Braeburn apple

Origins
Species: Malus domestica
Parentage: Lady Hamilton x Unknown
Originates from: New Zealand
Introduced: 1950
Orange Pippin Cultivar ID: 1008
UK National Fruit Collection accession number: 1974-357

Identification
Flesh colour: Yellow to Very Yellow
Fruit size: Medium
Bultitude apple group: 5. Yellow, smooth, sweet or acidic

Using
Uses: Eat fresh
Uses: Cooking
Flavour quality: Good
Flavour style: Aromatic
Harvest period: Very-Late season leave on the tree until November in the UK
Use / keeping: 3 months or more
Vitamin C content: Medium
Growing
Flowering group: 4
Fertility: Self-fertile
Ploidy: Diploid
Vigour: Average growth
Gardening skill: Average
Precocity: Precocious
General disease resistance: Average
Period of origin: 1950 - 1999

Climate
Chilling: Low-chill Needs about 700 chill hours
Climate suitability: Temperate climates Requires sunny aspect to ripen properly
Climate suitability: Warm climates

Disease resistance
Scab - Some susceptibility
Mildew - Some susceptibility
Fireblight - Some susceptibility
Cedar apple rust - Very susceptible

Pests
Woolly aphid - Some susceptibility

Relationships to other varieties

Offspring of this variety:

Jazz
Kanzi

References and further reading about this variety

Cedar-Apple Rust
Author: Stephen Vann, University of Arkansas, Division of Agriculture (FSA7538)
Rated as highly susceptible - control always needed where CAR is prevalent.
 Braeburn is one of the most important commercial apple varieties. It originated in New
Zealand in the 1950s, and by the last decades of the 20th century had been planted in all
the major warm apple-growing regions of the world. Braeburn accounts for 40% of the
entire apple production of New Zealand. Even in conservative Washington state, the
most important apple-producing area of the USA, where Red Delicious and Golden
Delicious have always held sway, Braeburn is now in the top 5 varieties produced.
The reasons for this success are not difficult to pinpoint. Braeburn has all the necessary
criteria for large-scale production: it is fairly easy to grow, produces heavily and early in
the life of the tree, it stores well, and withstands the handling demands of international
supply chains. What marks it out from the competition is flavour. Braeburn was the first
modern apple variety in large-scale production where the flavour was genuinely on a par
with the older classic apple varieties. Braeburn's depth of flavour makes its main
competition - Red Delicious and Golden Delicious - seem one-dimensional in
comparison. At a time when consumers were starting to look for something less bland in
their weekly shopping, Braeburn was the right apple at the right time.
The commercial success of Braeburn has opened the way for the development of many
new apple varieties where flavour is now one of the main selection criteria. Braeburn
was one of the first "bi-coloured" varieties, a characteristic now regarded as essential for
sales success. In comparison the first wave of supermarket apple varieties were either
bright red (Red Delicious) or shades of solid green (Golden Delicious and Granny
Smith).
This combination of modern colouring and flavour means that Braeburn was effectively
the first of the new-wave of modern apple varieties.
The first Braeburn tree was discovered growing in New Zealand in the 1950s, and is
named after Braeburn Orchards, where it was first grown commercially. It is generally
thought to be a seedling of a variety called Lady Hamilton. The other parent is not
known, but is popularly believed to be Granny Smith - quite possible given the time and
location of its discovery, but there seems to be no scientific evidence to confirm this
theory.
When conditions are right there is no doubt that Braeburn is a first-class dessert apple. It
easily outstrips its late 20th century peer group (Golden Delicious, Granny Smith, Red
Delicious) with a richness and complexity of flavour that they cannot match. In fact in
many ways Braeburn is now the benchmark apple variety against which all other
commercial varieties should be ranked. It is crisp, without being hard, and very juicy. It
snaps cleanly to the bite, and there is an immediate rush of strong apple flavours. The
overall flavour is sharp and refreshing but with a good balance of sweetness - and never
sugary. There is occasionally a hint of pear-drops to the flavour of a new-season
Braeburn (a characteristic which is more prominent in its offspring Jazz). Braeburn is at
its best when cooled slightly below room temperature, and if you get a good one it really
reminds you why you like eating apples.
If there is a downside to Braeburn, it is probably poor quality control. Braeburn is grown
throughout the warm apple-growing regions of the world, and it also keeps well in
storage. As a result there can be quite a variation in quality and flavour of Braeburn
apples reaching the consumer from different countries and at different times of the
year. Since Braeburn is too old to be trade-marked, there is little control over the "brand"
- quite a contrast with the rigourously-controlled production of Pink Lady for
 example. Of the southern hemisphere producers, we think Braeburns from Chile are
often good - at their best in June. Braeburn is also widely grown in Europe, and France
seems to have the best climate for producing good ones - try them in November.
A number of sports of the original Braeburn have been developed, including: Hidala,
Mahana Red, Royal Braeburn, Hillwell, and Southern Rose.
Braeburn's other weakness is that whilst it is not difficult to grow, it is difficult to grow in
an organic regime - although this is also true of most of its competitors. Apple varieties
which have been developed for disease resistance and therefore more amenable to
organic production such as Topaz - in many ways quite similar to Braeburn - have not
achieved the same commercial success.
Braeburn stores very well, and apples for cold store are generally picked whilst still
slightly immature. Whilst some apples improve in store, Braeburn is arguably at its best
soon after picking. Some growers and supermarkets offer premium tree-ripened
Braeburns from time to time and these are worth trying. They are likely to have more red
and less green colouring than conventionally stored apples.
Braeburn is grown commercially in the southern UK, but it really needs a warmer climate
and longer growing-season than is usually possible here. According to UK government
DEFRA statistics, in July 1994 there were about 194 hectares of Braeburn orchards in the
UK - compared with 669 hectares for Gala and more than 3,000 hectares for Cox. Even
early varieties with little shelf-life such as Discovery (300 hectares) and Worcester
Pearmain (213 hectares) are grown more extensively than Braeburn. Whilst UK
supermarkets are under some pressure to source apples from within the UK, it is perhaps
questionable whether growing varieties like Braeburn, which are not really suited to the
UK climate, is the best solution. However, to partly contradict this view, another view is
that the marginal UK climate can actually produce better flavour in an apple compared to
ones grown in more temperate European climates (notably France or Italy). On balance
we think the main problem with UK-grown Braeburn is not so much the lack of sunlight,
but the shorter growing season.
Braeburn is a relatively easy variety for the backyard orchardist. It likes a warm but not
hot climate. It can be grown successfully in the southern UK, and most parts of the USA.
In the 21st century Braeburn faces competition as supermarkets start to offer a much
wider choice of apple varieties - not least from one of its own offspring, Jazz (a cross
between Braeburn with pollen from Gala). Compared to the last decades of the 20th
century when just a few apple varieties dominated world production, the market is now
much more diverse. However when properly grown and marketed Braeburn is such a
good apple variety that it is likely to remain one of the leading varieties for many years to
come.

Braeburn identification photos from official fruit collections

ARS GRIN
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UK National Fruit Collection
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Braeburn identification photos from website visitors

Braeburn
Florina apple

Medium to large. Very attractive purple-red over yellow.

Medium firm. Aromatic. Keeps well.

Origins
Species: Malus domestica
Parentage: 612-1 x Jonathan
Originates from: Angers, France
Developed by: Station de Recherches d'Arboriculture Fruitiere, Angers
Orange Pippin Cultivar ID: 1694
UK National Fruit Collection accession number: 1978-342

Using
Uses: Eat fresh
 Harvest period: Mid-Late season
Use / keeping: 3 months or more

Growing
Cropping: Heavy
Flowering period: Mid-Late season
Flowering group: 4
Fertility: Self-sterile
Ploidy: Diploid
Pollinating others: Good
Vigour: Large
Precocity: Precocious

Climate
Climate suitability: Temperate climates
Climate suitability: Warm climates

Disease resistance
Scab - Very resistant
Mildew - Some resistance
Fireblight - Some resistance
Cedar apple rust - Some susceptibility

Pests
Woolly aphid - Some resistance

Relationships to other varieties

Parents and other ancestors of this variety:

Golden Delicious
Jonathan (parent)
Rome Beauty

Offspring of this variety:

Ariane (distant descendant)

Galarina

Florina identification photos from official fruit collections

ARS GRIN
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UK National Fruit Collection
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Florina identification photos from website visitors

Florina apples
Fuji apple

Developed in Japan, but an all-American cross of Red Delicious

and Ralls Janet. A very attractive modern apple, crisp, sweet-
flavoured, and keeps well.

