. Meanwhile, the TPS92640 and TPS92641 ICs are sin-
gle-channel drivers in the same family that enable dimming ratios
of 500:1 and 2500:1, respectively. All of the products support analog
or PWM dimming. The entire family of ICs is designed for lamps and
luminaires where a microcontroller (MCU) IC might be included and
TI offers the MSP430 family for such SSL applications.
MORE: http://bit.ly/1lAqAsf
88EM8803 dual-channel DC/DC IC by Marvell
Capable of supporting white-point-tunable lamps or luminaires,
the two-channel 88EM8803 driver IC is optimized to power two
LED strings. The product is a follow-on upgrade to the widely-used
88EM8801 IC. Drivers that use the chip will need a separate AC/
DC converter for lamps or lumi-
naires powered from
the line, and the
driver IC can
handle strings
with forward volt-
age as high as 60V.
The color tuning
would work by mix-
ing a string of white-
or off-white LEDs with a
string of red or amber LEDs that can add energy at the
warm end of the color spectrum. Moreover, such a design can
also allow a lamp or luminaire to achieve high CRI ratings, due to
the addition of red energy, and maintain excellent efficacy.
MORE: http://bit.ly/1ofLgdD
LEDsmagazine.com
 focus on | DRIVERS ICS

A6263 four-channel driver IC for auto SmarteXite family and iW6401 driver
interior lighting by Allegro MicroSystems ICs by Dialog Semiconductor
Transitioning to automotive lighting, car interior applications Moving to the area of networks
include usages such as map and dome lighting and even lighting and controls, the driver electron-
designed strictly for ambience, and Allegro Microsystems targets ics will be where such capabil-
just such applications with the A6263 linear driver IC. The four 100- ity is integrated in SSL systems,
mA channels allow developers to gang channels together when the and Dialog Semiconductor is sup-
need to drive large arrays of LEDs arises, or to use each channel indi- porting such designs with the
vidually for different interior features. A sense resistor sets the cur- SmarteXite family of driver ICs.
The focus of the SmarteXite ini-
tiative is adding digital intercon-
nects between lamps and/or lumi-
naires and the iW6401 is the first
product in the family. The iW6401
supports the Ledotron controls
protocol that is being driven by a
consortium of European lighting companies. Specifically, the Dialog
chip supports the Ledotron IEC 62756-1 dimming protocol that will
enable plug-and-play operation with Ledotron-compatible controls
such as dimmers. The wired or wireless network support will come
via separate MCUs that connect via an I2C serial interface.
MORE: http://bit.ly/1mmzLMR
rent output for each channel and the IC integrates safety features
required in automotive applications to recover from faults such as
open and shorted LEDs or strings, and over-temperature conditions. 88EM8189 AC/DC driver IC by Marvell
Most driver ICs with dimmable functionality are either designed to
respond to phase control of the AC signal as implemented by triac
TPS92630 and TPS92602 driver ICs and electronic dimmer switches or to dedicated control input from
for automotive lighting by TI digital networks or 010V inputs. Marvell has integrated both capa-
Targeting both rear- and forward-facing exterior automotive lighting bilities in the 88EM8189 driver IC. The IC can directly respond to
in one announcement, TI earlier this year announced the TPS92630 phase control. And the IC can accept digital input over an I2C inter-
and TPS92602 ICs. LED lighting is growing in popularity for auto- face that would connect to a companion MCU in a network-enabled
motive applications because of energy efficiency, long life, and form
factor. The TPS92630 IC is intended for rear-facing applications such

design. The IC also includes an AC/DC converter on chip that could

as turn signals, reverse lights, and brake lights. The IC includes the
ability to automatically detect a single LED that fails via a short or
closed circuit, allowing for the overall rear-lighting system to con-
tinue operating properly, thereby meeting regulatory requirements
in many regions. TPS92602 IC is a two-channel switching driver for
forward lighting that can support buck, boost, buck-boost, SEPIC
(Single Ended Primary Inductance Converter), and flyback converter
topologies on a channel-by-channel basis.
MORE: http://bit.ly/1kHCsO7
power a companion MCU. Moreover, a reference design (pictured)
demonstrates that the MCU and driver functionality can be pack-
aged in a form factor that enables usage even in LED retrofit lamps.
MORE: http://bit.ly/1scCLCV
TPS92411 switch for AC-LED driver circuits by TI
While most LED lighting products today still utilize DC-based driv-
ers, AC-LED technology enables minimal driver implementations
(sometimes called driverless) that can be integrated right on the PCB
with the LEDs. While the AC-LED technology has been primarily the
province of companies making modular light engines, companies

LEDsmagazine.com SEPTEMBER 2014 63

focus on | DRIVERS ICS

such as TI are making the option available to all SSL developers via
ICs dedicated to the application. Indeed, the TI TPS92411 ICs can
each switch power to a segment of a large LED string that comprises
a light engine. The switched approach isolates each of the segments
and allows developers to place a capacitor across each segment,
thereby getting far better utilization of the LEDs when the AC input
is too low to drive most of the string. See the Developer Forum on p.
73 for yet another approach to AC-LED drive technology.
MORE: http://bit.ly/XEhdlI
early this year) combines a switching boost converter with a linear cur-
rent regulator in the HV9805. The design is cost optimized for LED-
based retrofit lamps and tubes. Because the second stage is a linear
design, its critical for efficiency that the first stage be tuned to deliver a
DC voltage input to the linear stage that is very near the compliance volt-
age of the LED string. The use of boundary conduction mode in the boost
stage allows for flexibility in what Supertex calls headroom voltage.
MORE: http://bit.ly/1orgpG3