Origins
Species: Malus domestica
Parentage: Delicious x Ralls Janet
Originates from: Japan
Introduced: 1962
Developed by: Tohoku Research Station
Orange Pippin Cultivar ID: 1127
UK National Fruit Collection accession number: 1963-019

Using
Uses: Eat fresh
Flavour quality: Good
Flavour style: Sweeter
Harvest period: Very-Late season
Use / keeping: 3 months or more

Growing
 Cropping: Heavy
Flowering period: Mid-Late season
Flowering group: 4
Fertility: Self-sterile
Ploidy: Diploid
Vigour: Average growth
Bearing regularity: Biennial tendency slight tendency
Gardening skill: Average
Precocity: Slow to start bearing early crops tend to have poor flavor
Fruit bearing: Spur-bearer

Climate
Chilling: Low-chill 500 hours
Climate suitability: Warm climates

Disease resistance
Scab - Some resistance
Mildew - Some resistance
Cedar apple rust - Some susceptibility
Fireblight - Very susceptible

Pests
Woolly aphid - Some susceptibility

Relationships to other varieties

Parents and other ancestors of this variety:

Rall's Janet (parent)

Red Delicious (parent)

Offspring of this variety:

Sapora
Senshu

Sports (natural genetic mutations) of this variety:

Kiku

References and further reading about this variety

 Cedar-Apple Rust
Author: Stephen Vann, University of Arkansas, Division of Agriculture (FSA7538)
Rated as highly susceptible - control always needed where CAR is prevalent.

Fuji is surely one of the more attractive modern apple varieties. Its main characteristic is the lovely pink
speckled flush over a yellow-green background. It is also crisp and juicy, with dull white flesh which
snaps cleanly. The flavor is predominantly sweet, very refreshing (especially if slightly chilled), but not
particularly outstanding.

As you might expect, Fuji comes from Japan, where it was developed in the 1940s and released in
1962. However its parentage is all-american. Fuji is a cross between the widely grown Red Delicious,
and Ralls Janet, which is much less well known but is probably the reason for Fuji's attractive pink flush.

Fuji apples are quite widely grown, the main northern hemisphere production comes from Japan, China
and the USA. Fuji is a late-ripening apple variety, and becomes available in November/December
northern hemisphere orchards) and May/June (southern hemisphere orchards). Fuji apples need lots of
sunshine to ripen properly so it is not grown commercially in the UK or nothern USA.

In some ways it is surprising that Fuji is not a more popular variety, given its excellent appearance. The
obvious comparison is with Pink Lady, and in many respects Fuji has the better appearance - the pink
flush has a lighter background and the skin texture feels clean and dry compared to the sheen of Pink
Lady. Of course Fuji, being an older variety, does not have the same degree of marketing effort which
has supported the rise of Pink Lady. Also, it has to be said that the colour variation of Fuji is quite wide,
ranging from from light pink to crimson pink - some of this being the result of the development of a
number of sports and variations on the original.

For most of the 20th century the USA dominated world apple production (mainly with Golden Delicious
and Red Delicious), but China is now the biggest single apple growing region. Fuji accounts for more
than 70% of apple production in China.
Fuji identification photos from official fruit collections
UK National Fruit Collection
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Fuji identification photos from website visitors

Fuji Nagafu
Gala apple

One of the most widely-grown apple varieties, with a sweet

pleasant flavour, and good keeping qualities.

Origins
Species: Malus domestica
Parentage: Golden Delicious and Kidd's Orange Red
Originates from: New Zealand
Orange Pippin Cultivar ID: 1085
UK National Fruit Collection accession number: 1976-144

Identification
Flesh colour: White
Flesh colour: White to Cream, pale yellow
Fruit size: Small
Fruit size: Medium
Fruit size: Variable
Bultitude apple group: 6. Red flushed, smooth, sweet

Using
Uses: Eat fresh
Uses: Juice
Flavour quality: Average
Harvest period: Mid season
Harvest period: Late season
Use / keeping: 3 months or more Flavour fades in storage but remains sweet
Growing
Cropping: Good
Flowering group: 4
Fertility: Partially self-fertile
Ploidy: Diploid
Vigour: Average growth
Gardening skill: Average
Attractive features: Attractive blossom
General disease resistance: Poor Very susceptible to scab
Period of origin: 1900 - 1949

Climate
Chilling: Low-chill
Climate suitability: Temperate climates Prefers drier conditions
Climate suitability: Warm climates
Blossom frost-resistance: Good resistance

Other qualities
Awards: RHS AGM 1993

Disease resistance
Canker - Some susceptibility
Mildew - Some susceptibility
Fireblight - Some susceptibility
Cedar apple rust - Some susceptibility
Scab - Very susceptible

Pests
Woolly aphid - Some susceptibility

Relationships to other varieties

Parents and other ancestors of this variety:

Cox's Orange Pippin

Delicious
Golden Delicious (parent)
Kidd's Orange Red (parent)

Offspring of this variety:

Aurora Golden Gala

 Galarina
Initial
Kanzi
Mairac
Pacific Rose
Rubens
Sansa
Sonya

Sports (natural genetic mutations) of this variety:

Royal Gala

References and further reading about this variety

Cedar-Apple Rust
Author: Stephen Vann, University of Arkansas, Division of Agriculture (FSA7538)
Rated as highly susceptible - control always needed where CAR is prevalent.

One of the most widely grown apple varieties in the world, and a mainstay of the supermarket
apple selection - not least because it is available year round from northern and southern
hemisphere suppliers. One of the unique features of Gala is that it can be grown with good
quality results in both temperate and warm apple-growing regions, and it is generally regarded as
a low-chill variety (i.e. it can be grown in regions which experience less than 800 hours of cool
winter temperatures a year).

Gala is a cross between Kidd's Orange Red and Golden Delicious - a highly promising
start. Bearing in mind that Kidd's Orange Red is the offspring of Cox's Orange Pippin and (Red)
Delicious, Gala is effectively a union of three of the world's most important and distinctive apple
varieties. Perhaps the flavor does not quite live up to that promise, but this is still a high quality
apple with the potential to deliver really good flavor, particularly when home grown.

The colouration of Gala is exactly as you would expect from a cross between a Cox-type variety
(Cox is one of the parents of Kidd's Orange Red) and Golden Delicious. It starts out as a very
light coloured Cox, mainly orange streaks over yellow; mature apples are much darker, often a
strong red colour. (The colour is a good indicator in supermarket Galas of the age of the apple: if
it is very pale then it is probably the new season's crop, probably picked slightly early; if it is
very dark then either it has been left deliberately on the tree to mature or it has matured over a
long period in a cold store).

It is interesting to compare Gala with Freyberg. Freyberg was developed by the same grower in
New Zealand and is a cross between Golden Delicious and Cox's Orange Pippin, whereas Gala is
a cross between Golden Delicious and Kidd's Orange Red (which is itself an offspring of Cox).
A comparison of Gala and Freyberg is therefore a way of looking at the effect of the aromatic
qualities of a Cox, applied in varying degrees on the easy-going sweet flavour of Golden
Delicious.

Because Gala is so widely grown, and keeps well in storage, it is not unusual around April/May
and September/October to see Gala apples for sale from both northern and southern hemisphere
suppliers at the same time - with one having spent roughly six months in storage. In the UK and
USA, make sure you are buying southern hemisphere Galas after April, and northern hemisphere
after September. We reckon that Galas from South Africa and New Zealand seem to taste fresher
and crisper than those from Brazil. From the northern hemisphere, French ones are generally
better than UK or Italian ones. However in both cases it is largely a matter of luck, and
regardless of the source, Galas are generally pleasant and un-demanding to eat.

Given its commercial importance, a number of sports have been developed - mutations of the
original variety with slightly different qualities (usually better colouration). The following
varieties are all sports or tradenames of Gala: Annaglo, Galaxy, Regala, Tenroy, Mondial Gala,
Royal Gala.

Apple purists tend to dismiss supermarket varieties like Gala as bland and boring, often with
good reason. However it has to be said that if you want a reliable sweet easy-eating apple, Gala
is actually hard to beat. It is also important to compare "apples with apples" - a locally-picked
specialist variety in a farmers market is inevitably going to taste better than a supermarket Gala
which has travelled from another country. However, anyone fortunate enough to have tried a
Gala straight from the tree will know that it has a surprisingly punchy sweet flavour, not found in
supermarket specimens. In freshly-picked examples the sweetness typical of Gala has a pear-like
quality - which is perhaps more fully expressed in one of its offspring, Jazz.

At the end of the day, whilst there are undoubtedly many better varieties around, none of them
are so readily available !

Our headline photo shows a tree-ripened Gala grown in the south of England. Note that it is a
deeper red than some shop-bought Galas, and the resemblance to Kidd's Orange Red is quite
noticeable in this particular example.
Gala identification photos from official fruit collections
UK National Fruit Collection
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Gala

A tree-ripened Gala apple, note the shape, reminiscent of Golden Delicious

Golden Delicious apple

Undoubtedly one of the most important apple varieties of the

20th century, both as a commercial variety in its own right, and
as breeding stock for many other varieties. Very good flavor
when home-grown.

Origins
Species: Malus domestica
Parentage: Grimes Golden ???
Originates from: West Virginia, United States
Introduced: 1890s
Developed by: Anderson Mullins
Orange Pippin Cultivar ID: 1084
UK National Fruit Collection accession number: 1969-019

Identification
Fruit colour: Yellow / Gold
Flesh colour: White
Flesh colour: White to Cream, pale yellow
Flesh colour: White to Greenish to Greenish Yellow
Fruit size: Medium
 Fruit size: Variable
Bultitude apple group: 5. Yellow, smooth, sweet or acidic

Using
Uses: Eat fresh
Uses: Cooking
Cooking result: Keeps shape
Harvest period: Late season
Vitamin C content: Low

Growing
Cropping: Heavy
Flowering period: Mid-Late season
Flowering group: 4
Fertility: Partially self-fertile
Ploidy: Diploid
Pollinating others: Good
Vigour: Average growth
Gardening skill: Very easy
Fruit bearing: Spur-bearer
Attractive features: Attractive blossom
Period of origin: 1850 - 1899

Climate
Chilling: Low-chill
Climate suitability: Temperate climates
Climate suitability: Warm climates
Blossom frost-resistance: Good resistance

Other qualities
Awards: RHS AGM 1993

Disease resistance
Canker - Some susceptibility
Scab - Some susceptibility
Mildew - Some susceptibility
Fireblight - Some susceptibility
Cedar apple rust - Very susceptible
Relationships to other varieties
Parents and other ancestors of this variety:

Grimes Golden (parent)

Offspring of this variety:

Ambrosia - Probable parent

Anna (distant descendant)
Ariane (distant descendant)
Arlet
Cheerfull Gold
Crimson Crisp (distant descendant)
Dalitron
Dorsett Golden - Golden Delicious is probably the parent, or possibly grand-parent of Dorsett
Golden.
Elstar
Enterprise (distant descendant)
Estivale
Evelina
Falstaff
Florina (distant descendant)
Freedom (distant descendant)
Freyberg
Gala
Ginger Gold
GoldRush
Greensleeves
Honeygold
Jester
Jonafree (distant descendant)
Jonagold
Mollie's Delicious (distant descendant)
Mutsu
Nittany
Novaspy (distant descendant)
Opal
Orin
Ozark Gold
Pink Lady
Pinova
Pixie Crunch (distant descendant)
Polka
Priam (distant descendant)
Priscilla (distant descendant)
Rajka (distant descendant)
Red Falstaff
Red Gold
 Red Prince
Rubinette
Saturn
Scarlett O'Hara (distant descendant)
Scrumptious
Shizuka
Sonya (distant descendant) - Related via Gala - Sonya is even sweeter than Golden Delicious
Spencer
Spigold
Suncrisp
Sundowner
Sunrise
Tentation
Topaz (distant descendant)
Virginia Gold

Sports (natural genetic mutations) of this variety:

Razor Russet

See also:

Red Delicious - Golden Delicious and Red Delicious are not related, but are both commercially
important varieties

References and further reading about this variety

Cedar-Apple Rust
Author: Stephen Vann, University of Arkansas, Division of Agriculture (FSA7538)
Rated as highly susceptible - control always needed where CAR is prevalent.
Golden Delicious is a very popular as a supermarket apple variety, and now undergoing
something of a rehabilitation amongst apple enthusiasts who are re-discovering its potential.
The variety was discovered by a West Virginia farmer at the end of the 19th century. It is
generally considered to be a seedling of Grimes Golden, to which it bears a strong
resemblance. The variety was soon taken up by the famous Stark Brothers nursery, who were so
impressed by it that they bought the original tree and an area of land around it. The tree lived on
into the 1950s, by which time it had become firmly established as one of the world's great apple
varieties.
Golden Delicious is now planted in all the major warm apple growing areas of the world. From a
grower's perspective Golden Delicious is an attractive proposition - very easy to grow, heavy
crops, and fruit which keeps in storage for a long time after harvest.
These qualities meant that by the mid-late 20th century Golden Delicious had become one of the
mainstays of supermarket apple sales, along with Red Delicious and Granny Smith. Towards the
end of the 20th century when flavour once again became important in apples, detractors saw
Golden Delicious as bland and boring, and it became a victim of its own success.
However enthusiasts are increasingly re-discovering Golden Delicious, and recognising that
behind the mass-production and supermarket shelf-appeal there is a very good apple. Part of the
problem is that fruit picked for supermarkets is often picked when still green, and then stored for
months before sale. In contrast when allowed to ripen to a golden-green color on the tree the true
 flavour is revealed - exceptionally sweet and rich, almost like eating raw sugar cane. Golden
Delicious is also a versatile apple, and can be used both for dessert and cooking purposes, and it
has an attractive appearance - which can indeed be golden if left to mature on the tree.
Furthermore, there is no doubting the importance of Golden Delicious in the sheer number of
new varieties which have been raised from it. You do not need to be a professional grower to
realise that crossing Golden Delicious with Cox's Orange Pippin (or their respective offspring)
might lead to something with both the sweetness of Golden Delicious and the richness and
complexity of Cox, and that is indeed what many have tried. That other supermarket staple, Gala,
is a good example of this strategy.
Golden Delicious can grow well in the UK provided you have a warm and sheltered
microclimate. Our photo shows an English-grown Golden Delicious - not the perfect specimen
you might see in a supermarket, but still a nice crisp sweet apple.
The variety known as Yellow Delicious is believed to be a synonym for Golden Delicious,
possibly the result of unauthorized propagation from the original Golden Delicious tree.

Golden Delicious identification photos from official fruit

collections
UK National Fruit Collection
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Golden Delicious identification photos from website visitors
Golden Delicious
Golden Harvey apple

Intense, sweet, sharp-flavored russet apple famous for strong cider.

Origins
Species: Malus domestica
Originates from: Herefordshire, England, United Kingdom
Introduced: 1600s
 Orange Pippin Cultivar ID: 1712
UK National Fruit Collection accession number: 1954-024

Identification
Fruit size: Small

Using
Uses: Eat fresh
Uses: Cooking
Uses: Juice
Uses: Hard cider
Flavour quality: Very good
Flavour style: Sweet/Sharp
Harvest period: Late season

Growing
Flowering period: Mid season
Flowering group: 3
Fertility: Self-sterile
Ploidy: Diploid
Vigour: Large
Gardening skill: Average
Precocity: Slow to start bearing
Fruit bearing: Spur-bearer
General disease resistance: Average
Period of origin: 1600 - 1649

Golden Harvey identification photos from official fruit collections

UK National Fruit Collection
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Golden Harvey identification photos from website visitors

Golden Harvey
Golden Noble apple

A sweet-flavoured cooking apple, and a good tree for the garden.

Origins
Species: Malus domestica
Parentage: Unknown
Originates from: Norfolk, England, United Kingdom
Introduced: 1820
Orange Pippin Cultivar ID: 1025
UK National Fruit Collection accession number: 1974-407

Identification
Fruit colour: Green
Bultitude apple group: 5. Yellow, smooth, sweet or acidic

Using
Uses: Cooking
Uses: Juice
Cooking result: Puree
Flavour quality: Good
Flavour style: Sweeter
Harvest period: Mid-Late season
Use / keeping: 1-2 months
Vitamin C content: High
Growing
Cropping: Heavy
Flowering period: Late season
Flowering group: 5
Fertility: Self-sterile
Ploidy: Diploid
Vigour: Slightly small
Gardening skill: Very easy
Precocity: Precocious
Fruit bearing: Partial tip-bearer
Attractive features: Attractive blossom
General disease resistance: Average

Climate
Climate suitability: Temperate climates
Blossom frost-resistance: Susceptible

Other qualities
Awards: RHS AGM 1993

Disease resistance
Canker - Some resistance
Scab - Some resistance
Mildew - Very susceptible
Fireblight - Very susceptible

Relationships to other varieties

Offspring of this variety:

Edward VII
Golden Noble is a well-known English cooking apple, originating in the early 19th century. It
was discovered by the gardener of Sir Thomas Harr of Stowe Hall in Norfolk, who obtained a
cutting from a tree in a nearby orchard. Sir Thomas presented it to the Horticultural Society of
London in 1820. It soon established itself as a popular culinary apple.
Golden Noble remains a popular garden apple in the UK to this day. It has several excellent
qualities and deserves consideration if you are looking for a more interesting alternative to
Bramley's Seedling. It produces attractive blossom, and the tree generally grows in neat and tidy
fashion (unlike Bramley) making it a good choice as a feature tree for the garden. It also bears
fruit early in its life. In the kitchen it cooks down to a puree with, for a cooker, a relatively sweet
flavour which holds up well in cooking.
 Golden Noble therefore has all the attributes of a good cooking apple - at least in English eyes. It
has not had much success outside the UK, probably because in Europe and North America there
is a preference for apples which keep their shape - what the English regard as a puree the
Americans see as a mush.