Acrich3 AC-LED driver IC by Seoul Semiconductor iW3623 two-stage AC-DC driver IC

Seoul Semiconductor is one of the long-time proponents of AC-LED by Dialog Semiconductor
technology that has offered numerous light engines based on the A universal AC input voltage (100 to 277 VAC) will allow the iW3623
technology and more recently began offering ICs to developers. At driver IC to serve in lamps and luminaires sold around the globe and
LightFair International (LFI), the company announced the Acrich3 targeted for residential or commercial lighting applications. Dialog
AC-LED driver IC. The product
provides three primary improve-
ments relative to the prior gen-
eration Acrich2 IC and two are
in the area of dimming. The IC
responds more smoothly to leg-
acy triac or phase-controlled dim-
mers. Indeed, an LFI demonstra-
tion showed a light engine that
responded smoothly across the
scale with no evident sparkling or
flicker and a very uniform appearance with the LEDs behind a sim-
ple diffuser. Moreover, Acrich3 works much better with 010V dim-
mers, especially at the low end of the dimming range where smooth
low-light adjustment is key for lighting designers/specifiers. Semiconductor specifically targets applications including down-
MORE: http://bit.ly/1mkOBIi lights, PAR retrofit lamps, LED T8 tubes, and ceiling troffers with
the driver IC. The driver IC does not support dimming but is meant to
be an economical option that still delivers the low ripple current and
HV9805 driver IC for LED lamps less flicker features that are inherent in many two-stage driver
and tubes by Microchip architectures. Moreover, the driver IC features lamp and luminaire
There are many options for implementing the AC/DC and DC-constant- protection from over-voltage or over-temperature conditions.
current stages in an LED driver, and Supertex (acquired by Microchip MORE: http://bit.ly/1sgjwVz

64 SEPTEMBER 2014 LEDsmagazine.com

FEBRUARY 24-26, 2015
5 SANDS EXPO & CONVENTION CENTER
R LAS VEGAS, NV

REGISTER EARLY AND

SAVE OVER $500
REGISTER BY DECEMBER 12, 2014
www.strategiesinlight.com

OWNED AND PRODUCED BY: PRESENTED BY: Strategies Unlimited

LED
THE

CO-LOCATED EVENT: SUPPORTED BY:

 PRE-REGISTER FOR FREE AT
www.theledshow.com

LOS ANGELES
SEPTEMBER
2014
CONVENTION CENTER
Los Angeles, California 16-18
www.theledshow.com

(cut here)

REDE
RE DEEM
DE EMIN
EMING
ING TH
THIS
IS COU
UPO
PONN IS
SEEAS
A Y:
ASY: THE
TH E LE
L D SH
SHOW
OW 2
201
014
014 EX
EXHI
HIBI
HIB T HA
BI ALL HOU
OURS
R
RS
1 Pr
Pre-
e-re
regi
re g st
gi ster
e as a viisi
er sito
toor befo
beffo
be ore Sep
ptte
emb
emb
mber
e 12, 201
er 014 4 Tues
Tuessda
esda
day,
y, S
y, Sep
epte
epte
emb
mber
ber 1
16,
6 201
6, 14 . . . . . . . 5:
5 00 0PM
PM 6
6:3
:30P
:3 0PM
0P M
att ww
www.
ww.th
w..th
w thel
eled
ed
edsh
dsh
show
oww.c .com
ommu usi
s ng the p
si pro
romo
ro mooti
t on
o al
al cod
odee Wedn
We dnes
dn essda
d y, Sep pte
temb
m er 1
mb 17,
7, 201
7, 0 4 . . . . 10 0:0
: 0A
AM 6:
6:30
30
0PMM
LEDS
LE D MA
DS AG1
G 4.
4 Gaia n fast
fa
asts ttra
ra
ack ent
ntry
ry and a
ry avo
v id the
vo h q que
ueue
ue ues.
ues
s. Th
hursd
urrsd
sday
ay
y, S
Seept
ptem
em
mbe
b r 18
18,, 20
2014
2014
14 . . . . . . 9::300AM 2
2:0
:00P
:00PM
0P
PM
2 Br
Brin
ing
in g itt w
wit
ith yo
it you
u tto
o The LED
ED S
Sho
ho
h ow fo
f r FR
FREE
EE
Eoon-
n-si
n-site
ite
ad
dmi
mitt
t an
tt a ce
ce..

(cut here)

Experience the latest technologies @>
 ?  ?>>
>    >? >> 
> 
>? 

?
?
>
> 
?    ?>?
> >  ?

 >

 >? @

new in the fast changing LED Lighting sector.

EXHIBITORS INCLUDE:
3NLED Lighting USA Crioo Lighting LLC >
#>
 #-.! ' !< ! "/
AA LED ' $*"-) $ ## #-! '>? ? 
#*"!' 2
  !"#"$% ! &/  *.# 0 1  > ? #& .?  #>
>  ##  !"#"$% "
##& '!( )*" Limited ? >?86 + ."'" -' !
'? 5? #>> #>
> 
American Lightronic DLU Lighting USA !!" .#  
 ?
 ?  
 #

 
? $#*' 2 -' ! InnoLED Lighting Inc. .
?4 (?>? >>
 '? 5? %>  
 ?> "
 ) #& >/" #& 
? 4 -'  
Inc. ?  
 #&

Electric Zone, Inc. !*/ National Bright Lighting '> 4)& ##
American Standard *$ #$ !$ 7 ?  
 $ NC LED '> 
>>
  
> #>
>  7> 7 !>>?  ?>  
'
  *?
$ ?
 > (? ? ? >?  
7> #>
>  !"* #$ !$ )
 


? )@? '
?  (> "
>   ?  