Golden Noble identification photos from official fruit collections

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UK National Fruit Collection
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Golden Noble identification photos from website visitors

Golden Noble apples - note the tip-bearing tendency
Golden Noble tree showing the neat growth habit
Golden Noble blossom
Golden Nugget apple

A small, broadly conical, long-stemmed predominately yellow fruit with orange streaks and
splashes. Crisp, juicy flesh with extra sweet, rich, mellow flavor. Fine for eating out of hand,
excellent for pies, sauce and apple butter. Short keeping life.

Origins
Species: Malus domestica
Parentage: Golden Russet x Cox's Orange Pippin
Originates from: Nova Scotia, Canada
Introduced: 1932
Developed by: C.J. Bishop of Kentville, Nova Scotia
Orange Pippin Cultivar ID: 1713
 UK National Fruit Collection accession number: 1965-026

Using
Harvest period: Mid-Late season

Growing
Flowering period: Mid season
Flowering group: 3
Period of origin: 1900 - 1949

Relationships to other varieties

Parents and other ancestors of this variety:

Cox's Orange Pippin (parent)

Golden Russet (parent)

Golden Nugget identification photos from official fruit collections

UK National Fruit Collection
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Golden Nugget identification photos from website visitors

Golden Nugget apples
Golden Pippin apple

Yellow colored with a sharp, intense fruity flavor.

Origins
Species: Malus domestica
Originates from: Sussex, England, United Kingdom
Introduced: 1629
Orange Pippin Cultivar ID: 1715
UK National Fruit Collection accession number: 1946-024
Using
Uses: Eat fresh
Uses: Cooking
Uses: Juice
Uses: Hard cider

Growing
Cropping: Heavy
Flowering period: Mid season
Flowering group: 3
Fertility: Self-sterile
Vigour: Average growth
Gardening skill: Average
Fruit bearing: Spur-bearer
General disease resistance: Good

Climate
Climate suitability: Temperate climates
Climate suitability: Tolerates cold winters

Disease resistance
Scab - Very resistant

Relationships to other varieties

Offspring of this variety:

Court Of Wick
Pitmaston Pine Apple apple
Yellow Ingestrie
Golden Pippin identification photos from official fruit collections
UK National Fruit Collection
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Golden Pippin identification photos from website visitors

Golden Pippin apples
Golden Reinette apple

A very old variety, popular in 18th and 19th centuries, a pleasant mild dry flavour.

Origins
Species: Malus domestica
Parentage: Blenheim Orange ??
Originates from: France
Introduced: 1600s
Orange Pippin Cultivar ID: 1162
UK National Fruit Collection accession number: 2000-038

Growing
Flowering period: Mid-Late season
Flowering group: 4
Fertility: Self-sterile
Ploidy: Diploid
Vigour: Average growth
Relationships to other varieties
Parents and other ancestors of this variety:

Blenheim Orange (parent) - Golden Reinette is possibly a child of Blenheim Orange

A very old European apple variety, widely grown in the 17th and 18th centuries and therefore worth trying simply for the historical
interest.
Golden Reinette also looks attractive - but we don't think the flavor is anything special, although it is perfectly acceptable.
Like many old varieties Golden Reinette is resistant to the apple disease scab.

Golden Reinette identification photos from official fruit collections

UK National Fruit Collection
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Golden Reinette identification photos from website visitors

Golden Russet apple

Golden Russet is usually considered as one of the best-flavored of the American russet
apples.

Origins
Species: Malus domestica
Parentage: Thought to be a seedling of an English russet variety
Originates from: New York state, United States
Introduced: 1845
Orange Pippin Cultivar ID: 1586

Identification
Fruit colour: Yellow / Gold
Flesh colour: White to Cream, pale yellow
Flesh colour: Yellow to Very Yellow
Fruit size: Small
 Fruit size: Medium
Fruit size: Variable
Bultitude apple group: 8. Russeted, sweet

Using
Uses: Eat fresh
Uses: Cooking
Uses: Juice
Uses: Hard cider
Cooking result: Keeps shape
Flavour quality: Very good
Flavour style: Sweeter
Harvest period: Late season
Use / keeping: 3 months or more

Growing
Cropping: Good
Flowering period: Early-Mid season
Flowering group: 2
Fertility: Self-sterile
Ploidy: Diploid
Vigour: Slightly large
Gardening skill: Average
Fruit bearing: Tip-bearer
Period of origin: 1800 - 1849

Climate
Climate suitability: Temperate climates
Climate suitability: Tolerates cold winters

Disease resistance
Scab - Some resistance
Cedar apple rust - Some susceptibility
Relationships to other varieties
Offspring of this variety:

Golden Nugget
Northwestern Greening

See also:

Ashmead's Kernel
Golden Russet is a small moderately attractive apple, which keeps well, and is very versatile for eating, cooking or juicing. The flavor is
typical of a russet apple but rather more intense than the traditional English St. Edmunds Russet or Egremont Russet - more similar to
Ashmeads Kernel.
The origins of Golden Russet are not clear but it arose in upstate New York in the 19th century, possibly derived from an English russet
variety. The flavor and slightly flattened shape suggest a connection with to Ashmeads Kernel, which has always been grown in the
USA. However there is also a variety with the name Golden Russet in England, described by the English Pomologist Robert Hogg in the
late 19th century. His description of the apple and its qualities are very similar to the American Golden Russet, yet he makes no mention
of it being grown in the USA, even though he was aware of and described many other American varieties.
For a time Golden Russet was grown on a commercial basis but then fell out of fashion. It has enjoyed a resurgence of interest because the
strong-flavored juice is ideal for cider and hard cider production.
Golden Spire apple

A good quality yellow cooking apple.

Origins
Species: Malus domestica
Parentage: Unknown
Originates from: Lancashire, England, United Kingdom
Introduced: 1850
Orange Pippin Cultivar ID: 1163
UK National Fruit Collection accession number: 2000-039
Some historical details taken with kind permission from 'The New Book of Apples' by Joan Morgan and Alison Richards , illustrated by Elisabeth Dowle, published by Ebury Press, 2002.

Identification
Fruit colour: Yellow / Gold

Using
 Uses: Cooking
Uses: Juice
Uses: Hard cider
Cooking result: Puree
Flavour quality: Good
Flavour style: Sharper

Growing
Flowering period: Early season
Flowering group: 1
Fertility: Self-fertile
Ploidy: Diploid
Vigour: Weak growing
Gardening skill: Very easy
Attractive features: Attractive tree

Disease resistance
Scab - Some susceptibility
Golden Spire was intrroduced in the Victorian period, primarily as a cooking apple. It was discovered in Lancashire but spread to
Gloucestershire where it was known as Tom Matthews and grown for cider production.
It remains popular in England as a garden variety, and is notable for its distinctive cider-like flavour. The flesh is juicy and it cooks to a
puree with an excellent apple flavour.

Golden Spire identification photos from official fruit collections

UK National Fruit Collection
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Golden Spire identification photos from website visitors

GoldRush apple

A modern disease-resistant apple variety related to Golden Delicious, with crisp hard flesh
and a good sugar / acid balance.

Origins
Species: Malus domestica
Parentage: Seed parent is Golden Delicious
Originates from: Purdue Research Farm, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA, United States
Introduced: 1990s
Developed by: Joint breeding programme of Indiana, Illinois, and New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Stations.
Orange Pippin Cultivar ID: 1557

Identification
Fruit colour: Yellow / Gold

Using
Uses: Eat fresh
Uses: Cooking
 Uses: Juice
Uses: Hard cider
Flavour quality: Very good
Flavour style: Sweeter
Harvest period: Very-Late season
Use / keeping: 3 months or more

Growing
Cropping: Heavy
Flowering period: Mid-Late season
Flowering group: 4
Fertility: Self-sterile
Ploidy: Diploid
Vigour: Slightly small
Bearing regularity: Biennial tendency
Precocity: Precocious
Fruit bearing: Spur-bearer

Disease resistance
Scab - Very resistant
Mildew - Very resistant
Fireblight - Some resistance
Cedar apple rust - Some susceptibility

Relationships to other varieties

Parents and other ancestors of this variety:

Golden Delicious (parent)

Rome Beauty

References and further reading about this variety

 Cedar-Apple Rust
Author: Stephen Vann, University of Arkansas, Division of Agriculture (FSA7538)
Rated as highly susceptible - control always needed where CAR is prevalent.
GoldRush is an attractive smooth-skinned modern dessert apple, specifically developed for scab-resistance. The flavour is good, typical of
Golden Delicious but with a bit more acidity. As a relatively new variety there is not much experience yet, but it appears to be good at
most of the things Golden Delicious is good at, including keeping well and with excellent juice.
The variety is derived from Golden Delicious as the seed parent, with crosses from several other research varieties including Winesap,
Melrose, Rome Beauty and Malus floribunda - the latter being a well-known source of the Vf scab-resistant gene.
More details of the scientific programme that led to GoldRush can be found at the Purdue University website:
http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/pri/coop38-3.html. GoldRush is sometimes known by its programme reference Coop38.
GoldRush makes a good garden apple variety - heavy-cropping, good disease-resistance, winter-hardy, and almost foolproof to grow. Its
one drawback is susceptibility to Cedar Apple Rust (CAR).
GoldRush identification photos from website visitors


submitted by North Star Orchard, Pennsylvania, USA

GoldRush
GoldRush young tree
Granny Smith apple

The most instantly-recognised of all apples, and perhaps Australia's most famous export.