#

"! ")' '-!#& 

+*" #$ !$ $#3% #& ! /?
 ? ? >? )#>
 ' 4 ?
 >
' > '??  / "& !"* 

$? ? #> 4 )* #$  "*)

#>
>  "
 #

.* ## ?   
>?
International )? 6? 
>
+*$,-' ".)!% ?
>   
#

(
 #
#

? #& '@
)"6* :;;
+*" $*"-) ! $?? #>
>  #& #4?>?@  
>? -= *?>    !

)
'?

  '   5 )6!!* #& 6=' America, Inc.
 
>   

 ?  "
 
> #&3?
#>
>  -= '-&  ?>  

)..' ? >?
    5 7* >>
>  
? 
UL
!*#$    Co.,Ltd #>

> *>?? #>
> 
  ="

  '
?  '' '"#-"!' #>
9>?
&?> ' > ?  ! =*+*$  #$ !$
'
>   
INC #$  #+"*"*% INC.
'"-#
# ! 
 #>
>  INC. '."!&-"* 6$ #& #>
> 
#!#( !*$% ## ) $ -'      #&

LightLab International, '? 5? ??

Cree, Inc. (#
"*) Inc. ?  
#
 6'# 
? 
> 
+> ? 
#



 

 





manufacturing | PHOSPHOR APPLICATION
New LED architectures and phosphor
technologies lower costs and boost quality
Flip-chip LED architecture promises to pervade the packaged component space, and JULIAN CAREY
explains how the sapphire-up design can combine with new phosphor technologies to increase light
quality and lower costs.
Over the last year, we have definitely seen the
levels of solid-state lighting (SSL) adoption
increasing with widespread installations, as
industry analysts have been predicting for
several years now. We are seeing installa-
tions ranging from street lighting to park-
ing garages, from expanded uses in retail
and hospitality applications to commercial
and industrial applications. The technolo-
gies being incorporated, the applications,
and the range of installations are growing
dramatically. Still, light quality and compo-
nent cost remain issues for the LED industry,
and new chip architectures and phosphor-
application techniques can deliver benefits
in both regards.
Indeed, the increased demand for SSL is
pressuring the industry to simultaneously
improve quality, lower costs, and reduce
manufacturing complexity throughout the
supply chain. In response to these pres-
sures, new LED manufacturing technologies
are being developed across the full range of
chip fabrication techniques, starting with
a new generation of semiconductor capital
equipment, improved process engineering,
and the development of advanced materials.
In this vein, Intematix is focused on engi-
neering more rugged and efficient phosphor
materials, as well as phosphor-application
schemes, to reduce manufacturing cost and
complexity while improving light quality.
Phosphor pre-formed films
In one innovative example of new tech-
nologies, phosphors are being manufac-
tured into pre-formed polymer film sheets
or glass tiles. We will even study the use
JULIAN CAREY is the senior director of
marketing for LED phosphors at Intematix Corp.
LEDsmagazine.com
of optical-ceramic materials that may be
applied directly onto the light-emitting sur-
face of LED chips. The promise of these novel
manufacturing technologies is to eventually
enable wafer-level packaging (WLP) of LED
chips. WLP promises to lower chip manufac-
turing costs by eliminating redundant pack-
aging steps while simultaneously improving
LED chip efficacy, reliability, and quality.
Ultimately, these technologies, combined
with improved manufacturing systems and
processes, could lead to the elimination of
binning producing white LED chips with
a performance variance within 2 SDCM
(standard deviation of color matching or a
two-step MacAdam ellipse).
Still in development, these manufactur-
ing techniques are currently being tested
on flip-chip LED architectures, where both
positive and negative contacts are on the
bottom of the chip. Fig. 1 depicts a Sam-
sung flip-chip LED with a uniform light-
emitting surface. Samsung announced the
architecture in a keynote address at the
Strategies in Light 2014 conference (http://
bit.ly/1kXzh1e).
Indeed, the flip-chip approach enables
a more planar light-emitting surface than
the typical wire-bonded lateral chip archi-
tecture, providing an easier implementation
of the new phosphor-application technique.
Furthermore, flip chips are becoming more
common in the industry, as even second-tier
manufacturing companies have caught on
to the benefits they provide and have thus
increased their flip-chip manufacturing.
WLP with flip-chip architectures
The most prevalent LED chip architecture
in the SSL technology sector today remains
the so-called lateral chip structure in which
FIG. 1. Samsung announced its LED flip-
chip architecture at the Strategies in
Light 2014 Conference & Exhibition.
the substrate is at the bottom of the mate-
rial layer stack that comprises the LED (Fig.
2). Flip chips have many advantages in sim-
plifying design and manufacturing. First,
since the electrical contacts are on the bot-
tom, there is no need for the wire-bonds that
are required to connect with the electrical
contacts on the top of a lateral LED (Fig. 3).
This means that you can eliminate a full step
in the manufacturing process. Furthermore,
wires as a potential failure point are no lon-
ger a concern.
Flip chips also improve chip efficiency.
With the electrical contacts out of the way,
more of the chip surface is available to emit
light. The entire chip surface becomes a
window into the light.
This window allows the phosphor mate-
rials to be laid right over the top of the chip.
The full planar surface of the chip is thus
available. At this point, you can apply the
phosphor material either at the packaging
step in LED manufacturing or at the wafer
SEPTEMBER 2014 67
manufacturing | PHOSPHOR APPLICATION

level or perhaps somewhere in between. Lateral LED chip architecture To reach this market ideal,
With flip-chip architecture, phosphor manufacturers would start
pre-forms, manufactured in large polymer p-electrode out with a uniform blue LED
or glass sheets or ceramic platelets, can be Contact layer wafer with a wavelength uni-
precisely targeted to uniformity standards formity between 2 and 2.5 nm
p-GaN layer
within 1 SDCM. Moreover, such phosphors in wavelength, or 1 SDCM as
can be applied to LED chips in two different Active layers converted through the phos-
ways as mentioned before (Fig. 4). n-GaN layer
phor. A phosphor film that is
In the first method, the pre-formed phos- also uniform to 1 SDCM is laid
phor can be applied at the wafer level. Dur- Sapphire Mirror layer over the entire wafer, which
substrate
ing the manufacturing of LED wafers, all Contact layer is then diced up into individ-
of the individual LED chips are attached to ual LED chips. With this pro-
n-electrode
one another on the wafer. Before singulating cess, every chip matches each
the die (i.e., sawing the wafer into individ- FIG. 2. A legacy lateral LED chip architecture has the other within 2 SDCM. There
ual chips), a film, glass, or ceramic phosphor electrical contacts on top of the layer stack, requiring would be no need to sort the
pre-form is placed on the top of the entire wire bonds at the package level. chips further, since each one
wafer. This creates a sort of phosphor hat is essentially uniform. While
on each chip. The wafer is then sawed into Binning is currently required since each this process creates a path to
individual LED chips with the phosphor on LED wafer typically has areas of wave- this industry goal, the technology must still
top, thus creating what some call an LED length nonuniformity. LED manufacturers make substantial progress before we can
white chip. The LED has a minimal pack- sort their production of LED chips by vari- claim to have achieved it.
age and a white reflective coating is applied ous wavelength bins, allowing light source
to the sides of the structure to maximize manufacturers to select only those LEDs Use of phosphor pre-forms
light extraction. that meet their acceptable performance post-singulation
ranges while maximizing the overall man- A second way that phosphor pre-form can
Binning requirements ufacturing yield and usage of each of the be applied is after the wafer has been singu-
This WLP technique offers many benefits bin ranges. Binning is a time-consuming, lated. Actual wafers dont necessarily have
beyond the typical emitter or chip-on-board costly, and inefficient process. As the next perfect wavelength uniformity; instead,
(COB) packaging available today. Bulk pro- generation of metal organic chemical-vapor there are various zones wherein the chips
cessing is moving in this direction for effi- deposition (MOCVD) reactors critical will be a few nanometers off from the desired
cacy, uniformity, and low cost. This technique to LED formation comes on line, offer- wavelength. A couple of processing choices
will ideally take the industry to new manu- ing improved within-wafer and wafer-to- can be made at this point. The phosphor can
facturing efficiency levels, whereby binning wafer wavelength uniformity, binning may be applied to the entire wafer, as described
is greatly reduced or no longer needed. be greatly reduced. previously, or the individual LEDs can be

Production line, research lab TROPICAL RAINFOREST!

The OL 770-LED Test Measurement System is THE solution
where ever your application takes you. From LEDs and IR
sources to twilight irradiance under forest canopy, we offer
both the tools and expertise to do the job right with the highest
reliability and utmost accuracy. Well be here for you no matter
where you are!

ENABLING PHOTONIC TECHNOLOGIES

Gooch & Housego Orlando

Dr. Amanda Melin of Dartmouth College uses the OL 770-
LED to study the visual ecology of nocturnal mammals. 4632 36th Street
Here she is in Borneo measuring the intensity and Orlando, FL 32811
irradiance of twilight in the rainforest understory. T: 407-422-3171 E: orlandosales@goochandhousego.com