Origins
Species: Malus domestica
Parentage: Possibly French Crab and Rome Beauty
Originates from: Australia
Introduced: 1860s
Orange Pippin Cultivar ID: 1129
UK National Fruit Collection accession number: 1976-145

Identification
Fruit colour: Green
Flesh colour: White
 Flesh colour: White to Greenish to Greenish Yellow
Fruit size: Medium
Fruit size: Variable
Bultitude apple group: 2. Green, smooth, sweet

Using
Uses: Eat fresh
Uses: Cooking
Cooking result: Keeps shape
Flavour style: Sharper
Harvest period: Very-Late season
Use / keeping: 3 months or more

Growing
Cropping: Heavy
Flowering period: Mid season
Flowering group: 3
Fertility: Self-fertile
Ploidy: Diploid
Pollinating others: Good
Vigour: Average growth
Bearing regularity: Biennial tendency
Precocity: Precocious
Period of origin: 1850 - 1899

Climate
Chilling: Low-chill 600 hours
Climate suitability: Warm climates

Disease resistance
Cedar apple rust - Some resistance
Scab - Some susceptibility
Mildew - Some susceptibility
Fireblight - Some susceptibility
Pests
Woolly aphid - Some susceptibility

Relationships to other varieties

Parents and other ancestors of this variety:

French Crab apple (parent)

Offspring of this variety:

Lady Williams - Probable parent of Lady Williams

References and further reading about this variety

Cedar-Apple Rust
Author: Stephen Vann, University of Arkansas, Division of Agriculture (FSA7538)
Rated as resistant - control only needed under high disease pressure.
Perhaps the most instantly recognisable of all apple varieties and one of the most widely known, Granny Smith is also one of Australia's
most famous exports.

Granny Smith pre-dates the modern approach to apple development and marketing. Like all the best old varieties it has a bizarre history,
being discovered in Austrialia in the 1860s as a seedling growing in the remains of a rubbish tip. The true parentage is still unknown but is
possibly French Crab. The discoverer - a Mrs Maria Smith (sometimes referred to as Mary Smith but see note below) - found that the apple
was versatile for cooking and eating, and was involved in spreading its popularity. In an inspired piece of marketing she called the new
apple Granny Smith. By the 1960s Granny Smith was practically syonymous with 'apple' and the variety was used by the Beatles as the
logo for their company 'Apple Records'.

Granny Smith was one of the original staple supermarket varieties, and one of the first international varieties, a role for which it was well
suited. The tough skin and amazing keeping qualities meant it could easily be shipped around the world. It requires a warm climate to ripen
properly, and performs well in the main apple-growing regions of the southern hemisphere. In the northern hemisphere it is grown in
France and the warmer zones of North America. The trademark apple-green skin requires warm days and nights - we have seen Granny
Smiths grown at a relatively high altitude in central France which develop a blush because of the cold night temperatures towards the end
of the growing season.

There is only one word to describe the flavour of Granny Smith: acidic. It is an uncompromising crisp hard apple with a very sharp taste.
 However, served slightly chilled it can also be very refreshing, and works well in salads. The flavor sweetens in storage. Nevertheless, its
share of the international market is on the decline, with supermarkets preferring to sell bi-coloured varieties with a sweeter flavour.

Update: Granny Smiths in Central California, from Axel in Santa Cruz

Here in coastal Central California apples can remain on the tree well into February. Our nights get quite cool, mid 30's to mid 40's, but we
rarely experience freezing temperatures. Daytimes are usually in the 50's to low 60's. In that climate, Granny Smiths go from being green
to turning completely yellow and looking almost like Golden Delicious. What is more significant is how the fruit tastes. The acidity
definitely mellows significantly, and it then takes on an amazing balanced flavor. I can't imagine anyone ever selecting such an apple and
promoting it unless they got to taste it in this form, because when it's fully ripe, it's simply one of the best, crunchiest, most balanced table
apple I've eaten.

We have several apples growing in this area that are very late ripening, e.g. January and February. Lady Williams, Pink Lady, Hoover,
Hauer pippin and Granny Smith all come to mind. These are all essentially inedible in November, and don't become tasty until January,
Some will also mellow on the tree, but the BRIX goes way up if left on the tree. Of course, in our climate, some apple trees retain their
leaves all the way into January. I have one tree called 'Sweet Valentine' named for the fact that the fruit ripens on valentine's day. It was
discovered locally as a rootstock seedling shoot in an abandoned orchard.

It is said that the best apples are the ones that ripen when the leaves begin to turn and fall off. The theory has it that the nutrients that went
to the leaves go to to the apples. I've tasted Fujis left on the tree, and they develop an incredibly sweet water core, almost like eating pure
honey - too sweet for my taste, but it is a fun experience.

For us, since our apples grow into January, it makes the late apples the best quality apples we can grow. Unfortunately, no one in
commercial apple growing cares, because the entire fruit growing industry is bent on only one thing: getting the first fruit to market to get
the highest possible price. The end result is that a lot of these amazing late varieties are simply forgotten, or they don't let them ripen
properly, as is the case with the granny smith.

Further insight into the origins of Granny Smith from Steve Goard of Sydney, Australia
Granny Smith is my great,great,great,great,grandmother, and her name was not Mary! Her name was Maria Ann Smith, nee Sherwood,
(pronounced the same way as diva Mariah Carey), 1800-1870, married to Thomas Smith, 1797-1876. The orchard was located in
Eastwood, now in the City of Ryde, Sydney. It is most probable that 'French Crab' apples were from wooden crates purchased at the
Sydney Markets, after selling her produce, to facilitate transporting the next crop of fruit from her orchard (and I would say it was more
likely the 'compost' heap rather than 'rubbish tip'!). Technically it is called a 'sport' which means a reproducing hybrid; the original term
dates back to the time of Jane Austen. And 'YES' they are my favorite apples!!!

Granny Smith parentage - update

We have now had the opportunity to study a French Crab apple tree at the UK National Fruit Collections (thanks to FAST for faciliating
this). The similarity with Granny Smith is quite striking - not just that distinctive green color but also the way the fruits seem to be hidden
within the depths of the tree canopy. We can't comment on the exact relationship, but it seems clear it is very close.
Granny Smith identification photos from official fruit collections
UK National Fruit Collection
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Granny Smith identification photos from website visitors

Granny Smith showing red coloration which can arise in some climates
Idared apple

Idared is notable for its exceptional keeping qualities. It has a pleasant mild but
undistinguished apple flavor.

Origins
Species: Malus domestica
Parentage: Jonathan x Wagener
Originates from: Moscow, Idaho, United States
Introduced: 1930s
Developed by: Idaho Agricultural Experimental Station
Orange Pippin Cultivar ID: 1092
UK National Fruit Collection accession number: 1976-146
Some historical details taken with kind permission from 'The New Book of Apples' by Joan Morgan and Alison Richards , illustrated by Elisabeth Dowle, published by Ebury Press, 2002.

Identification
Flesh colour: White
Flesh colour: White to Cream, pale yellow
Flesh colour: White to Greenish to Greenish Yellow
Fruit size: Medium
Fruit size: Variable
 Bultitude apple group: 6. Red flushed, smooth, sweet

Using
Uses: Eat fresh
Uses: Cooking
Flavour quality: Good
Flavour style: Sweet/Sharp
Harvest period: Late season
Use / keeping: 3 months or more

Growing
Cropping: Heavy
Flowering period: Early-Mid season
Flowering group: 2
Fertility: Self-sterile
Ploidy: Diploid
Vigour: Slightly small
Precocity: Precocious
Fruit bearing: Spur-bearer
Period of origin: 1900 - 1949

Climate
Climate suitability: Temperate climates
Climate suitability: Warm climates
Blossom frost-resistance: Good resistance

Other qualities
Awards: RHS AGM 1993

Disease resistance
Mildew - Some susceptibility
Fireblight - Some susceptibility
Cedar apple rust - Some susceptibility
Relationships to other varieties
Parents and other ancestors of this variety:

Jonathan (parent)
Wagener (parent)

Offspring of this variety:

Arlet
Fiesta
Herefordshire Russet
Junami (distant descendant)

References and further reading about this variety

Cedar-Apple Rust
Author: Stephen Vann, University of Arkansas, Division of Agriculture (FSA7538)
Rated as susceptible - control usually needed where CAR is prevalent.
Idared - the red apple from Idaho - is an attractive apple with a mild apple flavor.
Its main feature is its remarkably long storage potential - even in a domestic fridge it will readily keep for 6 months. As a result it has
become quite popular, both in North America and Europe, even though its flavor probably only rates as average.