68 SEPTEMBER 2014 LEDsmagazine.com

 manufacturing | PHOSPHOR APPLICATION

sub-binned. When the wafer Flip chip LED architecture

is singulated, individual chips
are tested and sorted by wave- Phosphor flm
n-GaN layer
length, and then theyre picked Active layers
and placed into bin-tiles of
Sapphire p-GaN
chips of the same wavelength. p-electrode substrate
This basically creates a new
wafer, based on the test data
from individual chips, and a Metal n-electrode
Metal
uniform bin tile.
Solder bump
Once the wafer has been
divided and the LED chips
FIG. 3. A flip-chip design implies that the LED is
are virtually transferred to
flipped upside down after epitaxial processing with
their appropriate bin tiles, the
the substrate used as the light-emitting surface and
phosphor pre-form may then
contacts on the bottom being directly accessible to
be sawed into pieces that per-
the package.
fectly match the size of the LED
chips on the bin-tile. The seg-
mented pre-forms can then be applied to the Polymer versus glass phosphor pre-forms
appropriately matched bin tile, producing As mentioned previously, phosphor pre-
highly uniform, 2-SDCM white LED chips forms are being developed in both film
while eliminating the cost of conventional and glass. The film is a polymer carrier,
packaging techniques. and in Intematixs case an outgrowth of the
The pick-and-place bin-tile process companys remote phosphor development
enables greater efficiency, reduces binning, effort, which gave the company the tech-
and lowers costs. However, this can actu- nology and capacity to develop these pre-
ally be disadvantageous to manufactur- formed phosphor solutions. These films, or
ers. Since phosphor is sensitive to certain glass pre-forms, can be manufactured with
wavelengths, manufacturers will be forced various phosphor recipes to produce a cus-
to increase their inventory of pre-formed tomers required quality of light at a given
phosphor sheets to match the typical range chip wavelength.
of chip wavelengths. With current manufac- Glass pre-forms, however, are more of a
turing processes, LED packaging companies manufacturing challenge. Integrating the
store the phosphor materials, which are phosphor material into glass is inherently
then mixed differently for each bin tile. In more difficult than with polymer film and
the wafer-level application, companies only will require more development work. Yet
need one film that delivers the desired color. glass provides a higher refractive index,
Yet this pick-and-place application process offering greater efficiency and giving the
forces companies to store frozen pre-formed chips and SSL package another efficacy
films for each color that match the differ- boost. Intematix believes that the industry
ent bin tiles, thus creating an explosion of could see phosphor pre-form manufactur-
products. Storage logistics are one techni- ing using the phosphor polymer film carrier
cal detail that will need to be addressed as technique by the end of 2014. Manufacturing
this process moves forward. with the glass pre-form will take a little lon-
This is where it becomes obvious that ger, but we could begin to see it used by early
the front-end of line (FEOL) improvements 2015 for flip-chip architectures only.
mentioned at the beginning of this article
can have a big impact. As within-wafer and Optical ceramic phosphor converters
wafer-to-wafer uniformities become bet- As we have established, optical ceramic
ter, reliance upon pick-and-place methods phosphor materials represent a third tech-
can be greatly reduced. Manufacturers will nical approach for the application of phos-
be able to reduce their SKUs (stock keeping phor materials directly onto the light-emit-
units). Moreover, manufacturing complexity ting surface of LED chips. Different than
throughout the supply chain will be reduced polymer or glass pre-forms, it offers sig-
and prices will come down. nificant advantages for high flux-density

LEDsmagazine.com SEPTEMBER 2014 69

manufacturing | PHOSPHOR APPLICATION

applications such as spotlighting, projec- in high flux-density applications.
tion, and automotive headlights. Ceramic converter material can be made
Optical ceramic converters offer several in yellow, green, and white emission. Since
thermal advantages. First, these materials the white color coordinates are within Euro-
have much higher thermal conductivity, pean Commission for Europe (ECE) specifi-
allowing for faster thermal dissipation. The cation for headlights, ceramic materials are
resulting lower operating temperature typi- good applications for automobiles, accord-
cally produces greater conversion efficiency ing to Schott, a global manufacturer of spe-
for the light source. SSL light sources using cial glass and specialty materials.
this technology can offer greater energy Currently, the biggest disadvantage for
efficiency or will allow for the LED chips ceramic phosphors is their higher cost. To
date, a limited number
of chemical systems
have been explored
a nd de velope d a s
ceramics. Addition-
ally, ceramic process-
ing steps beyond mak-
ing the powder are
required in ceramic
phosphors, which are
not necessary for glass
FIG. 4. Phosphor pre-forms can be applied either to the entire
and film phosphors.
wafer before singulation or after the wafer has been divided.
Due to these addi-
tional steps, manufac-
to be driven at higher current densities for turers must invest in ceramic processing
greater light output. These same proper- equipment, which drives up the manufac-
ties also give the light source much greater turing costs. In the near future, due to this
thermal stability over time, hence greater higher cost differential, it is unlikely that
system reliability. The overall lower operat- optical ceramic phosphor materials will
ing temperature means that the phosphor be used in any but the most heat-sensitive
materials are much less likely to experience or high flux-density applications such as
thermal damage or to brown, especially automobile headlights where the distinct
advantages of this technology outweigh
the cost considerations.
Polymer pre-forms with wire-bonded chips
Intematix also believes that, despite the
advantages, flip-chip production will rep-
resent only about 25% of the market in 2015
as the technology matures. This means that
75% of the market will continue to comprise
lateral chips or chips using wire-bonding
techniques. This large segment of the mar-
ket shouldnt be ignored, as there are pos-
sibilities that the polymer film approach
could work with wire-bonded LEDs if it is
laminated onto the chip. Such a scenario
would require that the chip already be
wire bonded and working, then the poly-
mer would be applied over it. The material
would need to be in a soft gel phase such
that the wire bonds would remain as they
are and not be disturbed. As the technol-
ogy continues to evolve, Intematixs goal
is to extend the approach beyond flip-chip
architectures to include wire-bonded chips,
as well.
Overall, Intematix believes that these
new manufacturing technologies hold
great promise to reduce manufacturing
costs, improve light quality, and provide
greater efficiency while simultaneously
offering reduced binning ultimately driv-
ing toward simplification of the LED light
source manufacturing process.

70 SEPTEMBER 2014 LEDsmagazine.com

 EX F
PO RE
E
PA
SS

OCTOBER 15-17, 2014

Pacifco Yokohama, Yokohama, Japan
www.sil-ledjapan.com

VIEW THE
FULL CONFERENCE
PROGRAM AT
WWW.SIL-LEDJAPAN.COM

Hear from these leading speakers:

SPEAKERS INCLUDE:
Norihide Yamada Frank Shum Kibum Nam Philip Smallwood
VP of Japan Business, Vice President, CTO, Director of LED &
Philips Lumileds, Soraa SSC Research Institute, Lighting Research,
Lighting Company Seoul Semiconductor Strategies Unlimited
Co., Ltd.