Idared identification photos from official fruit collections

UK National Fruit Collection
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Idared identification photos from website visitors

Jonagold apple

A very popular commercial variety, with a good flavour. Inherits many of the good qualities
of its parents Jonathan and Golden Delicious.

Origins
Species: Malus domestica
Parentage: Golden Delicious x Jonathan
Originates from: Geneva, New York, United States
Introduced: 1943
Developed by: New York State Agricultural Experiment Station
Orange Pippin Cultivar ID: 1033
UK National Fruit Collection accession number: 1982-291

Identification
Flesh colour: White to Cream, pale yellow
Flesh colour: Yellow to Very Yellow
Fruit size: Medium
Fruit size: Large
Fruit size: Very large
 Fruit size: Variable
Bultitude apple group: 6. Red flushed, smooth, sweet

Using
Uses: Eat fresh
Uses: Cooking
Uses: Juice
Uses: Hard cider
Flavour quality: Very good
Flavour style: Sweet/Sharp
Harvest period: Late season
Use / keeping: 1-2 months

Growing
Cropping: Heavy
Flowering period: Mid-Late season
Flowering group: 4
Fertility: Self-sterile
Ploidy: Triploid
Pollinating others: Poor
Vigour: Large
Gardening skill: Average
General disease resistance: Poor
Period of origin: 1900 - 1949

Other qualities
Awards: RHS AGM

Disease resistance
Canker - Some susceptibility
Scab - Some susceptibility
Fireblight - Some susceptibility
Cedar apple rust - Some susceptibility
Relationships to other varieties
Parents and other ancestors of this variety:

Golden Delicious (parent)

Jonathan (parent)

Offspring of this variety:

Ambrosia - Possible parent

Sports (natural genetic mutations) of this variety:

Excel Jonagold
Jonagored

References and further reading about this variety

Cedar-Apple Rust
Author: Stephen Vann, University of Arkansas, Division of Agriculture (FSA7538)
Rated as susceptible - control usually needed where CAR is prevalent.
Jonagold is high quality American apple, developed in the 1940s. As its name suggests, this is a cross between a Jonathan and a Golden
Delicious. It is quite widely grown, and unusually for a Golden Delicious cross, is not limited to the warm apple regions, although it is not
often found in the UK.

Jonagold is a large apple, and makes a substantial snack. If you are struggling to eat your 5 portions of fruit and veg per day, this can
help! The large size is a good clue that this is a triploid apple variety, with 3 sets of genes. As a result it is a poor pollinator of other apple
varieties, and needs two different nearby compatible pollinating apple varieties. Golden Delicious is well-known as a good pollinator of
other apple varieties, but cannot pollinate Jonagold.

The colouring is yellow of Golden Delicious, with large flushes of red. This is a crisp apple to bite into, with gleaming white flesh. The
flavour is sweet but with a lot of balancing acidity - a very pleasant apple.

Jonagold's other parent, Jonathan, is an old American variety which was discovered in the 1820s.

In the UK Jonagold sometimes appears in supermarkets in the spring packaged as "value" apples, often from Holland, and at a very low
 price. We are trying to find out more about these apples, but it seems that they are mainly "second" quality apples which are nearing the
end of their storage life and are surplus to other uses.
Jonagold is widely-grown by commercial growers, and there are a number of more highly-coloured sports. Jonagored is probably the most
widely known of these. Others include: Decosta, Primo, Rubinstar, Red Jonaprince.

Jonagold identification photos from official fruit collections

UK National Fruit Collection
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Jonagold identification photos from website visitors

Jonagored apple

Conical shaped apple with streaky red blush, crackled with russet that masks large tan
lenticels. Light Yellow green flesh. Very juicy and sweet, tempered with a little tartness.

Origins
Species: Malus domestica
Parentage: Sport of Jonagold
Originates from: Halen, Belgium
Introduced: 1985
Developed by: Jos Morren
Orange Pippin Cultivar ID: 1753
UK National Fruit Collection accession number: 1987-056
Using
Harvest period: Late season

Growing
Flowering period: Early season
Flowering group: 1
Fertility: Self-sterile
Ploidy: Triploid
Pollinating others: Poor
Period of origin: 1950 - 1999

Relationships to other varieties

This variety is a sport (natural genetic mutation) of:

Jonagold

Jonagored identification photos from official fruit collections

UK National Fruit Collection
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Jonagored identification photos from website visitors

Jonared apple

Flavor similar to Jonathan

Origins
Species: Malus domestica
Parentage: Sport of Jonathan
Originates from: Peshastin, Washington, United States
Introduced: 1934
Developed by: William Uecher
Orange Pippin Cultivar ID: 1756
UK National Fruit Collection accession number: 1957-004
Using
Harvest period: Late season

Growing
Flowering period: Mid season
Flowering group: 3
Period of origin: 1900 - 1949

Relationships to other varieties

This variety is a sport (natural genetic mutation) of:

Jonathan

Jonared identification photos from official fruit collections

UK National Fruit Collection
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Jonared identification photos from website visitors

Jonathan apple

A classic American variety, and widely regarded as one of the best flavoured with a good
sweet/sharp balance. A precocious and productive tree in US apple-growing regions.

Origins
Species: Malus domestica
Parentage: Espopus Spitzenberg seedling
Originates from: United States
Introduced: 1864
Orange Pippin Cultivar ID: 1192
UK National Fruit Collection accession number: 1979-164
We are grateful to Brogdale Farm - home of the UK National Fruit Collection - for providing samples of this variety.

Identification
Flesh colour: White
Flesh colour: White to Cream, pale yellow
Flesh colour: Pale Pink or Red
Flesh colour: Yellow to Very Yellow
 Fruit size: Small
Fruit size: Medium
Fruit size: Variable
Bultitude apple group: 6. Red flushed, smooth, sweet

Using
Uses: Eat fresh
Uses: Cooking
Cooking result: Textured puree
Harvest period: Late season

Growing
Cropping: Heavy
Flowering period: Mid season
Flowering group: 3
Fertility: Partially self-fertile
Ploidy: Diploid
Vigour: Average growth
Period of origin: 1800 - 1849

Climate
Chilling: Low-chill A borderline case - only needs about 700 hours

Disease resistance
Canker - Some susceptibility
Mildew - Some susceptibility
Scab - Very susceptible
Fireblight - Very susceptible
Cedar apple rust - Very susceptible

Pests
Woolly aphid - Some resistance
Relationships to other varieties
Parents and other ancestors of this variety:

Esopus Spitzenburg (parent)

Offspring of this variety:

Akane
Chieftain
Crimson Crisp (distant descendant)
Dayton (distant descendant)
Florina
Idared
Jonafree (distant descendant)
Jonagold
Jonagrimes
Jonalicious
Jonamac
Kent
King David
Melrose
Novamac (distant descendant)
Ozark Gold (distant descendant)
Priam
Red Prince
Redfree (distant descendant)
Saturn (distant descendant)
William's Pride (distant descendant)
WineCrisp (distant descendant)

Sports (natural genetic mutations) of this variety:

Jonared
Red Jonathan

See also:
 Karmijn de Sonnaville - Thought to be the male parent of Karmijn de Sonnaville
Lady Williams - Jonathan has been suggested as a possible parent of Lady Williams.

References and further reading about this variety

Cedar-Apple Rust
Author: Stephen Vann, University of Arkansas, Division of Agriculture (FSA7538)
Rated as highly susceptible - control always needed where CAR is prevalent.

Jonathan identification photos from official fruit collections

UK National Fruit Collection
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Melrose apple

Official Ohio State apple. Large flattened fruit. Yellowish green skin flushed and streaked
dark red with russet spots. Firm, coarse, juicy creamy white flesh. Slightly acid flavor. Very
good cooking and dessert qualities. Best after Christmas when it develops it's fruity aroma.