Stephanie Pruitt Steve Paolini Cyril Pernot Tetsuya Takeuchi

Analyst, Founder & CEO, Manager, Associate Professor,
Strategies Unlimited Telelumen Hakusan Factory Crystal Department of Materials
Growth Section Science & Engineering,
NIKKISO CO.,LTD Meijo University

John Hwang David Lau Shinya Nunoue Toshiya Yokogawa

CEO, Sales Director, Chief Research Scientist, Professor,
PlanLED Waldmann Lighting, Corporate R&D Center, Department of Materials
Singapore Toshiba Corporation Science & Engineering,
Yamaguchi University

Gerard Harbers Scott Brown Xu Dongliang Seiichi Okazaki

CTO, SVP, Marketing, General Management, President & CEO,
Xicato Dialog, Semiconductor Head Offce, Toryo Keystone Technology Inc.
Inc. International Lighting
Design Center Co.,Ltd

Alex Baker Simon den Uijl Ralph Weir Alexander Naumov

Global Standards Secretary General, CEO, Cambridge Associate Manager,
Manager, Philips Lumileds Connected Lighting Nanotherm Advanced Material
Alliance Engineering, Foxconn
Technology Group

4 WAYS TO REGISTER:
MAIL:

@
PennWell C&E Registration FAX:
WEB: EMAIL:
Strategies in Light Japan Direct: +1 918 831 6161
www.sil-ledjapan.com registration@pennwell.com
P.O. Box 973059, Toll-Free: +1 888 299 8057
Dallas, TX 75397-3059 USA

Owned & Produced by: Presented by: Supported by: Events:







  

1409leds_REV_71 71 9/4/14 3:01 PM

Have a brilliant solid-state
lighting component or
system?
Applications are now being accepted for the inaugural LEDs
Magazine Sapphire Awards. This program will recognize the
industrys most innovative LED-centric enabling-technology
products and LED-based lighting products.

e a dline : Se
d D pte m
B ir
y
be
rl
Ea

r2
2

Submit Your Application Today!

ledsmagazine.com/sapphire
developer forum | AC LEDS
Driverless LED light engines
deliver up to 93% efficiency
and no perceptible flicker
PETER SHACKLE describes an AC-LED light engine that connects directly to the AC mains while
delivering photometric and electrical performance similar to that achieved by DC-driven designs.
I
n the last several years driverless LED
light engines (also known as AC-LED
light engines) have become increasingly
important to the solid-state lighting (SSL)
sector and to the lighting industry at large.
Indeed, some leading luminaire companies
rely on AC-LED based products for as much
as half of their sales. The allure from a cost
and complexity perspective is clear in that the
minimal driver circuit can be placed on the
circuit board that hosts the LEDs and no sep-
arate driver module is needed. And the latest
implementations combine up to 93% electri-
cal efficiency with low cost and no percepti-
ble flicker.
AC-LED light engines have numerous
advantages starting with a flat and com-
pact form factor enabled by the lack of an
LED driver, thereby simplifying the lumi-
naire design. But many products on the mar-
ket today suffer from 120-Hz flicker (close to
100%) and efficiency is typically only around
83%. The high flicker renders them unac-
ceptable to many lighting designers/speci-
fiers for lighting applications such as offices
and workshops.
We will describe here a new driverless
LED light engine that produces less flicker
and offers higher efficiency than many exist-
ing products. The new technology results
in prototype light engines with essentially
no perceptible flicker at 120 Hz and dem-
onstrated electrical efficiency of 93%. The
design described is being utilized in a light
engine manufactured by ERG Lighting.
PETER W. SHACKLE (pshackle@photalume.
com) is an industry consultant at Photalume.
com and owns the patent application for the
light engine technology described in this article.
LEDsmagazine.com
This new branch on the lighting technology
tree has the potential to reshape the future
growth of the SSL industry.
How it works
In order to understand the dramatic nature
of this innovation, we will start by reviewing
conventional technology. The earliest gen-
eration of driverless LED light engines used
circuits such as the one shown in Fig. 1.
In this arrangement, the AC power line
is rectified and applied to a string of LEDs
with a total forward voltage requirement
just less than the peak of the AC power line
voltage. A resistor in series with the LEDs
limits the current to be within the rating of
the LEDs. This circuit produces an intense
flash of light 120 times per second, result-
ing in a quality of light similar to that from
a magnetic ballasted fluorescent tube.
Technologists improved this arrangement
by adjusting the number of LEDs in series
with the power line by operating switches
throughout the line cycle as shown in Fig
2. Many different arrangements for con-
trolling the switches have been developed.
Sometimes instead of a simple resistor, a
current-controlled resistor or a current-
limiter circuit may be used. These circuits
involve relatively expensive IC controllers
and numerous costly high-voltage switches.
The segmented-switched scheme produces
a total LED current that resembles a series of
half sine waves and the input current closely
resembles a sine wave. As a result, these prod-
ucts have good power factor and total har-
monic distortion (THD). But the half sinu-
soidal output current means that the flicker
at 120 Hz is close to 100%. Since some level
of LED current is always flowing (and some
FIG. 1. Early driverless engines simply
rectified the main and used a resistor to
limit current.
LEDs are always switched on), the flicker is
less noticeable in the Fig. 2 circuit relative to
that in the Fig. 1 circuit. However, some people
can still perceive the flicker, especially in their
peripheral vision, and for this reason many
specifiers still object to the light quality.
Eliminating flicker
In our new architecture (Fig. 3), the LED
current is kept almost constant, with a very
brief 1.5-msec gap in the output current dur-
ing which capacitors are recharged, twice
every power line cycle. This circuit operation
corresponds to a frequency of above 600 Hz,
which far exceeds what the human eye can
detect and is therefore perceived as flicker-
free. It does not use expensive IC driver chips
or costly power switch chips, which are com-
monplace in conventional technology.
A simple way to explain how this cir-
cuit works is to follow the currents gener-
ated by the AC power line or voltage source
(S1). When the voltage on the left side of the
source is rising positively, a displacement
current flows through capacitors C4 and
C9, which sends a current through LED array
SEPTEMBER 2014 73
 developer forum | AC LEDS