Origins
Species: Malus domestica
Parentage: Jonathan x Red Delicious
Originates from: United States
Introduced: 1944
Developed by: Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station, Wooster, Ohio
Orange Pippin Cultivar ID: 1789

Identification
Flesh colour: White
Flesh colour: White to Cream, pale yellow
Flesh colour: White to Greenish to Greenish Yellow
 Fruit size: Medium
Fruit size: Variable

Using
Harvest period: Late season

Growing
Flowering period: Mid season
Flowering group: 3

Disease resistance
Cedar apple rust - Some resistance
Scab - Some susceptibility
Mildew - Some susceptibility
Fireblight - Some susceptibility

Relationships to other varieties

Parents and other ancestors of this variety:

Delicious (parent)
Jonathan (parent)

Melrose identification photos from official fruit collections

UK National Fruit Collection
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Melrose identification photos from website visitors

Mutsu apple

A versatile dual-purpose apple, sharp but still pleasant to eat fresh. Also known as Crispin.

Origins
Species: Malus domestica
Parentage: Golden Delicious
Originates from: Japan
Introduced: 1930
Orange Pippin Cultivar ID: 1014
UK National Fruit Collection accession number: 1977-140

Identification
Fruit colour: Green
Flesh colour: White to Cream, pale yellow
Flesh colour: White to Greenish to Greenish Yellow
Fruit size: Medium
Fruit size: Large
Fruit size: Very large
 Bultitude apple group: 5. Yellow, smooth, sweet or acidic

Using
Uses: Eat fresh
Uses: Cooking
Uses: Juice
Cooking result: Keeps shape
Flavour quality: Very good
Flavour style: Sweet/Sharp
Harvest period: Late season
Use / keeping: 3 months or more

Growing
Cropping: Good
Flowering period: Mid season
Flowering group: 3
Fertility: Self-sterile
Ploidy: Triploid
Pollinating others: Poor
Vigour: Large
Bearing regularity: Biennial tendency slight tendency
Gardening skill: Average
Period of origin: 1900 - 1949

Climate
Climate suitability: Temperate climates
Climate suitability: Warm climates

Disease resistance
Mildew - Some resistance
Scab - Some susceptibility
Fireblight - Some susceptibility
Cedar apple rust - Some susceptibility
Relationships to other varieties
Parents and other ancestors of this variety:

Golden Delicious (parent)

Indo (parent)

Siblings of this variety (same parentage):

Orin

See also:

Akane - Akane and Mutsu were both developed at the Aomori Apple Research Station in Japan
Shizuka

References and further reading about this variety

Cedar-Apple Rust
Author: Stephen Vann, University of Arkansas, Division of Agriculture (FSA7538)
Rated as susceptible - control usually needed where CAR is prevalent.

Known as Mutsu in its native Japan and in the USA, Crispin looks like a large Golden Delicious and indeed one of its parents is Golden Delicious
so it has that lovely sweet honeyed flavour.

It cooks superbly too and the women picking them in our local orchard used to call them 'oven busters' - take a big one home and bake it and you
have a feast for two - and you don't need many for a deep apple pie.

Crispin is one of a small number of varieties which really is dual purpose - being both pleasant as a dessert apple (albeit too large for 1 person) and
versatile in the kitchen.

Mutsu identification photos from official fruit collections

UK National Fruit Collection
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Mutsu identification photos from website visitors

Pinova apple

An attractive yellow apple with a pink/orange flush. Crops heavily and stores well. Also
known as Pinata.

Origins
Species: Malus domestica
Parentage: Golden Delicious x (Cox's Orange Pippin x Duchess of Oldenburg)
Originates from: Germany
Introduced: 1986
Developed by: Institute for Fruit Research, Dresden-Pillnitz
Orange Pippin Cultivar ID: 1211
UK National Fruit Collection accession number: 1994-015

Identification
Flesh colour: White
Flesh colour: White to Cream, pale yellow
Fruit size: Medium
Fruit size: Variable
Using
Uses: Eat fresh
Flavour quality: Good
Flavour style: Sweeter
Harvest period: Late season
Use / keeping: 3 months or more

Growing
Cropping: Heavy
Flowering period: Mid season
Flowering group: 4 Can be pollinated by Golden Delicious
Fertility: Self-sterile
Ploidy: Diploid
Pollinating others: Poor A possible triploid?
Vigour: Average growth
Gardening skill: Average
General disease resistance: Good

Climate
Climate suitability: Temperate climates
Climate suitability: Tolerates cold winters

Disease resistance
Canker - Some resistance
Scab - Some resistance
Mildew - Some susceptibility

Relationships to other varieties

Parents and other ancestors of this variety:

Cox's Orange Pippin

 Duchess of Oldenburg
Golden Delicious (parent)

Sports (natural genetic mutations) of this variety:

Evelina

Pinova identification photos from official fruit collections

UK National Fruit Collection
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Pinova identification photos from website visitors

Priam apple

Medium range red over green-yellow. Keeps well through January.

Origins
Species: Malus domestica
Parentage: PRI 14-126 x Jonathan
Originates from: United States
Introduced: 1974
Developed by: PRI (Purdue, Rutgers, Illinois Co Op)
Orange Pippin Cultivar ID: 1845
UK National Fruit Collection accession number: 2003-027
Using
Uses: Eat fresh
Flavour style: Sweet/Sharp
Harvest period: Mid-Late season
Use / keeping: 1-2 months

Growing
Cropping: Good
Flowering period: Mid season
Flowering group: 3
Fertility: Self-sterile
Ploidy: Diploid
Vigour: Average growth
Gardening skill: Average
Fruit bearing: Tip-bearer
General disease resistance: Good
Period of origin: 1950 - 1999

Disease resistance
Scab - Some resistance
Mildew - Some susceptibility

Relationships to other varieties

Parents and other ancestors of this variety:

Golden Delicious
Jonathan (parent)
Rome Beauty
Priam identification photos from website visitors

Prima apple

Medium to large fruit with dark red blush over yellow. Juicy white flesh with mild subacid
flavor.
Origins
Species: Malus domestica
Parentage: PRI 14-510 x NJ 123249
Originates from: United States
Introduced: 1970
Developed by: PRI (Purdue, Rutgers, Illinois Co Op)
Orange Pippin Cultivar ID: 1846
UK National Fruit Collection accession number: 1972-019

Identification
Flesh colour: White
Flesh colour: White to Cream, pale yellow
Flesh colour: Yellow to Very Yellow
Fruit size: Medium
Fruit size: Variable

Using
Harvest period: Mid-Late season

Disease resistance
Scab - Very resistant
Mildew - Some resistance
Fireblight - Some resistance
Cedar apple rust - Some resistance
Relationships to other varieties
Offspring of this variety:

Ariane (distant descendant)

Rubinola

References and further reading about this variety

Cedar-Apple Rust
Author: Stephen Vann, University of Arkansas, Division of Agriculture (FSA7538)
Rated as highly susceptible - control always needed where CAR is prevalent.

Prima identification photos from official fruit collections

UK National Fruit Collection
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Red Delicious apple

One of the most famous American apple varieties, a sport of Delicious, known for its bright
red color.

Origins
Species: Malus domestica
Parentage: Delicious
Originates from: United States
Orange Pippin Cultivar ID: 1133

Identification
Fruit colour: Red

Using
Uses: Eat fresh
Vitamin C content: Low
Growing
Cropping: Heavy
Flowering period: Mid-Late season
Flowering group: 4
Fertility: Self-sterile
Ploidy: Diploid
Vigour: Average growth

Climate
Climate suitability: Warm climates

Disease resistance
Cedar apple rust - Very resistant
Mildew - Some resistance
Fireblight - Some resistance
Scab - Some susceptibility

Relationships to other varieties

This variety is a sport (natural genetic mutation) of:

Delicious

Offspring of this variety:

Cameo - Cameo is thought to be a seedling of Red Delicious.

Candy Crisp
Fuji
Jonalicious
Kiku (distant descendant)
Ozark Gold (distant descendant)
Regent
Sonya
 Starkrimson

See also:

Golden Delicious - Golden Delicious and Red Delicious are not related, but are both commercially important varieties

Red Delicious is one of the most famous American apples, and one of the most widely grown apple varieties. Although the names are similar, Red
Delicious and Golden Delicious are entirely different varieties. There are a lot of other similarities though: both varieties were discovered in the
USA at the end of the 19th century, both need warm climates, both have interesting histories, and both are basically sweet apples.

Red Delicious is "sport" of the original Delicious apple, the bright red colour making it more commercially successful, and it has become a very
important commercial apple variety especially in North America.

Red Delicious is a medium-sized apple, with a tall conical shape. The dark and intense crimson colour makes it the quintessential red apple, and it
is has strong shelf appeal. A number of improved "sports" have been developed, of which the most well-known is probably Starking.

Unfortunately the visual appeal is not matched by the flavor. Red Delicious has a sweet but very mild flavor, somewhat reminscent of slightly
over-ripe melon. The flesh is juicy and has a light crispness. The skin can be quite tough. Overall Red Delicious can be quite a refreshing apple to
eat, but its chief characteristic is that it has almost no flavor at all.

Some enthusiasts also believe that in the development of more highly coloured variants, the good flavor of the original Delicious has been bred
out.