10 and back to the power D2

LED
line. When the input volt- R6
age becomes sufficiently LED C9
C3
high, additional current Switch LED Array 7
flows through LED array controller LED
7, through diode D2 and
LED Array 10
then resistor R6. Thus, the D15
S1
operation is characterized
by first displacement cur-
rent flowing through the D14 Array 11
LED arrays and then gal-
C9
vanic current. FIG. 2. Designs that segment the LEDs with switches Array 12
While the input voltage is driving each segment improve AC-LED performance. C4
rising positively, capacitor
R13
C8 is being charged up to the peak of the line pick up and keeps the LED current going lon-
through diode D14. In this manner, capacitors ger. The net result is a relatively long period D5
C8 and C9 operate alternately; while one is of output current at a relatively uniform level.
being discharged, the other is being recharged. An experimental design of the AC-LED FIG. 3. The new AC-LED circuit combines
Hence as soon as the input power line voltage architecture featured total LED current pass- displacement and galvanic current drive.
gets slightly above (or below) zero, a full out- ing through all four strings of a 19W prototype
put current can start immediately from the light engine (not shown). This prototype was Practical details
pre-charged capacitor. When the displace- running at 93% electrical efficiency. The input Now lets consider the operation of the cir-
ment current starts to decrease in the middle current was relatively sinusoidal, resulting in cuit at the SSL system level. The light out-
of the half cycle, the galvanic current starts to a power factor of 0.53 and THD of 24%. put comes from four strings of LEDs that

74 SEPTEMBER 2014 LEDsmagazine.com

1409leds_REV_74 74 9/5/14 11:15 AM

 developer forum | AC LEDS

operate in sequence. Fig. 4 200 FIG. 4. Graphing the current

Input through each of the LED
shows the four LED string cur- V(1) (V) 0
voltage
rents and the summed current -200
arrays, we see a relatively
versus time, as computed in a 400m consistent summed current.
Summed 200m
SPICE simulation. LED I(V9) (A)
0
It can be seen that each currents lights, and undercabinet lights
-200m
string is only excited once 300m in a consumer environment.
Current 200m
every 16 msec. In order to through I(V8) (A) 100m
Without the physical lim-
produce the desired uniform LEDs 11 0 itations of the LED driver,
-100m
light output, one LED from 300m
luminaire designers are now
Current 200m
each string must be mounted presented with an all-new
through I(V6) (A) 100m
closely together in an array LEDs 10 0 platform from which to cre-
of four, and then these arrays -100m ate. Square, rectangular, cir-
180m
need to be packed together Current 120m cular, and other shapes are
through I(V7) (A) 60m
until their combined LED LEDs 12
possible. Light engines can
0
forward voltage is compara- -60m be made in different sizes and
ble to the power line voltage. Current 160m shapes without sacrificing
The capacitors are advanta- through I(V2) (A) 80m performance. More advanced
LEDs 7 0
geously ceramic capacitors, -80m products with improved power
since electrolytic capacitors 160m 170m 180m 190m 200m factor and continuous light
cannot stand the large ripple Time (sec) output are in development and
current involved. form factor enables proper placement of the the lighting industry can look forward to
The proposed architecture can be applied LEDs as discussed previously. Such a light a new evolution of products as a result of
in a broad array of products so long as the engine is ideally suited for task lights, cove driverless technology.