Numerous further sports of Red Delicious have been developed, including: Oregon, Otago, Red Chief, Red King, Red Spur, Richared, Starking,
Starkrimson, Starkspur.

Red Delicious, like Golden Delicious, is starting to decline in popularity. According to the "Washington Post", Red Delicious' share of the harvest
in Washington State, one of the USA's key apple-growing regions, has fallen from 3/4qtrs to just over 1/3rd of production in the 20 years to 2003.
The lack of flavour is cited as one of the factors, and in Europe (where flavour has perhaps been relatively more important to consumers), Red
Delicious has never been that successful. It is also worth noting that the vast majority of American Red Delicious production takes place in
Washington State, where the cooler autumn climate contributes towards the perfect deep red finish and distinctive conical appearance. Red
Delicious grown elsewhere in the US tends not to have the same level of red colouration, forcing growers to use some of the redder sports, which
in turn do not always have the conical characteristics which consumers associate with Red Delicious.

Red Delicious has been extensively used in breeding programmes, and its most interesting modern offspring is probably Fuji. It is also a parent of
Empire, which inherits some of the melon flavour. It may also be a parent of Cameo

Red Delicious identification photos from website visitors

Reinette du Canada apple

An old French russet variety, and remains the definitive French russet variety. Also known
as Reinette Blanche du Canada.

Origins
Species: Malus domestica
Parentage: Unknown
Originates from: France
Introduced: 18th century
Orange Pippin Cultivar ID: 1598
UK National Fruit Collection accession number: 2001-125

Identification
Fruit colour: Yellow / Gold
Bultitude apple group: 8. Russeted, sweet

Using
 Uses: Eat fresh
Uses: Cooking
Cooking result: Textured puree
Flavour quality: Good
Flavour style: Sweeter
Harvest period: Late season
Use / keeping: 1-2 months

Growing
Cropping: Good
Flowering period: Mid-Late season
Flowering group: 4
Fertility: Self-sterile
Ploidy: Triploid
Pollinating others: Poor
Vigour: Large

Climate
Climate suitability: Temperate climates

See also:

Reinette Grise du Canada

Inspite of the name, Reinette du Canada is an old French semi-russetted apple variety. It is one of the most widely-grown russet varieties
in France, readily available in supermarkets and village markets simply as "Canada" - although this term is also used for the more russeted
Reinette Grise du Canada. The extent of russeting is usually fairly light, and the underlying light yellow/green skin is readily visible and
may be flushed red.
Most russet apples have culinary qualities, but whereas the main English russet apples are usually regarded as dessert apples, Reinette du
Canada is primarily a culinary apple.

Reinette du Canada identification photos from official fruit collections

UK National Fruit Collection
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Reinette du Canada identification photos from website visitors

Reinette du Canada
Reinette Grise du Canada apple

A more russeted form of the popular Reinette du Canada. Grown commercially in France
and Italy.

Origins
Species: Malus domestica
Orange Pippin Cultivar ID: 1599
UK National Fruit Collection accession number: 1956-065

Identification
Fruit colour: Yellow / Gold
Fruit size: Medium
Bultitude apple group: 8. Russeted, sweet

Using
Uses: Eat fresh
Uses: Cooking
Cooking result: Textured puree
 Flavour style: Sweeter
Harvest period: Late season
Use / keeping: 1-2 months

Growing
Cropping: Good
Flowering period: Mid-Late season
Flowering group: 4
Fertility: Self-sterile
Ploidy: Triploid
Pollinating others: Poor
Vigour: Large

Climate
Climate suitability: Temperate climates

See also:

Leather Coat - Leathercoat may be the same as Reinette Grise du Canada

Reinette du Canada
Reinette Grise du Canada is a popular French russet apple. Its origins are not clear - it is possibly a sport of Reinette du Canada, but this is
not certain. The main difference is that the Reinette Grise has a far more complete russeted skin, whereas Reinette du Canada usually has
only partial russeting.
The more consistent russeting means that the Reinette Grise is more widely grown commercially, and is the form most likely to be seen in
French supermarkets, where confusingly it is usually sold as "Canada". Like Reinette du Canada, Reinette Grise du Canada is a mainstay
of French apple cookery. Its spicy flavour and consistency when cooked also make it ideal for apple strudel.
Eaten fresh it has the sweet flavour typical of many russet apples.

Reinette Grise du Canada identification photos from official fruit collections

UK National Fruit Collection
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Reinette Grise du Canada identification photos from website visitors

Rome Beauty apple

An extremely attractive and productive red cooking apple, widely-grown in North America.

Origins
Species: Malus domestica
Originates from: Ohio, United States
Introduced: 1816
Orange Pippin Cultivar ID: 1202
UK National Fruit Collection accession number: 1943-007
Some historical details taken with kind permission from 'The New Book of Apples' by Joan Morgan and Alison Richards , illustrated by Elisabeth Dowle, published by Ebury Press, 2002.
We are grateful to Brogdale Farm - home of the UK National Fruit Collection - for providing samples of this variety.

Identification
Fruit colour: Red
Flesh colour: White
Flesh colour: White to Cream, pale yellow
Flesh colour: White to Greenish to Greenish Yellow
Flesh colour: Yellow to Very Yellow
Fruit size: Medium
Fruit size: Large
 Fruit size: Very large
Fruit size: Variable

Using
Uses: Cooking
Cooking result: Keeps shape
Harvest period: Late season

Growing
Flowering period: Late season
Flowering group: 5
Fertility: Self-fertile
Ploidy: Diploid

Climate
Chilling: Low-chill
Climate suitability: Warm climates

Disease resistance
Fireblight - Very susceptible
Cedar apple rust - Very susceptible

Relationships to other varieties

Offspring of this variety:

Enterprise (distant descendant)

Florina (distant descendant)
Freedom (distant descendant)
GoldRush (distant descendant)
Jonafree (distant descendant)
Novamac (distant descendant)
 Pixie Crunch (distant descendant)
Priam (distant descendant)
Priscilla (distant descendant)
William's Pride (distant descendant)
WineCrisp (distant descendant)

Sports (natural genetic mutations) of this variety:

Red Rome

References and further reading about this variety

Cedar-Apple Rust
Author: Stephen Vann, University of Arkansas, Division of Agriculture (FSA7538)
Rated as highly susceptible - control always needed where CAR is prevalent.
Rome Beauty is a popular American good cooking apple, which retains its shape when cooked. It can also be eaten fresh, but the flavor is
nothing special - this is an apple for cooking with.
Rome Beauty is of the few heirloom US varieties that is now widely-grown outside the USA - it can be found in many of the warmer
apple-growing regions. Unlike most apple varieties, it has a very low chilling requirement which means it can be grown in areas which do
not have cold winters.
Although not perhaps the greatest apple when it comes to flavor, Rome Beauty is well-regarded by apple breeders. It is an attractive apple
with a good clean appearance, little troubled by disease, and a very reliable and heavy cropper. These qualities have led to it being
incorporated in numerous breeding programs.

Rome Beauty identification photos from official fruit collections

UK National Fruit Collection
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Rome Beauty identification photos from website visitors

Rome Beauty apples in New York state
Royal Gala apple

Orange-red sweet, crisp medium-size fruit.

Origins
Species: Malus domestica
Parentage: Sport of Gala
Originates from: New Zealand
Introduced: 1934
Orange Pippin Cultivar ID: 1884

Relationships to other varieties

This variety is a sport (natural genetic mutation) of:

Gala

Offspring of this variety:

Jazz
Kalei

Royal Gala identification photos from official fruit collections

UK National Fruit Collection
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Starkrimson apple

Crisp, dense flesh, very sweet, quite juicy - a Delicious-style apple

Origins
Species: Malus domestica
Parentage: A sport of Starking, itself a sport of Delicious
Originates from: United States
Introduced: 1870
Orange Pippin Cultivar ID: 1175
UK National Fruit Collection accession number: 1979-188
Some historical details taken with kind permission from 'The New Book of Apples' by Joan Morgan and Alison Richards , illustrated by Elisabeth Dowle, published by Ebury Press, 2002.

Growing
Flowering period: Mid-Late season
Flowering group: 4
Fertility: Self-sterile
Ploidy: Diploid
Relationships to other varieties
Parents and other ancestors of this variety:

Red Delicious (parent)

Starking Delicious apple

A striped improvement of the original Delicious, inferior in color and typiness compared to
today's selections, but superior in taste. Much more complex flavor with a honey
component.
Origins
Species: Malus domestica
Parentage: Sport of Delicious
Orange Pippin Cultivar ID: 1921
UK National Fruit Collection accession number: 1951-034

Relationships to other varieties

Offspring of this variety:

Hazen
Jupiter
Priscilla
Pristine (distant descendant)
WineCrisp (distant descendant)

Starking Delicious identification photos from official fruit collections

UK National Fruit Collection
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_apple_cultivars