LEDsmagazine.com SEPTEMBER 2014 75

last word
LED lamp life expectancy depends
on fixture type and usage scenario
MICHAEL KACHALA ,
director of engineering at Hinkley Lighting, explains that
consumers need data on LED lamp life expectancy in specific application
scenarios.
R
arely does always or never consti- less power and thus produces less light while
tute valid advice. An elder may have
shared, Never stick your finger in an
empty light socket; you must always assume
the electricity is on. Bring that uncertainty
forward to the life and reliability of an LED
lamp in an Edison socket. I believe the indus-
try in making lamps look like their incandes-
cent grandparent is falsely addressing lim-
its on LED adoption. The assumption is that
you can always consider using the LED in
place of incandescent. Yet the only warning
we have is to never use most available lamps
in an enclosed fixture.
Consider for a moment the ecological pre-
decessor of the LED lamp the CFL. Has it
become common knowledge among consum-
ers that CFLs will not perform as claimed in
some fixture applications? Whose responsi-
bility is it to make them aware of these lim-
itations? Is it the belief that LED will over-
come CFLs inherent shortcomings? In fact,
LED lamps can and do fail even sooner and
of course at higher fiscal cost.
I had the opportunity to share these
thoughts with an engineer from a lamp man-
ufacturer. He acknowledged that the lamp
manufacturers have known for years that
when CFLs are placed in the socket-up posi-
tion, they last an average of 3,000 hours. Yet
despite this knowledge, the package declara-
tion to consumers only states 12,000 hours as
the life expectancy. Our government regulates
the packaging information.
While expanding our GU24-socket fix-
ture product offerings, we undertook testing
to determine the maximum CFL wattage as
required by UL. Knowing a lamp consumes
76 SEPTEMBER 2014
must also remain cool enough to touch.
operating at higher temperatures, we mea-
sured CFL ballast enclosure temperatures as
directed by lamp manufacturers.
After compiling results of different lamp
brands, our findings indicated CFLs needed at
least 20 in.3/W in enclosed lighting chamber
volume, such as a typical ceiling flush mount.
For example, a dual 13W CFL
lamp would meet stated life
in an 18-in. diameter bowl fix-
ture. A dual 60W incandes-
cent fixture could be as small
as 13 in. Semi-enclosed fixtures
depended upon lamp up or
down and how close the glass
shade was to the lamp. Inter-
estingly, we also learned that
the majority of CFLs quickly
reduced power attaining a typ-
ical 70% level of stated light output.
Our lab attempted similar testing for LED
lamps. With the exception of a single lamp
brand with specs on use in enclosures, no
other lamp manufacturer had tempera-
ture data to share with us. We learned that
no standards exist to test and provide this
information, more so that the LED lamp is
considered an isolated thermal plane and
not considered to dissipate heat into the fix-
ture. To further complicate matters, some
manufacturers shared that the ceramic
paint covering the metal heat sink or plastic
enclosure surrounding the driver is applied
that way in part for product safety. It seems
that consumers understand not to touch an
operating incandescent lamp with a bare
hand, but since CFLs are cooler, LED lamps
Electronics folks know there are no new
technical breakthroughs in thermal man-
agement. The latest LED lamps run elec-
tronics hotter than their predecessors and
drivers can fail quickly from de-soldering or
thermal breakdown of components.
Energy Star long-term testing for LED
lamps occurs with 40C
degree air surrounding the
lamp, and not in typical fix-
tures. We find in our 25C
temperature-controlled test
lab that the lighting chambers
of semi-enclosed wall sconces
regularly exceed 60C with 8W
lamps. Enclosed multi-lamp
ceiling fixtures can exceed
90C. So what are the impacts
to anticipated life because of
elevated operating temperature?
Insiders may know that Energy Star
attempted to address testing temperature in
the recent revision of the standard. Presum-
ably, utilities shot down any testing change.
The market desire and dynamics to adopt
energy-saving technology have inertia in the
form of rebates the utilities are compelled to
apply. And the recent proposal to change test-
ing standards by the US Department of Energy
does not revise the 40C test, nor address any
aspect of varying lamp applications.
The general public needs a range of life
expectancy as the lamp is used by the con-
sumer. We have to move beyond the never
and always paradigm, or we risk having
LED technology disappoint the buying pub-
lic more than CFLs have.
LEDsmagazine.com
 60VIN 350W LED Driver
VIN

IVINP IVINN

VOUT

IVINMON
ISMON
SENSE +
FAULT
3000:1 ing SENSE
PWM
imm GND
PW D
M

20A Outputs for LEDs or Current Sources That Are Easy to Parallel

The LT 3763 is a high power synchronous step-down controller delivering up to 20A of output current to drive big LEDs.
It can also be used as a current source for charging supercapacitors or lead acid batteries. Capable of sensing both input and
output current, the LT3763 ensures accurate current limiting and regulation, enabling 1.5% voltage regulation accuracy and
6% current regulation accuracy. The devices input voltage range of 6V to 60V and output from 0V to 55V provide design
flexibility. Its FBIN pin is ideal for applications that require a peak power tracking function such as solar panel chargers.

Features Efficiency vs Load Current Info & Free Samples

Accurate Control of Input & Output 100 www.linear.com/product/LT3763

Current 1-800-4-LINEAR
TM
3000:1 True Color PWM Dimming
95
1.5% Voltage Regulation Accuracy
EFFICIENCY (%)

6% Current Regulation Accuracy

90
Input Voltage Range: 6V to 60V
Control Pin for Thermal Control of
Load Current 85
VIN = 48V video.linear.com/150
VOUT = 24V
80 , LT, LTC, LTM, Linear Technology, and the Linear logo are
0 2 4 6 8 10 registered trademarks and True Color PWM is a trademark of Linear
Technology Corporation. All other trademarks are the property of
ILOAD (A) their respective owners.
CREE LIGHTING-CLASS LEDS AND LED MODULES

VARIETY IS THE SPICE OF LIGHT.

Every luminaire design has its own ingredients. Thats why Cree XLamp LEDs and LED modules are
optimized for specic applications. We pack more performance into our devices to serve up smaller, brighter,
more efcient luminaires using fewer LEDs. Add a dash of our superior applications support, comprehensive
luminaire testing services and our driver compatibility program, and youll get a recipe for success.

Optimize your designs with Cree LED components.

Visit cree.com/optimize or call 866-924-3645

OUR PORTFOLIO HAS

MORE THAN 50 LED DEVICES.

CREE JUST BROKE THE

300 LUMENS/PER WATT BARRIER.

WHEN IT COMES TO INNOVATION,

NO ONE ELSE IS EVEN CLOSE. DISCRETES I N T E G R A T E D A R R AY S A R R AY S MODULES